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id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steering_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steering_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Steering group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steering_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_leadership_and_administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_leadership_and_administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early leadership and administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_leadership_and_administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Topics of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topics of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topics_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automated_network_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_network_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Automated network management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_network_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_of_things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_of_things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Internet of things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_of_things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_transport_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_transport_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>New transport technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_transport_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Engineering Task Force</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مجموعة مهندسي الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة مهندسي الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইন্টারনেট ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং টাস্ক ফোর্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং টাস্ক ফোর্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="The Internet Engineering Task Force – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_Trabajo_de_Ingenier%C3%ADa_de_Internet" title="Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="کارگروه مهندسی اینترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارگروه مهندسی اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%ED%99%94_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="국제 인터넷 표준화 기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 인터넷 표준화 기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="इण्टरनेट अभियान्त्रिकी कार्य बल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इण्टरनेट अभियान्त्रिकी कार्य बल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D" title="ინტერნეტის საინჟინრო საბჭო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტის საინჟინრო საბჭო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് എൻജിനീയറിങ് ടാസ്ക് ഫോഴ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് എൻജിനീയറിങ് ടാസ്ക് ഫോഴ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Petugas_Kejuruteraan_Internet" title="Pasukan Petugas Kejuruteraan Internet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan Petugas Kejuruteraan Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Инженерный совет Интернета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инженерный совет Интернета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="ھێزی ڕاسپاردەی ئەندازیاریی ئینتەرنێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزی ڕاسپاردەی ئەندازیاریی ئینتەرنێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="இணைய பொறியியல் பணிக்குழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய பொறியியல் பணிக்குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="คณะทำงานเฉพาะกิจด้านวิศวกรรมอินเทอร์เน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะทำงานเฉพาะกิจด้านวิศวกรรมอินเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_G%C3%B6rev_G%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="İnternet Mühendisliği Görev Gücü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet Mühendisliği Görev Gücü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" title="IETF – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IETF" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet Engineering Task Force" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IETF" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IETF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="IETF (disambiguation)">IETF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Internet Engineering Task Force</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="IETF logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg/220px-Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg/330px-Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg/440px-Internet_Engineering_Task_Force_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IETF<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 14, 1986<span class="noprint">; 38 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1986-01-14</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">Non-profit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">Standards organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Creating voluntary standards to maintain and improve the <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ietf.org/">ietf<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Internet Engineering Task Force</b> (<b>IETF</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organization</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">Internet</a> and is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> (TCP/IP).<sup id="cite_ref-ripe-ietf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ripe-ietf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. </p><p>The IETF was initially supported by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> with local chapters around the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three); a charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open to all who want to participate and holds discussions on an open <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing list</a>. Working groups hold open sessions at IETF meetings, where the onsite registration fee in 2024 was between <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>875 (early registration) and $1200 per person for the week.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant discounts are available for students and remote participants. As working groups do not make decisions at IETF meetings, with all decisions taken later on the working group <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a>, meeting attendance is not required for contributors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rough_consensus" title="Rough consensus">Rough consensus</a> is the primary basis for decision making. There are no formal voting procedures. Each working group is intended to complete work on its topic and then disband. In some cases, the working group will instead have its charter updated to take on new tasks as appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The working groups are grouped into areas by subject matter (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Steering_group">§ Steering group</a>, below</span>). Each area is overseen by an area director (AD), with most areas having two ADs. The ADs are responsible for appointing working group chairs. The area directors, together with the IETF Chair, form the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> (IESG), which is responsible for the overall operation of the IETF.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IETF_org_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IETF_org_chart.png/400px-IETF_org_chart.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IETF_org_chart.png/600px-IETF_org_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IETF_org_chart.png/800px-IETF_org_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Governance structure of the IETF</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a> (IAB) oversees the IETF's external relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAB provides long-range technical direction for Internet development. The IAB also manages the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" title="Internet Research Task Force">Internet Research Task Force</a> (IRTF), with which the IETF has a number of cross-group relations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A nominating committee (NomCom) of ten randomly chosen volunteers who participate regularly at meetings, a non-voting chair and 4-5 liaisons, is vested with the power to appoint, reappoint, and remove members of the IESG, IAB, IETF Trust and the IETF LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, no one has been removed by a NomCom, although several people have resigned their positions, requiring replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 the IETF changed from an activity supported by the US federal government to an independent, international activity associated with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, a US-based <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3) organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IETFandInternetSociety_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETFandInternetSociety-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the Internet Society created a subsidiary, the IETF Administration LLC, to be the corporate, legal and financial home for the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IETF activities are funded by meeting fees, meeting sponsors and by the Internet Society via its organizational membership and the proceeds of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2005, the IETF Trust was established to manage the copyrighted materials produced by the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steering_group">Steering group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steering group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is a body composed of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) chair and area directors. It provides the final technical review of Internet standards and is responsible for day-to-day management of the IETF. It receives appeals of the decisions of the working groups, and the IESG makes the decision to progress documents in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">standards track</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chair of the IESG is the area director of the general area, who also serves as the overall IETF chair. Members of the IESG include the two directors, sometimes three, of each of the following areas:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Applications and real-time (art)</li> <li>General (gen)</li> <li>Internet (int)</li> <li>Operations and management (ops)</li> <li>Routing (rtg)</li> <li>Security (sec)</li> <li>Web and Internet transport (wit)</li></ul> <p>Liaison and <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> members include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>IETF executive director</li> <li>IAB chair</li> <li>Appointed liaison from the IAB</li> <li>Liaison from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA)</li> <li>Liaison from the <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFC) editor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_leadership_and_administrative_history">Early leadership and administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early leadership and administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures (GADS) Task Force was the precursor to the IETF. Its chairman was <a href="/wiki/David_L._Mills" title="David L. Mills">David L. Mills</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarterman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarterman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1986, the Internet Activities Board (IAB; now called the Internet Architecture Board) decided to divide GADS into two entities: an Internet Architecture (INARC) Task Force chaired by Mills to pursue research goals, and the IETF to handle nearer-term engineering and technology transfer issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Quarterman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarterman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first IETF chair was Mike Corrigan, who was then the technical program manager for the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">Defense Data Network</a> (DDN).<sup id="cite_ref-Quarterman_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quarterman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1986, after leaving DARPA, Robert E. Kahn founded the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_Research_Initiatives" title="Corporation for National Research Initiatives">Corporation for National Research Initiatives</a> (CNRI), which began providing administrative support to the IETF. </p><p>In 1987, Corrigan was succeeded as IETF chair by Phill Gross.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective March 1, 1989, but providing support dating back to late 1988, CNRI and NSF entered into a cooperative agreement, No. NCR-8820945, wherein CNRI agreed to create and provide a "secretariat" for the "overall coordination, management and support of the work of the IAB, its various task forces and, particularly, the IETF".<sup id="cite_ref-proporgchg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proporgchg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, CNRI supported the formation and early funding of the Internet Society, which took on the IETF as a fiscally sponsored project, along with the IAB, the IRTF, and the organization of annual INET meetings. Gross continued to serve as IETF chair throughout this transition. Cerf, Kahn, and Lyman Chapin announced the formation of ISOC as "a professional society to facilitate, support, and promote the evolution and growth of the Internet as a global research communications infrastructure".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the first board meeting of the Internet Society, Cerf, representing CNRI, offered, "In the event a deficit occurs, CNRI has agreed to contribute up to USD$102,000 to offset it."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Cerf continued to support the formation of ISOC while working for CNRI,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the role of ISOC in "the official procedures for creating and documenting Internet Standards" was codified in the IETF's <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1602">1602</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, IETF's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2031">2031</a> describes ISOC's role in the IETF as being purely administrative, and ISOC as having "no influence whatsoever on the Internet Standards process, the Internet Standards or their technical content".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, CNRI established Foretec Seminars, Inc. (Foretec), a for-profit subsidiary to take over providing secretariat services to the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-proporgchg_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proporgchg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foretec provided these services until at least 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-proporgchg_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proporgchg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2013, Foretec was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-foretecdis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foretecdis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, IETF's <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3677">3677</a> described IETFs role in appointing three board members to the ISOC's board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, ISOC established The IETF Administration LLC, a separate LLC to handle the administration of the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the LLC issued a call for proposals to provide secretariat services to the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meetings">Meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first IETF meeting was attended by 21 US federal government-funded researchers on 16 January 1986. It was a continuation of the work of the earlier GADS Task Force. Representatives from non-governmental entities (such as gateway vendors<sup id="cite_ref-zawgyi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zawgyi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were invited to attend starting with the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986. Since that time all IETF meetings have been open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the IETF met quarterly, but from 1991, it has been meeting three times a year. The initial meetings were very small, with fewer than 35 people in attendance at each of the first five meetings. The maximum attendance during the first 13 meetings was only 120 attendees. This occurred at the twelfth meeting, held during January 1989. These meetings have grown in both participation and scope a great deal since the early 1990s; it had a maximum attendance of 2810 at the December 2000 IETF held in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>. Attendance declined with industry restructuring during the early 2000s, and is currently around 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The locations for IETF meetings vary greatly. A list of past and future meeting locations is on the IETF meetings page.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IETF strives to hold its meetings near where most of the IETF volunteers are located. IETF meetings are held three times a year, with one meeting each in Asia, Europe and North America. An occasional exploratory meeting is held outside of those regions in place of one of the other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IETF also organizes <a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">hackathons</a> during the IETF meetings. The focus is on implementing code that will improve standards in terms of quality and interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The details of IETF operations have changed considerably as the organization has grown, but the basic mechanism remains publication of proposed specifications, development based on the proposals, review and independent testing by participants, and republication as a revised proposal, a draft proposal, or eventually as an Internet Standard. IETF standards are developed in an open, all-inclusive process in which any interested individual can participate. All IETF documents are freely available over the Internet and can be reproduced at will. Multiple, working, useful, interoperable implementations are the chief requirement before an IETF proposed specification can become a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most specifications are focused on single protocols rather than tightly interlocked systems. This has allowed the protocols to be used in many different systems, and its standards are routinely re-used by bodies which create full-fledged architectures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IMS</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because it relies on volunteers and uses "rough consensus and running code" as its touchstone, results can be slow whenever the number of volunteers is either too small to make progress, or so large as to make consensus difficult, or when volunteers lack the necessary expertise. For protocols like <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a>, which is used to transport e-mail for a user community in the many hundreds of millions, there is also considerable resistance to any change that is not fully <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. Work within the IETF on ways to improve the speed of the standards-making process is ongoing but, because the number of volunteers with opinions on it is very great, consensus on improvements has been slow to develop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The IETF cooperates with the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>, and other standards bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-IETFandInternetSociety_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETFandInternetSociety-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics are available that show who the top contributors by RFC publication are.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the IETF only allows for participation by individuals, and not by corporations or governments, sponsorship information is available from these statistics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairs">Chairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IETF chairperson is selected by the NomCom process for a two-year renewable term.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1993, the IETF Chair was selected by the IAB.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of the past and current chairs of the IETF: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Corrigan_(IETF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Corrigan (IETF) (page does not exist)">Mike Corrigan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phill_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phill Gross (page does not exist)">Phill Gross</a> (1986–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Baker_(engineer)" title="Fred Baker (engineer)">Fred Baker</a> (1996–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Tveit_Alvestrand" title="Harald Tveit Alvestrand">Harald Tveit Alvestrand</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Carpenter_(engineer)" title="Brian Carpenter (engineer)">Brian Carpenter</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russ_Housley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russ Housley (page does not exist)">Russ Housley</a> (2007–2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jari_Arkko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jari Arkko (page does not exist)">Jari Arkko</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alissa_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alissa Cooper (page does not exist)">Alissa Cooper</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Eggert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Eggert (page does not exist)">Lars Eggert</a> (2021–2024)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Danyliw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Danyliw (page does not exist)">Roman Danyliw</a> (2024–)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics_of_interest">Topics of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Topics of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IETF works on a broad range of networking technologies which provide foundation for the Internet's growth and evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_network_management">Automated network management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Automated network management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It aims to improve the efficiency in management of networks as they grow in size and complexity. The IETF is also <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardizing</a> protocols for autonomic networking that enables networks to be self managing.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_of_things">Internet of things</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internet of things"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a network of physical objects or things that are embedded with electronics, sensors, software and also enables objects to exchange data with operator, manufacturer and other connected devices. Several IETF working groups are developing protocols that are directly relevant to <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_transport_technology">New transport technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New transport technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its development provides the ability of internet applications to send data over the Internet. There are some well-established transport protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) which are continuously getting extended and refined to meet the needs of the global Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Engineering_Task_Force&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenLynch1991" class="citation cs1">Jacobsen, O.; Lynch, D. (March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1208#page-7"><i>A Glossary of Networking Terms</i></a>. IETF. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1208">10.17487/RFC1208</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1208">1208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Networking+Terms&rft.pages=p.-7&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1208&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1208%26%23035%3Bpage-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradner-January1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradner-January1999_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/ietf.html">"Internet Engineering Task Force"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228181401/http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/opensources/book/ietf.html">Archived</a> December 28, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Scott Bradner, <i>Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</i>, O'Reilly, 1st Edition, January 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56592-582-3">1-56592-582-3</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIPE+Network+Coordination+Centre&rft.atitle=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force+%28IETF%29&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ripe.net%2Fparticipate%2Finternet-governance%2Finternet-technical-community%2Fietf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/about/introduction/">"IETF Introduction"</a>. IETF<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IETF+Registration&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregistration.ietf.org%2F119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)", RFC 2850, B. Carpenter, May 2000. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard2000" class="citation journal cs1">Board, Charter of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2850.html">"RFC Editor"</a>. <i>RFC Editor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFC+Editor&rft.atitle=RFC+Editor&rft.date=2000-05&rft.aulast=Board&rft.aufirst=Charter+of+the+Internet+Architecture+Board+%28IAB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Frfc%2Frfc2850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/nomcom/">"Nominating Committee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824164948/https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/nomcom/">Archived</a> August 24, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IETF. Retrieved 24 August 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-ietf-genarea-bcp10upd-01.html">"RFC 3777 Update for Vacancies"</a>. <i>WaterSprings.org</i>. November 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WaterSprings.org&rft.atitle=RFC+3777+Update+for+Vacancies&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watersprings.org%2Fpub%2Fid%2Fdraft-ietf-genarea-bcp10upd-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IETFandInternetSociety-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IETFandInternetSociety_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IETFandInternetSociety_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/ietf-and-internet-society">"IETF and the Internet Society"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729001534/http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/ietf-and-internet-society">Archived</a> July 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vint Cerf, Internet Society, 18 July 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/administration/overview/">"IETF Administration LLC"</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824170733/https://www.ietf.org/administration/overview/">Archived</a> August 24, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IETF. Retrieved 24 August 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pir.org/about-us/history/">"History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726124546/http://pir.org/about-us/history/">Archived</a> July 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Your Public Internet Registry. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//trustee.ietf.org/">"IETF Trust"</a>, IETF. Retrieved 21 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/standards/process/role-iesg-standards-process/">"About"</a>. <i>IETF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624114736/https://www7.ietf.org/standards/process/role-iesg-standards-process/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fstandards%2Fprocess%2Frole-iesg-standards-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/technologies/areas/">"IETF Areas"</a>. IETF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824164948/https://www.ietf.org/technologies/areas/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IETF+Areas&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Ftechnologies%2Fareas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quarterman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quarterman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarterman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quarterman_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Quarterman1990" class="citation book cs1">John S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+IESG+Members+and+IETF+Chairs&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fiesg%2Fpast-members.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/blog/2017/03/profile-alissa-cooper/">"IETF Profile: Alissa Cooper"</a>. IETF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321011432/https://www.ietf.org/blog/profile-alissa-cooper/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IETF+Profile%3A+Alissa+Cooper&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fblog%2F2017%2F03%2Fprofile-alissa-cooper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/topics/">"Topics of interest"</a>. <i>IETF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917152517/https://www.ietf.org/topics/">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF&rft.atitle=Topics+of+interest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Ftopics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/topics/netmgmt/">"Automated network management"</a>. <i>IETF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113141653/http://www.ietf.org/topics/netmgmt/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF&rft.atitle=Automated+network+management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Ftopics%2Fnetmgmt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Engineering+Task+Force" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/topics/iot/">"The Internet of Things"</a>. <i>IETF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030228/https://www.ietf.org/topics/iot/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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