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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorist_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorist_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Terrorist attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorist_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Coups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nuclear threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decolonization and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassinations_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assassinations and attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disasters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicine_and_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_and_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Medicine and biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_and_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_and_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Electronics and computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_and_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Space exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sportspeople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sportspeople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Sportspeople</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sportspeople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Video gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Toys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_start_and_end_of_the_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_start_and_end_of_the_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Cultural start and end of the decade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_start_and_end_of_the_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1980s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%B9_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1980ዎቹ እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1980ዎቹ እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1980" title="عقد 1980 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1980" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1980" title="Anyos 1980 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1980" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1980" title="Ans 1980 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1980" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1980" title="Década de 1980 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década de 1980" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-ci_ill%C9%99r" title="1980-ci illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1980-ci illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1980 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1980 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%8F" title="1980-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1980-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%8F" title="1980-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1980-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1980-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1980-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-e" title="1980-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1980-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1980" title="Bloavezhioù 1980 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1980" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1980" title="Dècada del 1980 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1980" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1980-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1980-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%931989" title="1980–1989 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1980–1989" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980au" title="1980au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1980au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%27erne" title="1980'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1980'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1980" title="عوام 1980 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1980" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-lohku" title="1980-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1980-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980er" title="1980er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1980er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980._aastad" title="1980. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1980. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_1980" title="Δεκαετία 1980 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεκαετία 1980" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1980" title="An 1980 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1980" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1980 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1980 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1980" title="Años 1980 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1980" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-aj_jaroj" title="1980-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1980-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980ko_hamarkada" title="1980ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1980ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۹۸۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۹۸۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s" title="1980s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1980s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%C3%A1rini" title="1980-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1980-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1980" title="Années 1980 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1980" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-er_jierren" title="1980-er jierren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1980-er jierren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980id%C3%AD" title="1980idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1980idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980an" title="1980an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1980an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1980" title="Década de 1980 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1980" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1980年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1980年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_ngi%C3%A8n-thoi" title="1980 ngièn-thoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1980 ngièn-thoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1980년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1980년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="1980-ականներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1980-ականներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-ih" title="1980-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1980-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1980a" title="Yari 1980a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1980a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annos_1980" title="Annos 1980 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Annos 1980" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1980-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1980-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981-1990" title="1981-1990 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1981-1990" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1980" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-80_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-20" title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-20 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-20" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1980-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1980-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1980" title="Miaka ya 1980 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1980" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1980-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1980-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94_1980" title="ທົດສະວັດ 1980 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທົດສະວັດ 1980" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1980" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980._gadi" title="1980. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1980. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEiaus_9-asis_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XX amžiaus 9-asis dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XX amžiaus 9-asis dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1980" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaore_1980" title="Jaore 1980 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jaore 1980" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-lugu_vuvvet" title="1980-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1980-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/198xymoi" title="198xymoi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="198xymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1980-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1980-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1980-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1980-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekau_tau_1980" title="Tekau tau 1980 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tekau tau 1980" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १९८० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १९८० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1980" title="عقد 1980 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1980" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1980 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1980 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%88%E1%81%80_%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၉၈၀ ဆယ်စုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၈၀ ဆယ်စုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiuhmolpilli_1980" title="Xiuhmolpilli 1980 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xiuhmolpilli 1980" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-1989" title="1980-1989 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1980-1989" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-1989" title="1980-1989 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1980-1989" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1980年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1980年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%C3%A5rene" title="1980-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1980-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%C3%A5ra" title="1980-åra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1980-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1980" title="Annaées 1980 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1980" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadas_1980" title="Annadas 1980 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Annadas 1980" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1980 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1980 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-lar" title="1980-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1980-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1980 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1980 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8D_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A9%E1%9F%A8%E1%9F%A0" title="ទសវត្សរ៍ ១៩៨០ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទសវត្សរ៍ ១៩៨០" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_80._XX_wieku" title="Lata 80. XX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 80. XX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1980" title="Década de 1980 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1980" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1980" title="Anii 1980 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1980" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_watakuna" title="1980 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1980 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1980-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1980-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%81" title="1980-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1980-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s" title="1980s – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1980s" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s" title="1980s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1980s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1980" title="Vitet 1980 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1980" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980ini" title="1980ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1980ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="1980 දශකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1980 දශකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s" title="1980s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1980s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/80._roky_20._storo%C4%8Dia" title="80. roky 20. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="80. roky 20. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980." title="1980. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1980." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D0%B5" title="1980-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1980-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-e" title="1980-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1980-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an" title="1980-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1980-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-luku" title="1980-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1980-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-talet" title="1980-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1980-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1980கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1980கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1980-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1980-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1980" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1980 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1980" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1980_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1980 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1980 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%27ler" title="1980'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1980'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1980ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1980ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1980-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1980-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1980ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1980ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1980" title="Thập niên 1980 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1980" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1980" title="Anêyes 1980 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1980" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_nga_dekada" title="1980 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1980 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1980年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1980年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1980ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1980ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1980年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1980年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1980–1989)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"<span style="padding-left:0.15em">'80s</span>", "The 80s", and "Eighties" redirect here. For AD 80–89, see <a href="/wiki/80s" title="80s">80s</a>. For other uses of "Eighties", see <a href="/wiki/Eighties_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eighties (disambiguation)">Eighties (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1980s_replacement_montage02.PNG/335px-1980s_replacement_montage02.PNG" decoding="async" width="335" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/1980s_replacement_montage02.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="511" usemap="#ImageMap_fd5f5fe865ec3c98" resource="/wiki/File:1980s_replacement_montage02.PNG" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fd5f5fe865ec3c98"><area href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" shape="rect" coords="1,2,134,114" alt="Space Shuttle Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia" /><area href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" shape="rect" coords="135,1,334,115" alt="End of the Cold War" title="End of the Cold War" /><area href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" shape="rect" coords="1,116,79,226" alt="Iran–Iraq War" title="Iran–Iraq War" /><area href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" shape="rect" coords="81,116,162,226" alt="Soviet War in Afghanistan" title="Soviet War in Afghanistan" /><area href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" shape="rect" coords="166,116,341,226" alt="Fall of the Berlin Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall" /><area href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" shape="rect" coords="83,227,150,353" alt="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia" /><area href="/wiki/Live_Aid" shape="rect" coords="83,227,217,353" alt="Live Aid" title="Live Aid" /><area href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" shape="rect" coords="219,227,343,361" alt="IBM Personal Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer" /><area href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" shape="rect" coords="0,228,81,347" alt="Chernobyl disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster" /></map><figcaption>From left, clockwise: The first <b><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>, lifts off in 1981; US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> ease tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the <b><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">end of the Cold War</a></b>; The <b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a></b> in 1989 is considered to be one of the most momentous events of the 1980s; In 1981, the <b><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a></b> is released; In 1985, the <b><a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a></b> concert is held in order to fund relief efforts for the <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine in Ethiopia</a> during the time <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> ruled the country; <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> and ecological problems persisted when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and much of the world is filled with radioactive debris from the 1986 <b><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></b>, and in 1984, when thousands of people perished in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal, India">Bhopal</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">gas leak from a pesticide plant</a>; The <b><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></b> leads to over one million dead and $1 trillion spent, while <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan War">another war between the Soviets and Afghans</a> leaves over 2 million dead.<br /></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1980s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1984">1984</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1989">1989</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_births" title="Category:1980s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_deaths" title="Category:1980s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_by_country" title="Category:1980s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_establishments" title="Category:1980s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_disestablishments" title="Category:1980s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1980s</b> (pronounced "nineteen-eighties", shortened to "<b>the '80s</b>" or "<b>the Eighties</b>") was the decade that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989. </p><p>The decade saw a dominance of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics, and a socioeconomic change due to advances in technology and a worldwide move away from <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economies</a> and towards <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Capitalism" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire capitalism</a> compared to the 1970s. As economic deconstruction increased in the developed world, multiple <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a> associated with the manufacturing industry relocated into <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and China. Japan and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> saw large economic growth during this decade. The <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a> became recognized in the 1980s and has since killed an estimated 40.4 million people (as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> theory began to spread within the scientific and political community in the 1980s. </p><p>The United Kingdom and the United States moved closer to <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economic policies</a>, beginning a trend towards global instability of international trade that would pick up more steam in the <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">following decade</a> as the fall of the USSR made <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> economic policy more powerful. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">final decade of the Cold War opened</a> with the US-Soviet confrontation continuing largely without any interruption. Superpower tensions escalated rapidly as President Reagan scrapped the policy of détente and adopted a new, much more aggressive stance on the Soviet Union. The world came perilously close to nuclear war for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in 1962, but <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">the second half of the decade</a> saw a dramatic easing of superpower tensions and ultimately the total collapse of Soviet communism. </p><p>Developing countries across the world faced economic and social difficulties as they suffered from multiple debt crises in the 1980s, requiring many of these countries to apply for financial assistance from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> witnessed <a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia">widespread famine in the mid-1980s</a> during the corrupt rule of <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, resulting in the country having to depend on foreign aid to provide food to its population and worldwide efforts to address and raise money to help Ethiopians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concert in 1985. </p><p>Major civil discontent and violence occurred, including the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">insurgency in Laos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> became a powerful political force in the 1980s and many <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, were set up. </p><p>By 1986, nationalism was making a comeback in the Eastern Bloc, and the desire for democracy in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a>, combined with economic recession, resulted in <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, which reduced Communist Party power, legalized dissent and sanctioned limited forms of capitalism such as <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a> with companies from <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> countries. After tension for most of the decade, by 1988 relations between the communist and capitalist blocs had improved significantly<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Soviet Union was increasingly unwilling to defend its governments in satellite states. </p><p>1989 brought the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">overthrow and attempted overthrow</a> of a number of governments led by communist parties, such as in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> in China, the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovak "Velvet Revolution"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>'s East German regime, Poland's Soviet-backed government, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">the violent overthrow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>. Destruction of the 155-km <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, at the end of the decade, signaled a seismic geopolitical shift. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ended in the early 1990s with the successful <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">Reunification of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR's demise</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a> of 1991. </p><p>The 1980s was an era of tremendous population growth around the world, surpassing the 1970s and 1990s, and arguably being the largest in human history. During the 1980s, the world population grew from 4.4 to 5.3 billion people. There were approximately 1.33 billion births and 480 million deaths. Population growth was particularly rapid in a number of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian countries during this decade, with rates of natural increase close to or exceeding 4% annually. The 1980s saw the advent of the ongoing practice of <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">sex-selective abortion</a> in China and India as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> technology permitted parents to selectively abort baby girls.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s saw great advances in genetic and digital technology. After years of animal experimentation since 1985, the first genetic modification of 10 adult human beings took place in May 1989, a <a href="/wiki/Gene_tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene tagging">gene tagging</a> experiment<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the first true gene therapy implementation in September 1990. The first "<a href="/wiki/Designer_babies" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer babies">designer babies</a>", a pair of female twins, were created in a laboratory in late 1989 and born in July 1990 after being sex-selected via the controversial <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technology</a> procedure <a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gestational_surrogacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational surrogacy">Gestational surrogacy</a> was first performed in 1985 with the first birth in 1986, making it possible for a woman to become a biological mother without experiencing pregnancy for the first time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> took shape in academia by the second half of the 1980s, as well as many other <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> of both academic and commercial use such as <a href="/wiki/USENET" class="mw-redirect" title="USENET">USENET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidonet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidonet">Fidonet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a>. By 1989, the Internet and the networks linked to it were a global system with extensive transoceanic satellite links and nodes in most <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on earlier work, from 1980 onwards <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> formalized the concept of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> by 1989. <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> viewing became commonplace in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>, with the number of TV sets in China and India increasing by 15 and 10 times respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari Video Computer System</a> console became widespread in the first part of the decade, often simply called "Atari". The 1980 Atari VCS port of <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i> was its first <a href="/wiki/Killer_application" title="Killer application">killer app</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a> ended the system's popularity and decimated the industry until the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> re-established the console market in North America. The hand-held <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> launched in 1989. <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i> were the decade's best selling games. <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i> was the highest grossing arcade game. <a href="/wiki/Home_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Home computers">Home computers</a> became commonplace. The 1981 <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> led to a large market for <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>. The 1984 release of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a> popularized the <a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a> style of interaction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1980s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1980s">List of sovereign states in the 1980s</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/220px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/330px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/440px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Cold War Map of Communist & Socialist countries in 1985</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_1945%E2%80%9389#1980–1989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars 1945–89">List of wars 1945–89 § 1980–1989</a></div> <p>The most prominent <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflicts</a> of the decade include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_wars">International wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg/220px-US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg/330px-US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg/440px-US_Army_Rangers_parachute_into_Grenada_during_Operation_Urgent_Fury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a>, October 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>The most notable wars of the decade include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1947–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> (1979–1989) – a war fought between the Soviet Union and the Islamist Mujahideen Resistance in Afghanistan. The mujahideen found other support from a variety of sources including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> of the United States (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Pakistan and other Muslim nations through the context of the Cold War and the regional India–Pakistan conflict.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a> (1983) – a 1983 US led invasion of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, triggered by a <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> which ousted a brief <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> government. The successful invasion led to a change of government but was controversial due to charges of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> politics, the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the unstable state of the Grenadian government, and Grenada's status as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> (1980–1992) – part of the cold war conflicts, reached its peak in the 1980s, 70,000 Salvadorans died.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> (1978–1991)</li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <a href="/wiki/1982_invasion_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands">invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. It occurred from 2 April to 14 July 1982, between the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> as British forces fought to recover the islands. Britain emerged victorious and its stance in international affairs and its long-decaying reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial power</a> received an unexpected boost. The <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> of Argentina, on the other hand, was left humiliated by the defeat; and its leader <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a> was deposed three days after the end of the war. A military investigation known as the Rattenbach Report even recommended his execution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> (early 20th century – present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Government of Israel</a> ordered the invasion as a response to the assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Argov" title="Shlomo Argov">Shlomo Argov</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a> and due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel made by the terrorist organizations which resided in Lebanon. After attacking the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>, leftist and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> forces, Israel occupied southern Lebanon and eventually surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and subjected to heavy bombardment, they negotiated passage from Lebanon.</li> <li>In October 1985 eight Israeli <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagles">F-15 Eagles</a> carried out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">Operation Wooden Leg</a> intending to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>'s new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, more than 2,000 km from Israel. The attack was later condemned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. The United States is thought to have assisted or known of the attack.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> took place from 1980 to 1988. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> was accused of using illegal <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> to kill <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> forces and against its own dissident <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> populations. Both sides suffered enormous casualties, but the poorly equipped Iranian armies suffered worse for it, being forced to use soldiers as young as 15 in human-wave attacks. Iran finally agreed to an armistice in 1988.</li> <li>The United States launched an <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">aerial bombardment of Libya</a> in 1986 in retaliation for Libyan support of terrorism and attacks on US personnel in Germany and Turkey.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> between South Africa and the alliance of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> ended in 1989, ending over thirty years of conflict.</li> <li>The United States engaged in significant direct and indirect conflict in the decade via alliances with various groups in a number of Central and South American countries claiming that the US was acting to oppose the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and end illicit drug trade. <ul><li>The US government supported the government of <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombia's attempts</a> to destroy its large illicit <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>-trafficking industry and provided support for right-wing military government in the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran civil war">Salvadoran civil war</a> which became controversial after the <a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Mozote massacre</a> on 11 December 1981, in which US trained Salvadoran paramilitaries killed 1000 Salvadoran civilians.</li> <li>The United States, along with members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> in 1983.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a> erupted which involved US interventionism supporting the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, resulting in members of the US government being indicted in 1986.</li> <li>US <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">military action</a> began against <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in December 1989 to overthrow its dictator, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> resulting in 3,500 civilian casualties and the restoration of democratic rule.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale" title="Battle of Cuito Cuanavale">Battle of Cuito Cuanavale</a> took place as part of the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> from 1987 to 1988. The battle involved the largest fighting in Africa since World War II between military forces from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (expeditionary forces) and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> versus military forces from South Africa and the dissident Angolan <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> organization.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> started in 1988 and ended in 1994.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a> in December 1989 led to the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_wars_and_guerrilla_wars">Civil wars and guerrilla wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil wars and guerrilla wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most notable internal conflicts of the decade include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> occurred in the People's Republic of China in 1989, in which pro-democracy protesters demanded political reform. The protests were crushed by the People's Liberation Army.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (First Uprising) in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> began in 1987 when Palestinian Arabs mounted large-scale protests against the Israeli military presence in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, largely inhabited by Palestinians. The First Intifada would continue until peace negotiations began between the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) and the Israeli government in 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990) – Throughout the decade, Lebanon was engulfed in civil war between Islamic and Christian factions.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kanak_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front">Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front</a> began a violent campaign for independence in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>'s attempts to monitor <a href="/wiki/French_nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="French nuclear testing">French nuclear testing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mururoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mururoa">Mururoa</a> were halted by the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Warrior (1978)">Rainbow Warrior</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> erupts in 1983 between the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the north and non-Muslim rebel secessionists in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">Southern Sudan</a>. The conflict continues through the present day <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a>: On 25 February 1986 around 25,000 conscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Forces" title="Central Security Forces">Central Security Forces (CSF)</a>, an Egyptian paramilitary force, staged violent protests in and around Cairo, due to the rumour that their three-year mandatory service would be prolonged by one additional year without any additional benefits or rank promotion. It was suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">army</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a>: The communist <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a> starts its fight against the Peruvian state in 1980, that would continue until the end of the 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> was overthrown by a popular <a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">uprising</a> on 6 February 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> continued.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> (1974–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a> (1980–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> (1983–2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorist_attacks">Terrorist attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terrorist attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents#1970–present" title="List of terrorist incidents">List of terrorist incidents § 1970–present</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirutbarr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Beirutbarr.jpg/220px-Beirutbarr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Beirutbarr.jpg/330px-Beirutbarr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Beirutbarr.jpg/440px-Beirutbarr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut barracks bombing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most notable terrorist attacks of the decade include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">Bologna massacre</a> in Italy on 2 August 1980, three members of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari" title="Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari">Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari</a> detonate a time bomb at <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna Central Station">Bologna Central Station</a>, killing 85 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Mozote massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> on 11 December 1981, against civilians, committed by government forces supported by the United States during their anti-guerrilla campaign against Marxist–Leninist rebels.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">1983 Beirut barracks bombing</a> – during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> two <a href="/wiki/Truck_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck bomb">truck bombs</a> struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces killing 299 American and French servicemen. The organization <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad</a> claimed responsibility for the bombing.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rome_and_Vienna_airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome and Vienna airport attacks">Rome and Vienna airport attacks</a> took place on 27 December 1985, against the Israeli <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> airline. The attack was done by militants loyal to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a>, backed by the government of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a> was destroyed on 23 June 1985, by Sikh-Canadian militants. It was the biggest mass murder involving Canadians in Canada's history.</li> <li>On 21 December 1988, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> was blown up over the village of Lockerbie, Scotland, while en route from London's Heathrow Airport to New York's JFK. The bombing killed all 259 people on board, plus 11 people on the ground. The bombing was and remains the worst terrorist attack on UK soil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coups">Coups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_and_coup_attempts#1980–1989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coups d'état and coup attempts">List of coups d'état and coup attempts § 1980–1989</a></div> <p>The most prominent <a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coups d'état">coups d'état</a> of the decade include: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/1980_Surinamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Surinamese coup d'état">military coup</a> is launched in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> on 25 February 1980; the country's politics are dominated by the military until 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> suffered military coups in <a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Nigerian coup d'état">1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/1985_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Nigerian coup d'état">1985</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Sitiveni Rabuka</a> staged two <a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">military coups in Fiji</a> in 1987, and declared the country a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> the same year.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Bureaucratic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution">Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution</a>" – a series of interconnected coups d'états – take place in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> from 1988 to 1989 through mass protests organized and committed by supporters of Serbian politician <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> overthrow the governments of Serbia's autonomous provinces of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Autonomous_province_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist Autonomous province of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Autonomous_province_of_Vojvodina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist Autonomous province of Vojvodina (page does not exist)">Vojvodina</a>, and the government of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and finally the main government of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> with Milošević becoming <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President of Serbia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_threats">Nuclear threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nuclear threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg/220px-IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg/330px-IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg/440px-IAF_F-16A_Netz_243_CIAF_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-16A" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16A">F-16A</a> Netz '243' that was flown by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a> – a 1981 surprise <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strike">air strike</a> that destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> being constructed near <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Israeli <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> assumed this was for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> production to further an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> program. Israeli intelligence also believed that the summer of 1981 would be the last chance to destroy the reactor before it would be loaded with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>.</li> <li>US President Reagan's decision to station intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe provoked mass protests involving more than one million people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization_and_independence">Decolonization and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decolonization and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Following the decolonization and independence of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth realms</a>. <ul><li>In 1982, Canada gained official independence from the United Kingdom with the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>, authorized by the signature by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. This Act severed all political dependencies of the United Kingdom in Canada (although the Queen remained the head of state).</li> <li>In 1986, Australia gained full independence from the United Kingdom with the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a>, which severed the last remaining powers of the British government over the Australian government, including the removal of the privy council as the highest court of appeal. Australia retained the Queen as head of state.</li> <li>In 1986, New Zealand and the United Kingdom fully separated New Zealand's governments from the influence of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, resulting in New Zealand's full independence with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> which also reorganized the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand government</a>.</li> <li>Independence was granted to <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> from the British/French condominium (1980), <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> from joint US-British government (1981) and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> from the United States (1986).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> becomes independent from official colonial rule of the United Kingdom in 1980.</li> <li>Independence was given to <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (both 1981), and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (1983) in the Caribbean; <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> formed a US-British government (1981) in Southeast Asia.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/220px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/330px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg/440px-Reagan_and_Gorbachev_signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption>US President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev signing the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a>, 1987</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was elected US president in 1980. In international affairs, Reagan pursued a hardline policy towards preventing the spread of communism, initiating a considerable buildup of US military power to challenge the Soviet Union. He further directly challenged the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> by demanding that the Soviet Union dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a> accelerated the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>, publicized through anti-drug campaigns including the <a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a> campaign of First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>. Drugs gained attention in the US as a serious problem in the '80s. Cocaine was relatively popular among celebrities and affluent youth, while crack, a cheaper offshoot of the drug, was linked to high crime rates in inner cities during the <a href="/wiki/American_crack_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="American crack epidemic">American crack epidemic</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)</a> (PATCO) declared a strike on 3 August 1981, seeking better working conditions, better pay, and a 32-hour workweek. The strike caused considerable disruption of the US air transportation system. Resolution came when <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> fired over 11,000 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order to return to work, banning them from federal service for life. After seeking appeals, many of the controllers were re-hired while the FAA attempted to replace much of their air traffic control staffing. The remainder continued to be banned until President Clinton lifted the final aspects in 1993.</li> <li>Political unrest in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, which, due to the many differences between the dominant francophone population and the anglophone minority, and also to francophone rights in the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>-speaking Canada, came to a head in 1980 when the provincial government called a public <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">referendum</a> on partial separation from the rest of Canada. The referendum ended with the "no" side winning majority (59.56% no, 40.44% yes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorships</a> give way to democracy in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina#New_democracy_(1983–present)" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay#20th_century" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (1984–85), <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s in Brazil">Brazil</a> (1985–1988) and <a href="/wiki/1988_Chilean_national_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Chilean national plebiscite">Chile</a> (1988–89). This marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> for 30 years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/150px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/225px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/300px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of German reunification</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg/150px-UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg/225px-UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg/300px-UKK-hautajaissaattue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="3590" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">president of Finland</a> from 1956 to 1982. Funeral cortege of <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a> in Helsinki, 1986</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a> continued with the accession of Greece in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986.</li> <li>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> to hold the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>; he remained in power until 1987, becoming one of the longest-serving Prime Ministers in the history of Italian Republic. At the end of his presidency the <a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a> corruption scandal broke up, causing the collapse of the political system.</li> <li>Significant political reforms occurred in a number of communist countries in eastern Europe as the populations of these countries grew increasingly hostile and politically active in opposing communist governments. These reforms included attempts to increase individual liberties and market liberalization, and promises of democratic renewal. The collapse of communism in eastern Europe was generally peaceful, the exception being <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romania</a>, whose leader <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> tried to keep the people isolated from the events happening outside the country. While making a speech in Bucharest in December 1989, he was booed and shouted down by the crowd, and then tried to flee the city with his wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena</a>. Two days later, they were captured, charged with genocide, and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">shot</a> on Christmas Day.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, following the death of communist leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> in May 1980, the trend of political reform of the communist system occurred along with a trend towards <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> and inter-ethnic hostility, especially in Serbia, beginning with the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_the_Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> followed by the agenda of Serbian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> who aggressively pushed for increased political influence of Serbs in the late 1980s, condemning non-Serb Yugoslav politicians who challenged his agenda as being enemies of Serbs.</li> <li>There was <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">continuing civil strife</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, including the adoption of hunger strikes by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> prisoners seeking the reintroduction of political status.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, and initiated major reforms to the Soviet Union's government through increasing the rights of expressing political dissent and opening elections to opposition candidates (while maintaining legal dominance of the Communist Party). Gorbachev pursued negotiation with the United States to decrease tensions and eventually end the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, most of the communist governments in Eastern Europe collapsed. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in 1989 would be followed in 1990 by the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.</li> <li>The United Kingdom was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, the first female leader of a Western country. Under her <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Premiership</a>, the party introduced widespread economic reforms including the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of industries and the de-regulation of <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock markets</a> echoing similar reforms of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. She was also a staunch opponent of communism, earning her the nickname <i>The Iron Lady</i>.</li> <li>Poor industrial relations marked the beginning of the decade; the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–85)">UK miners' strike (1984–85)</a> was a major <a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">industrial action</a> affecting the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">UK coal industry</a>. The strike by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> (NUM) was led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a>, although some NUM members considered it to be unconstitutional and did not observe it. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> has referred to the strike as "the most bitter industrial dispute in British history."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, the strike involved 142,000 mineworkers, making it the biggest since the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 General Strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In November 1982, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, who had led the Soviet Union since 1964, died. He was followed in quick succession by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, the former KGB chief, and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>, both of whom were in poor health during their short tenures in office.</li> <li>Presidents of France were <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>. The Chancellors of West Germany were <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Prime Minsters of Japan were <a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Masayoshi Ōhira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenk%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Zenkō Suzuki">Zenkō Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuke_Uno" title="Sōsuke Uno">Sōsuke Uno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Toshiki Kaifu</a>.</li> <li>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung-hee" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Park Chung-hee">assassination of Park Chung-hee</a>, South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo_Hwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Doo Hwan">Chun Doo Hwan</a> came to power at the end of 1979 and ruled as a dictator until his presidential term expired in 1987. He was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" title="Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Uprising</a> in May 1980 when police and soldiers battled armed protesters. Relations with North Korea showed little sign of improvement during the 1980s. In 1983, when Chun was in Burma, <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">a bomb apparently planted by North Korean agents</a> killed a number of South Korean government officials. The <a href="/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">June Democratic Struggle</a> in 1987, a nationwide pro-democracy movement in South Korea, leads to democratic reforms, an end to authoritarian rule and <a href="/wiki/1987_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1987 South Korean presidential election">democratic elections</a>. After leaving office, Chun was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae_Woo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roh Tae Woo">Roh Tae Woo</a>, the first democratic ruler of the country, which saw its international prestige greatly rise with hosting the Olympics in <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>. Roh pursued a policy of normalizing relations with China and the Soviet Union, but had to face militant left-wing student groups who demanded <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">reunification with North Korea</a> and the withdrawal of US troops.</li> <li>In the Philippines, after almost 20 years of dictatorship, Philippine president <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> left the presidency and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> through the "<a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>" from 22 to 25 February 1986. This has been considered by some a peaceful revolution despite the fact that the Armed Forces of the Philippines issued an order to disperse the crowds on <a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">EDSA</a> (the main thoroughfare in Metro Manila).</li> <li>Democratization in South Korea and Taiwan, having lasted 42 and 27 years under the authoritarian regime since the end of World War II and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (including the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law in Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1987_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1987 South Korean presidential election">first direct presidential elections</a> in South Korea).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a> were held in South Korea, the first time the country hosted them.</li></ul> <p><b>Africa</b> </p> <ul><li>A widespread <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine hit Ethiopia</a> from 1983 to 1985, affecting 7.75 million people, killing around 300,000 to 1.2 million. 400,000 refugees left the country. Blame for the famine has been attributed to drought, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopia's civil war</a>, and policies taken by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> military regime.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassinations_and_attempts">Assassinations and attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assassinations and attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg/100px-JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg/150px-JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg/200px-JohannesPaul2-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwar_Sadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anwar_Sadat.jpg/100px-Anwar_Sadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anwar_Sadat.jpg/150px-Anwar_Sadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Anwar_Sadat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndiraGandhi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/100px-IndiraGandhi.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/150px-IndiraGandhi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IndiraGandhi.png/200px-IndiraGandhi.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olof_Palme_(1984).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg/100px-Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg/150px-Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg/200px-Olof_Palme_%281984%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;">Date </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>12 April 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_R._Tolbert_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Tolbert Jr.">William R. Tolbert Jr.</a>, 20th President of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, is killed during a military coup. His death marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo-Liberian">Americo-Liberian</a> rule in Liberia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 March 1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, 40th President of the United States, was <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">shot</a> in Washington, D.C. by a mentally disturbed individual. Reagan's press secretary, <a href="/wiki/James_Brady" title="James Brady">James Brady</a>, was also shot, along with a police officer and a US Secret Service agent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 May 1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> is <a href="/wiki/1981_Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Pope John Paul II assassination attempt">shot</a> and wounded in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 May 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, the sixth president of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, was assassinated by a faction of officers of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a>, in the southeastern port city of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 August 1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Rajai" title="Mohammad-Ali Rajai">Mohammad-Ali Rajai</a>, 2nd President of Iran and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Bahonar" title="Mohammad-Javad Bahonar">Mohammad-Javad Bahonar</a>, 48th Prime Minister of Iran, are both <a href="/wiki/1981_Iranian_Prime_Minister%27s_office_bombing" title="1981 Iranian Prime Minister's office bombing">killed</a> when a bomb explodes in Bahonar's office. Iranian officials alleges the bomb was planted by elements of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a>, though others allege the bombing was orchestrated by political rivals within the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 October 1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, 3rd President of Egypt, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">assassinated</a> at a military parade in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 August 1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a>, a longtime political opponent of Philippine <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">killed</a> after landing in the Philippines after three years of self-imposed exile.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 October 1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, avoids being the target of a <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Hotel_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Hotel Bombing">bombing</a> at a hotel orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>. The blast does kill five including <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chief Whip">Deputy Chief Whip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 October 1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, 3rd Prime Minister of India, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a> by her own <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a> in response to the Indian Army's attack on Golden Temple to destroy <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Militant stronghold in Amritsar earlier in the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 February 1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a>, Prime Minister of Sweden, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">assassinated</a> while walking home from a cinema in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 October 1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>, 1st President of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, is <a href="/wiki/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état">assassinated</a> in a coup organized by his former colleague, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters">Disasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/170px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/255px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/340px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">erupted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, US on 18 May 1980, killing 57 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, a global pandemic that has killed over 40 million people, was <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">identified</a> in the 1980s, with the first reported cases in 1981.</li> <li>On 17 October 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Loma_Prieta_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Loma Prieta earthquake">Loma Prieta earthquake</a> struck the San Francisco Bay Area during Game 3 of the <a href="/wiki/1989_World_Series" title="1989 World Series">1989 World Series</a>, gaining worldwide attention. Sixty-five people were killed and thousands injured, with major structural damage on freeways and buildings and broken gas-line fires in San Francisco, California. The cost of the damage totaled US$13 billion (1989 US$).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_North_American_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="1988–89 North American drought">1988–89 North American drought</a> decimated the US with many parts of the country affected. This was the worst drought to hit the United States in many years. The drought caused $60 billion in damage (between $80 billion and $120 billion for 2008 US$). The concurrent <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a> killed 5,800 to 17,000 people in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Allen" title="Hurricane Allen">Hurricane Allen</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia" title="Hurricane Alicia">Hurricane Alicia</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert" title="Hurricane Gilbert">Hurricane Gilbert</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Joan%E2%80%93Miriam" title="Hurricane Joan–Miriam">Hurricane Joan</a> (1988), and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a> (1989) were some notably destructive Atlantic hurricanes of the 1980s.</li> <li>Other natural disasters of the 1980s include the 1982–1983 <a href="/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_El_Ni%C3%B1o_event" title="1982–83 El Niño event">El Niño</a> which brought destructive weather to most of the world; the <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">1985 Mexico City earthquake</a>, which registered 8.0 on the <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a> and devastated Mexico City and other areas throughout central Mexico; the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>; the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyos" title="Lake Nyos">Lake Nyos</a> <a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">limnic eruption</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake" title="1988 Armenian earthquake">1988 Armenian earthquake</a>, which rocked the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-natural_disasters">Non-natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/220px-Challenger_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/330px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/440px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">space shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> disintegrates on January 28, 1986</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Dan-Air_Flight_1008" title="Dan-Air Flight 1008">Dan-Air Flight 1008</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, crashed on approach to <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, killing 146 people on board.</li> <li>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163" title="Saudia Flight 163">Saudia Flight 163</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lockhead_L-1011_TriStar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lockhead L-1011 TriStar (page does not exist)">Lockhead L-1011 TriStar</a>, caught fire moments after takeoff from the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. The flight immediately returned to the airport, but evacuation of the plane was delayed and all 301 people aboard died.</li> <li>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_759" title="Pan Am Flight 759">Pan Am Flight 759</a>, a Boeing 727, was forced down by <a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">microburst</a> while on approach to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans International Airport">New Orleans International Airport</a>, killing 153 people.</li> <li>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> carrying 269 people between New York City and <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> via <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>, was shot down by Soviet fighter jets after accidentally straying into Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_airspace" title="Prohibited airspace">prohibited airspace</a>, killing everyone on board.</li> <li>In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a> resulted from a toxic <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">methyl isocyanate</a> (MIC) gas leak at the <a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal, India">Bhopal, India</a>, killing 3,000 immediately and ultimately claiming 15,000–20,000 lives.</li> <li>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster" title="Heysel Stadium disaster">Heysel Stadium disaster</a> occurred before the <a href="/wiki/1985_European_Cup_final" title="1985 European Cup final">European Cup final</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium, when a <a href="/wiki/Crowd_collapses_and_crushes" title="Crowd collapses and crushes">crowd crush</a> led to 39 deaths and 600 injuries.</li> <li>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182" title="Air India Flight 182">Air India Flight 182</a>, a Boeing 747 flying from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> via London and Delhi, is blown up over Irish waters by a bomb planted by <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh separatists</a>, killing all 320 passengers and crew on board. This was the deadliest act of aviation terrorism until the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001.</li> <li>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_191" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 191">Delta Air Lines Flight 191</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011 TriStar</a>, crashed on approach to <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> due to a microburst. 137 people were killed while 27 survived.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_123" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 123">Japan Air Lines Flight 123</a>, a Boeing 747 carrying 524 people, crashed in 1985, while on a flight from Tokyo to <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, killing 520 of the people on board, leaving four survivors. This was the deadliest single-aircraft crash to date.</li> <li>In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Air_Flight_1285R" title="Arrow Air Flight 1285R">Arrow Air Flight 1285R</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stall_(aerodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (aerodynamics)">stalled</a> and crashed seconds after taking off from <a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gander, Newfoundland">Gander, Newfoundland</a>. All 256 people on board, many of them US servicemen returning home from duty overseas, perished.</li> <li>In 1986, the NASA <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disintegrated</a> 73 seconds after launch, killing all of the crew on board. This was the first disaster involving the destruction of a NASA Space Shuttle. A faulty <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> was the cause of the accident.</li> <li>On 26 April 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">nuclear meltdown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, Soviet Union, spread a large amount of radioactive material across Europe, killing 47 people, dooming countless others to future radiation-related cancer, and causing the displacement of 300,000 people.</li> <li>In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico_Flight_498" title="Aeroméxico Flight 498">Aeroméxico Flight 498</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-9">Douglas DC-9</a>, crashed after colliding with a private <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cherokee">Piper Cherokee</a> over <a href="/wiki/Cerritos,_California" title="Cerritos, California">Cerritos, California</a>, killing 64 on both aircraft and 15 others on the ground. On the same day, the Soviet passenger ship <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Admiral_Nakhimov" title="SS Admiral Nakhimov">Admiral Nakhimov</a></i> sank after colliding with the bulk carrier <i>Pyotr Vasev</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, killing 423 people.</li> <li>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/LOT_Flight_5055" class="mw-redirect" title="LOT Flight 5055">LOT Flight 5055</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62M" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilyushin Il-62M">Ilyushin Il-62M</a> caught fire due to an <a href="/wiki/Uncontained_engine_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontained engine failure">uncontained engine failure</a> and subsequently crashed, killing all 183 passengers and crew.</li> <li>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines_Flight_255" title="Northwest Airlines Flight 255">Northwest Airlines Flight 255</a>, a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-82" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-82">McDonnell Douglas MD-82</a>, crashed almost immediately after takeoff <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport">Detroit Wayne Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Pilot_error" title="Pilot error">pilot error</a>, killing 156 on board.</li> <li>In 1987, a fire broke out on <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a>, a Boeing 747, eventually causing the aircraft to crash into the Indian Ocean. All 159 aboard were killed.</li> <li>On 20 December 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> passenger ferry <a href="/wiki/MV_Do%C3%B1a_Paz" title="MV Doña Paz">MV <i>Doña Paz</i></a> burned and sank after colliding with the oil tanker <a href="/wiki/MT_Vector" title="MT Vector">MT <i>Vector</i></a> off the island of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>. With an estimated death toll of over 4,000, this was and remains the world's deadliest peacetime maritime disaster.</li> <li>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> en route from Tehran to <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>, was shot down by the US missile cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(CG-49)" title="USS Vincennes (CG-49)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a> over the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, killing all 290 people on the plane. The event is one of the most controversial aviation occurrences of all time, with the true cause disputed between the Americans and the Iranians.</li> <li>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a>, a Boeing 747 en route from Frankfurt to Detroit (via London and New York), was destroyed by a bomb while it was flying over <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a>, Scotland, killing the 259 passengers and crew members on board and 11 people on the ground. This was the worst terrorist attack to have occurred on British soil.</li> <li>On 24 March 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tanker</a> <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a> ran aground on <a href="/wiki/Bligh_Reef" title="Bligh Reef">Bligh Reef</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a> <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">spilling</a> an estimated equivalent of 260,000 to 750,000 barrels of crude oil. Although not among the largest oil spills in history, its remote and sensitive location made it one of the most devastating ecological disasters, with after-effects continuing to be felt present-day.</li> <li>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> occurs during a <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> semi-final in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England, fatally crushing 96 football fans and injuring nearly 1,000 more.</li> <li>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">United Airlines Flight 232</a>, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 carrying 296 people, suffered an in-flight engine failure and was forced to crash-land at <a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City, Iowa</a>. 185 survived, while 111 were killed when the plane burst into flames upon touchdown.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_science_and_technology" title="1980s in science and technology">1980s in science and technology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_and_biology">Medicine and biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medicine and biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980s had many fundamental advances in medicine and biology. The first <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate pregnancy">surrogate pregnancy</a> of an unrelated child took place on 13 April 1986, in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically modified</a> crops, <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">tobacco</a> (<i>Nicotiana</i>) plants were grown in China in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a> techniques became established by the end of the 1980s, allowing <a href="/wiki/Gene_tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene tagging">gene tagging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> to become a possibility, both of which were first performed in human beings in May 1989 and September 1990, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_and_computers">Electronics and computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electronics and computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">Arcade</a> and video games had been growing in popularity since the late 1970s, and by 1982 were a major industry. But a variety of factors, including a glut of low-quality games and the rise of home computers, caused a <a href="/wiki/North_American_video_game_crash_of_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="North American video game crash of 1983">tremendous crash</a> in late 1983. For the next three years, the video game market practically ceased to exist in the US. But in the second half of the decade, it would be revived by <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, whose Famicom console and mascot <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> had been enjoying considerable success in Japan since 1983. Renamed the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (NES), it would claim 90% of the American video game market by 1989. The 1980s are considered to be the decade when video games achieved massive popularity. In 1980, Pac-Man was introduced to the arcades, and became one of the most popular video games of all time. Also in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> was created; it was not one of the best known game systems, but it facilitated mini-games and was concurrent with the NES. <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a></i>, released in 1981, was a smash arcade hit and market breakthrough for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._2" title="Super Mario Bros. 2">Super Mario Bros. 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._3" title="Super Mario Bros. 3">Super Mario Bros. 3</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mega_Man" title="Mega Man">Mega Man</a></i> series would become major hits for the console. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ColecoVision video game System."><img alt="The ColecoVision video game System." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg/190px-ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg/285px-ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg/380px-ColecoVision-Console-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5720" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a> video game System.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nintendo Entertainment System's Control Deck."><img alt="The Nintendo Entertainment System's Control Deck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/190px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/285px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/380px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>'s Control Deck.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atari 7800 System (PAL system with Joypad controller)."><img alt="Atari 7800 System (PAL system with Joypad controller)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg/190px-Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg/285px-Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg/380px-Atari-7800-wControl-Pad-L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a> System (PAL system with Joypad controller).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mega Drive, known as the Genesis in North America, succeeded the Master System."><img alt="Mega Drive, known as the Genesis in North America, succeeded the Master System." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/190px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/285px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg/380px-Sega-Mega-Drive-JP-Mk1-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive</a>, known as the Genesis in North America, succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> experienced explosive growth in the 1980s, transitioning from a hobbyist's toy to a full-fledged consumer product. The IBM PC, launched in 1981, became the dominant computer for professional users. <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> created the most popular home computers of both 8-bit and 16-bit generations. <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> standard was the dominant computer platform in Japan and in most parts of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> superseded its <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> models by introducing the first <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a> computer in 1984. It was the first commercially successful personal computer to use a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which started to become general features in computers after the middle of the decade. Electronics and computers were also at the forefront of the advertising industry, with many commercials like "1984" from Apple achieving acclaim and pop-culture relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PC_5150.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="IBM PC (model 5150), the first DOS-compatible PC was released in 1981. The IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors would become the most widely used computer systems in the world."><img alt="IBM PC (model 5150), the first DOS-compatible PC was released in 1981. The IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors would become the most widely used computer systems in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/163px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/245px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IBM_PC_5150.jpg/326px-IBM_PC_5150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> (model 5150), the first <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-compatible PC was released in 1981. The IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors would become the most widely used computer systems in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodore 64, with sales estimated at more than 17 million units between 1982 and 1994 became the best-selling computer model of all time."><img alt="Commodore 64, with sales estimated at more than 17 million units between 1982 and 1994 became the best-selling computer model of all time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png/190px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png/285px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png/380px-Commodore-64-Computer-FL.png 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, with sales estimated at more than 17 million units between 1982 and 1994 became the best-selling computer model of all time.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VTech Laser 200, 8-bit home computer from 1983"><img alt="VTech Laser 200, 8-bit home computer from 1983" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg/143px-Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg/215px-Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg/287px-Disk_smith_vz200_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VTech_Laser_200" title="VTech Laser 200">VTech Laser 200</a>, 8-bit home computer from 1983</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macintosh_128k_transparency.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Macintosh 128K, the first commercially successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface, was introduced to the public in 1984.[26]"><img alt="The Macintosh 128K, the first commercially successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface, was introduced to the public in 1984.[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/102px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/153px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/205px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh 128K</a>, the first commercially successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface, was introduced to the public in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibm-convertible.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The IBM PC Convertible (model 5140; 1986), the first DOS-compatible PC to be a laptop and to use the standard 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disk drives."><img alt="The IBM PC Convertible (model 5140; 1986), the first DOS-compatible PC to be a laptop and to use the standard 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disk drives." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ibm-convertible.jpg/151px-Ibm-convertible.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ibm-convertible.jpg/226px-Ibm-convertible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ibm-convertible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">IBM PC Convertible</a> (model 5140; 1986), the first <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>-compatible PC to be a <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and to use the standard <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch floppy disk drives.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga500_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Amiga 500, the first "low-end" 16 and 32 bit multimedia home/personal computer, was introduced in October 1987.[27]"><img alt="The Amiga 500, the first "low-end" 16 and 32 bit multimedia home/personal computer, was introduced in October 1987.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/155px-Amiga500_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/232px-Amiga500_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/309px-Amiga500_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a>, the first "low-end" 16 and 32 bit multimedia home/personal computer, was introduced in October 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-amigaHistory_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amigaHistory-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_(mid_to_end_of_1980s)_for_dial-up_internet_access,_powered_on_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US Robotics Courier 2400 telephone modem"><img alt="US Robotics Courier 2400 telephone modem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg/185px-US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg/278px-US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg/371px-US_Robotics_Courier_2400_telephone_modem_%28mid_to_end_of_1980s%29_for_dial-up_internet_access%2C_powered_on_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/US_Robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="US Robotics">US Robotics</a> Courier 2400 <a href="/wiki/Telephone_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone modem">telephone modem</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boomboxes</a>, invented during the late 1970s, became very popular as they were introduced to various countries in the early 1980s, and had a profound impact on the music industry and youth culture. Consumer <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a> and video rental stores became commonplace as <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> won out over the competing <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> standard. In addition, in the early 1980s various companies began selling compact, modestly priced <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> to the public. This, along with the development of <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">Musical Instrument Digital Interface</a> (MIDI), made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers and other electronic instruments, like drum machines, for use in musical composition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/High_definition_television" class="mw-redirect" title="High definition television">High definition television</a> (HDTV) of both the analog and digital variety were first developed in the 1980s though their use did not become widespread until the mid-2000s. </p><p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Hayes_Microcomputer_Products" title="Hayes Microcomputer Products">Hayes Microcomputer Products</a> started selling the Smartmodem. The Smartmodem paved the way for the modern modems that exist today, mainly because it was the first modem to transform what had previously required a two-stage process into a process involving only one stage. The Smartmodem contributed to the rise in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> systems in the 1980s and early 1990s, which were the main way to connect to remote computers and perform various social and entertainment activities before the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> finally became popular in the mid-1990s. </p><p>The 1980s witnessed a rapid expansion in the communications industry. Almost a decade after <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a>, then an employee of <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, made the first mobile phone call in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Millicom" title="Millicom">Millicom Inc.</a>, a telecommunications agency, and <a href="/wiki/E.F._Johnson_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="E.F. Johnson Company">E.F. Johnson & Co.</a>,  introduced the first portable cellular phone commercially available for use on a cellular network, the "Lunch Box" in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Motorola launched the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC" title="Motorola DynaTAC">DynaTAC 8000X</a> or the "Brick," the first commercially available handheld mobile phone weighing 3 pounds (1.4 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While revolutionary, these early products were bulky and challenging to handle. This led to fierce competition in the market, with companies vying to produce a lighter, more portable phone, setting the stage for the future of mobile technology. </p><p>The race for a slimmer version of the portable cell phone was underway, and technology entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stenbeck" title="Jan Stenbeck">Jan Stenbeck</a> was determined to lead the charge. Stenbeck founded the tech start-up <a href="/wiki/Technophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Technophone">Technophone</a> with a singular goal in mind: to create a lightweight, pocket-sized mobile phone. In 1986, under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Excel_mobile_phones" title="Excel mobile phones">Technophones</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a>, Nils Martensson, the company unveiled the first pocket-sized mobile phone, the Excell PCT105.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 932px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1983, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X becomes the first commercially available mobile phone model"><img alt="In 1983, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X becomes the first commercially available mobile phone model" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg/97px-Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg/146px-Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg/194px-Motorola_DynaTAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1983, the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X becomes the first commercially available <b><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a></b> model</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimline_December_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trimline telephone"><img alt="Trimline telephone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trimline_December_1986.jpg/79px-Trimline_December_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trimline_December_1986.jpg/118px-Trimline_December_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Trimline_December_1986.jpg/157px-Trimline_December_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trimline_telephone" title="Trimline telephone">Trimline telephone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During the decade the standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals by the International Telecommunication Union contributed to the significant spread of the fax machine."><img alt="During the decade the standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals by the International Telecommunication Union contributed to the significant spread of the fax machine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg/160px-PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg/240px-PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg/320px-PIC_0011_Samsung_SF100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During the decade the standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals by the International Telecommunication Union contributed to the significant spread of the <b><a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a></b> machine.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VHS won out over the competing Betamax standard, becoming the leading standard in home video systems"><img alt="VHS won out over the competing Betamax standard, becoming the leading standard in home video systems" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/113px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/170px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg/227px-VHS_vs_Betamax_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="2428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> won out over the competing <b><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a></b> standard, becoming the leading standard in home video systems</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hayes's Smartmodem"><img alt="Hayes's Smartmodem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg/190px-Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg/285px-Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg/380px-Hayes_300_Baud_Smartmodem_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hayes_Microcomputer_Products" title="Hayes Microcomputer Products">Hayes</a>'s <b>Smartmodem</b></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>During the decade <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> released the operating systems <b><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></b> (1981), <b><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a></b> (1985), and <b><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a></b> (1987).</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a></b> – the most basic CD ("Digital Audio Compact Disc") was released in October 1982 for distribution and listening to <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a>, and at the time contained up to 74 minutes of music.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> officially changed its main protocol from NCP to <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> on 1 January 1983, when the new protocols were activated. The TCP/IP protocol will become the dominant communications protocol from then onwards, and would be used as the foundation on which the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> would be based.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></b> (1983). The <b><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></b> (1985).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></b> – In 1984, FidoNet was launched, enabling <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> users to send private messages (e-mails) and public messages (in the forum) between all BBS systems that were connected to the FidoNet network, in addition to sending files to each other. The rise in popularity and availability of the Internet around the world around the mid-1990s eventually contributed to the irrelevance of FidoNet.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></b> – In 1989, the British computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> first proposed a project to his employer <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. In mid-November 1989 he would develop the first successful communication between a <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) client and server via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. In the coming years Berners-Lee developed the system which would later become the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MS-Dos_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1981, Microsoft introduced the MS-DOS operating system, which would become the world's most widely used operating system in the 1980s and first half of the 1990s."><img alt="In 1981, Microsoft introduced the MS-DOS operating system, which would become the world's most widely used operating system in the 1980s and first half of the 1990s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MS-Dos_screenshot.png/190px-MS-Dos_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MS-Dos_screenshot.png/285px-MS-Dos_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MS-Dos_screenshot.png/380px-MS-Dos_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1981, Microsoft introduced the <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> operating system, which would become the world's most widely used <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> in the 1980s and first half of the 1990s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The most basic CD was first introduced in October 1982 for the purpose of distribution and listening to digital audio"><img alt="The most basic CD was first introduced in October 1982 for the purpose of distribution and listening to digital audio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/120px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/180px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/240px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The most basic <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> was first introduced in October 1982 for the purpose of distribution and listening to digital audio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1989, the British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee first proposed the World Wide Web, which he would develop in the coming years"><img alt="In 1989, the British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee first proposed the World Wide Web, which he would develop in the coming years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg/120px-Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg/180px-Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg/240px-Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1989, the British computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> first proposed the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, which he would develop in the coming years</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Space exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6084" data-file-height="6084" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> seconds after engine ignition, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>American interplanetary probes continued in the 1980s, the Voyager duo being the most known. After making a flyby of Jupiter in 1979, they went near Saturn in 1980–1981. <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> reached Uranus in 1986 (just a few days before the <i>Challenger</i> disaster), and Neptune in 1989 before the probes exited the Solar System. </p><p>No American probes were launched to Mars in the 1980s, and the <a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a> probes, launched there in 1975, completed their operations by 1982. The Soviets launched two Mars probes in 1988, but they failed. </p><p>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 1986 was met by a series of Soviet, Japanese and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) probes, namely <a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a>. </p><p>After a six-year hiatus, American space flights with astronauts resumed with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> in April 1981. The shuttle program progressed smoothly from there, with three more orbiters entering service in 1983–1985. But that all came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">tragic loss</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>) on 28 January 1986, taking with it seven astronauts, including <a href="/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe" title="Christa McAuliffe">Christa McAuliffe</a>, who was to have been the first teacher in space. In full view of the world, a faulty O-ring on the right solid rocket booster allowed hot gases to burn through the external fuel tank and cause it to explode, destroying the shuttle in the process. Extensive efforts were made to improve <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s increasingly careless management practices, and to make the shuttle safer. Flights resumed with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> in September 1988. </p><p>The Soviet program with cosmonauts went well during the decade, experiencing only minor setbacks. The <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> space station, launched in 1977, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> in 1982. Then came <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> in 1986, which ended up operating for more than a decade, and was destined to be the last in the line of Soviet space stations that had begun in 1971. One of the Soviet Union's last "superprojects" was the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)"><i>Buran</i> space shuttle</a>; it was only used once, in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American auto industry began in the 1980s in a thoroughly grim situation, faced with poor quality control, rising import competition, and a severe economic downturn.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors</a> (AMC) were near bankruptcy, and Ford was little better off.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM) continued with business as usual. But the auto makers recovered with the economy by 1983, and in 1985 auto sales in the United States hit a new record. However, the Japanese were now a major presence, and would begin manufacturing cars in the US to get around tariffs. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> became the first Korean auto maker to enter the American market. In the same year, the Yugoslavian-built <a href="/wiki/Zastava_Koral" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava Koral">Yugo</a> was brought to the US, but the car was so small and cheap, that it became the subject of jokes. It was sold up to 1991, when economic sanctions against Yugoslavia forced its withdrawal from the American market. </p><p>As the decade progressed, cars became smaller and more efficient in design. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> design teams began to incorporate aerodynamic styling to decrease drag while in motion. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird" title="Ford Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a> was one of the first cars to receive these design changes. In 1985, Ford released the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Taurus</a> with a design that was revolutionary among domestic mass market automobiles. </p><p>GM began suffering significant losses in the late 1980s, partially the result of chairman <a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_(executive)" title="Roger Smith (executive)">Roger Smith</a>'s restructuring attempts, and partially because of increasingly dated cars. An example were customers who increasingly purchased European luxury cars rather than <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillacs</a>. In 1985, GM started <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a> (the first new American make since the Edsel), with the goal of producing high-quality import fighters. Production would not begin until 1990. </p><p>Chrysler introduced its new compact, front-wheel drive <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform" title="Chrysler K platform">K-cars</a> in 1981. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Iacocca" title="Lee Iacocca">Lee Iacocca</a>, the company turned a profit again the following year, and by 1983 paid off its government loans. A succession of models using this automobile platform followed. The most significant were the <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a> in 1984. These proved a to be popular and they would dominate the van market for more than a decade. In 1987, Chrysler purchased the Italian makes of <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>. In the same year, Chrysler bought <a href="/wiki/American_Motors_Corporation" title="American Motors Corporation">AMC</a> from <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> laying to rest the last significant independent US automaker, but acquiring the hugely profitable <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">Jeep</a> line and continuing the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(automobile)" title="Eagle (automobile)">Eagle</a> brand until the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/DMC_DeLorean" title="DMC DeLorean">DMC DeLorean</a> was the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/John_DeLorean" title="John DeLorean">John DeLorean</a>, a flamboyant former GM executive. Production of the gull-winged sports car began in Northern Ireland in 1981. John DeLorean was arrested in October 1982 in a sting operation where he was attempting to sell cocaine to save his struggling company. He was acquitted of all charges in 1984, but too late for the <a href="/wiki/DeLorean_Motor_Company" title="DeLorean Motor Company">DeLorean Motor Company</a>, which closed down in 1983. The DeLorean gained renewed fame afterward as the time machine in the <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Back to the Future (series)"><i>Back to the Future</i> film trilogy</a>. </p><p>The imposition of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">corporate average fuel economy</a> (CAFE) fuel-mileage standards in 1979 spelled the end of big-block engines, but <a href="/wiki/Performance_car" title="Performance car">performance cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertibles</a> reemerged in the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbochargers</a> were widely used to boost the performance of small cars, and technology from <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> began to take over from the widely used application of <a href="/wiki/Carburetors" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburetors">carburetors</a> by the late 1980s. Front-wheel drive also became dominant. </p><p>The 1980s marked the decline of European brands in North America by the end of the decade. Renault, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> ceased importation by the end of the decade. <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a> would continue until 1993. <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat Automobiles">Fiat</a> also ceased imports to North America in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The early 1980s was marked by a severe global <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">economic recession</a> that affected much of the developed world.</li> <li>Inflation peaked in the US in April 1980 at 14.76% and subsequently fell to a low of 1.10% in December 1986 but then rebounded to 4.65% at the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finland's economy grew by almost the fastest pace in the world, which eventually culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_depression_in_Finland" title="Early 1990s depression in Finland">recession of the 1990s Finnish economy</a>. In Finland, the 1980s were called the "Nousukausi", or "economic upswing".</li> <li>In the late 1980s, Japan experienced an <a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">economic bubble</a>, which would culminate in a stock market crash in 1991 that would begin a <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">period of economic stagnation</a>.</li> <li>Developing countries reliant on loans from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> would experience debt crises throughout the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire economics">Laissez faire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economics have a resurgence in the developed world, led by the UK and US which emphasised reduced government intervention, lower taxes and deregulation of the stock markets, measures that became associated with an economic revival in the mid- to late-1980s.</li> <li>Brazil and Mexico suffers from a <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">debt crisis in Latin America</a> starting in 1982 under President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a>. Economic problems worsened between 1979 and 1985 by firing and resignation of most officials of the Brazilian and Mexican government after the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><span lang="pt" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></span></span> movement in 1984, and a failed response of emergency aid in the <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">Mexico City earthquake</a> just after the 175th anniversary of independence holiday in 1985. <a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a> (later succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> three months later) and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> won a <a href="/wiki/1985_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1985 Brazilian presidential election">direct presidential election</a> in 1985 marked the end of a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military dictatorship">21-year military dictatorship</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">controversial presidential election</a> in 1988 amid charges of voter fraud, bribery, corruption and other abuses of power.</li> <li>Enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> in 1989 to further establish a strong economic bond between the two prosperous neighbor countries of North America.</li> <li>In the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Five-Year_Plan_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Soviet Union)">eleventh Five-Year Plan</a> was initiated in 1981 during a <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">period of economic stagnation</a> that began in the late 1970s. The Plan was a near failure, as most of the targets were not met. With the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, the twelfth Five-Year Plan sought to <a href="/wiki/Uskoreniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Uskoreniye">accelerate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">restructure</a> the Soviet economy through reforms to decentralize production and distribution systems.</li> <li>Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, China embarked on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">extensive reforms</a> in the 1980s, opening the country's economy to the West and allowing capitalist enterprises to operate in a <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">market socialist system</a>. The corruption of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party</a> leadership was met by dissent from students and workers in the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a> which were suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> began in Poland in 1980, involving workers demanding political liberalization and democracy in Poland. Attempts by the Communist government to prevent the rise of the Solidarity movement failed and negotiations between the movement and the government took place. Solidarity would be instrumental in encouraging people in other communist states to demand political reform.</li> <li>The financial world and the stock market were glamorized in a way they had not been since the 1920s, and figures like <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Milken" title="Michael Milken">Michael Milken</a> were widely seen as symbols of the decade. Widespread fear of Japanese economic strength would grip the United States in the 1980s.</li> <li>The "Black Monday" <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">stock market crash</a> on 19 October 1987, decreased the value of the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> by more than 22%, causing widespread secondary drops in world markets.</li> <li>During the 1980s, for the first time in world history, transpacific trade (with <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, such as China, and Latin America, primarily with Mexico) equaled that of transatlantic trade (with <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> or with neighboring Canada),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solidifying American economic power.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">The Savings and Loan crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keating_Five" title="Keating Five">Keating five</a> scandal.</li> <li>The phrase <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">Big Bang</a>, used in reference to the sudden deregulation of financial markets, was coined to describe measures, including abolition of fixed commission charges and of the distinction between stockjobbers and stockbrokers on the London Stock Exchange and change from open-outcry to electronic, screen-based trading, effected by Margaret Thatcher in 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The third generation of video game consoles like SG-1000, Master System, Nintendo Entertainment System (pictured), and Atari 7800 were released in the 1980s."><img alt="The third generation of video game consoles like SG-1000, Master System, Nintendo Entertainment System (pictured), and Atari 7800 were released in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/190px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/285px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/380px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">third generation of video game consoles</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></i> (pictured), and <i><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a></i> were released in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Full House was a popular TV sitcom in the 1980s."><img alt="Full House was a popular TV sitcom in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png/190px-Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png/285px-Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png/380px-Full_House_1987_TV_series_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a></i> was a popular TV sitcom in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael Jackson's Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, followed by the critically acclaimed album Bad five years later, and a musical film adaptation titled Moonwalker."><img alt="Michael Jackson's Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, followed by the critically acclaimed album Bad five years later, and a musical film adaptation titled Moonwalker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg/180px-Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg/270px-Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg/360px-Michael_Jackson_Thriller_Jacket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(album)" title="Thriller (album)">Thriller</a></i> became the best-selling album of all time, followed by the critically acclaimed album <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i> five years later, and a musical film adaptation titled <i><a href="/wiki/Moonwalker" title="Moonwalker">Moonwalker</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MTV_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="MTV began in 1981, and greatly influenced the way music is marketed and the rise of many rock stars during the 1980s. Early CGI also caught on within music videos, including the popular video for "Money for Nothing"."><img alt="MTV began in 1981, and greatly influenced the way music is marketed and the rise of many rock stars during the 1980s. Early CGI also caught on within music videos, including the popular video for "Money for Nothing"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MTV_Logo.svg/156px-MTV_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MTV_Logo.svg/235px-MTV_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MTV_Logo.svg/313px-MTV_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> began in 1981, and greatly influenced the way music is marketed and the rise of many rock stars during the 1980s. Early CGI also caught on within music videos, including the popular video for "<a href="/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)#Music_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Money for Nothing (song)">Money for Nothing</a>".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_64_(4841984952).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Technological advancements like early personal computers, the IBM Personal Computer, Commodore 64 (pictured), and Macintosh 128K were popular in the 1980s."><img alt="Technological advancements like early personal computers, the IBM Personal Computer, Commodore 64 (pictured), and Macintosh 128K were popular in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg/180px-Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg/270px-Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg/360px-Commodore_64_%284841984952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Technological advancements like early <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> (pictured), and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh 128K</a> were popular in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polaroid-branded cameras were popular and at their height in the 1980s."><img alt="Polaroid-branded cameras were popular and at their height in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg/141px-Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg/212px-Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg/282px-Polaroid_Sun_600_LMS_instant_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a>-branded cameras were popular and at their height in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="He-Man and the Masters of the Universe was a popular cartoon in the 1980s."><img alt="He-Man and the Masters of the Universe was a popular cartoon in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg/160px-He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg/240px-He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg/320px-He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe" title="He-Man and the Masters of the Universe">He-Man and the Masters of the Universe</a></i> was a popular cartoon in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_A,_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cassette tapes and the Sony Walkman were popular for listening to music in the 1980s."><img alt="Cassette tapes and the Sony Walkman were popular for listening to music in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg/190px-Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg/285px-Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tapes</a> and the Sony <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> were popular for listening to music in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArcadeGames.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arcade games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, Frogger, Defender, Galaga, Centipede, and Joust, were popular during the golden age of arcade video games."><img alt="Arcade games like Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, Frogger, Defender, Galaga, Centipede, and Joust, were popular during the golden age of arcade video games." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ArcadeGames.jpg/180px-ArcadeGames.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ArcadeGames.jpg/270px-ArcadeGames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ArcadeGames.jpg/360px-ArcadeGames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arcade games like <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Defender_(1981_video_game)" title="Defender (1981 video game)"><i>Defender</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Galaga" title="Galaga">Galaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centipede_(video_game)" title="Centipede (video game)">Centipede</a>, and </i><a href="/wiki/Joust_(video_game)" title="Joust (video game)"><i>Joust</i></a>, were popular during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Six Olympic Games were held in the 1980s, Lake Placid and Moscow in 1980, Sarajevo and Los Angeles in 1984, Calgary and Seoul in 1988."><img alt="Six Olympic Games were held in the 1980s, Lake Placid and Moscow in 1980, Sarajevo and Los Angeles in 1984, Calgary and Seoul in 1988." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg/176px-Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg/264px-Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg/352px-Olympic_Torch_Tower_of_the_Los_Angeles_Coliseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> were held in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">Lake Placid</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">Moscow in 1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">Sarajevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">Los Angeles in 1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Seoul in 1988</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Back-to-the-future-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teen-oriented films such as Back to the Future and The Outsiders were popular in the 1980s."><img alt="Teen-oriented films such as Back to the Future and The Outsiders were popular in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Back-to-the-future-logo.svg/190px-Back-to-the-future-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Back-to-the-future-logo.svg/285px-Back-to-the-future-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Back-to-the-future-logo.svg/380px-Back-to-the-future-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teen-oriented films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outsiders_(film)" title="The Outsiders (film)">The Outsiders</a></i> were popular in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="After a turbulent decline in the 1960s and 1970s, animation began to thrive again due to the success and popularity of films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Oliver & Company, The Land Before Time, and The Little Mermaid."><img alt="After a turbulent decline in the 1960s and 1970s, animation began to thrive again due to the success and popularity of films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Oliver & Company, The Land Before Time, and The Little Mermaid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png/190px-Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png/285px-Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png/380px-Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After a turbulent decline in the 1960s and 1970s, animation began to thrive again due to the success and popularity of films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_%26_Company" title="Oliver & Company">Oliver & Company</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(film)" title="The Land Before Time (film)">The Land Before Time</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a>.</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Along with early hip hop culture like 1988's Straight Outta Compton, graffiti became more mainstream in the 1980s."><img alt="Along with early hip hop culture like 1988's Straight Outta Compton, graffiti became more mainstream in the 1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg/180px-Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg/270px-Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg/360px-Graffiti_in_Bayreuth4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Along with early hip hop culture like 1988's <i><a href="/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton" title="Straight Outta Compton">Straight Outta Compton</a></i>, graffiti became more mainstream in the 1980s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_Processing_Technician_2nd_Class_Trice_uses_a_computer_terminal_to_track_a_user%27s_request_in_the_Navy_Regional_Data_Automatic_Center_-_DPLA_-_3eec547d2abaf44072a2a672ef159283.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Before the more mainstream use of the internet in the 1990s, many computer systems had searchable databases during the decade. These databases could be used to search a students' grades, computerized library and video rental systems to track books and video rentals."><img alt="Before the more mainstream use of the internet in the 1990s, many computer systems had searchable databases during the decade. These databases could be used to search a students' grades, computerized library and video rental systems to track books and video rentals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Data_Processing_Technician_2nd_Class_Trice_uses_a_computer_terminal_to_track_a_user%27s_request_in_the_Navy_Regional_Data_Automatic_Center_-_DPLA_-_3eec547d2abaf44072a2a672ef159283.jpg/174px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Data_Processing_Technician_2nd_Class_Trice_uses_a_computer_terminal_to_track_a_user%27s_request_in_the_Navy_Regional_Data_Automatic_Center_-_DPLA_-_3eec547d2abaf44072a2a672ef159283.jpg/261px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Data_Processing_Technician_2nd_Class_Trice_uses_a_computer_terminal_to_track_a_user%27s_request_in_the_Navy_Regional_Data_Automatic_Center_-_DPLA_-_3eec547d2abaf44072a2a672ef159283.jpg/348px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Before the more mainstream use of the internet in the 1990s, many computer systems had searchable <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> during the decade. These databases could be used to search a students' grades, computerized library and video rental systems to track books and video rentals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_(photo_illustration).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ronald Reagan was president of the United States for a majority of the 1980s (1981–1989), during what was called the Reagan era. Ronald Reagan's vice president George H.W. Bush became president in 1989."><img alt="Ronald Reagan was president of the United States for a majority of the 1980s (1981–1989), during what was called the Reagan era. Ronald Reagan's vice president George H.W. Bush became president in 1989." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg/161px-Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg/241px-Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg/322px-Ronald_Reagan_on_CRT_TV_%28photo_illustration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> for a majority of the 1980s (1981–1989), during what was called the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a>. Ronald Reagan's vice president <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> became president in 1989.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_music" title="1980s in music">1980s in music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:360px;max-width:360px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duran_Duran_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Duran Duran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Duran_Duran_1983.jpg/358px-Duran_Duran_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Duran_Duran_1983.jpg/537px-Duran_Duran_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Duran_Duran_1983.jpg/716px-Duran_Duran_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:262px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madonna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg/197px-Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg/296px-Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg/394px-Madonna_in_concert_wearing_fishnets_1987_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:262px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg/157px-Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg/236px-Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> (bottom left) and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> (bottom right) were among the best-selling musical talents of the decade, all considered some of the most globally popular and culturally significant <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> talents of the 1980s, pictured here in 1983, 1987 and 1988 respectively.</div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chicago_logo.svg/280px-Chicago_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chicago_logo.svg/420px-Chicago_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chicago_logo.svg/560px-Chicago_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>American rock band <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a> continued their popularity from the 1970s and achieved two Billboard Hot 100 number 1 singles in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> was launched and <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a> began to have a larger effect on the record industry. Pop artists/bands such as <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper" title="Cyndi Lauper">Cyndi Lauper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> mastered the format and helped turn this new product into a profitable business. At the beginning of the decade <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> fell from favor with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_pop" title="New pop">new pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> genres developed by many British and American artists, popular phenomena throughout the decade especially in the early and mid-1980s. Music grew fragmented and combined into subgenres such as house, goth, and rap metal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous music videos include those of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. </p><p>The advent of numerous new technologies had a significant impact on 1980s music, and led to a distinct production aesthetic that included <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> sounds, <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a> and drum reverb. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, the biggest band of the 1980s, were leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Invasion" title="Second British Invasion">Second British Invasion</a>, with a level of fame similar to <a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a> by 1984. Their debut single was "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Earth_(Duran_Duran_song)" title="Planet Earth (Duran Duran song)">Planet Earth</a>" (1981). Their breakthrough album was <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_(Duran_Duran_album)" title="Rio (Duran Duran album)">Rio</a></i> (1982). The single "<a href="/wiki/Hungry_Like_the_Wolf" title="Hungry Like the Wolf">Hungry Like the Wolf</a>" was number 1 in Canada. UK number 1 singles include "<a href="/wiki/Is_There_Something_I_Should_Know%3F" title="Is There Something I Should Know?">Is There Something I Should Know?</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Reflex" title="The Reflex">The Reflex</a>", which was the band's most successful single and was also number 1 in the US and on the Eurochart Hot 100. "<a href="/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(song)" title="A View to a Kill (song)">A View to a Kill</a>", theme song of the James Bond film, was number 1 in the US. "<a href="/wiki/Notorious_(Duran_Duran_song)" title="Notorious (Duran Duran song)">Notorious</a>" was number 1 in Italy, Spain and Canada. "<a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boys_(song)" title="The Wild Boys (song)">The Wild Boys</a>" was number 1 in West Germany and South Africa. The band went on to sell over 100 million records and win Brit, Grammy and MTV awards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> was one of the icons of the 1980s and his <a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather jacket</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">glove</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonwalk dance">Moonwalk dance</a> were often imitated. Jackson's 1982 album <i><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(Michael_Jackson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriller (Michael Jackson album)">Thriller</a></i> became—and currently remains—the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">best-selling album of all time</a>, with sales estimated by various sources as somewhere between 65 and 110 million copies worldwide. His 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_(album)" title="Bad (album)">Bad</a></i> sold over 45 million copies and became the first album to have five number-one singles chart on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>. Jackson had the most number-one singles throughout the decade (9), and spent the most weeks at number one (27 weeks). His 1987 <a href="/wiki/Bad_World_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad World Tour">Bad World Tour</a> grossed over $125 million worldwide, making it the highest grossing world tour by a solo artist during the decade. Jackson earned numerous awards and titles during the 1980s, the most notable of which were a record eight <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music Award">American Music Awards</a> in 1984, and the honor of "Artist of the Decade" by US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. Jackson was arguably the biggest star during this time, and would eventually sell more than one billion records around the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> was a popular star of the 1980s and the most successful chart act of the decade. His breakthrough album <a href="/wiki/1999_(Prince_album)" title="1999 (Prince album)"><i>1999</i></a>, released in 1982, produced three top-ten hits and the album itself charted at number nine on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a>. His sixth studio album <a href="/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)" title="Purple Rain (album)"><i>Purple Rain</i></a> was an international success, boosting Prince to superstardom and selling over 25 million copies worldwide. The album produced the US number-one singles, "<a href="/wiki/When_Doves_Cry" title="When Doves Cry">When Doves Cry</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy" title="Let's Go Crazy">Let's Go Crazy</a>" and sold 13 million copies in the US as of 1996. Prince released an album every year for the rest of the decade, all charting within the top ten, with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Lovesexy" title="Lovesexy">Lovesexy</a></i>. He went on to sell over 120 million records worldwide and win seven <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The '80s were above all a time of international <a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">corporatization</a>... [<a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a>] was reconceived as <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> itself... The '80s were when stars replaced artists as bearers of significance... The '80s took rock sexuality and rock sexism over the top... The '80s were a time of renewed racial turmoil after ten-plus years of polite resegregation... Technology changed everything in the '80s. <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a> brought us <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and the triumph of the image. <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizers</a> inflected the sounds that remained. <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a> revolutionized rock and roll's proprietary relationship to its own history. <a href="/wiki/Audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio cassette">Cassettes</a> made private music portable—and public. <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact discs</a> inflated profitability as they faded into the background of busy lives. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_The_%2780s" title="Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s">Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s</a></i> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-CG_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CG-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> were groundbreaking female artists of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard synthesizer">keyboard synthesizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machine</a> were among the most popular instruments in music during the 1980s. After the 1980s, electronic instruments continued to be the main component of mainstream pop. </p><p>Synth pop and new pop musicians included the <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Ballet" title="Spandau Ballet">Spandau Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls" title="A Flock of Seagulls">A Flock of Seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/INXS" title="INXS">INXS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Men_Without_Hats" title="Men Without Hats">Men Without Hats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icehouse_(band)" title="Icehouse (band)">Icehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Basil" title="Toni Basil">Toni Basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">OMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visage_(band)" title="Visage (band)">Visage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphaville_(band)" title="Alphaville (band)">Alphaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-ha" title="A-ha">A-ha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Muffins" title="Martha and the Muffins">Martha and the Muffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_Talk" title="Talk Talk">Talk Talk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>. Pop rock bands included <a href="/wiki/Tears_for_Fears" title="Tears for Fears">Tears for Fears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transvision_Vamp" title="Transvision Vamp">Transvision Vamp</a>. Ska bands included <a href="/wiki/Madness_(band)" title="Madness (band)">Madness</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Specials" title="The Specials">The Specials</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stock_Aitken_Waterman" title="Stock Aitken Waterman">Stock Aitken Waterman</a> songs were sung by <a href="/wiki/Bananarama" title="Bananarama">Bananarama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_(band)" title="Dead or Alive (band)">Dead or Alive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Astley" title="Rick Astley">Rick Astley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> became some of the most dominant music genres of the decade, peaking with the arrival of such bands as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe_(band)" title="Europe (band)">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(American_band)" title="Anthrax (American band)">Anthrax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> guitarists such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Satriani" title="Joe Satriani">Joe Satriani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen" title="Yngwie Malmsteen">Yngwie Malmsteen</a>. The scene also helped 1970s hard rock artists and bands such as <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne" title="Ozzy Osbourne">Ozzy Osbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult" title="Blue Öyster Cult">Blue Öyster Cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Halen" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">KISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio" title="Ronnie James Dio">Ronnie James Dio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a> reach a new generation of fans. </p><p>The 1980s were also known for song parodies becoming more mainstream, a trend led by parodic musician <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>. He was best known for his <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> parodies "<a href="/wiki/Eat_It" title="Eat It">Eat It</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Fat_(song)" title="Fat (song)">Fat</a>" as well as other parodies like "<a href="/wiki/Another_One_Rides_The_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Another One Rides The Bus">Another One Rides The Bus</a>" (parody of "<a href="/wiki/Another_One_Bites_The_Dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Another One Bites The Dust">Another One Bites The Dust</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Queen_(Band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen (Band)">Queen</a>). </p><p>By 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> scene had evolved, gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age hip hop">golden age</a> of hip hop. The <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Run%E2%80%93D.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Run–D.M.C.">Run-D.M.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Furious Five</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>, <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_The_Fresh_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince">DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_L%C5%8Dc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone Lōc">Tone Lōc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biz_Markie" title="Biz Markie">Biz Markie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sugar_Hill_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sugar Hill Gang">The Sugar Hill Gang</a> and others experienced success in this genre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Drive%22_by_The_Cars_US_vinyl_A-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%22Drive%22_by_The_Cars_US_vinyl_A-side.jpg/220px-%22Drive%22_by_The_Cars_US_vinyl_A-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%22Drive%22_by_The_Cars_US_vinyl_A-side.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The A-side vinyl press of "<a href="/wiki/Drive_(The_Cars_song)" title="Drive (The Cars song)">Drive</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">The Cars</a>. One of the band's most popular singles, it peaked at number 1 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_(chart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult contemporary (chart)">Billboard Adult contemporary</a></i> chart, and number 3 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a></i> in 1984.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a> advanced into a new realm of popularity with youth appeal and record-breaking marks. Groundbreaking artists such as <a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr." title="Hank Williams Jr.">Hank Williams Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janie_Fricke" title="Janie Fricke">Janie Fricke</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Judds" title="The Judds">The Judds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Travis" title="Randy Travis">Randy Travis</a> achieved multiple platinum and award status, foreshadowing the genre's popularity explosion in the 1990s. Country legends from past decades, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waylon_Jennings" title="Waylon Jennings">Waylon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conway_Twitty" title="Conway Twitty">Conway Twitty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge Boys">Oak Ridge Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Williams" title="Don Williams">Don Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Gayle" title="Crystal Gayle">Crystal Gayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap" title="Ronnie Milsap">Ronnie Milsap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell" title="Barbara Mandrell">Barbara Mandrell</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Statler_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Statler Brothers">Statler Brothers</a>, remained popular and continued to score hits throughout the decade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> style of electronic dance music emerged in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, during the mid to late 1980s. The <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> style, another form of electronic dance music, emerged in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in mid-1980s discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino and gay communities, first in Chicago, then in New York City and Detroit. It eventually reached Europe before becoming infused in mainstream pop and dance music worldwide. </p><p>Leading <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> bands included <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies" title="Suicidal Tendencies">Suicidal Tendencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minutemen_(band)" title="Minutemen (band)">Minutemen</a>. Punk rock gave birth to many subgenres like <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a>, which in turn gave birth to a few counterculture movements, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Straight_Edge" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight Edge">Straight Edge</a> movement which began in the early 1980s. <a href="/wiki/College_rock" title="College rock">College rock</a> caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">D.I.Y</a> approach. Bands like the <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a>, <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)" title="The Replacements (band)">The Replacements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/XTC" title="XTC">XTC</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">The Smiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen" title="Echo & the Bunnymen">Echo & the Bunnymen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Roses" title="The Stone Roses">The Stone Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jesus_and_Mary_Chain" title="The Jesus and Mary Chain">The Jesus and Mary Chain</a> etc. experienced success in this genre. The 1980s also saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> genre, with the arrival of such bands as <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigbag" title="Pigbag">Pigbag</a> were post punk bands. <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> had post punk origins. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatle</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a> released their joint number 1 album <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Fantasy" title="Double Fantasy">Double Fantasy</a></i> in November 1980. This was Lennon's final album before his <a href="/wiki/Death_of_John_Lennon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of John Lennon">murder</a> in December 1980. <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> disbanded after drummer <a href="/wiki/John_Bonham" title="John Bonham">John Bonham</a>'s 1980 death. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnson" title="Brian Johnson">Brian Johnson</a> became lead singer of <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> after predecessor <a href="/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a> died in 1980. Reggae musician <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> died from a lentiginous skin <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> in 1981. Motown singer <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marvin_Gaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Marvin Gaye">shot dead</a> by his <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gay_Sr." title="Marvin Gay Sr.">father</a> in 1984. Airplane crashes killed Ozzy Osbourne's guitarist <a href="/wiki/Randy_Rhoads" title="Randy Rhoads">Randy Rhoads</a> in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/Kyu_Sakamoto" title="Kyu Sakamoto">Kyu Sakamoto</a> in 1985. <a href="/wiki/Karen_Carpenter" title="Karen Carpenter">Karen Carpenter</a> died from complications of <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> in 1983. Her death resulted in widespread attention and research into eating disorders and body dysmorphia. Other deaths include <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hardin" title="Tim Hardin">Tim Hardin</a> in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Chapin" title="Harry Chapin">Harry Chapin</a> in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Burton" title="Cliff Burton">Cliff Burton</a> in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gibb" title="Andy Gibb">Andy Gibb</a> in 1988 and <a href="/wiki/Hibari_Misora" title="Hibari Misora">Hibari Misora</a> in 1989. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium,_Philadelphia,_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/220px-Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/330px-Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg/440px-Live_Aid_at_JFK_Stadium%2C_Philadelphia%2C_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concert at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/JFK_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="JFK Stadium">JFK Stadium</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, the British supergroup <a href="/wiki/Band_Aid_(band)" title="Band Aid (band)">Band Aid</a> was formed to raise aid and awareness of the economic plight of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. In 1985's <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concert, featuring many artists, promoted attention and action to send food aid to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> whose people were suffering from a major <a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine</a>. </p><p>During the 1980s, Japan had the second largest music market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J-pop#1980s:_Fusion_with_"kayōkyoku"" title="J-pop">Popular music</a> included <a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku#1970s–1980s:_Idol_kayō_era" title="Kayōkyoku">kayōkyoku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol#1980–1990:_Golden_Age_of_Idols" title="Japanese idol">idols</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_music_(Japanese_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="New music (Japanese genre)">new music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock#1980s_to_1990s" title="Japanese rock">rock</a> and techno-pop. Artists and bands included <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Matsuda" title="Seiko Matsuda">Seiko Matsuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akina_Nakamori" title="Akina Nakamori">Akina Nakamori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Yakushimaru" title="Hiroko Yakushimaru">Hiroko Yakushimaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Oginome" title="Yōko Oginome">Yōko Oginome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Minamino" title="Yoko Minamino">Yoko Minamino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisato_Moritaka" title="Chisato Moritaka">Chisato Moritaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wink_(duo)" title="Wink (duo)">Wink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saki_Kubota" title="Saki Kubota">Saki Kubota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_(band)" title="Rebecca (band)">Rebecca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_All_Stars" title="Southern All Stars">Southern All Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiichi_Ohtaki" title="Eiichi Ohtaki">Eiichi Ohtaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Magic_Orchestra" title="Yellow Magic Orchestra">Yellow Magic Orchestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song "Hana" by <a href="/wiki/Shoukichi_Kina" title="Shoukichi Kina">Shoukichi Kina</a>, was a hit overseas, and sold 30 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists singing in Italian included <a href="/wiki/Al_Bano_and_Romina_Power" title="Al Bano and Romina Power">Al Bano and Romina Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matia_Bazar" title="Matia Bazar">Matia Bazar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2_Veneziano" title="Rondò Veneziano">Rondò Veneziano</a> were a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">baroque pop</a> outfit. </p><p>Artists who topped the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Year-End_number-one_singles_and_albums" title="List of Billboard Year-End number-one singles and albums">US annual album chart</a> included <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_(band)" title="Asia (band)">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Brown" title="Bobby Brown">Bobby Brown</a>. Artists who topped the US annual singles chart included <a href="/wiki/Blondie_(band)" title="Blondie (band)">Blondie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Carnes" title="Kim Carnes">Kim Carnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wham!" title="Wham!">Wham!</a>, Dionne & Friends (which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a> and Stevie Wonder) and <a href="/wiki/The_Bangles" title="The Bangles">The Bangles</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_of_the_1980s_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling albums of the 1980s in the United Kingdom">UK best selling album</a> of the 1980s was by <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_of_the_1980s_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling singles of the 1980s in the United Kingdom">best selling single</a> was by Band Aid. Artists who topped the <a href="/wiki/1981_in_British_music#Year-end_charts" title="1981 in British music">UK annual singles chart</a> included <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">The Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexys_Midnight_Runners" title="Dexys Midnight Runners">Dexys Midnight Runners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rush" title="Jennifer Rush">Jennifer Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Communards" title="The Communards">The Communards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Box_(band)" title="Black Box (band)">Black Box</a>. Artists who topped the UK annual albums chart included <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants" title="Adam and the Ants">Adam and the Ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Donovan" title="Jason Donovan">Jason Donovan</a>. </p><p>Other famous and popular female singers included <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Carlisle" title="Belinda Carlisle">Belinda Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler" title="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Gibson" title="Debbie Gibson">Debbie Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deniece_Williams" title="Deniece Williams">Deniece Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Wilde" title="Kim Wilde">Kim Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Branigan" title="Laura Branigan">Laura Branigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martika" title="Martika">Martika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Benatar" title="Pat Benatar">Pat Benatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Fox" title="Samantha Fox">Samantha Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheena_Easton" title="Sheena Easton">Sheena Easton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Darwish" title="Tiffany Darwish">Tiffany Darwish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a>. Other famous and popular male singers included <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ocean" title="Billy Ocean">Billy Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Adams" title="Bryan Adams">Bryan Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Henley" title="Don Henley">Don Henley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nik_Kershaw" title="Nik Kershaw">Nik Kershaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Young" title="Paul Young">Paul Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins" title="Phil Collins">Phil Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Springfield" title="Rick Springfield">Rick Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Palmer (singer)">Robert Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Trent_D%27Arby" title="Terence Trent D'Arby">Terence Trent D'Arby</a>. Other famous and popular bands included <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_(band)" title="Boston (band)">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheap_Trick" title="Cheap Trick">Cheap Trick</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood" title="Frankie Goes to Hollywood">Frankie Goes to Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination_(band)" title="Imagination (band)">Imagination</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band" title="KC and the Sunshine Band">KC and the Sunshine Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipps_Inc." title="Lipps Inc.">Lipps Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Sound_Machine" title="Miami Sound Machine">Miami Sound Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_and_the_Mechanics" title="Mike and the Mechanics">Mike and the Mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Men_at_Work" title="Men at Work">Men at Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block" title="New Kids on the Block">New Kids on the Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pointer_Sisters" title="The Pointer Sisters">The Pointer Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stranglers" title="The Stranglers">The Stranglers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tight_Fit" title="Tight Fit">Tight Fit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toto_(band)" title="Toto (band)">Toto</a>, <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitesnake" title="Whitesnake">Whitesnake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZZ_Top" title="ZZ Top">ZZ Top</a>. </p><p>Other artists with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1980" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1980">US number 1 singles</a> included <a href="/wiki/John_Mellencamp" title="John Mellencamp">John Cougar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_%26_Tennille" title="Captain & Tennille">Captain & Tennille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Holmes" title="Rupert Holmes">Rupert Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rabbitt" title="Eddie Rabbitt">Eddie Rabbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stars_on_45" title="Stars on 45">Stars on 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Supply" title="Air Supply">Air Supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band" title="The J. Geils Band">The J. Geils Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band" title="Steve Miller Band">Steve Miller Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Austin" title="Patti Austin">Patti Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ingram" title="James Ingram">James Ingram</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Waite" title="John Waite">John Waite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News" title="Huey Lewis and the News">Huey Lewis and the News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ready_for_the_World" title="Ready for the World">Ready for the World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hammer" title="Jan Hammer">Jan Hammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Mister" title="Mr. Mister">Mr. Mister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Martin" title="Marilyn Martin">Marilyn Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falco_(musician)" title="Falco (musician)">Falco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simply_Red" title="Simply Red">Simply Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cetera" title="Peter Cetera">Peter Cetera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Grant" title="Amy Grant">Amy Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_LaBelle" title="Patti LaBelle">Patti LaBelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(musician)" title="Michael McDonald (musician)">Michael McDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hornsby" title="Bruce Hornsby">Bruce Hornsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Abbott" title="Gregory Abbott">Gregory Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Vera" title="Billy Vera">Billy Vera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_Nouveau" title="Club Nouveau">Club Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_Crew" title="Cutting Crew">Cutting Crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lisa_and_Cult_Jam" title="Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam">Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Starr" title="Atlantic Starr">Atlantic Starr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Seger" title="Bob Seger">Bob Seger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siedah_Garrett" title="Siedah Garrett">Siedah Garrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Idol" title="Billy Idol">Billy Idol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(group)" title="Exposé (group)">Exposé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marx" title="Richard Marx">Richard Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Escape_Club" title="The Escape Club">The Escape Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_to_Power_(band)" title="Will to Power (band)">Will to Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_(band)" title="Sheriff (band)">Sheriff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxette" title="Roxette">Roxette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Young_Cannibals" title="Fine Young Cannibals">Fine Young Cannibals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Damian" title="Michael Damian">Michael Damian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_English" title="Bad English">Bad English</a>. </p><p>In theatre, the decade paved the way for what are now known as the <a href="/wiki/Megamusical" title="Megamusical">megamusical</a>, with examples such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cats_(musical)" title="Cats (musical)">Cats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Express" title="Starlight Express">Starlight Express</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Misérables</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Saigon" title="Miss Saigon">Miss Saigon</a></i>. </p><p>Other artists with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums_of_1981" title="List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1981">US number 1 albums</a> include <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Nicks" title="Stevie Nicks">Stevie Nicks</a>. </p><p>French musicians included <a href="/wiki/Florent_Pagny" title="Florent Pagny">Florent Pagny</a>, <a href="/wiki/F.R._David" class="mw-redirect" title="F.R. David">F.R. David</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_Gall" title="France Gall">France Gall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman" title="Jean-Jacques Goldman">Jean-Jacques Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday" title="Johnny Hallyday">Johnny Hallyday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Pietri" title="Julie Pietri">Julie Pietri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Berger" title="Michel Berger">Michel Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bruel" title="Patrick Bruel">Patrick Bruel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaud" title="Renaud">Renaud</a>. Austrian, Dutch and German musicians included <a href="/wiki/C._C._Catch" title="C. C. Catch">C. C. Catch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan" title="Dschinghis Khan">Dschinghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy_(Austrian_band)" title="Joy (Austrian band)">Joy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Talking" title="Modern Talking">Modern Talking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_(singer)" title="Sandra (singer)">Sandra Cretu</a>. Other popular musicians included <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boys_Blue" title="Bad Boys Blue">Bad Boys Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimora" title="Baltimora">Baltimora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Roussos" title="Demis Roussos">Demis Roussos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Paris" title="Ryan Paris">Ryan Paris</a>. </p> <ul><li>Oscar winners for Best Song: "<a href="/wiki/Fame_(Irene_Cara_song)" title="Fame (Irene Cara song)">Fame</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Irene_Cara" title="Irene Cara">Irene Cara</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Theme_(Best_That_You_Can_Do)" title="Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)">Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cross" title="Christopher Cross">Christopher Cross</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Up_Where_We_Belong" title="Up Where We Belong">Up Where We Belong</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Joe_Cocker" title="Joe Cocker">Joe Cocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Warnes" title="Jennifer Warnes">Jennifer Warnes</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling" title="Flashdance... What a Feeling">Flashdance... What a Feeling</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Called_to_Say_I_Love_You" title="I Just Called to Say I Love You">I Just Called to Say I Love You</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Say_You,_Say_Me" title="Say You, Say Me">Say You, Say Me</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Take_My_Breath_Away" title="Take My Breath Away">Take My Breath Away</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Berlin_(band)" title="Berlin (band)">Berlin</a>), "<a href="/wiki/(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life" title="(I've Had) The Time of My Life">(I've Had) The Time of My Life</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Medley" title="Bill Medley">Bill Medley</a> and Jennifer Warnes), "<a href="/wiki/Let_the_River_Run" title="Let the River Run">Let the River Run</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Carly_Simon" title="Carly Simon">Carly Simon</a>) and "<a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sea" title="Under the Sea">Under the Sea</a>".</li></ul> <p>Other artists contributing music to cinema films included <a href="/wiki/Vangelis" title="Vangelis">Vangelis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limahl" title="Limahl">Limahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Parker_Jr." title="Ray Parker Jr.">Ray Parker Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Survivor_(band)" title="Survivor (band)">Survivor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starship_(band)" title="Starship (band)">Starship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Minds" title="Simple Minds">Simple Minds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Loggins" title="Kenny Loggins">Kenny Loggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azumi_Inoue" title="Azumi Inoue">Azumi Inoue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sembello" title="Michael Sembello">Michael Sembello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Buckingham" title="Lindsey Buckingham">Lindsey Buckingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Parr" title="John Parr">John Parr</a>. </p><p>Other musicians included <a href="/wiki/Earth_Wind_%26_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Wind & Fire">Earth Wind & Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Vandross" title="Luther Vandross">Luther Vandross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche" title="Queensrÿche">Queensrÿche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Sister" title="Twisted Sister">Twisted Sister</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_film" title="1980s in film">1980s in film</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/260px-Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/390px-Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/520px-Ponferrada_-_graffiti_%26_murals_03_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>The highest-grossing film of the decade was <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i> (1982)</figcaption></figure><p><b>Critically acclaimed films and thespians</b> </p><ul><li>Oscar winners for Best Picture: <i><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_People" title="Ordinary People">Ordinary People</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment" title="Terms of Endearment">Terms of Endearment</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_(film)" title="Amadeus (film)">Amadeus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_(film)" title="Out of Africa (film)">Out of Africa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platoon_(film)" title="Platoon (film)">Platoon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Emperor" title="The Last Emperor">The Last Emperor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Driving_Miss_Daisy" title="Driving Miss Daisy">Driving Miss Daisy</a></i>.</li> <li>The highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest <i>domestic</i> grossing): <i><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters" title="Ghostbusters">Ghostbusters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">Back to the Future Part II</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee" title="Crocodile Dundee">Crocodile Dundee</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Attraction" title="Fatal Attraction">Fatal Attraction</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Cop" title="Beverly Hills Cop">Beverly Hills Cop</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oscar winners for Best Foreign Language Film: <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Does_Not_Believe_in_Tears" title="Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears">Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mephisto_(1981_film)" title="Mephisto (1981 film)">Mephisto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine_(film)" title="Begin the Beguine (film)">Begin the Beguine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_and_Alexander" title="Fanny and Alexander">Fanny and Alexander</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Moves" title="Dangerous Moves">Dangerous Moves</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Story" title="The Official Story">The Official Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assault_(1986_film)" title="The Assault (1986 film)">The Assault</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babette%27s_Feast" title="Babette's Feast">Babette's Feast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pelle_the_Conqueror" title="Pelle the Conqueror">Pelle the Conqueror</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso" title="Cinema Paradiso">Cinema Paradiso</a></i>.</li> <li>Oscar winners for Best Actor: <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duvall" title="Robert Duvall">Robert Duvall</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>.</li> <li>Oscar winners for Best Actress: <a href="/wiki/Sissy_Spacek" title="Sissy Spacek">Sissy Spacek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Page" title="Geraldine Page">Geraldine Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlee_Matlin" title="Marlee Matlin">Marlee Matlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>The film industry</b> </p><p>The 1980s saw the return of studio-driven films, coming from the filmmaker-driven <a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a> era of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period was when '<a href="/wiki/High_concept" title="High concept">high concept</a>' films gained popularity, where movies were to be easily marketable and understandable, and, therefore, they had short cinematic <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plots</a> that could be summarized in one or two sentences. The modern Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> is the most popular film format from the 1980s. Producer <a href="/wiki/Don_Simpson" title="Don Simpson">Don Simpson</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is usually credited with the creation of the high-concept picture of the modern Hollywood blockbuster. In the mid-1980s, a wave of British directors, including <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lyne" title="Adrian Lyne">Adrian Lyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a> (with the latter directing a number of Don Simpson films) ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they had honed in UK television commercials.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant development in the home media business is the establishment of <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Collection</a> in 1984, an American company "dedicated to gathering the greatest films from around the world and publishing them in editions that offer the highest technical quality". Through their releases, they were able to introduce what is now a standard to home video: <a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a> to retain the original aspect ratio, <a href="/wiki/Audio_commentary" title="Audio commentary">film commentaries</a> and supplements/special features.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Live-action films</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_on_Capitol_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Action_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Action movie">Action movie</a> star <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> rose to international fame this decade with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i> (1984)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1980s saw the golden age of <a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">teen films</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Class_(film)" title="Class (film)">Class</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High" title="Fast Times at Ridgemont High">Fast Times at Ridgemont High</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Risky_Business" title="Risky Business">Risky Business</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mannequin_(1987_film)" title="Mannequin (1987 film)">Mannequin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Porky%27s" title="Porky's">Porky's</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Girl_(1983_film)" title="Valley Girl (1983 film)">Valley Girl</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)" title="John Hughes (filmmaker)">John Hughes</a> directed or written <i><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Candles" title="Sixteen Candles">Sixteen Candles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club" title="The Breakfast Club">The Breakfast Club</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Science_(film)" title="Weird Science (film)">Weird Science</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink" title="Pretty in Pink">Pretty in Pink</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Kind_of_Wonderful_(film)" title="Some Kind of Wonderful (film)">Some Kind of Wonderful</a></i>, were popular teen comedies, and their stars include <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" title="Emilio Estevez">Emilio Estevez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Michael_Hall" title="Anthony Michael Hall">Anthony Michael Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Jason_Leigh" title="Jennifer Jason Leigh">Jennifer Jason Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCarthy" title="Andrew McCarthy">Andrew McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Lowe" title="Rob Lowe">Rob Lowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judd_Nelson" title="Judd Nelson">Judd Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molly_Ringwald" title="Molly Ringwald">Molly Ringwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ally_Sheedy" title="Ally Sheedy">Ally Sheedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Broderick" title="Matthew Broderick">Matthew Broderick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_De_Mornay" title="Rebecca De Mornay">Rebecca De Mornay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a>. Other youth dramas include <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(film)" title="Stand by Me (film)">Stand by Me</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outsiders_(film)" title="The Outsiders (film)">The Outsiders</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_Fish" title="Rumble Fish">Rumble Fish</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brat_Pack_(actors)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brat Pack (actors)">Brat Pack</a> films are said to include <i>The Breakfast Club</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_Fire_(film)" title="St. Elmo's Fire (film)">St. Elmo's Fire</a></i>. Musical dance films include <i><a href="/wiki/Footloose_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Footloose (1984 film)">Footloose</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Dancing" title="Dirty Dancing">Dirty Dancing</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a></i>, and their stars include <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Swayze" title="Patrick Swayze">Patrick Swayze</a>. Other musicals include <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_(1982_film)" title="Annie (1982 film)">Annie</a></i>. </p><p>Horror films were a popular genre during the decade. Among the most popular horror franchises of the 1980s were the <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)" title="Friday the 13th (franchise)">Friday the 13th</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)" title="A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halloween_(franchise)" title="Halloween (franchise)">Halloween</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_Play_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's Play (film series)">Child's Play</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hellraiser_(franchise)" title="Hellraiser (franchise)">Hellraiser</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poltergeist (film series)">Poltergeist</a></i> franchises. Their casts include <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Englund" title="Robert Englund">Robert Englund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hicks" title="Catherine Hicks">Catherine Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sarandon" title="Chris Sarandon">Chris Sarandon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Dourif" title="Brad Dourif">Brad Dourif</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> was initially met with mixed reviews from critics, and even from the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">author</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(novel)" title="The Shining (novel)">book</a>, and was moderately financially successful, but later became very popular and critically acclaimed. The concept of the <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B horror film</a> gave rise to many horror films that went on to earn cult status, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Dead" title="The Evil Dead">The Evil Dead</a></i>, which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Raimi" title="Sam Raimi">Sam Raimi</a>. Comedy horror films included <i><a href="/wiki/Beetlejuice" title="Beetlejuice">Beetlejuice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gremlins" title="Gremlins">Gremlins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Shop_of_Horrors_(1986_film)" title="Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)">Little Shop of Horrors</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Boys" title="The Lost Boys">The Lost Boys</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis" title="Geena Davis">Geena Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zach_Galligan" title="Zach Galligan">Zach Galligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Cates" title="Phoebe Cates">Phoebe Cates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corey_Feldman" title="Corey Feldman">Corey Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corey_Haim" title="Corey Haim">Corey Haim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland" title="Kiefer Sutherland">Kiefer Sutherland</a>. </p><p>Comedies included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caddyshack" title="Caddyshack">Caddyshack</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stir_Crazy_(film)" title="Stir Crazy (film)">Stir Crazy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Benjamin_(1980_film)" title="Private Benjamin (1980 film)">Private Benjamin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/9_to_5_(film)" title="9 to 5 (film)">9 to 5</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trading_Places" title="Trading Places">Trading Places</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jumpin%27_Jack_Flash_(film)" title="Jumpin' Jack Flash (film)">Jumpin' Jack Flash</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Baby" title="Three Men and a Baby">Three Men and a Baby</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_and_the_Hendersons" title="Harry and the Hendersons">Harry and the Hendersons</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Throw_Momma_from_the_Train" title="Throw Momma from the Train">Throw Momma from the Train</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Planes,_Trains_and_Automobiles" title="Planes, Trains and Automobiles">Planes, Trains and Automobiles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Twins_(1988_film)" title="Twins (1988 film)">Twins</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_%27Burbs" title="The 'Burbs">The 'Burbs</a></i> and two <a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters_(franchise)" title="Ghostbusters (franchise)">Ghostbusters</a> films, and their stars included <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wilder" title="Gene Wilder">Gene Wilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldie_Hawn" title="Goldie Hawn">Goldie Hawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Danson" title="Ted Danson">Ted Danson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Guttenberg" title="Steve Guttenberg">Steve Guttenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Selleck" title="Tom Selleck">Tom Selleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow">John Lithgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_DeVito" title="Danny DeVito">Danny DeVito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Crystal" title="Billy Crystal">Billy Crystal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Hudson" title="Ernie Hudson">Ernie Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Moranis" title="Rick Moranis">Rick Moranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Candy" title="John Candy">John Candy</a>. Romcoms include <i><a href="/wiki/Look_Who%27s_Talking" title="Look Who's Talking">Look Who's Talking</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning,_Vietnam" title="Good Morning, Vietnam">Good Morning, Vietnam</a></i> is a war comedy starring <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a>. Action comedies include <i><a href="/wiki/48_Hrs." title="48 Hrs.">48 Hrs.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone" title="Romancing the Stone">Romancing the Stone</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_of_the_Nile" title="The Jewel of the Nile">The Jewel of the Nile</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Nick_Nolte" title="Nick Nolte">Nick Nolte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a>. </p><p>The most popular action film franchises introduced during the 1980s were the <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hard_(franchise)" title="Die Hard (franchise)">Die Hard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapon_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethal Weapon (film series)">Lethal Weapon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rambo_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambo (film series)">Rambo</a></i> franchises. Other popular action films from the decade include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aliens_(film)" title="Aliens (film)">Aliens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_2" title="Mad Max 2">Mad Max 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_New_York" title="Escape from New York">Escape from New York</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dawn" title="Red Dawn">Red Dawn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Predator_(film)" title="Predator (film)">Predator</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i>, the Dirty Harry film <i><a href="/wiki/Sudden_Impact" title="Sudden Impact">Sudden Impact</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(1986_film)" title="Cobra (1986 film)">Cobra</a></i>. Stars of these films included <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hamilton" title="Linda Hamilton">Linda Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Biehn" title="Michael Biehn">Michael Biehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lance_Henriksen" title="Lance Henriksen">Lance Henriksen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Busey" title="Gary Busey">Gary Busey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Allen" title="Karen Allen">Karen Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weller" title="Peter Weller">Peter Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Allen_(actress)" title="Nancy Allen (actress)">Nancy Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Nielsen" title="Brigitte Nielsen">Brigitte Nielsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dennehy" title="Brian Dennehy">Brian Dennehy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts films</a> were revolutionized by a new wave of inventive filmmakers that included <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>. American martial arts films had actors such as <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a>, and included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid" title="The Karate Kid">The Karate Kid</a></i>. Sports drama included <a href="/wiki/The_Natural_(film)" title="The Natural (film)">The Natural</a> and the two <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_(franchise)" title="Rocky (franchise)">Rocky</a></i> films, whose stars included <a href="/wiki/Carl_Weathers" title="Carl Weathers">Carl Weathers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren" title="Dolph Lundgren">Dolph Lundgren</a>. </p><p>Five more <a href="/wiki/James_bond_films" class="mw-redirect" title="James bond films">James Bond films</a> were released, with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a> continuing in the role in <i><a href="/wiki/For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)" title="For Your Eyes Only (film)">For Your Eyes Only</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Octopussy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopussy (film)">Octopussy</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="A View to a Kill (film)">A View To A Kill</a></i>, before handing over the role to <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dalton" title="Timothy Dalton">Timothy Dalton</a> who starred in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Daylights_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Living Daylights (film)">The Living Daylights</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_Kill_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence to Kill (film)">Licence To Kill</a></i>. </p><p>The post-2000 popularity of blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">superhero films</a> is attributed in part to the start such blockbuster films gained in the 1980s, starting with <a href="/wiki/Superman_in_film#Salkind/Cannon_film_series_(1978–1987)" title="Superman in film">Salkind's <i>Superman</i> film series</a> 1978–1987 and bookended at the end of the decade with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>'s 1989 <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulture24Oct2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulture24Oct2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Hackman" title="Gene Hackman">Gene Hackman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a>. </p><p>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of science fiction films of the 1980s">science fiction films in the 1980s</a> is attributable to the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_original_trilogy" title="Star Wars original trilogy">Star Wars original trilogy</a> (1977–1983).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science fiction films include <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Outland_(film)" title="Outland (film)">Outland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Godzilla" title="The Return of Godzilla">The Return of Godzilla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Zone_(film)" title="The Dead Zone (film)">The Dead Zone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fly_(1986_film)" title="The Fly (1986 film)">The Fly</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abyss" title="The Abyss">The Abyss</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Running_Man_(1987_film)" title="The Running Man (1987 film)">The Running Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(film)" title="Flash Gordon (film)">Flash Gordon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Innerspace" title="Innerspace">Innerspace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure" title="Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure">Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Hannah" title="Daryl Hannah">Daryl Hannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lloyd" title="Christopher Lloyd">Christopher Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lea_Thompson" title="Lea Thompson">Lea Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a>. Sword and sorcery films include <i><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(film)" title="Excalibur (film)">Excalibur</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(1982_film)" title="Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)">Conan the Barbarian</a></i>. Other fantasy films include <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Crystal" title="The Dark Crystal">The Dark Crystal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_NeverEnding_Story_(film)" title="The NeverEnding Story (film)">The NeverEnding Story</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_of_Eastwick_(film)" title="The Witches of Eastwick (film)">The Witches of Eastwick</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>. </p><p>Westerns include <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Cowboy" title="Urban Cowboy">Urban Cowboy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)" title="The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)">The Man from Snowy River</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Lode" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Lode">Mother Lode</a></i>. Period dramas include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bostonians_(film)" title="The Bostonians (film)">The Bostonians</a></i>. Historical epics include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kagemusha" title="Kagemusha">Kagemusha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ran_(film)" title="Ran (film)">Ran</a></i>. War films include <i>Platoon</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Full_Metal_Jacket" title="Full Metal Jacket">Full Metal Jacket</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Berenger" title="Tom Berenger">Tom Berenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Modine" title="Matthew Modine">Matthew Modine</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Prochnow" title="Jürgen Prochnow">Jürgen Prochnow</a>. Romances include <i><a href="/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman" title="An Officer and a Gentleman">An Officer and a Gentleman</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debra_Winger" title="Debra Winger">Debra Winger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr." title="Louis Gossett Jr.">Louis Gossett Jr.</a> </p><p>Neo-noir films include <i><a href="/wiki/Blow_Out" title="Blow Out">Blow Out</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Velvet_(film)" title="Blue Velvet (film)">Blue Velvet</a></i>. Mob films include <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_America" title="Once Upon a Time in America">Once Upon a Time in America</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)" title="Scarface (1983 film)">Scarface</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Untouchables_(film)" title="The Untouchables (film)">The Untouchables</a></i>. Their stars include <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Suit_and_Machine_Gun_(film)" title="Sailor Suit and Machine Gun (film)">Sailor Suit and Machine Gun</a></i> is a satirical yakuza film. Other <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB#各国ランキング" class="extiw" title="ja:1981年の映画">popular</a> Japanese films included <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Navy_(film)" title="Imperial Navy (film)">Imperial Navy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_(1983_film)" title="Antarctica (1983 film)">Antarctica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Eight_Samurai" title="Legend of the Eight Samurai">Legend of the Eight Samurai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burmese_Harp_(1985_film)" title="The Burmese Harp (1985 film)">The Burmese Harp</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Milo_and_Otis" title="The Adventures of Milo and Otis">The Adventures of Milo and Otis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hachik%C5%8D_Monogatari" title="Hachikō Monogatari">Hachikō Monogatari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silk_Road_(film)" title="The Silk Road (film)">The Silk Road</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> starred in the French films <i><a href="/wiki/La_Ch%C3%A8vre" title="La Chèvre">La Chèvre</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Metro" title="The Last Metro">The Last Metro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Danton_(1983_film)" title="Danton (1983 film)">Danton</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Police_(1985_film)" title="Police (1985 film)">Police</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Florette" title="Jean de Florette">Jean de Florette</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Blue" title="The Big Blue">The Big Blue</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_Fire_(film)" title="Quest for Fire (film)">Quest for Fire</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bear_(1988_film)" title="The Bear (1988 film)">The Bear</a></i>. </p><p><b>Animated films</b> </p><p>After leaving <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> in 1979, <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Bluth Productions">his own studio</a> and went on direct <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_NIMH" title="The Secret of NIMH">The Secret of NIMH</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail" title="An American Tail">An American Tail</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(film)" title="The Land Before Time (film)">The Land Before Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_To_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="All Dogs Go To Heaven">All Dogs Go To Heaven</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">The Disney studio</a> was almost bankrupted after <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cauldron_(film)" title="The Black Cauldron (film)">The Black Cauldron</a></i> bombed at the box office. They began to recover with the modest success of <a href="/wiki/Ron_Clements" title="Ron Clements">Ron Clements</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Musker" title="John Musker">John Musker</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective" title="The Great Mouse Detective">The Great Mouse Detective</a></i>. The live-action animated hybrid <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> directed <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></i> co-produced with Steven Spielberg was successful, and the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a> began with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Benson" title="Jodi Benson">Jodi Benson</a>. </p><p>Animated films based on popular works include <i><a href="/wiki/Bon_Voyage,_Charlie_Brown_(and_Don%27t_Come_Back!!)" title="Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)">Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(film)" title="Heavy Metal (film)">Heavy Metal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mark_Twain_(1985_film)" title="The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985 film)">The Adventures of Mark Twain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Care_Bears_Movie" title="The Care Bears Movie">The Care Bears Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers:_The_Movie" title="The Transformers: The Movie">The Transformers: The Movie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chipmunk_Adventure" title="The Chipmunk Adventure">The Chipmunk Adventure</a></i>; while original films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Unicorn_(film)" title="The Last Unicorn (film)">The Last Unicorn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_Dogs_(film)" title="The Plague Dogs (film)">The Plague Dogs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_Rule" title="Rock & Rule">Rock & Rule</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Ice_(1983_film)" title="Fire and Ice (1983 film)">Fire and Ice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abra_Cadabra_(film)" title="Abra Cadabra (film)">Abra Cadabra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Toaster" title="The Brave Little Toaster">The Brave Little Toaster</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_BFG_(1989_film)" title="The BFG (1989 film)">The BFG</a></i>, and the first Wallace & Gromit film, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Grand_Day_Out" title="A Grand Day Out">A Grand Day Out</a></i>. </p><p>The 1980s also saw a surge of <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japanese anime films</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Cagliostro" title="The Castle of Cagliostro">The Castle of Cagliostro</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i> were successful and led to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>, which produced the successful <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky" title="Castle in the Sky">Castle in the Sky</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro" title="My Neighbor Totoro">My Neighbor Totoro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies" title="Grave of the Fireflies">Grave of the Fireflies</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kiki%27s_Delivery_Service" title="Kiki's Delivery Service">Kiki's Delivery Service</a></i> in the 1980s. Other well-known anime films of that decade include <i><a href="/wiki/Golgo_13:_The_Professional" title="Golgo 13: The Professional">Golgo 13: The Professional</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Macross:_Do_You_Remember_Love%3F" title="Macross: Do You Remember Love?">Macross: Do You Remember Love?</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lensman_(1984_film)" title="Lensman (1984 film)">Lensman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Hunter_D_(1985_film)" title="Vampire Hunter D (1985 film)">Vampire Hunter D</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Nemo:_Adventures_in_Slumberland" title="Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland">Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura_(film_series)" title="Urusei Yatsura (film series)">Urusei Yatsura film series</a></i>. The first theatrical animated franchise, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Doraemon_films" title="List of Doraemon films">the Doraemon film series</a> began in 1980 with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Dinosaur" title="Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur">Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_television" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s in television">1980s in television</a></div> <p>Music video channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> was launched in the United States in 1981 and had a profound impact on the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, especially in the 1980s and early 1990s. </p><p>The 1980s was a decade of transformation in television. <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a> became more accessible and therefore, more popular. By the middle of the decade, almost 70% of the US population had cable television and over 85% were paying for cable services such as <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who lived in rural areas where cable TV service was not available could still access cable channels through a large (and expensive) <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a>, which, by the mid-1990s, was phased out in favor of the small rooftop dishes that offer <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a> services. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)" title="Bravo (American TV network)">Bravo</a> began in 1980; <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rete_4" title="Rete 4">Rete 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italia_1" title="Italia 1">Italia 1</a> in 1982; <a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> in 1984; <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> in 1986; <a href="/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)" title="M6 (TV channel)">M6</a> in 1987; <a href="/wiki/Turner_Network_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Network Television">Turner Network Television</a> in 1988; <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ProSieben" title="ProSieben">ProSieben</a> in 1989. </p><p>New <a href="/wiki/Prime-time_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-time television">prime-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> included <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)">Dallas</a></i>, its spin-off <i><a href="/wiki/Knots_Landing" title="Knots Landing">Knots Landing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Crest" title="Falcon Crest">Falcon Crest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neighbours" title="Neighbours">Neighbours</a></i>. Their stars included <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hagman" title="Larry Hagman">Larry Hagman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gray" title="Linda Gray">Linda Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Duffy" title="Patrick Duffy">Patrick Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Principal" title="Victoria Principal">Victoria Principal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Forsythe" title="John Forsythe">John Forsythe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Evans" title="Linda Evans">Linda Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heather_Locklear" title="Heather Locklear">Heather Locklear</a>. </p><p>During the 1980s, sitcoms were popular, including <i><a href="/wiki/Bosom_Buddies" title="Bosom Buddies">Bosom Buddies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Ties" title="Family Ties">Family Ties</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Newhart" title="Newhart">Newhart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Too_Close_for_Comfort" title="Too Close for Comfort">Too Close for Comfort</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Court" title="Night Court">Night Court</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_Years" title="The Wonder Years">The Wonder Years</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Married..._with_Children" title="Married... with Children">Married... with Children</a></i>. Sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Kirstie_Alley" title="Kirstie Alley">Kirstie Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Long" title="Shelley Long">Shelley Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Perlman" title="Rhea Perlman">Rhea Perlman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ratzenberger" title="John Ratzenberger">John Ratzenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wendt" title="George Wendt">George Wendt</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taxi_(TV_series)" title="Taxi (TV series)">Taxi</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Marilu_Henner" title="Marilu Henner">Marilu Henner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judd_Hirsch" title="Judd Hirsch">Judd Hirsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Danza" title="Tony Danza">Tony Danza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Kaufman" title="Andy Kaufman">Andy Kaufman</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Judith_Light" title="Judith Light">Judith Light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Milano" title="Alyssa Milano">Alyssa Milano</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a></i>, was the first comedy ever to feature four older women in title TV roles. <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Women" title="Designing Women">Designing Women</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Carter" title="Dixie Carter">Dixie Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Potts" title="Annie Potts">Annie Potts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Burke" title="Delta Burke">Delta Burke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marla_Gibbs" title="Marla Gibbs">Marla Gibbs</a> starred in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/227_(TV_series)" title="227 (TV series)">227</a></i>, which also starred <a href="/wiki/Jack%C3%A9e_Harry" title="Jackée Harry">Jackée Harry</a>. Other sitcoms included <a href="/wiki/Growing_Pains" title="Growing Pains">Growing Pains</a> and the British <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder" title="Blackadder">Blackadder</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!" title="'Allo 'Allo!">'Allo 'Allo!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Ones_(TV_series)" title="The Young Ones (TV series)">The Young Ones</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Only_Fools_and_Horses" title="Only Fools and Horses">Only Fools and Horses</a></i>. </p><p>Sketch comedy and variety show <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> experienced turbulence for much of the 1980s. Its cast members included <a href="/wiki/Jim_Belushi" title="Jim Belushi">Jim Belushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Murray" title="Bill Murray">Bill Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Short" title="Martin Short">Martin Short</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus" title="Julia Louis-Dreyfus">Julia Louis-Dreyfus</a>. Other comedy sketch shows included <i><a href="/wiki/Not_the_Nine_O%27Clock_News" title="Not the Nine O'Clock News">Not the Nine O'Clock News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kenny_Everett_Television_Show" title="The Kenny Everett Television Show">The Kenny Everett Television Show</a></i> and the influential and popular <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oretachi_Hyokinzoku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oretachi Hyokinzoku (page does not exist)">Oretachi Hyokinzoku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%B2%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8D%E3%82%93%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="ja:オレたちひょうきん族">ja</a>]</span></i> (sometimes called "We Are Wild and Crazy Guys").<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal dramas</a> included <i><a href="/wiki/Matlock_(1986_TV_series)" title="Matlock (1986 TV series)">Matlock</a></i>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Andy_Griffith" title="Andy Griffith">Andy Griffith</a> as Matlock,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also starred <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Stafford" title="Nancy Stafford">Nancy Stafford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Gilyard_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Gilyard Jr.">Clarence Gilyard Jr.</a>. Cop shows included <i><a href="/wiki/Dempsey_and_Makepeace" title="Dempsey and Makepeace">Dempsey and Makepeace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey" title="Cagney & Lacey">Cagney & Lacey</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/21_Jump_Street" title="21 Jump Street">21 Jump Street</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hill_Street_Blues" title="Hill Street Blues">Hill Street Blues</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bill" title="The Bill">The Bill</a></i>. Other crime shows included <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i>. Their stars included <a href="/wiki/Don_Johnson" title="Don Johnson">Don Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas" title="Philip Michael Thomas">Philip Michael Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Daly" title="Tyne Daly">Tyne Daly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gless" title="Sharon Gless">Sharon Gless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a>. </p><p>Science fiction included <i><a href="/wiki/Blake%27s_7" title="Blake's 7">Blake's 7</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/V_(franchise)" title="V (franchise)">V</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_(TV_series)" title="Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)">Buck Rogers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> (starring <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dwarf" title="Red Dwarf">Red Dwarf</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)" title="ALF (TV series)"><i>ALF</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Airwolf" title="Airwolf">Airwolf</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)" title="Knight Rider (1982 TV series)">Knight Rider</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(1989_TV_series)" title="Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)">Quantum Leap</a></i>. Adventure series included <i><a href="/wiki/The_A-Team" title="The A-Team">The A-Team</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood" title="Robin of Sherwood">Robin of Sherwood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard" title="The Dukes of Hazzard">The Dukes of Hazzard</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Remington_Steele" title="Remington Steele">Remington Steele</a></i>. </p><p>Musicals included <i><a href="/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)" title="Fame (1982 TV series)">Fame</a></i>. Television magicians included <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniels" title="Paul Daniels">Paul Daniels</a>. Stand-up comedians included <a href="/wiki/Steven_Wright" title="Steven Wright">Steven Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dice_Clay" title="Andrew Dice Clay">Andrew Dice Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Kinison" title="Sam Kinison">Sam Kinison</a>. Dancers included <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Hines" title="Gregory Hines">Gregory Hines</a>. </p><p>TV talk shows expanded in popularity; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a></i> remained popular into its third decade, and some of the most viewed newer shows were hosted by <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Geraldo Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Hall" title="Arsenio Hall">Arsenio Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TV documentary shows of the 1980s that were popular included <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin:_Around_the_World_in_80_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days">Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Unsolved_Mysteries" title="Unsolved Mysteries">Unsolved Mysteries</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stack" title="Robert Stack">Robert Stack</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rescue_911" title="Rescue 911">Rescue 911</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer</a> was watched by an estimated global television audience of 750 million people in 1981. </p><p>Scandal rocked TV evangelism when in 1987 evangelist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/The_PTL_Club" title="The PTL Club">PTL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_USA" title="Heritage USA">Heritage USA</a>, was defrocked for having an <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">affair</a> years earlier and later sent to prison for <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>. One year later, evangelist <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> was defrocked for allegedly having sexual relations with a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>. </p><p>The 1980s was prominent for spawning popular animated shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs_(1981_TV_series)" title="The Smurfs (1981 TV series)">The Smurfs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/ThunderCats_(1985_TV_series)" title="ThunderCats (1985 TV series)">ThunderCats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">The Transformers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Super_Show!" title="The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!">The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_Cat" title="Henry's Cat">Henry's Cat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Danger_Mouse_(1981_TV_series)" title="Danger Mouse (1981 TV series)">Danger Mouse</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Count_Duckula" title="Count Duckula">Count Duckula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alias_the_Jester" title="Alias the Jester">Alias the Jester</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yakari_(1983_TV_series)" title="Yakari (1983 TV series)">Yakari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke_(1984_TV_series)" title="Lucky Luke (1984 TV series)">Lucky Luke</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heathcliff_(1984_TV_series)" title="Heathcliff (1984 TV series)">Heathcliff</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mel_Blanc" title="Mel Blanc">Mel Blanc</a>'s final series), <i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe" title="Masters of the Universe">Masters of the Universe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_(1983_TV_series)" title="Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)">Inspector Gadget</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_(1983_TV_series)" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series)">Alvin and the Chipmunks</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bananaman_(TV_series)" title="Bananaman (TV series)">Bananaman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends" title="Thomas & Friends">Thomas & Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Muppet_Babies_(1984_TV_series)" title="Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)">Muppet Babies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 series)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babar_(TV_series)" title="Babar (TV series)">Babar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raccoons" title="The Raccoons">The Raccoons</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/DuckTales_(1987_TV_series)" title="DuckTales (1987 TV series)">DuckTales</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chip_%27n_Dale:_Rescue_Rangers_(TV_series)" title="Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (TV series)">Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_the_Menace_(1986_TV_series)" title="Dennis the Menace (1986 TV series)">Dennis the Menace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M.A.S.K._(TV_series)" title="M.A.S.K. (TV series)">M.A.S.K.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Care_Bears_(TV_series)" title="Care Bears (TV series)">Care Bears</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Brite_(1984_TV_series)" title="Rainbow Brite (1984 TV series)">Rainbow Brite</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Garfield_and_Friends" title="Garfield and Friends">Garfield and Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pingu" title="Pingu">Pingu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Postman_Pat" title="Postman Pat">Postman Pat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fireman_Sam" title="Fireman Sam">Fireman Sam</a></i>. </p><p>The earliest <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_shorts" title="The Simpsons shorts">The Simpsons shorts</a></i> aired on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show" title="The Tracey Ullman Show">The Tracey Ullman Show</a></i>, and the earliest series of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> appeared. In 1980, <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1980_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1980 TV series)">Astro Boy</a></i> was remade in color. Other anime series from the 1980s include <i><a href="/wiki/Wowser_(TV_series)" title="Wowser (TV series)">Wowser</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Cities_of_Gold" title="The Mysterious Cities of Gold">The Mysterious Cities of Gold</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(manga)" title="Dominion (manga)">Dominion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voltron_(1984_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltron (1984 TV series)">Voltron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" title="Super Dimension Fortress Macross">Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fist_of_the_North_Star" title="Fist of the North Star">Fist of the North Star</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Blazers" title="Star Blazers">Star Blazers</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg/130px-Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg/195px-Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Larry_Bird_Lipofsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:163px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magic_Lipofsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Magic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Magic_Lipofsky.jpg/154px-Magic_Lipofsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Magic_Lipofsky.jpg/231px-Magic_Lipofsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Magic_Lipofsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">Larry Bird</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>, the two most popular NBA players of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow were <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">boycotted</a> by 65 countries led by the United States in protest of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>.</li> <li>A young United States team famously defeated the heavily favored Soviet team in the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">Miracle on Ice</a> game, and went on to win the gold medal for ice hockey, at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics" title="1980 Winter Olympics">1980 Winter Olympics</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Islanders" title="New York Islanders">New York Islanders</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> for 4 straight years in <a href="/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1980 Stanley Cup Finals">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1981_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1981 Stanley Cup Finals">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1982 Stanley Cup Finals">1982</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1983_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1983 Stanley Cup Finals">1983</a>. The Islanders also became the second <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> expansion team after the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> to win the Cup. Since their last Cup win in 1983, they were the third NHL team to win 4 consecutive championships and hold the NHL record for most consecutive playoff series' wins at 19 (stretching from the <a href="/wiki/1980_Stanley_Cup_playoffs" title="1980 Stanley Cup playoffs">1980 Playoffs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1984 Stanley Cup Finals">1984 Playoffs</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Eskimos">Edmonton Eskimos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> won the first three <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a> championships of the decade (having won the last two of the previous decade), adding one more in 1987.</li> <li>India won the <a href="/wiki/1983_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1983 Cricket World Cup">1983 Cricket World Cup</a>. Australia won <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987 Cricket World Cup</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics" title="1984 Winter Olympics">1984 Winter Olympics</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (now Sarajevo, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>). Yugoslavia became the second communist country to host the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, but unlike the Soviet Union in 1980, there were no boycotts of the Games by Western countries.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles were boycotted by the Soviet Union and most of the Communist world (China, Romania, and Yugoslavia participated in the games) in retaliation for the boycott of the 1980 Games in Moscow.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_national_bobsled_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica national bobsled team">Jamaica national bobsled team</a> received major media attention and stunned the world at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics" title="1988 Winter Olympics">1988 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary, Alberta</a>, Canada for its unexpected good performance. The events surrounding the Jamaica bobsled team in 1988 would lead to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Runnings" title="Cool Runnings">Cool Runnings</a></i> five years later.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea. Attempts to include North Korea in the games were unsuccessful and it boycotted along with six other countries, but with 160 nations participating, it had the highest attendance of any Olympics to date.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg/220px-Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg/330px-Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg/440px-Audi_Sport_Quattro_S1-E2_Sachs_Franken_Classic_2018_P5190483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_Quattro" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi Sport Quattro">Audi Sport Quattro</a> S1 E2</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> banned <a href="/wiki/Group_B" title="Group B">Group B</a> <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rallying</a> after a series of deaths and injuries took place in the 1986 season.</li> <li>Canadian hockey player <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a>'s rise to fame in the NHL coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a>' first four Stanley Cup championships (<a href="/wiki/1984_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1984 Stanley Cup Finals">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1985 Stanley Cup Finals">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1987 Stanley Cup Finals">1987</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1988 Stanley Cup Finals">1988</a>) and becoming the second NHL <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty (sports)">dynasty</a> team of the 1980s.</li> <li>On 9 August 1988, in what became the biggest trade in NHL history (also known as "The Trade Of The Century"), Wayne Gretzky was traded along with teammates <a href="/wiki/Marty_McSorley" title="Marty McSorley">Marty McSorley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Krushelnyski" title="Mike Krushelnyski">Mike Krushelnyski</a> from Edmonton to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings" title="Los Angeles Kings">Los Angeles Kings</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Martin_G%C3%A9linas" title="Martin Gélinas">Martin Gélinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carson" title="Jimmy Carson">Jimmy Carson</a>, three first round <a href="/wiki/Draft_(sports)" title="Draft (sports)">draft</a> picks, and US$15 million cash (approximately $18 million <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CAD</a> in 1988).</li> <li>American basketball player <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> during the mid-1980s, raising the sport's popularity. He started his <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional</a> career alongside the likes of <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkley" title="Charles Barkley">Charles Barkley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Robertson" title="Alvin Robertson">Alvin Robertson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Stockton" title="John Stockton">John Stockton</a> in what is considered one of the greatest drafts in the league's history, the <a href="/wiki/1984_NBA_draft" title="1984 NBA draft">1984 NBA draft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 26 November 1986, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> became the youngest boxing Heavyweight Champion in history at age 20.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom" title="1980s professional wrestling boom">1980s professional wrestling boom</a> was in full effect.</li> <li>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWF</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_I" title="WrestleMania I">WrestleMania I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> in New York City with an attendance of 19,121.</li> <li>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_III" title="WrestleMania III">WrestleMania III</a> had a record attendance of 93,173, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America until 2010. This also remained the WrestleMania attendance record until <a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_32" title="WrestleMania 32">WrestleMania 32</a> in 2016</li> <li>In 1988, the live broadcast of WWF's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Main_Event_I" class="mw-redirect" title="The Main Event I">The Main Event I</a></i> drew a 15.2 <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen rating">Nielsen rating</a> and 33 million viewers, both records for American televised wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>West Germany won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1980" title="UEFA Euro 1980">1980 UEFA championship</a>.</li> <li>Italy won the <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982 FIFA World Cup</a> in Spain.</li> <li>France hosted and won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1984" title="UEFA Euro 1984">1984 UEFA championship</a>.</li> <li>Argentina won the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a> in Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Maradona" title="Diego Maradona">Diego Maradona</a> produces the <a href="/wiki/Goal_of_the_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal of the Century">Goal of the Century</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_hand_of_God" title="The hand of God">the hand of God</a> goal.</li> <li>The Netherlands won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988" title="UEFA Euro 1988">1988 UEFA championship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club" title="Hawthorn Football Club">Hawthorn Football Club</a> dominated Australian football, reaching seven successive VFL Grand Finals and winning the premiership in 1983, 1986, 1988, and 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a> were the most successful club side of the era, becoming English champions on six occasions (1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, and 1988) and winning two European Cups (1981, 1984). They also won the FA Cup in 1986, completing the first double in their history, and four consecutive <a href="/wiki/League_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="League Cup">League Cup</a> titles from 1981 to 1984.</li> <li>Other highly successful club sides of the 1980s include <a href="/wiki/Juventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juventus">Juventus</a> (7 major honours won), <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid">Real Madrid</a> (ten major honours won), <a href="/wiki/Bayern_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a> (nine titles won) <a href="/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven" title="PSV Eindhoven">PSV Eindhoven</a> (four times Dutch champions and European Cup winners in 1988), and <a href="/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo" class="mw-redirect" title="Clube de Regatas do Flamengo">Flamengo</a> (four times Brazilian champions, South American and International Cup winners in 1981).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a> became the dynasty of the decade, winning four Super Bowls under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Montana" title="Joe Montana">Joe Montana</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> won <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">Super Bowl XX</a> in January 1986, in which the team has been widely remembered for their <a href="/wiki/1985_Chicago_Bears_season" title="1985 Chicago Bears season">defense</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Washington Redskins</a> also enjoyed success throughout the decade, winning two of their three Super Bowls under the leadership of head coach <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gibbs" title="Joe Gibbs">Joe Gibbs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">Larry Bird</a> became the two most popular NBA players during the decade while even facing against each other in three <a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_NBA_Finals" title="1984 NBA Finals">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1985_NBA_Finals" title="1985 NBA Finals">1985</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1987_NBA_Finals" title="1987 NBA Finals">1987</a>) continuing the storied <a href="/wiki/Celtics-Lakers_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtics-Lakers rivalry">Celtics-Lakers rivalry</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> experienced parity and tense championship moments during the decade. The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> won their first World Series championship in <a href="/wiki/1980_World_Series" title="1980 World Series">1980</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals" title="Kansas City Royals">Kansas City Royals</a> won their first World Series championship in a dramatic manner in <a href="/wiki/1985_World_Series" title="1985 World Series">1985</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> won their second World Series championship in <a href="/wiki/1986_World_Series" title="1986 World Series">1986</a> in a dramatic manner, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Minnesota Twins</a> won their first World Series in <a href="/wiki/1987_World_Series" title="1987 World Series">1987</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1988_World_Series" title="1988 World Series">1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_World_Series" title="1989 World Series">1989 World Series</a> are remembered for <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Gibson%27s_1988_World_Series_home_run" title="Kirk Gibson's 1988 World Series home run">Kirk Gibson's home run</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loma_Prieta_Earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Loma Prieta Earthquake">Loma Prieta Earthquake</a>, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Disc ultimate</a> league play is introduced to Canada in 1980 by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Westerfield" title="Ken Westerfield">Ken Westerfield</a> starting the first <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Canada#History" title="Ultimate Canada">disc ultimate league (TUC)</a>, in Toronto.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sportspeople">Sportspeople</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sportspeople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Athletes: <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Griffith_Joyner" title="Florence Griffith Joyner">Florence Griffith Joyner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefka_Kostadinova" title="Stefka Kostadinova">Stefka Kostadinova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a></li> <li>Association footballers: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Platini" title="Michel Platini">Michel Platini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rossi" title="Paolo Rossi">Paolo Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Hugo Sánchez">Hugo Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_van_Basten" title="Marco van Basten">Marco van Basten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zico_(footballer)" title="Zico (footballer)">Zico</a></li> <li>Baseballers: <a href="/wiki/Wade_Boggs" title="Wade Boggs">Wade Boggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Brett" title="George Brett">George Brett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickey_Henderson" title="Rickey Henderson">Rickey Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Mattingly" title="Don Mattingly">Don Mattingly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Puckett" title="Kirby Puckett">Kirby Puckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cal_Ripken_Jr." title="Cal Ripken Jr.">Cal Ripken Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rose" title="Pete Rose">Pete Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Ryan" title="Nolan Ryan">Nolan Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Schmidt" title="Mike Schmidt">Mike Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzie_Smith" title="Ozzie Smith">Ozzie Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Strawberry" title="Darryl Strawberry">Darryl Strawberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Valenzuela" title="Fernando Valenzuela">Fernando Valenzuela</a></li> <li>Basketballers: <a href="/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar" title="Kareem Abdul-Jabbar">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cooper" title="Michael Cooper">Michael Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Erving" title="Julius Erving">Julius Erving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Galis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Galis">Nick Galis</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.C._Green" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Green">A.C. Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Malone" title="Moses Malone">Moses Malone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McHale_(basketball)" title="Kevin McHale (basketball)">Kevin McHale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Dražen Petrović">Dražen Petrović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt" title="Oscar Schmidt">Oscar Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byron_Scott" title="Byron Scott">Byron Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isiah_Thomas" title="Isiah Thomas">Isiah Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Wilkins" title="Dominique Wilkins">Dominique Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Worthy" title="James Worthy">James Worthy</a></li> <li>Bowlers: <a href="/wiki/Bong_Coo" title="Bong Coo">Bong Coo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeng_Nepomuceno" title="Paeng Nepomuceno">Paeng Nepomuceno</a></li> <li>Boxers: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Roberto Durán">Roberto Durán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Marvelous Marvin Hagler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearns" title="Thomas Hearns">Thomas Hearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Larry Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">Sugar Ray Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Pryor" title="Aaron Pryor">Aaron Pryor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spinks" title="Michael Spinks">Michael Spinks</a></li> <li>Chess players: <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></li> <li>Cricketers: <a href="/wiki/Wasim_Akram" title="Wasim Akram">Wasim Akram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waqar_Younis" title="Waqar Younis">Waqar Younis</a></li> <li>Cyclists: <a href="/wiki/Greg_LeMond" title="Greg LeMond">Greg LeMond</a></li> <li>Gymnasts: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Artemov" title="Vladimir Artemov">Vladimir Artemov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bilozerchev" title="Dmitry Bilozerchev">Dmitry Bilozerchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya" title="Svetlana Boginskaya">Svetlana Boginskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dityatin" title="Alexander Dityatin">Alexander Dityatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Korolyov" title="Yuri Korolyov">Yuri Korolyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Ning" title="Li Ning">Li Ning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Shushunova" title="Yelena Shushunova">Yelena Shushunova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Siliva%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniela Silivaş">Daniela Silivaş</a></li> <li>Ice hockey players: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lemieux" title="Mario Lemieux">Mario Lemieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Messier" title="Mark Messier">Mark Messier</a></li> <li>NFL players: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dickerson" title="Eric Dickerson">Eric Dickerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Elway" title="John Elway">John Elway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Marino" title="Dan Marino">Dan Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Payton" title="Walter Payton">Walter Payton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rice" title="Jerry Rice">Jerry Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Singletary" title="Mike Singletary">Mike Singletary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Taylor" title="Lawrence Taylor">Lawrence Taylor</a></li> <li>Racing drivers: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bell_(racing_driver)" title="Derek Bell (racing driver)">Derek Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Bellof" title="Stefan Bellof">Stefan Bellof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Berger" title="Gerhard Berger">Gerhard Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Petty" title="Richard Petty">Richard Petty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juha_Kankkunen" title="Juha Kankkunen">Juha Kankkunen</a> <a href="/wiki/Niki_Lauda" title="Niki Lauda">Niki Lauda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Mansell" title="Nigel Mansell">Nigel Mansell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Pironi" title="Didier Pironi">Didier Pironi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Patrese" title="Riccardo Patrese">Riccardo Patrese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Piquet" title="Nelson Piquet">Nelson Piquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Prost" title="Alain Prost">Alain Prost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann" title="Carlos Reutemann">Carlos Reutemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_R%C3%B6hrl" title="Walter Röhrl">Walter Röhrl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayrton_Senna" title="Ayrton Senna">Ayrton Senna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ari_Vatanen" title="Ari Vatanen">Ari Vatanen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Villeneuve" title="Gilles Villeneuve">Gilles Villeneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip" title="Darrell Waltrip">Darrell Waltrip</a>,</li> <li>Motorcyclists: <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Lawson" title="Eddie Lawson">Eddie Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Spencer" title="Freddie Spencer">Freddie Spencer</a></li> <li>Skaters: <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Witt" title="Katarina Witt">Katarina Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torvill_and_Dean" title="Torvill and Dean">Torvill and Dean</a>.</li> <li>Swimmers and divers: <a href="/wiki/Matt_Biondi" title="Matt Biondi">Matt Biondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Louganis" title="Greg Louganis">Greg Louganis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Otto" title="Kristin Otto">Kristin Otto</a></li> <li>Tennis players: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Becker" title="Boris Becker">Boris Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Connors" title="Jimmy Connors">Jimmy Connors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Edberg" title="Stefan Edberg">Stefan Edberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Evert" title="Chris Evert">Chris Evert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lendl" title="Ivan Lendl">Ivan Lendl</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe" title="John McEnroe">John McEnroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannick_Noah" title="Yannick Noah">Yannick Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mats_Wilander" title="Mats Wilander">Mats Wilander</a></li> <li>Volleyballers: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Conte" title="Hugo Conte">Hugo Conte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renan_Dal_Zotto" title="Renan Dal Zotto">Renan Dal Zotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karch_Kiraly" title="Karch Kiraly">Karch Kiraly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lang_Ping" title="Lang Ping">Lang Ping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinjin_Smith" title="Sinjin Smith">Sinjin Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Stoklos" title="Randy Stoklos">Randy Stoklos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Timmons" title="Steve Timmons">Steve Timmons</a></li> <li>Wrestlers: <a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_gaming">Video gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Video gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s in video gaming">1980s in video gaming</a></div> <p>Popular video games include <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_(video_game)" title="Final Fantasy (video game)">Final Fantasy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Castlevania_(1986_video_game)" title="Castlevania (1986 video game)"><i>Castlevania</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metroid_(video_game)" title="Metroid (video game)">Metroid</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mega_Man_(1987_video_game)" title="Mega Man (1987 video game)"><i>Mega Man</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey Kong (arcade game)">Donkey Kong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dig_Dug" title="Dig Dug">Dig Dug</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a></i>. <i>Pac-Man</i> was the first game to achieve widespread popularity in mainstream culture and the first game character to be popular in his own right. </p><p>Handheld <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games#Handheld_LCD_games" title="History of video games">electronic LCD games</a> was introduced into the youth market segment. The primary gaming computers of the 1980s emerged in 1982: the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> finally decided in 1985 to release its Famicom (released in 1983 in Japan) in the United States under the name <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> (NES). It was bundled with <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i> and it suddenly became a success. The NES dominated the American and Japanese market until the rise of the next generation of consoles in the early 1990s, causing some to call this time the <i><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo era">Nintendo era</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> released its 16-bit console, <a href="/wiki/Mega_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Drive">Mega Drive/Genesis</a>, in 1988 in Japan and in North America in 1989. In 1989, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>, a monochrome handheld console. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PacmanUserbox.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The game Pac-Man (1980) became immensely popular and an icon of 1980s popular culture"><img alt="The game Pac-Man (1980) became immensely popular and an icon of 1980s popular culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/PacmanUserbox.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The game <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i> (1980) became immensely popular and an icon of 1980s popular culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Game & Watch was the popular mobile game during the decade until it was replaced in the early 1990s with more advanced Game Boy."><img alt="Game & Watch was the popular mobile game during the decade until it was replaced in the early 1990s with more advanced Game Boy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg/160px-Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg/240px-Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg/320px-Game_%26_Watch_WS-_Snoopy_Tennis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> was the popular mobile game during the decade until it was replaced in the early 1990s with more advanced <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Micro computer game by Tomy"><img alt="Micro computer game by Tomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg/90px-Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg/135px-Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg/180px-Kingman_-_micro_computer_game_by_Tomy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Micro computer game by <a href="/wiki/Tomy" title="Tomy">Tomy</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s in fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012,_Berlin,_Modeausblick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-1018-012%2C_Berlin%2C_Modeausblick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A German couple in 1985.</figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of the decade saw the continuation of the clothing styles of the <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_fashion" title="1970s in fashion">late 1970s</a> and evolved into <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> fashion by the end. However, fashion became more extravagant during the 1980s. The 1980s included teased and colourfully-dyed hair, ripped jeans, neon clothing and many colours and different designs which at first were not accepted. </p><p>Significant hairstyle trends of the 1980s include the <a href="/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)" title="Perm (hairstyle)">perm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(haircut)" title="Mullet (haircut)">mullet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jheri_curl" title="Jheri curl">Jheri curl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hi-top_fade" title="Hi-top fade">hi-top fade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">big hair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seiko-chan_cut" title="Seiko-chan cut">Seiko-chan cut</a>. </p><p>Significant clothing trends of the 1980s include <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)#1980s" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">shoulder pads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">jean jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> pants, leather <a href="/wiki/Aviator_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator jacket">aviator jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">jumpsuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(fashion_brand)" title="Members Only (fashion brand)">Members Only jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants#The_1980s" title="Slim-fit pants">skin-tight acid-washed jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izod_Lacoste" title="Izod Lacoste">Izod Lacoste</a> and "preppy" <a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo shirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leggings" title="Leggings">leggings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leg_warmer" title="Leg warmer">leg warmers</a> (popularized in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a></i>), off-the-shoulder shirts, and cut sweatshirts (popularized in the same film). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirts</a> returned to mainstream fashion in the mid-1980s after a ten-year absence, mostly made of <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a> material. From that point on, miniskirts and minidresses have remained in mainstream fashion to this day. </p><p>Makeup on the 1980s was aggressive, shining and colourful. Women emphasised their lips, eyebrows and cheeks with makeup. They used much <a href="/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" title="Rouge (cosmetics)">blush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">eyeliner</a>. </p><p>Additional trends of the 1980s include athletic <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headbands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray-Ban_Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-Ban Aviator">Ray-Ban Aviator</a> sunglasses (popularized in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Top_Gun" title="Top Gun">Top Gun</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ray-Ban_Wayfarer" title="Ray-Ban Wayfarer">Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses</a> (popularized in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Risky_Business" title="Risky Business">Risky Business</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i> and the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Swatch#A_fashion_statement" title="Swatch">Swatch watches</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a> (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls and women also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and brassieres all inspired by Madonna's "<a href="/wiki/Like_a_Virgin_(song)" title="Like a Virgin (song)">Like a Virgin</a>" music video. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> movement was a British style in fashion and music influenced by futurist <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tom Bailey of the Thompson Twins in 1986 with the trendy Big hair style achieved with liberal applications of mousse and hairspray"><img alt="Tom Bailey of the Thompson Twins in 1986 with the trendy Big hair style achieved with liberal applications of mousse and hairspray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg/120px-Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg/180px-Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg/240px-Thompson-twins-tom2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bailey_(musician,_born_1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bailey (musician, born 1956)">Tom Bailey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Twins" title="Thompson Twins">Thompson Twins</a> in 1986 with the trendy <a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a> style achieved with liberal applications of <a href="/wiki/Hair_mousse" title="Hair mousse">mousse</a> and hairspray</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RayBanAviator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ray-Ban sunglasses"><img alt="Ray-Ban sunglasses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RayBanAviator.jpg/190px-RayBanAviator.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RayBanAviator.jpg/285px-RayBanAviator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RayBanAviator.jpg/380px-RayBanAviator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ray-Ban" title="Ray-Ban">Ray-Ban</a> sunglasses</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubik's Cube was a popular toy during the decade"><img alt="Rubik's Cube was a popular toy during the decade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg/125px-Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg/187px-Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Rubik-Wuerfel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a> was a popular toy during the decade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trendy 1980s pleated acid-washed jeans"><img alt="Trendy 1980s pleated acid-washed jeans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg/76px-1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg/115px-1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg/153px-1980s_fashion_-_acid-washed_jeans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trendy 1980s pleated acid-washed jeans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cher_live_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globally popular musician and actress Cher was a prominent fashion icon of the era"><img alt="Globally popular musician and actress Cher was a prominent fashion icon of the era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cher_live_1981.jpg/80px-Cher_live_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cher_live_1981.jpg/120px-Cher_live_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cher_live_1981.jpg/161px-Cher_live_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Globally popular musician and actress <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> was a prominent fashion icon of the era</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_(7026619371).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Journalist Lucy Morgan holding one of the first brick mobile phones, as well as a 1980s video camera"><img alt="Journalist Lucy Morgan holding one of the first brick mobile phones, as well as a 1980s video camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg/175px-Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg/263px-Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg/351px-Journalist_Lucy_Morgan_with_video_camera_and_phone_%287026619371%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Journalist <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Morgan" title="Lucy Morgan">Lucy Morgan</a> holding one of the first brick mobile phones, as well as a 1980s video camera</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time,_Manual_Wind,_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_(16846118291).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the 1980s, Care Bears were popular for children and seen on greeting cards, clothing items, accessories and other merchandise."><img alt="In the 1980s, Care Bears were popular for children and seen on greeting cards, clothing items, accessories and other merchandise." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg/98px-Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg/148px-Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg/197px-Vintage_Care_Bears_Character_Watch_By_Bradley_Time%2C_Manual_Wind%2C_Copyright_1983_By_American_Greetings_%2816846118291%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="2114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Care_Bears" title="Care Bears">Care Bears</a> were popular for children and seen on greeting cards, clothing items, accessories and other merchandise.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mournblade,_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heavy metal fashion emerged in the 1980s, inspired by bands like Metallica and Mournblade (pictured)."><img alt="Heavy metal fashion emerged in the 1980s, inspired by bands like Metallica and Mournblade (pictured)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg/165px-Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg/248px-Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg/330px-Mournblade%2C_London_Hammersmith_odeon_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heavy metal fashion emerged in the 1980s, inspired by bands like <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mournblade_(band)" title="Mournblade (band)">Mournblade</a> (pictured).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toys">Toys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Toys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toys include <a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero" title="G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero">G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_start_and_end_of_the_decade">Cultural start and end of the decade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural start and end of the decade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources claim the existence of a "long 1980s".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dates given include, for example, mid 1970s to early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1976 to 1993<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and 1979 to 1990<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1991<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or after 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a> declared the 1977 <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></i> as the first movie of the eighties.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shift in television happened in the late 1970s as well: of the top shows considered to be "shows of the 1980s", more began 1978–1979 than began 1980–1981.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1977 also saw<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the introduction of <a href="/wiki/ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM">ROM</a> cartridge-based <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, with the Atari Video Computer System, the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Channel_F" title="Fairchild Channel F">Fairchild Channel F</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bally_Astrocade" title="Bally Astrocade">Bally Astrocade</a>, as well as seeing the introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> home computers, with the Apple II, the <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a>. </p><p>As for the cultural end of the decade, Reagan's last day in office 20 January 1989, marked the "end of an era".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music saw a change, with the premier of <i><a href="/wiki/Yo!_MTV_Raps" title="Yo! MTV Raps">Yo! MTV Raps</a></i> on 6 August 1988, which was coincidentally the same date as the last broadcast of <a href="/wiki/Casey_Kasem" title="Casey Kasem">Casey Kasem</a> hosting <i><a href="/wiki/American_Top_40" title="American Top 40">American Top 40</a></i>. On the religious front, 1988 also saw the "unraveling of the decade's conservative dominance" with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a></i> and the three <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelist</a> scandals of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker#PTL" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#1988_prostitution_scandal" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts#Ministry_and_university" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years 1988–1993 were a cultural bridge between the politically conservative 1980s and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">Internet boom</a> of the 1990s, which was kicked off by the release of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is <a href="/wiki/1980s_nostalgia" title="1980s nostalgia">1980s nostalgia</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_nostalgia" title="Shōwa nostalgia">Japan</a>, the UK, the US and elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">List of decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s in fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_music" title="1980s in music">1980s in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_television" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s in television">1980s in television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s in video gaming">1980s in video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="1980s literature">1980s in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1980s" title="Hairstyles in the 1980s">Hairstyles in the 1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a> (the younger members of the later Boomers had entered adulthood in the early years of the decade).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> (when older members of that demographic had matured).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles contain timelines for each year of the decade: </p><p><a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a> • <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> • <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> • <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> • <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> • <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> • <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> • <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a> • <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> • <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Liberian+Soldiers+Taunt%2C+Shoot+13+Former+Leaders&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F28%2FAR2006072800581_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5x4qAAAAIBAJ&pg=6961,81527">"Shooting attempt throws TV industry into disarraywork=Bulletin Journal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/research/stone/stone-annualreview-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Genetically+Modified+Crops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsci.wustl.edu%2F~anthro%2Fresearch%2Fstone%2Fstone-annualreview-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsson2009" class="citation web cs1">Polsson, Ken (29 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821105822/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm">"Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Apple+Computer+Personal+Computers&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.aulast=Polsson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandnet.com%2F~kpolsson%2Fapplehis%2Fappl1984.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span> See May 3, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frahmdigital.com/80s-commercials/">"Best 80s Commercials that are Totally Tubular! 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No Starch Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59327-010-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59327-010-0"><bdi>1-59327-010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apple+Confidential+2.0&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59327-010-0&rft.aulast=Linzmayer&rft.aufirst=Owen+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.owenink.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amigaHistory-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amigaHistory_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2002" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Gareth (17 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/a500batman.html">"A500 Batman Bundle"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chrysler+is+Buying+American+Motors%3B+Cost+is+%241.5+billion&rft.date=1987-03-10&rft.aulast=Holusha&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F03%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fchrysler-is-buying-american-motors-cost-is-1.5-billion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-cpi-consumer-price-index-1980-1989/">"Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1980–1989"</a>. <i>InflationData.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InflationData.com&rft.atitle=Inflation+and+CPI+Consumer+Price+Index+1980%E2%80%931989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finflationdata.com%2Farticles%2Finflation-cpi-consumer-price-index-1980-1989%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Next Hundred Years", George Friedman, 2009, pg 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Next Hundred Years", George Friedman, 2009, pg 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1990). "Glossary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/glossary.php"><i>Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73015-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73015-X"><bdi>0-679-73015-X</bdi></a>. <q>new wave: a polite term devised to reassure people who were scared by punk, it enjoyed a two- or three-year run but was falling from favor as the '80s began</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Christgau%27s+Record+Guide%3A+The+%2780s&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-679-73015-X&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertchristgau.com%2Fxg%2Fbk-cg80%2Fglossary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoder1981" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Loder" title="Kurt Loder">Loder, Kurt</a> (17 July 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ricdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3175,3968351&dq=japan+sylvian&hl=en">"Rolling Stone Random Notes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News" title="The Tuscaloosa News">The Tuscaloosa News</a></i> – via Google News Archive. <q>Pity the natty Anglo-dandies of Japan. Too late for the glam-rock movement, reviled in the New Wave era, these veteran fops — led by David "The Most Beautiful Man in the World" Sylvian — would seem made to order for the age of the clothes-conscious New Romantic bands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Rolling+Stone+Random+Notes&rft.date=1981-07-17&rft.aulast=Loder&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DricdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3175%2C3968351%26dq%3Djapan%2Bsylvian%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickson2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Nickson" title="Chris Nickson">Nickson, Chris</a> (25 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ministryofrock.co.uk/NewWave.html">"New Wave Music in The 70s"</a>. <i>ministryofrock.co.uk</i>. <q>New Wave survived through the post-punk years, but after the turn of the decade found itself overwhelmed by the more outrageous style of the New Romantics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ministryofrock.co.uk&rft.atitle=New+Wave+Music+in+The+70s&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft.aulast=Nickson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministryofrock.co.uk%2FNewWave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold2002" class="citation news cs1">Leopold, Todd (22 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212110/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/21/omigod.80s/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Like, Omigod!' It's the return of the '80s"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgi.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/21/omigod.80s/index.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Like%2C+Omigod%21%27+It%27s+the+return+of+the+%2780s&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgi.cnn.com%2F2002%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F08%2F21%2Fomigod.80s%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CG-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CG_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau1990" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg80/in_decade.php">"CG 80s: Decade"</a>. <i>robertchristgau.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W2JTgQGc99EC&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false">p 355</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reminder.top/757768202/">聖子と明菜の頂上決戦「80年代アイドル総選挙ザ・ベスト100」結果発表!</a>. Re:minder. 16 February 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Issei Tomizawa, 「昭和ニューミュージック」の1980年代, 言視舎, 2023, ISBN 9784865652581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schilling. The Encyclopedia of Japanese Pop Culture. 1997. Fourth printing. 2004. pp 110,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofja00schi/page/231/mode/1up">231</a> & 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428193100/http://www.jacompa.or.jp/reco23.html">第23回日本レコード大賞</a>. Japan Composer's Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urbain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iA6MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Music and Conflict Transformation</a> p 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125114400/http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross?region=world-wide">"All-Time Worldwide Box Office"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 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Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226182018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226182018"><bdi>978-0226182018</bdi></a>. <q>In his pluralism, [Roger] Ebert proved a more authentic cinephile than many of his contemporaries. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>The success of science fiction and fantasy movies in the 1980s and beyond owes much to <i>Star Wars</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Star+Wars+Revolutionized+Entertainment&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Weitekamp&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fstories%2Feditorial%2Fhow-star-wars-revolutionized-entertainment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id13.htm">The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318100759/http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id13.htm">Archived</a> 2009-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Eighties Club. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+1980s%3A+%27England+was+convulsed+by+a+social+and+political+revolution%27&rft.date=2009-04-18&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Fapr%2F19%2F1980s-cultural-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cnGPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Introduction"</a>. The Global 1980s. 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Berge. Scandals and Abstraction. 2015.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HYMjBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">p 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2004" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Peter (19 August 2004). Tasker, Yvonne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKOBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>The Action and Adventure Cinema</i></a>. Routledge. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134564941" title="Special:BookSources/9781134564941"><bdi>9781134564941</bdi></a>. <q>For the Chicago Sun-Times it was immediately clear that Star Wars heralded a new era; it was '[t]he first movie of the 1980s'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Action+and+Adventure+Cinema&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft.isbn=9781134564941&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKOBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2024" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Josh (1 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/tv/list/80s-shows-ranked">"The 80 Best TV Shows of the 1980s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paste_(magazine)" title="Paste (magazine)">Paste</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste&rft.atitle=The+80+Best+TV+Shows+of+the+1980s&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Ftv%2Flist%2F80s-shows-ranked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2023" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, Jim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuWCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>1980: America's Pivotal Year</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781978831179" title="Special:BookSources/9781978831179"><bdi>9781978831179</bdi></a>. <q>[Dallas, begun in 1978,] was at the leading edge of cultural change</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1980%3A+America%27s+Pivotal+Year&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781978831179&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuWCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AirDZX4HIk"><i>The Great Timeline of Consoles: 25 Years of Retro Gaming (1977-2006)</i></a>. 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>1977 marked the beginning of the golden age, not only for computers with the Apple II, but also for consoles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Timeline+of+Consoles%3A+25+Years+of+Retro+Gaming+%281977-2006%29&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4AirDZX4HIk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultimateclassicrock.com/88-facts-summer-1988/">"88 Facts About the Summer of 1988"</a>. <i>ultimateclassicrock.com</i>. 15 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>You could see the end of an era in 1988 – the '90s were visible on the horizon; the Reagan presidency was winding down; retirement was looming for Dirty Harry; Bruce Springsteen's marriage ended; the great Louis L'Amour went to the big second-hand bookstore in the sky. Accepted norms were falling. MTV put a hip-hop show on its regular schedule – unthinkable not so long before</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ultimateclassicrock.com&rft.atitle=88+Facts+About+the+Summer+of+1988&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultimateclassicrock.com%2F88-facts-summer-1988%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrist2013" class="citation book cs1">Grist, Leighton (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8eNDTy4M9QC&pg=PA182"><i>The Films of Martin Scorsese, 1978-99: Authorship and Context II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137302045" title="Special:BookSources/9781137302045"><bdi>9781137302045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Martin+Scorsese%2C+1978-99%3A+Authorship+and+Context+II&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.isbn=9781137302045&rft.aulast=Grist&rft.aufirst=Leighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8eNDTy4M9QC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2023" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Brent (18 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brentellesmith.medium.com/dark-neon-the-neighties-277321460b0f">"Dark Neon: The Neighties: A Micro-Era Invisible to the Cultural Eye"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Five years of crucial late-20th century culture that flies under the radar, as invisible to the undiscerning eye as ultraviolet light.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+Neon%3A+The+Neighties%3A+A+Micro-Era+Invisible+to+the+Cultural+Eye&rft.pub=Medium&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrentellesmith.medium.com%2Fdark-neon-the-neighties-277321460b0f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1980s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1980s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1980s">1980s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Batchelor, Bob, and Scott F. Stoddart. <i>The 1980s</i> (American Popular Culture Through History) (2006)</li> <li>Berman, Milton and Tracy Irons-Georges, eds. <i>The Eighties in America</i> (2008), an encyclopedia</li> <li>Ehrman, John. <i>The eighties: America in the age of Reagan</i> (Yale University Press, 2005).</li> <li>Grant, James. <i>Money of the Mind: How the 1980s Got That Way</i> (1994)</li> <li>Grimes, William. ed. <i>The New York Times The Times of the Eighties The Culture, Politics, and Personalities that Shaped the Decade</i> (2013)</li> <li>New York Times. <i>New York Times Film Reviews: Best Picture Picks from the 1980s by The New York Times</i> (2013)</li> <li>Sirota, David. <i>Back to Our Future: How the 1980s Explain the World We Live in Now—Our Culture, Our Politics, Our Everything</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBpztbG9EQAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Back+intitle:to+intitle:Our+intitle:Future&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipuev-vvSJAxXelokEHUw2MD8Q6AF6BAgIEAI">online</a> h</li> <li>Stanfill, Sonnet. <i>80s Fashion: From Club to Catwalk</i> (2013), 160pp</li> <li>Stewart, Graham. <i>Bang! A History of Britain in the 1980s</i> (2013)</li> <li>Turner, Alwyn. <i>Rejoice, Rejoice!: Britain in the 1980s</i> (2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Events_by_month145" style="width:40em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_by_month_links" 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<li><a href="/wiki/December_1988" title="December 1988">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1987">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1987">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1987">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1987">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1987">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1987">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1987">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1987">Aug</a></li> <li><a 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title="May 1986">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1986">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1986">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1986">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1986">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1986">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1986">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1986">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1985">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1985">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1985">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1985">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1985">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1985">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1985">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1985">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1985">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1985">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1985">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1985">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1984">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1984">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1984">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1984">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1984">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1984">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1984">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1984">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1984">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1984">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1984">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1984">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1983">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1983">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1983">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1983">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1983">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1983">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1983">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1983">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1983">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1983">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1983">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1983">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1982">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1982">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1982">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1982">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1982" title="May 1982">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="June 1982">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1982">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1982">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1982">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1982">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1982">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1982">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1981" title="January 1981">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1981" title="February 1981">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1981" title="March 1981">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1981" title="April 1981">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1981" title="May 1981">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1981" title="June 1981">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1981" title="July 1981">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1981" title="August 1981">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1981" title="September 1981">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1981" title="October 1981">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1981" title="November 1981">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1981" title="December 1981">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1980" title="January 1980">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1980" title="February 1980">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1980" title="March 1980">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1980" title="April 1980">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1980" title="May 1980">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1980" title="June 1980">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1980" title="July 1980">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1980" title="August 1980">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1980" title="September 1980">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1980" title="October 1980">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1980" title="November 1980">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1980" title="December 1980">Dec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_20th_century240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_century" title="Template:20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:20th_century" title="Template talk:20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_science_and_technology" title="1970s in science and technology">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_science_and_technology" title="1980s in science and technology">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">1990s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1901%E2%80%931950)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1951%E2%80%932000)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)">1951–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_20th-century_earthquakes" title="Lists of 20th-century earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of lunar eclipses in the 20th century">Lunar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots#20th_century" title="List of riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of solar eclipses in the 20th century">Solar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_volcanic_eruptions_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large volcanic eruptions of the 20th century">Volcanic eruptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34644#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata752" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34644#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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