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Bankruptcy and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankruptcy_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hardware </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_processing_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_processing_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Central processing unit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_processing_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custom_chipset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custom_chipset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Custom chipset </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custom_chipset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Graphics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ReTargetable_Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ReTargetable_Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 ReTargetable Graphics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ReTargetable_Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Sound </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kickstart_firmware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kickstart_firmware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Kickstart firmware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kickstart_firmware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard_and_mouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard_and_mouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Keyboard and mouse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboard_and_mouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_peripherals_and_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_peripherals_and_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Other peripherals and expansions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_peripherals_and_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serial_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Serial ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Networking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_and_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_and_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Models and variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_and_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Models and variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Models_and_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commodore_Amiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodore_Amiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Commodore Amiga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodore_Amiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AmigaOS_4_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS_4_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 AmigaOS 4 systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS_4_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amiga_hardware_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amiga_hardware_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Amiga hardware clones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amiga_hardware_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operating systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operating systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AmigaOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AmigaOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 AmigaOS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AmigaOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Influence on other operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix_and_Unix-like_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_and_Unix-like_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Unix and Unix-like systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_and_Unix-like_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulating_other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulating_other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Emulating other systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulating_other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amiga_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amiga_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Amiga software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amiga_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Magazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Trade shows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_purpose_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_purpose_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Special purpose applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_purpose_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amiga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="أميغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أميغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Amiga" title="Commodore Amiga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Commodore Amiga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Amiga" title="Commodore Amiga – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Commodore Amiga" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Amiga" title="Commodore Amiga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Commodore Amiga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="آمیگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمیگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EA%B0%80" title="아미가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아미가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94" title="קומודור אמיגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומודור אמיגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="اميجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اميجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Амига – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of personal computers sold by Commodore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of personal computers. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amiga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amiga (disambiguation)">Amiga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Amiga</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg/250px-Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg/330px-Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg/500px-Commodore_Amiga_logo-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="169" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga500_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/220px-Amiga500_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/330px-Amiga500_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Amiga500_system.jpg/440px-Amiga500_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1965" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The 1987 <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a> was the bestselling model.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> (until 1994) <a href="/wiki/Escom_AG" title="Escom AG">Escom AG</a> (1995–1996) QuikPak (–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1998)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">Game console</a> (CD32)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 23, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-07-23)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1996<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units sold</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>approx. 4.91 million<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1280115419">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> Amiga is a family of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> from 1985 until the company's bankruptcy in 1994, with production by others afterward. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> or 16/32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and significantly improved graphics and audio compared to previous <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> systems. These include the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>—released earlier the same year—as well as the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acorn_Archimedes" title="Acorn Archimedes">Acorn Archimedes</a>. The Amiga differs from its contemporaries through custom hardware to accelerate graphics and sound, including <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">blitter</a>, and four channels of sample-based audio. It runs a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive multitasking">pre-emptive multitasking</a> operating system called <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>, with a desktop environment called <a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, was released in July 1985. Production problems kept it from becoming widely available until early 1986.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> While early advertisements cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine,<a href="#cite_note-ad1987b-4">[3]</a> especially with the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Sidecar" title="Amiga Sidecar">Sidecar</a> IBM PC compatibility add-on, the Amiga was most commercially successful as a <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a> with a range of <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> and creative software. The bestselling model, the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a>, was introduced in 1987 along with the more expandable <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">Amiga 2000</a>. The 1990 <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">Amiga 3000</a> includes a minor update to the graphics hardware via the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Enhanced_Chip_Set" title="Amiga Enhanced Chip Set">Enhanced Chip Set</a>, also used in subsequent models. The Amiga established a niche in audio and multimedia. The first <a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">music tracker</a> was written for the Amiga, and it became a popular platform for music creation. The 3D rendering packages <a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">LightWave 3D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagine_(3D_modeling_software)" title="Imagine (3D modeling software)">Imagine</a>, and Traces (a predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>) originated on the system. The 1990 third-party <a href="/wiki/Video_Toaster" title="Video Toaster">Video Toaster</a> made the Amiga a comparatively low cost option for <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a>. In later years, the Amiga started losing market share to <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatibles" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatibles">IBM PC compatibles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">video game consoles</a>, eventually leading to Commodore's bankruptcy in 1994 and the end of Amiga. Commodore is estimated to have sold 4.85 million Amigas. Various groups have since released <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual successors">spiritual successors</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Amiga" title="History of the Amiga">History of the Amiga</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_early_development">Concept and early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concept and early development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Miner" title="Jay Miner">Jay Miner</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> in the 1970s and led development of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_Video_Computer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Video Computer System">Atari Video Computer System</a>'s graphics and sound chip, the <a href="/wiki/Television_Interface_Adaptor" title="Television Interface Adaptor">Television Interface Adaptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p1p3-5">[4]</a> When complete, the team began developing a much more sophisticated set of chips, <a href="/wiki/CTIA_and_GTIA" title="CTIA and GTIA">CTIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/POKEY" title="POKEY">POKEY</a>, that formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p1p4-6">[5]</a> With the 8-bit line's launch in 1979, the team once again started looking at a next generation chipset. <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> had sold the company to <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> in 1978, and the new management was much more interested in the existing lines than development of new products that might cut into their sales. Miner wanted to start work with the new <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>, but management was only interested in another <a href="/wiki/6502" class="mw-redirect" title="6502">6502</a> based system. Miner left the company, and, for a time, the industry.<a href="#cite_note-p1p4-6">[5]</a> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kaplan" title="Larry Kaplan">Larry Kaplan</a> left Atari and founded <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>. In 1982, Kaplan was approached by a number of investors who wanted to develop a new game platform. Kaplan hired Miner to run the hardware side of the newly formed company, "Hi-Toro". The system was code-named "Lorraine" in keeping with Miner's policy of giving systems female names, in this case the company president's wife, Lorraine Morse.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-1-7">[6]</a> When Kaplan left the company late in 1982, Miner was promoted to head engineer<a href="#cite_note-p1p4-6">[5]</a> and the company relaunched as Amiga Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boingball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Boingball.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption>The Boing Ball</figcaption></figure> The Amiga hardware was designed by Miner, <a href="/wiki/RJ_Mical" title="RJ Mical">RJ Mical</a>, and Dale Luck.<a href="#cite_note-NGen39-9">[8]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboard</a> prototype for testing and development was largely completed by late 1983, and shown at the January 1984 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> (CES).<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> A further developed version of the system was demonstrated at the June 1984 CES and shown to many companies in hopes of garnering further funding, but found little interest in a market that was in the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-2-11">[10]</a> In March, Atari expressed a tepid interest in Lorraine for its potential use in a games console or home computer tentatively known as the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>1850XLD. The talks were progressing slowly,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> and Amiga was running out of money. A temporary arrangement in June led to a $500,000 loan from Atari to Amiga to keep the company going. The terms required the loan to be repaid at the end of the month, otherwise Amiga would forfeit the Lorraine design to Atari.<a href="#cite_note-p3p3-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore">Commodore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commodore">edit</a>]</div> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>, Warner was desperate to sell Atari. In January 1984, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a> resigned from Commodore, taking some Commodore employees to his new company, Tramel Technology. This included a number of the senior technical staff, where they began development of a new 68000-based machine. In June, Tramiel arranged a no-cash deal to take over Atari, reforming Tramel Technology as <a href="/wiki/Atari_Corporation" title="Atari Corporation">Atari Corporation</a>. Commodore was left without a workable path to creating a next-generation home computer, and it offered to fund Amiga development. The two companies were initially arranging a $4 million license agreement before Commodore offered $24 million to purchase Amiga outright.<a href="#cite_note-p3p3-13">[12]</a> By late 1984, the prototype breadboard chipset had successfully been turned into integrated circuits, and the system hardware was being readied for production. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> was not ready, and led to a deal to port <a href="/wiki/TRIPOS" title="TRIPOS">TRIPOS</a>. TRIPOS was a <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> system written in <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> during the 1970s for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a>. This early version was known as AmigaDOS and the GUI as Workbench. The BCPL parts were later rewritten in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> language, and the entire system became AmigaOS. The system was enclosed in a <a href="/wiki/Pizza_box_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizza box form factor">pizza box form factor</a> case. A late change was the introduction of vertical supports on either side of the case to provide a "garage" under the main section of the system where the keyboard could be stored.<a href="#cite_note-p5p1-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Launch">edit</a>]</div> The first model was announced in 1985 as simply "The Amiga from Commodore", later to be retroactively dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> They were first offered for sale in August, but by October only 50 had been built, all of which were used by Commodore. Machines only began to arrive in quantity in mid-November, meaning they missed the Christmas buying rush.<a href="#cite_note-p4p2-16">[14]</a> By the end of the year, they had sold 35,000 machines, and severe cashflow problems made the company pull out of the January 1986 CES.<a href="#cite_note-p5p2-17">[15]</a> Bad or entirely missing marketing, forcing the development team to move to the east coast, notorious stability problems and other blunders limited sales in early 1986 to between 10,000 and 15,000 units a month.<a href="#cite_note-p5p1-14">[13]</a> 120,000 units were reported as having been sold from the machine's launch up to the end of 1986.<a href="#cite_note-computerworld19870615_amiga-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_models">Later models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later models">edit</a>]</div> In late 1985, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rattigan" title="Thomas Rattigan">Thomas Rattigan</a> was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a> of Commodore, and then to <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> in February 1986. He immediately implemented an ambitious plan that covered almost all of the company's operations. Among these was the long-overdue cancellation of the now outdated <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">PET</a> and <a href="/wiki/VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a> lines, as well as a variety of poorly selling <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> offshoots and the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_900" title="Commodore 900">Commodore 900</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> effort.<a href="#cite_note-p6p2-19">[17]</a> Another one of the changes was to split the Amiga into two products, a new high-end version of the Amiga aimed at the creative market, and a cost-reduced version that would take over for the Commodore 64 in the low-end market.<a href="#cite_note-p6p2-19">[17]</a> These new designs were released in 1987 as the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">Amiga 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a>, the latter of which went on to widespread success and became their best selling model. Similar high-end/low-end models would make up the Amiga line for the rest of its history; follow-on designs included the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">Amiga 3000</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amiga_500_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500 Plus">Amiga 500 Plus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">Amiga 600</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">Amiga 4000</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">Amiga 1200</a>. These models incorporated a series of technical upgrades known as the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Enhanced_Chip_Set" title="Amiga Enhanced Chip Set">ECS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">AGA</a>, which added higher resolution displays among many other improvements and simplifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoguidiceBarton2014162–163-20">[18]</a> The Amiga line sold an estimated 4,910,000 machines over its lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-ahoy-21">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] The machines were most popular in the UK and Germany, with about 1.5 million sold in each country, and sales in the high hundreds of thousands in other European nations. The machine was less popular in North America, where an estimated 700,000 were sold.<a href="#cite_note-amigahistory-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-commodorereport-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-AF47-24">[22]</a> In the United States, the Amiga found a niche with enthusiasts and in <a href="/wiki/Vertical_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical market">vertical markets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">video processing</a> and editing.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In Europe, it was more broadly popular as a home computer and often used for <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGen39-9">[8]</a> Beginning in 1988 it overlapped with the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Mega_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Drive">Mega Drive</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> in the early 1990s. Commodore UK's Kelly Sumner did not see <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> as competitors, but instead credited their marketing campaigns which spent over £40 million or $60,000,000 (equivalent to $130,000,000 in 2024) for promoting video games as a whole and thus helping to boost Amiga sales.<a href="#cite_note-AF47-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankruptcy_and_aftermath">Bankruptcy and aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In spite of his successes in making the company profitable and bringing the Amiga line to market, Rattigan was soon forced out in a power struggle with majority shareholder, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Gould" title="Irving Gould">Irving Gould</a>. This is widely regarded as the turning point, as further improvements to the Amiga were eroded by rapid improvements in other platforms.<a href="#cite_note-p8p2-26">[24]</a> Commodore shut down the Amiga division on April 26, 1994, and filed for bankruptcy three days later. Commodore's assets were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Escom_AG" title="Escom AG">Escom</a>, a German PC manufacturer, who created the subsidiary company Amiga Technologies. They re-released the A1200 and A4000T, and introduced a new <a href="/wiki/68060" class="mw-redirect" title="68060">68060</a> version of the A4000T. Amiga Technologies researched and developed the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Walker" title="Amiga Walker">Amiga Walker</a> prototype. They presented the machine publicly at CeBit,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> but Escom went bankrupt in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Some Amigas were still made afterwards for the North American market by QuikPak, a small <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>-based firm who was the manufacturer of Amigas for Escom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[29]</a> After a reported sale to VisCorp fell through,<a href="#cite_note-NGen39-9">[8]</a> a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a> PC manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Gateway_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway 2000">Gateway 2000</a>, eventually purchased the Amiga branch and technology in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-NGen39-9">[8]</a> QuickPak attempted but failed to license Amiga from Gateway and build new models.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Gateway was then working on a brand new Amiga platform, likely encouraged by a desire to be independent of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[29]</a> However this did not materialize and in 2000, Gateway sold the Amiga brand to <a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc." title="Amiga, Inc.">Amiga, Inc.</a>, without having released any products. Amiga, Inc. licensed the rights to sell hardware using the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> brand to <a href="/wiki/Eyetech" title="Eyetech">Eyetech Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a>. In 2019, Amiga, Inc. sold its intellectual property to Amiga Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_1000_computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amiga_1000_computer.jpg/250px-Amiga_1000_computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amiga_1000_computer.jpg/330px-Amiga_1000_computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amiga_1000_computer.jpg/500px-Amiga_1000_computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a> front and back</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Amiga_600.jpg/250px-Amiga_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Amiga_600.jpg/330px-Amiga_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Amiga_600.jpg/500px-Amiga_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">Amiga 600</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_1200_with_mouse,_drives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg/250px-Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg/330px-Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg/500px-Amiga_1200_with_mouse%2C_drives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">Amiga 1200</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg/220px-Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg/330px-Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg/440px-Amiga-CD32-wController-L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5160" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">CD32</a></figcaption></figure> The Amiga has a custom chipset consisting of several <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessors</a> which handle audio, video, and <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> independently of the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU). This architecture gave the Amiga a performance edge over its competitors, particularly for graphics-intensive applications and games.<a href="#cite_note-amiga_hardware_ref-35">[33]</a> The architecture uses two distinct <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> subsystems: the chipset bus and the CPU bus. The chipset bus allows the coprocessors and CPU to address <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Chip_RAM" title="Amiga Chip RAM">"Chip RAM"</a>. The CPU bus provides addressing to conventional RAM, ROM and the <a href="/wiki/Zorro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorro II">Zorro II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zorro_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorro III">Zorro III</a> expansion subsystems. This enables independent operation of the subsystems. The CPU bus can be much faster than the chipset bus. CPU expansion boards may provide additional custom buses. Additionally, "busboards" or "bridgeboards" may provide <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conventional_PCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional PCI">PCI</a> buses.<a href="#cite_note-amiga_hardware_ref-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_processing_unit">Central processing unit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Central processing unit">edit</a>]</div> The most popular models from Commodore, including the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">Amiga 2000</a>, use the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> as the CPU. From a developer's point of view, the 68000 provides a full suite of <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> operations, but the chip can address only 16 MB of physical memory and is implemented using a 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> and has a 16-bit external <a href="/wiki/Data_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Data bus">data bus</a>, so 32-bit computations are transparently handled as multiple 16-bit values at a performance cost.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-4-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-5-37">[35]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">Amiga 2500</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">Amiga 3000</a> models use fully 32-bit, 68000-compatible processors from Motorola with improved performance and larger addressing capability. CPU upgrades were offered by both Commodore and third-party manufacturers. Most Amiga models can be upgraded either by direct CPU replacement or through expansion boards. Such boards often included faster and higher capacity memory interfaces and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> controllers. Towards the end of Commodore's time in charge of Amiga development, there were suggestions that Commodore intended to move away from the 68000 series to higher performance <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> processors, such as the <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-actuator-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haynie-39">[37]</a> Those ideas were never developed before Commodore filed for bankruptcy. Despite this, third-party manufacturers designed upgrades featuring a combination of 68000 series and PowerPC processors along with a PowerPC native <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> and software.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-6-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-7-41">[39]</a> Later Amiga clones featured <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> processors only. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_chipset">Custom chipset</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Custom chipset">edit</a>]</div> The custom chipset at the core of the Amiga design appeared in three distinct generations, with a large degree of backward-compatibility. The <a href="/wiki/Original_Chip_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Chip Set">Original Chip Set</a> (OCS) appeared with the launch of the A1000 in 1985. OCS was eventually followed by the modestly improved <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Chip_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Chip Set">Enhanced Chip Set</a> (ECS) in 1990 and finally by the partly 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Graphics Architecture">Advanced Graphics Architecture</a> (AGA) in 1992. Each chipset consists of several coprocessors that handle <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">graphics acceleration</a>, digital audio, <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> and communication between various peripherals (e.g., CPU, memory and floppy disks). In addition, some models featured auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Amiga_custom_chips" title="Amiga custom chips">custom chips</a> that performed tasks such as <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> control and display de-interlacing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphics">Graphics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Graphics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAM6example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/HAM6example.png/250px-HAM6example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/HAM6example.png/330px-HAM6example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/HAM6example.png/500px-HAM6example.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>4096 color <a href="/wiki/Hold-And-Modify" title="Hold-And-Modify">HAM</a> picture created with <a href="/wiki/Photon_Paint" title="Photon Paint">Photon Paint</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg/250px-Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg/330px-Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg/500px-Amiga_2000_Wikipedia_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>An image in PAL 640x512 16 color mode displayed by an <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">Amiga 2000</a> on a Commodore 1084 monitor</figcaption></figure> All Amiga systems can display full-screen animated <a href="/wiki/Planar_(computer_graphics)" title="Planar (computer graphics)">planar</a> graphics with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (<a href="/wiki/Amiga_Halfbrite_mode" title="Amiga Halfbrite mode">EHB Mode</a>), or 4096 colors (<a href="/wiki/Hold-And-Modify" title="Hold-And-Modify">HAM Mode</a>). Models with the AGA chipset (A1200 and A4000) also have non-EHB 64, 128, 256, and 262144 (<a href="/wiki/Hold-And-Modify" title="Hold-And-Modify">HAM8 Mode</a>) color modes and a palette expanded from 4096 to <a href="/wiki/24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">16.8 million colors</a>. The Amiga chipset can <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlock</a>, which is the ability to adjust its own screen refresh timing to match an incoming NTSC or PAL video signal. When combined with setting transparency, this allows an Amiga to overlay an external video source with graphics. This ability made the Amiga popular for many applications, and provides the ability to do <a href="/wiki/Character_generator" title="Character generator">character generation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> effects far more cheaply than earlier systems. This ability has been frequently utilized by wedding videographers, TV stations and their weather forecasting divisions (for weather graphics and radar), advertising channels, music video production, and desktop videographers. The <a href="/wiki/NewTek" title="NewTek">NewTek</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_Toaster" title="Video Toaster">Video Toaster</a> was made possible by the genlock ability of the Amiga. In 1988, the release of the Amiga A2024 fixed-frequency <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_monitor" title="Monochrome monitor">monochrome monitor</a> with built-in <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> and flicker fixer hardware provided the Amiga with a choice of high-resolution graphic modes (1008×800 for NTSC and 1008×1024 for PAL) with 4 <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-8-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ReTargetable_Graphics">ReTargetable Graphics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ReTargetable Graphics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ReTargetable_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="ReTargetable Graphics">ReTargetable Graphics</a></div> ReTargetable Graphics is an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> for <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> mainly used by 3rd party graphics hardware to interface with AmigaOS via a set of <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>. The software libraries may include software tools to adjust <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a>, screen colors, <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)#Mouse_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">pointers</a> and screenmodes. The standard <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition interface</a> is limited to <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">display depths</a> of <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8 bits</a>, while RTG makes it possible to handle higher depths like <a href="/wiki/24-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit">24-bits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound">Sound</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sound">edit</a>]</div> The sound chip, named Paula, supports four <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> sound channels (two for the left speaker and two for the right) with 8-bit resolution for each channel and a 6-bit volume control per channel. The analog output is connected to a low-pass filter, which filters out high-frequency aliasing when the Amiga is using a lower sampling rate (see <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_frequency" title="Nyquist frequency">Nyquist frequency</a>). The brightness of the Amiga's power LED is used to indicate the status of the Amiga's low-pass filter. The filter is active when the LED is at normal brightness, and deactivated when dimmed (or off on older A500 Amigas). On Amiga 1000 (and first Amiga 500 and Amiga 2000 model), the power LED had no relation to the filter's status, and a wire needed to be manually soldered between pins on the sound chip to disable the filter. Paula can read arbitrary waveforms at arbitrary rates and amplitudes directly from the system's <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>, using direct memory access (DMA), making sound playback without CPU intervention possible. Although the hardware is limited to four separate sound channels, software such as <a href="/wiki/OctaMED" title="OctaMED">OctaMED</a> uses software mixing to allow eight or more virtual channels, and it was possible for software to mix two hardware channels to achieve a single 14-bit resolution channel by playing with the volumes of the channels in such a way that one of the source channels contributes the most significant bits and the other the least. The quality of the Amiga's sound output, and the fact that sound hardware is part of the standard chipset and easily addressed by software, were standout features of Amiga hardware unavailable on IBM PC compatibles for years<a href="#cite_note-44">[c]</a>. Third-party sound cards exist that provide <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> functions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], multi-track <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-disk_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-to-disk recording">direct-to-disk recording</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], multiple hardware sound channels and 16-bit and beyond resolutions. A retargetable sound API called <a href="/wiki/AHI_(Amiga)" title="AHI (Amiga)">AHI</a> was developed allowing these cards to be used transparently by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> and software.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kickstart_firmware">Kickstart firmware</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kickstart firmware">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart (Amiga)</a></div> Kickstart is the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> upon which AmigaOS is <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootstrapped</a>. Its purpose is to initialize the Amiga hardware and core components of AmigaOS and then attempt to boot from a <a href="/wiki/Bootable" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootable">bootable</a> <a href="/wiki/Volume_(computing)" title="Volume (computing)">volume</a>, such as a floppy disk or hard disk drive. Most models (excluding the Amiga 1000) come equipped with Kickstart on an embedded <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM-chip</a>. There are various editions of Kickstart ROMs starting with Kickstart v1.1 for the Amiga 1000, v1.2 and v1.3 for the A500, Kickstart v2.1 on A500+, Kickstart v2.2 for A600 and dual ROMs for Kickstart v3.0 and 3.1 for A1200 and A4000. After Commodore's demise there have been new Kickstart v3.1 ROMs made available for both the A500 and A600 Computers. Amiga Software is mostly backward compatible, but v2.1 ROMs and newer differ slightly, which can cause software glitches with earlier programs. To help address this and to get earlier programs to work with later Kickstart ROMs, some tools have been produced such as RELOKIK 1.4 and MAKE IT WORK! for the A600 and A1200. They revert the system to temporarily boot in Kickstart v1.3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard_and_mouse">Keyboard and mouse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Keyboard and mouse">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_Mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amiga_Mouse.jpg/170px-Amiga_Mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amiga_Mouse.jpg/255px-Amiga_Mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amiga_Mouse.jpg/340px-Amiga_Mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Amiga mouse</figcaption></figure> The keyboard on Amiga computers is similar to that found on a mid-80s IBM PC: Ten function keys, a numeric keypad, and four separate directional arrow keys. <a href="/wiki/Caps_Lock" title="Caps Lock">Caps Lock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control_key" title="Control key">Control</a> share space to the left of A. Absent are Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down keys: These functions are accomplished on Amigas by pressing shift and the appropriate arrow key. The Amiga keyboard adds a Help key, which a function key usually acts as on PCs (usually F1). In addition to the Control and Alt modifier keys, the Amiga has 2 "Amiga" keys, rendered as "Open Amiga" and "Closed Amiga" similar to the Open/Closed Apple logo keys on Apple II keyboards. The left is used to manipulate the operating system (moving screens and the like) and the right delivers commands to the application. The absence of Num lock frees space for more mathematical symbols around the numeric pad. Like IBM-compatible computers, the mouse has two buttons, but in AmigaOS, pressing and holding the right button replaces the system <a href="/wiki/Status_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Status line">status line</a> at the top of the screen with a Maclike <a href="/wiki/Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a>. As with Apple's <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Mac OS</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a>, menu options are selected by releasing the button over that option, not by left clicking. Menu items that have a Boolean toggle state can be left clicked whilst the menu is kept open with the right button, which allows the user – for example – to set some selected text to bold, underline and italics in one visit to the menus. The mouse plugs into one of two <a href="/wiki/Atari_joystick_port" title="Atari joystick port">Atari joystick ports</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">game paddles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a>. Although compatible with <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog joysticks</a>, Atari-style digital joysticks became standard.<a href="#cite_note-anderson198710-46">[43]</a> Unusually, two independent mice can be connected to the joystick ports; some games, such as <a href="/wiki/Lemmings_(video_game)#Two-player_mode" title="Lemmings (video game)">Lemmings</a>, were designed to take advantage of this.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_peripherals_and_expansions">Other peripherals and expansions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other peripherals and expansions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg/250px-Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg/330px-Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg/500px-Amiga_Sound_Sampling_Hardware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>8-bit sound sampling hardware for the Amiga</figcaption></figure> The Amiga was one of the first computers for which inexpensive sound sampling and video digitization accessories were available. As a result of this and the Amiga's audio and video capabilities, the Amiga became a popular system for editing and producing both music and video. Many expansion boards were produced for Amiga computers to improve the performance and capability of the hardware, such as memory expansions, <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> controllers, CPU boards, and graphics boards. Other upgrades include <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlocks</a>, network cards for <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a> and samplers, <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">video digitizers</a>, extra <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">IDE</a> controllers. Additions after the demise of Commodore company are <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> cards. The most popular upgrades were memory, SCSI controllers and CPU accelerator cards. These were sometimes combined into one device. Early CPU accelerator cards used the full 32-bit CPUs of the 68000 family such as the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">Motorola 68020</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">Motorola 68030</a>, almost always with 32-bit memory and usually with <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMUs</a> or the facility to add them. Later designs feature the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060" title="Motorola 68060">Motorola 68060</a>. Both CPUs feature integrated FPUs and MMUs. Many CPU accelerator cards also had integrated SCSI controllers. Phase5 designed the <a href="/wiki/PowerUP_(accelerator)" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a> boards (<a href="/wiki/Blizzard_PPC" class="mw-redirect" title="Blizzard PPC">Blizzard PPC</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerUP_(accelerator)#Cyberstorm_PPC" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">CyberStorm PPC</a>) featuring both a 68k (a 68040 or 68060) and a PowerPC (603 or 604) CPU, which are able to run the two CPUs at the same time and share the system memory. The PowerPC CPU on PowerUP boards is usually used as a coprocessor for heavy computations; a powerful CPU is needed to run <a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">MAME</a> for example, but even decoding <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> pictures and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> audio was considered heavy computation at the time. It is also possible to ignore the 68k CPU and run <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> on the PPC via project Linux APUS, but a PowerPC-native AmigaOS promised by Amiga Technologies GmbH was not available when the PowerUP boards first appeared.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-9-48">[45]</a> 24-bit graphics cards and video cards were also available. Graphics cards were designed primarily for 2D artwork production, workstation use, and later, gaming. Video cards are designed for inputting and outputting video signals, and processing and manipulating video. In the North American market, the NewTek <a href="/wiki/Video_Toaster" title="Video Toaster">Video Toaster</a> was a video effects board that turned the Amiga into an affordable video processing computer that found its way into many professional video environments. One well-known use was to create the special effects in early series of <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Due to its <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>-only design, it did not find a market in countries that used the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> standard, such as in Europe. In those countries, the OpalVision card was popular, although less featured and supported than the Video Toaster. Low-cost <a href="/wiki/Time_base_correction" title="Time base correction">time base correctors</a> (TBC) specifically designed to work with the Toaster quickly came to market, most of which were designed as standard Amiga bus cards. Various manufacturers started producing PCI busboards for the A1200, A3000 and A4000, allowing standard Amiga computers to use PCI cards such as graphics cards, <a href="/wiki/Sound_Blaster" title="Sound Blaster">Sound Blaster</a> sound cards, 10/100 Ethernet cards, USB cards, and television tuner cards. Other manufacturers produced hybrid boards that contained an Intel x86 series chip, allowing the Amiga to emulate a PC. PowerPC upgrades with Wide SCSI controllers, PCI busboards with Ethernet, sound and 3D graphics cards, and tower cases allowed the A1200 and A4000 to survive well into the late nineties. Expansion boards were made by Richmond Sound Design that allow their <a href="/wiki/Show_control" title="Show control">show control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">sound design</a> software to communicate with their custom hardware frames either by ribbon cable or fiber optic cable for long distances, allowing the Amiga to control up to eight million digitally controlled external audio, lighting, automation, relay and voltage control channels spread around a large theme park, for example. See <a href="/wiki/Amiga_software" title="Amiga software">Amiga software</a> for more information on these applications. Other devices included the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500#Trap-door_expansion_501" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 501</a> with 512 KB RAM and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_clock" title="Real-time clock">real-time clock</a></li> <li>Trumpcard 500 <a href="/wiki/Zorro-II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorro-II">Zorro-II</a> SCSI interface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Products#GVP_A530_Turbo" title="Great Valley Products">GVP A530 Turbo</a>, accelerator, RAM expansion, PC emulator</li> <li>A2091 / A590 SCSI hard disk controller + 2 MB RAM expansion<a href="#cite_note-amigahw_1161-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-amigahw_534-51">[48]</a></li> <li>A3070 SCSI tape backup unit with a capacity of 250 MB, <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> Archive Viper 1/4-inch<a href="#cite_note-amigahw_1296-52">[49]</a></li> <li>A2065 Ethernet Zorro-II interface – the first Ethernet interface for Amiga; uses the <a href="/wiki/AMD_Am7990" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Am7990">AMD Am7990</a> chip<a href="#cite_note-amigahw_905-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-amigacx_a3000eth-54">[51]</a> The same interface chip is used in <a href="/wiki/DECstation" title="DECstation">DECstation</a> as well.</li> <li>Ariadne Zorro-II Ethernet interface using the AMD Am7990<a href="#cite_note-amigacx_a3000eth-54">[51]</a></li> <li>A4066 Zorro II Ethernet interface using the SMC 91C90QF<a href="#cite_note-amigacx_a3000eth-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-amigahu_a4066p1-55">[52]</a></li> <li>X-Surf from Individual Computers using the Realtek 8019AS<a href="#cite_note-amigacx_a3000eth-54">[51]</a></li> <li>A2060 <a href="/wiki/Arcnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcnet">Arcnet</a><a href="#cite_note-amigahi_netfaq_AmiTCP-56">[53]</a></li> <li>A1010 <a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_controller" title="Floppy-disk controller">floppy</a> disk drive consisting of a 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Double_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Double density">double density</a> (DD), 300 rpm, 250 kbit/s drive unit connected via <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">DB-23</a> connector; track-to-track delay is on the order of ~94 ms. The default capacity is 880 KB. Many clone drives were available, and products such as <a href="/wiki/Individual_Computers_Catweasel" title="Individual Computers Catweasel">the Catweasel</a> and <a href="/wiki/KryoFlux" title="KryoFlux">KryoFlux</a> make it possible to read and write Amiga and other special disc formats on standard x86 PCs.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-10-57">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NE2000" class="mw-redirect" title="NE2000">NE2000</a>-compatible <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PCMCIA</a> Ethernet cards for Amiga 600 and Amiga 1200<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-11-58">[55]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serial_ports">Serial ports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Serial ports">edit</a>]</div> The Commodore A2232 board provides seven RS-232C <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> in addition to the Amiga's built-in serial port. Each port can be driven independently at speeds of 50 to 19,200 bits/s. There is, however, a driver available on <a href="/wiki/Aminet" title="Aminet">Aminet</a> that allows two of the serial ports to be driven at 115,200 bits/s.<a href="#cite_note-bboah_a2232-59">[56]</a> The serial card used the <a href="/wiki/65CE02" class="mw-redirect" title="65CE02">65CE02</a> CPU<a href="#cite_note-bboah_a2232img-60">[57]</a> clocked at 3.58 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-bboah_a2232-59">[56]</a> This CPU was also part of the <a href="/wiki/CSG_65CE02" title="CSG 65CE02">CSG 4510</a> CPU core that was used in the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_65" title="Commodore 65">Commodore 65</a> computer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Networking">Networking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Networking">edit</a>]</div> Amiga has three networking interface APIs: <ul><li>AS225: the official Commodore TCP/IP stack <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> with hard-coded drivers in revision 1 (AS225r1) for the <a href="/wiki/AMD_Lance_Am7990" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Lance Am7990">A2065 Ethernet</a> and the A2060 Arcnet interfaces.<a href="#cite_note-amigahi_netfaq_AmiTCP-56">[53]</a> In revision 2, (AS225r2) the SANA-II interface was used.</li> <li>SANA-II: a standardized API for hardware of network interfaces. It uses an inefficient buffer handling scheme, and lacks proper support for <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous_mode" title="Promiscuous mode">promiscuous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> modes.</li> <li>Miami Network Interface (MNI): an API that doesn't have the problems that SANA-II suffers from. It requires AmigaOS v2.04 or higher.</li></ul> Different network media were used: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Speed</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 10,000 kbit/s </td> <td>A2065<a href="#cite_note-amigahw_905-53">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ARCNET" title="ARCNET">ARCNET</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2,500 kbit/s </td> <td>A560,<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_903-61">[58]</a> A2060<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_904-62">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy disk controller">Floppy disk controller</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 250 kbit/s </td> <td>Amitrix: Amiga-Link<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_899-63">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> ≤ 115.2 kbit/s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> ≈1,600 kbit/s[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] </td> <td>Village Tronic: Liana<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1590-64">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 1,500 kbit/s </td> <td>Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1436-65">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a> / <a href="/wiki/LocalTalk" title="LocalTalk">LocalTalk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 230.4 – 460 kbit/s </td> <td>PPS-Doubletalk<a href="#cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_918-66">[63]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_and_variants">Models and variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Models and variants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amiga_models_and_variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga models and variants">Amiga models and variants</a></div> The original Amiga models were produced from 1985 to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-12-67">[64]</a> They are, in order of production: <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">1000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 1500">1500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">2500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">3000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000UX" title="Amiga 3000UX">3000UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000T" title="Amiga 3000T">3000T</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDTV" title="CDTV">CDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500+">500+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">4000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">1200</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">CD32</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000T" title="Amiga 4000T">4000T</a>. The PowerPC-based <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> computers were later marketed beginning in 2002. Several companies and private persons have also released Amiga <a href="/wiki/Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clones</a> and still do so today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodore_Amiga">Commodore Amiga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commodore Amiga">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiga_1000DP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amiga_1000DP.jpg/250px-Amiga_1000DP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amiga_1000DP.jpg/330px-Amiga_1000DP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Amiga_1000DP.jpg/500px-Amiga_1000DP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a> (1985) was the first model released.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-13-68">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> The first Amiga model, the Amiga 1000, was launched in 1985. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a> rated the Amiga 1000 as the seventh greatest PC of all time, stating "Years ahead of its time, the Amiga was the world's first multimedia, multitasking personal computer".<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-14-69">[66]</a> Commodore updated the desktop line of Amiga computers with the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">Amiga 2000</a> in 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">Amiga 3000</a> in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">Amiga 4000</a> in 1992, each offering improved capabilities and expansion options. The best-selling models were the budget models, however, particularly the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a> (1987) and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">Amiga 1200</a> (1992). The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500+">Amiga 500+</a> (1991) was the shortest-lived model, replacing the Amiga 500 and lasting only six months until it was phased out and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">Amiga 600</a> (1992). The A600 was only intended as a temporary gap filler until the A1200 was available for sale. The A600 was actually designed as a portable system, hence the lack of numeric Keypad, and it was originally to be named Amiga 300. Some early A600 models have retained the original A300 logo printed on the mainboard. The Amiga 600 was quickly replaced by the Amiga 1200.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-15-70">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CDTV" title="CDTV">CDTV</a>, launched in 1991, was a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>-based game console, Computer and multimedia appliance based on the Amiga A500 with the same v1.3 Kickstart ROM, several years before CD-ROM drives were common. The cost of CDTV media production and the CD-ROM drives at the time discouraged potential buyers and the system never achieved any real success. The CDTV was however one of the first ever CD-ROM-based machines that were mass produced. A CDTV legacy is the external A570 CD-ROM drive expansion for the A500 computer. Commodore's last Amiga offering before filing for bankruptcy was the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">Amiga CD32</a> (1993), a 32-bit CD-ROM games console produced until mid 1994. Although discontinued after Commodore's demise it met with moderate commercial success in Europe. The CD32 was a next-generation CDTV, and it was designed and released by Commodore before the Playstation. It was Commodore's last attempt to enter the ever growing video-game console market. Following purchase of Commodore's assets by Escom in 1995, the A1200 and A4000T continued to be sold in small quantities until 1996, though the ground lost since the initial launch and the prohibitive expense of these units meant that the Amiga line never regained any real popularity. Several Amiga models contained references to songs by the <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_B-52%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="The B-52's">The B-52's</a>. Early A500 units had the words "B52/ROCK LOBSTER"<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-16-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/PCB_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="PCB manufacturing">silk-screen printed</a> onto their <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>, a reference to the song "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Lobster" title="Rock Lobster">Rock Lobster</a>" The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">Amiga 600</a> referenced "JUNE BUG" (after the song "Junebug") and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">Amiga 1200</a> had "CHANNEL Z" (after "<a href="/wiki/Channel_Z_(song)" title="Channel Z (song)">Channel Z</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-17-72">[69]</a> and the CD-32 had "Spellbound." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS_4_systems">AmigaOS 4 systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: AmigaOS 4 systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></div> <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> is designed for PowerPC Amiga systems. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code, with some parts of version 3.9. Currently runs on both Amigas equipped with CyberstormPPC or BlizzardPPC accelerator boards, on the Teron series based <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> computers built by <a href="/wiki/Eyetech" title="Eyetech">Eyetech</a> under license by <a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc." title="Amiga, Inc.">Amiga, Inc.</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Pegasos" title="Pegasos">Pegasos II</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">bPlan GmbH</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/ACube_Systems_Srl" title="ACube Systems Srl">ACube Systems Srl</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">Sam460ex</a> / AmigaOne 500 systems and on the A-EON <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a>. AmigaOS 4.0 had been available only in developer pre-releases for numerous years until it was officially released in December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-18-73">[70]</a> Due to the nature of some provisions of the contract between Amiga Inc. and <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a> (the Belgian company that is developing the OS), the commercial AmigaOS 4 had been available only to licensed buyers of AmigaOne motherboards. AmigaOS 4.0 for Amigas equipped with PowerUP accelerator boards was released in November 2007.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-19-74">[71]</a> Version 4.1 was released in August 2008 for AmigaOne systems,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-20-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-21-76">[73]</a> and in May 2011 for Amigas equipped with PowerUP accelerator boards.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-22-77">[74]</a> The most recent release of AmigaOS for all supported platforms is 4.1 update 5.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-23-78">[75]</a> Starting with release 4.1 update 4 there is an Emulation drawer containing official AmigaOS 3.x ROMs (all classic Amiga models including CD32) and relative Workbench files. <a href="/wiki/Acube_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Acube Systems">Acube Systems</a> entered an agreement with Hyperion under which it has ported AmigaOS 4 to its <a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">Sam460ex</a> line of PowerPC-based motherboards.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-24-79">[76]</a> In 2009 a version for <a href="/wiki/Pegasos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasos II">Pegasos II</a> was released in co-operation with Acube Systems.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-25-80">[77]</a> In 2012, A-EON Technology Ltd manufactured and released the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a> to consumers through their partner, Amiga Kit who provided end-user support, assembly and worldwide distribution of the new system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amiga_hardware_clones">Amiga hardware clones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Amiga hardware clones">edit</a>]</div> Long-time Amiga developer MacroSystem entered the Amiga-clone market with their <a href="/wiki/DraCo" title="DraCo">DraCo</a> non-linear video editing system.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-26-81">[78]</a> It appears in two versions, initially a tower model and later a cube. DraCo expanded upon and combined a number of earlier expansion cards developed for Amiga (VLabMotion, Toccata, WarpEngine, RetinaIII) into a true Amiga-clone powered by the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060" title="Motorola 68060">Motorola 68060</a> processor. The DraCo can run AmigaOS 3.1 up through AmigaOS 3.9. It is the only Amiga-based system to support <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> for video <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a>. DraCo also offers an Amiga-compatible <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro-II</a> expansion bus and introduced a faster custom DraCoBus, capable of 30 MB/sec transfer rates (faster than Commodore's <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro-III</a>). The technology was later used in the Casablanca system, a set-top-box also designed for non-linear video editing. In 1998, Index Information released the Access, an Amiga-clone similar to the Amiga 1200, but on a motherboard that could fit into a standard <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄4-inch <a href="/wiki/Drive_bay" title="Drive bay">drive bay</a>. It features either a <a href="/wiki/68020" class="mw-redirect" title="68020">68020</a> or <a href="/wiki/68030" class="mw-redirect" title="68030">68030</a> CPU, with a <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">AGA</a> chipset, and runs AmigaOS 3.1. In 1998, former Amiga employees (John Smith, Peter Kittel, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Haynie" title="Dave Haynie">Dave Haynie</a> and Andy Finkel to mention few) formed a new company called PIOS. Their hardware platform, PIOS One, was aimed at Amiga, Atari and Macintosh users. The company was renamed to Met@box in 1999 until it folded.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-27-82">[79]</a> The NatAmi (short for Native Amiga) hardware project began in 2005 with the aim of designing and building an Amiga clone motherboard that is enhanced with modern features.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-28-83">[80]</a> The NatAmi motherboard is a standard <a href="/wiki/Mini-ITX" title="Mini-ITX">Mini-ITX</a>-compatible form factor computer motherboard, powered by a Motorola/Freescale <a href="/wiki/68060" class="mw-redirect" title="68060">68060</a> and its chipset. It is compatible with the original Amiga chipset, which has been inscribed on a programmable FPGA <a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a> chip on the board. The NatAmi is the second Amiga clone project after the <a href="/wiki/Minimig" title="Minimig">Minimig</a> motherboard, and its history is very similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/C-One" title="C-One">C-One</a> mainboard developed by <a href="/wiki/Jeri_Ellsworth" title="Jeri Ellsworth">Jeri Ellsworth</a> and Jens Schönfeld. From a commercial point of view, Natami's circuitry and design are currently <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One goal of the NatAmi project is to design an Amiga-compatible motherboard that includes up-to-date features but that does not rely on emulation (as in <a href="/wiki/WinUAE" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUAE">WinUAE</a>), modern PC <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> components, or a modern <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> mainboard. As such, NatAmi is not intended to become another evolutionary heir to classic Amigas, such as with <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pegasos" title="Pegasos">Pegasos</a> computers. This "purist" philosophy essentially limits the resulting processor speed but puts the focus on bandwidth and low latencies. The developers also recreated the entire Amiga chipset, freeing it from legacy Amiga limitations such as two <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> of audio and video graphics RAM as in the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">AGA chipset</a>, and rebuilt this new chipset by programming a modern <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGA</a> <a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a> Cyclone IV chip. Later, the developers decided to create from scratch a new software-form processor chip, codenamed "N68050" that resides in the physical Altera FPGA programmable chip.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-29-84">[81]</a> In 2006, two new Amiga clones were announced, both using <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGA</a> based hardware synthesis to replace the Amiga <a href="/wiki/Original_Chip_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Chip Set">OCS</a> custom chipset. The first, the <a href="/wiki/Minimig" title="Minimig">Minimig</a>, is a personal project of Dutch engineer Dennis van Weeren. Referred to as "new Amiga hardware",<a href="#cite_note-minimig-85">[82]</a> the original model was built on a <a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> Spartan-3 development board, but soon a dedicated board was developed. The minimig uses the FPGA to reproduce the custom Denise, Agnus, Paula and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_custom_chips#Gary" title="Amiga custom chips">Gary</a> chips as well as both 8520 <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_CIA" title="MOS Technology CIA">CIAs</a> and implements a simple version of <a href="/wiki/Amiga_custom_chips#Amber" title="Amiga custom chips">Amber</a>. The rest of the chips are an actual 68000 CPU, ram chips, and a PIC microcontroller for <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> control.<a href="#cite_note-minimig-85">[82]</a> The design for Minimig was released as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> on July 25, 2007. In February 2008, an Italian company <a href="/wiki/Acube_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Acube Systems">Acube Systems</a> began selling Minimig boards. A third party upgrade replaces the PIC microcontroller with a more powerful ARM processor, providing more functionality such as write access and support for hard disk images. The Minimig core has been ported to the FPGArcade "Replay" board. The Replay uses an FPGA with about three times more capacity and that does support the AGA chipset and a <a href="/wiki/68020" class="mw-redirect" title="68020">68020</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_core_(synthesis)" title="Soft core (synthesis)">soft core</a> with <a href="/wiki/68030" class="mw-redirect" title="68030">68030</a> capabilities. The Replay board is designed to implement many older computers and classic arcade machines. The second is the Clone-A system announced by <a href="/wiki/Individual_Computers" title="Individual Computers">Individual Computers</a>. As of mid-2007 it has been shown in its development form, with FPGA-based boards replacing the Amiga chipset and mounted on an Amiga 500 motherboard.<a href="#cite_note-individual-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operating systems">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: AmigaOS">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg/250px-AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg/330px-AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg/500px-AmigaOne_X1000_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>AmigaOne X1000 running AmigaOS 4.1</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></div> AmigaOS is a single-user multitasking <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. It was one of the first commercially available consumer operating systems for personal computers to implement <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">preemptive</a> multitasking. It was developed first by Commodore International and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Dvorak" title="John C. Dvorak">John C. Dvorak</a> wrote in PC Magazine in 1996: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[AmigaOS] remains one of the great operating systems of the past 20 years, incorporating a small kernel and tremendous <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> capabilities the likes of which have only recently been developed in <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. The biggest difference is that the AmigaOS could operate fully and multitask in as little as 250 K of address space.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-32-87">[84]</a></blockquote> AmigaOS combines a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>. <a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a> is the disk operating system and command line portion of the OS and <a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a> the native graphical windowing, graphical environment for file management and launching applications. AmigaDOS allows long <a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">filenames</a> (up to 107 characters) with <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> and does not require <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extensions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> and user interface engine that handles all input events is called <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amiga_intuition_ref-88">[85]</a> The multi-tasking kernel is called <a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>. It acts as a scheduler for tasks running on the system, providing pre-emptive multitasking with prioritised round-robin scheduling. It enabled true pre-emptive multitasking in as little as 256 KB of free memory.<a href="#cite_note-amiga_rkm_libs_exec-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-holloway_oo_amiga_exec-90">[87]</a> AmigaOS does not implement <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a>; the <a href="/wiki/68000" class="mw-redirect" title="68000">68000</a> CPU does not include a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google.groups.com_(Memory_Protection)-91">[88]</a> Although this speeds and eases <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> because programs can communicate by simply passing a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer</a> back and forth, the lack of memory protection made the AmigaOS more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crashes</a> from badly behaving <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> than other multitasking systems that did implement memory protection,<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> and Amiga OS is fundamentally incapable of enforcing any form of security model since any program had full access to the system. A co-operational memory protection feature was implemented in AmigaOS 4 and could be retrofitted to old AmigaOS systems using Enforcer or CyberGuard tools. The problem was somewhat exacerbated by Commodore's initial decision to release documentation relating not only to the OS's underlying software routines,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but also to the hardware itself, enabling intrepid programmers who had developed their skills on the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> to <a href="/wiki/PEEK_and_POKE" title="PEEK and POKE">POKE</a> the hardware directly, as was done on the older platform. While the decision to release the documentation was a popular one and allowed the creation of fast, sophisticated sound and graphics routines in games and demos, it also contributed to system instability[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]as some programmers lacked the expertise to program at this level. For this reason, when the new <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Graphics Architecture">AGA</a> chipset was released, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a> declined to release low-level documentation in an attempt to force developers into using the approved software routines.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The latest version for the PPC Amigas is the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4"> AmigaOS 4.1</a> and for the 68k Amigas is the AmigaOS 3.2.2 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_on_other_operating_systems">Influence on other operating systems</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence on other operating systems">edit</a>]</div> AmigaOS directly or indirectly inspired the development of various operating systems. <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/AROS" class="mw-redirect" title="AROS">AROS</a> clearly inherit heavily from the structure of AmigaOS as explained directly in articles regarding these two operating systems. AmigaOS also influenced <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>, which featured a centralized system of <a href="/wiki/Amiga_support_and_maintenance_software#Datatypes" title="Amiga support and maintenance software">Datatypes</a>, similar to that present in AmigaOS. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a> was also inspired by AmigaOS as stated by Dragonfly developer Matthew Dillon who is a former Amiga developer.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-33-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-34-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/WindowLab" title="WindowLab">WindowLab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiwm" title="Amiwm">amiwm</a> are among several <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> seek to mimic the Workbench interface. IBM licensed the Amiga GUI from Commodore in exchange for the REXX language license. This allowed <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> to have the WPS (<a href="/wiki/Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a>) GUI shell for OS/2 2.0, a 32-bit operating system.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unix_and_Unix-like_systems">Unix and Unix-like systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unix and Unix-like systems">edit</a>]</div> Commodore-Amiga produced <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Unix" title="Amiga Unix">Amiga Unix</a>, informally known as Amix, based on AT&T <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">SVR4</a>. It supports the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">Amiga 2500</a> and Amiga 3000 and is included with the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000UX" title="Amiga 3000UX">Amiga 3000UX</a>. Among other unusual features of Amix is a hardware-accelerated windowing system that can scroll windows without copying data. Amix is not supported on the later Amiga systems based on <a href="/wiki/68040" class="mw-redirect" title="68040">68040</a> or <a href="/wiki/68060" class="mw-redirect" title="68060">68060</a> processors. Other, still maintained, operating systems are available for the classic Amiga platform, including Linux and <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>. Both require a CPU with <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/68020" class="mw-redirect" title="68020">68020</a> with <a href="/wiki/68851" class="mw-redirect" title="68851">68851</a> or full versions of the <a href="/wiki/68030" class="mw-redirect" title="68030">68030</a>, <a href="/wiki/68040" class="mw-redirect" title="68040">68040</a> or <a href="/wiki/68060" class="mw-redirect" title="68060">68060</a>. There is also a version of Linux for Amigas with PowerPC accelerator cards. <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux" title="Yellow Dog Linux">Yellow Dog Linux</a> can run on the AmigaOne. There is an official, older version of <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>. The last Amiga release is 3.2. <a href="/wiki/MINIX" class="mw-redirect" title="MINIX">MINIX</a> 1.5.10 also runs on Amiga.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-35-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emulating_other_systems">Emulating other systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Emulating other systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emulation_on_the_Amiga" title="Emulation on the Amiga">Emulation on the Amiga</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Sidecar" title="Amiga Sidecar">Amiga Sidecar</a> is a complete <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_XT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC XT">IBM PC XT</a> compatible computer contained in an expansion card. It was released by Commodore in 1986 and promoted as a way to run business software on the Amiga 1000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amiga_software">Amiga software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Amiga software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amiga_software" title="Amiga software">Amiga software</a></div> In the late 1980s and early 1990s the platform became particularly popular for gaming, <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> activities and creative software uses. During this time commercial developers marketed a wide range of games and creative software, often developing titles simultaneously for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> due to the similar hardware architecture. Popular creative software included <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3D computer graphics software">3D rendering</a> (ray-tracing) packages, <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">bitmap graphics editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desktop_video" title="Desktop video">desktop video</a> software, software development packages and "<a href="/wiki/Music_tracker" title="Music tracker">tracker</a>" music editors. Until the late 1990s the Amiga remained a popular platform for non-commercial software, often developed by enthusiasts, and much of which was freely redistributable. An on-line archive, <a href="/wiki/Aminet" title="Aminet">Aminet</a>, was created in 1991 and until the late-1990s was the largest public archive of software, art and documents for any platform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaher2012267-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg/250px-Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg/330px-Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg/500px-Commodore_Amiga_US_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Logo used in the US on some product packaging for the Amiga 500[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recent_Amiga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Recent_Amiga.svg/220px-Recent_Amiga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Recent_Amiga.svg/330px-Recent_Amiga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Recent_Amiga.svg/440px-Recent_Amiga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption>Amiga Technologies logo incorporating the "Boing Ball" (1996)</figcaption></figure> The name Amiga was chosen by the developers from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word for a female friend, because they knew Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-36-99">[96]</a> and because it occurred before <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> alphabetically. It also conveyed the message that the Amiga computer line was "user friendly" as a pun or play on words.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-37-100">[97]</a> The first official Amiga logo was a rainbow-colored double <a href="/wiki/Check_mark" title="Check mark">check mark</a>. In later marketing material Commodore largely dropped the checkmark and used logos styled with various typefaces. Although it was never adopted as a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> by Commodore, the "Boing Ball" has been synonymous with Amiga since its launch. It became an unofficial and enduring theme after a visually impressive animated demonstration at the 1984 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1984 showing a checkered ball bouncing and rotating. Following Escom's purchase of Commodore in 1996, the Boing Ball theme was incorporated into a new logo.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-38-101">[98]</a> Early Commodore advertisements attempted to cast the computer as an all-purpose business machine,<a href="#cite_note-ad1987a-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1987b-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1987c-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1987d-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1987e-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad1989-106">[103]</a> though the Amiga was most commercially successful as a home computer. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s Commodore primarily placed advertising in computer magazines and occasionally in national newspapers and on television. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Since the demise of Commodore, various groups have marketed successors to the original Amiga line: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a> sold PowerPC based hardware under the <a href="/wiki/Pegasos" title="Pegasos">Pegasos</a> brand running AmigaOS and <a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyetech" title="Eyetech">Eyetech</a> sold PowerPC based hardware under the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> brand from 2002 to 2005 running AmigaOS 4;</li> <li>Amiga Kit distributes and sells PowerPC based hardware under the <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a> brand from 2010 to present day running <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACube_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="ACube Systems">ACube Systems</a> sells the AmigaOS 3 compatible <a href="/wiki/Minimig" title="Minimig">Minimig</a> system with a <a href="/wiki/Freescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale">Freescale</a> MC68SEC000 CPU (Motorola 68000 compatible) and AmigaOS 4 compatible <a href="/wiki/Sam440" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam440">Sam440</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sam460" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam460">Sam460</a> / AmigaOne 500 systems with PowerPC processors;</li> <li>A-EON Technology Ltd sells the AmigaOS 4 compatible <a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a> system with P.A. Semi <a href="/wiki/PWRficient" title="PWRficient">PWRficient</a> PA6T-1682M processor, X5000 and A1222+ computers.</li> <li>AmigaKit Ltd produce the A600GS and A1200NG computers systems. They also manufacture and sell a wide range of aftermarket components to refurbished classic systems.</li> <li>ASB Computer Spain sell numerous items from aftermarket components to refurbished classic systems.</li></ul> AmigaOS and MorphOS are commercial proprietary operating systems. AmigaOS 4, based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code with some parts of version 3.9, is developed by <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a> and runs on PowerPC based hardware. MorphOS, based on some parts of AROS source code, is developed by MorphOS Team and is continued on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and other PowerPC based hardware. There is also <a href="/wiki/AROS" class="mw-redirect" title="AROS">AROS</a>, a free and open source operating system (re-implementation of the AmigaOS 3.1 APIs), for Amiga 68k, x86 and ARM hardware (one version runs Linux-hosted on the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>). In particular, AROS for Amiga 68k hardware aims to create an open source Kickstart ROM replacement for emulation purpose and/or for use on real "classic" hardware.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-39-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines">Magazines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Magazines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Format" title="Amiga Format">Amiga Format</a> continued publication until 2000. Amiga Active was launched in 1999 and was published until 2001. Several magazines are in publication today: Print magazine <a href="/wiki/Amiga_Addict" title="Amiga Addict">Amiga Addict</a> started publication in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a>Amiga Future,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-40-109">[106]</a> which is available in both English and German; Bitplane.it,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-41-110">[107]</a> a bimonthly magazine in Italian; and AmigaPower,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-42-111">[108]</a> a long-running French magazine.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_shows">Trade shows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade shows">edit</a>]</div> The Amiga continues to be popular enough that fans to support conferences such as Amiga37 which had over 50 vendors.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> The Amiga series of computers found a place in early computer graphic design and television presentation. Season 1 and part of season 2 of the television series <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> were rendered in LightWave 3D on Amigas.<a href="#cite_note-lurk-effects-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lurk-thornton-115">[112]</a> Other television series using Amigas for special effects included <a href="/wiki/SeaQuest_DSV" title="SeaQuest DSV">SeaQuest DSV</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-46-116">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Headroom_(TV_series)" title="Max Headroom (TV series)">Max Headroom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-47-117">[114]</a> In addition, many celebrities and notable individuals have made use of the Amiga:<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-48-118">[115]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> was an early user of the Amiga and appeared at the launch,<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-49-119">[116]</a> where he made a computer artwork of <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-50-120">[117]</a> Warhol used the Amiga to create a new style of art made with computers, and was the author of a multimedia opera called <a href="/wiki/You_Are_the_One_(Andy_Warhol)" title="You Are the One (Andy Warhol)">You Are the One</a>, which consists of an animated sequence featuring images of actress <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> assembled in a short movie with a soundtrack. The video was discovered on two old Amiga floppies in a drawer in Warhol's studio and repaired in 2006 by the Detroit <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Art" title="Museum of New Art">Museum of New Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-51-121">[118]</a> The pop artist has been quoted as saying: "The thing I like most about doing this kind of work on the Amiga is that it looks like my work in other media".<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-52-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-53-123">[120]</a></li> <li>Artist <a href="/wiki/Jean_%22Moebius%22_Giraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean "Moebius" Giraud">Jean "Moebius" Giraud</a> credits the Amiga he bought for his son as a bridge to learning about "using paint box programs".<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-58-124">[121]</a> He uploaded some of his early experiments to the file sharing forums on <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>.</li> <li>Futurist and science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> used an Amiga computer to calculate and explore <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot sets</a> in the 1988 documentary film <a href="/wiki/God,_the_Universe_and_Everything_Else" title="God, the Universe and Everything Else">God, the Universe and Everything Else</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a> film <a href="/wiki/UHF_(film)" title="UHF (film)">UHF</a> contains a computer-animated music video parody of the <a href="/wiki/Dire_Straits" title="Dire Straits">Dire Straits</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money for Nothing (song)">Money for Nothing</a>", titled "<a href="/wiki/Money_for_Nothing/Beverly_Hillbillies*" title="Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*">Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*</a>". According to the DVD commentary track, this spoof was created on an Amiga home computer.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-60-126">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> used an Amiga to digitize his hand-drawn art work for animation on his television series Rolf's Cartoon Club.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a> appeared together with Andy Warhol (see above) at launch.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Rundgren" title="Todd Rundgren">Todd Rundgren</a>'s video "Change Myself" was produced with Toaster and Lightwave.</li> <li>Scottish pop artist <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a> composed his 2007 debut album <a href="/wiki/I_Created_Disco" title="I Created Disco">I Created Disco</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">Amiga 1200</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-61-128">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Hirasawa" title="Susumu Hirasawa">Susumu Hirasawa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive</a>-<a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a>, is known for using Amigas to compose and perform music, aid his live shows and make his promotional videos. He has also been inspired by the Amiga, and has referenced it in his lyrics. His December 13, 1994 "Adios Jay" Interactive Live Show was dedicated to (then recently deceased) Jay Miner. He also used the Amiga to create the virtual drummer TAINACO, who was a CG rendered figure whose performance was made with Elan Performer and was projected with DCTV. He also composed and performed "Eastern-boot", the AmigaOS 4 boot jingle.</li> <li>Electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Max_Tundra" title="Max Tundra">Max Tundra</a> created his three albums with an Amiga 500.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-62-129">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casale" title="Bob Casale">Bob Casale</a>, keyboardist and guitarist of the <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> band <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a>, used Amiga computer graphics on the album cover to Devo's album <a href="/wiki/Total_Devo" title="Total Devo">Total Devo</a>.</li> <li>Most of <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Gold_and_Silver" title="Pokémon Gold and Silver">Pokémon Gold and Silver</a>'s music was created on an Amiga computer, converted to MIDI, and then reconverted to the game's music format.<a href="#cite_note-Masuda's_blog_post_about_HeartGold/SoulSilver_music-130">[127]</a></li> <li>American professional skateboarder <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk" title="Tony Hawk">Tony Hawk</a> used an Amiga 2000 during the late 1980s to early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-a2000-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/NewTek" title="NewTek">NewTek</a> sent him a <a href="/wiki/Video_Toaster" title="Video Toaster">Video Toaster</a> for his Amiga in exchange for appearing in a promotional video alongside <a href="/wiki/Wil_Wheaton" title="Wil Wheaton">Wil Wheaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn Jillette</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baker-132">[129]</a> which he later used for editing a promotional video for the <a href="/wiki/TurboDuo" title="TurboDuo">TurboDuo</a> game <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Thunder" title="Lords of Thunder">Lords of Thunder</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></li> <li>Veteran actor <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a> also owned an Amiga equipped with a Video Toaster, where he is credited with the creation of 3D-rendered effects used on Diagnosis: Murder and The Dick Van Dyke Show Revisited.<a href="#cite_note-dick-135">[132]</a> Van Dyke has displayed his <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> work at <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a>, and continues to work with <a href="/wiki/LightWave_3D" title="LightWave 3D">LightWave 3D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hafner20000622-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li>A number of notable producers used <a href="/wiki/OctaMED#Notable_users" title="OctaMED">OctaMED</a> for composition and live performance of <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum and Bass">Drum and Bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">Jungle</a>, and various other sub-genres of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> on Amiga systems, occasionally in conjunction with additional synthesizers. These include: <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_(musician)" title="Aphrodite (musician)">Aphrodite</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Zinc" title="DJ Zinc">DJ Zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omni_Trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Omni Trio">Omni Trio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paradox_(musician)" title="Paradox (musician)">Paradox</a>, among others.</li> <li>Electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Deaton_Chris_Anthony" title="Deaton Chris Anthony">Deaton Chris Anthony</a> uses an Amiga to produce music (in addition to a modern <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a>-based setup). Anthony has referred to the computer as his "inspiration creator".<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_purpose_applications">Special purpose applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Special purpose applications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Amigas were used in various <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> laboratories to keep track of low orbiting satellites until 2004. Amigas were used at Kennedy Space Center to run strip-chart recorders, to format and display data, and control stations of platforms for <a href="/wiki/Delta_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta rocket">Delta rocket</a> launches.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-64-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-65-141">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> used Amigas to calibrate and control the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> in their telescopes, as well as to display and store the digitized images they collected.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a> developed their own interactive multi-media software for the CD32 including a virtual tour of the museum.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-66-143">[140]</a></li> <li>Amiga 500 motherboards were used, in conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> player and <a href="/wiki/Genlock" title="Genlock">genlock</a> device, in arcade games manufactured by <a href="/wiki/American_Laser_Games" title="American Laser Games">American Laser Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-67-144">[141]</a></li> <li>A custom <a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000T" title="Amiga 4000T">Amiga 4000T</a> motherboard was used in the HDI 1000 medical ultrasound system built by Advanced Technology Labs.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-68-145">[142]</a></li> <li>As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Grand Rapids Public School district uses a Commodore Amiga 2000 with 1200 baud modem to automate its air conditioning and heating systems for the 19 schools covered by the GRPS district. The system has been operating day and night for decades.<a href="#cite_note-AutoP5-69-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Network" title="The Weather Network">The Weather Network</a> used Amigas to display the weather on TV.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boingball.png/28px-Boingball.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boingball.png/42px-Boingball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boingball.png/56px-Boingball.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="96" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Amiga" title="Portal:Amiga">Amiga portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Forever" title="Amiga Forever">Amiga Forever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amiga_games" title="List of Amiga games">List of Amiga games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_emulation" title="Amiga emulation">Amiga emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE_Computer_Technology#SAGE_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Computer Technology">SAGE Computer Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Under Commodore and Escom </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The name "Amiga" was chosen because it is the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word for (female) friend, and alphabetically it appears before Apple in lists of computer makers. It originated as a project code-named "Lorraine", therefore the female was used instead of the male and general version Amigo. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gravis_UltraSound" title="Gravis UltraSound">Gravis UltraSound</a> expansion card got released in 1992 and became the first on the PC platform to feature multiple sample sound channels (up to 32) mixed in hardware from its own RAM. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXCWYKSjHnI">"Nobody Knows How Many Amigas Commodore Sold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Nobody+Knows+How+Many+Amigas+Commodore+Sold&rft.date=2024-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAXCWYKSjHnI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZS_gXpshd4C&pg=PT171">Classic Videogame Hardware Genius Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Publishing" title="Imagine Publishing">Imagine Publishing</a>. 2012. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908222220" title="Special:BookSources/9781908222220"><bdi>9781908222220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Videogame+Hardware+Genius+Guide&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Imagine+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781908222220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZS_gXpshd4C%26pg%3DPT171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1987b-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ad1987b_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad1987b_4-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwo5pIbtrS8">Amiga 1000 Computer Commercial</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1p3-5"><a href="#cite_ref-p1p3_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2007" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (3 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/07/a-history-of-the-amiga-part-1/3/">"A history of the Amiga, part 1: Genesis"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704114247/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/07/a-history-of-the-amiga-part-1/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Amiga%2C+part+1%3A+Genesis&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2007%2F07%2Fa-history-of-the-amiga-part-1%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1p4-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1p4_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1p4_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1p4_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReimer2007" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy (3 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/07/a-history-of-the-amiga-part-1/4/">"A history of the Amiga, part 1: Genesis"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704114244/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/07/a-history-of-the-amiga-part-1/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Amiga%2C+part+1%3A+Genesis&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2007%2F07%2Fa-history-of-the-amiga-part-1%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Knight" class="citation web cs1">Gareth Knight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220171913/http://www.amigau.com/aig/prototypes/lorraine.html">"Amiga Lorraine"</a>. Amiga History Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigau.com/aig/prototypes/lorraine.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amiga+History+Guide&rft.atitle=Amiga+Lorraine&rft.au=Gareth+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigau.com%2Faig%2Fprototypes%2Florraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> New York Times, 29 August 1984, p. D1 </li> <li id="cite_note-NGen39-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGen39_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGen39_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGen39_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGen39_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Cribsheet". <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a>. No. 39. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagine Media">Imagine Media</a>. March 1998. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+Generation&rft.atitle=Cribsheet&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1998-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Wallich, Paul: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/amiga-the-computer-that-wouldnt-die">Amiga: The Computer That Wouldn't Die</a>, spectrum.ieee.org 1 March 2001. Accessed on 3 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-2_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigaforever.com/games/">"Amiga Games"</a>. Amiga Forever. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=905">the original</a> on 2013-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore%3A+A2065&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> 090428 amiga-hardware.com </li> <li id="cite_note-amigacx_a3000eth-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amigacx_a3000eth_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amigacx_a3000eth_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amigacx_a3000eth_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amigacx_a3000eth_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amiga.resource.cx/exp/search.pl?amiga=3000&cat=eth">"Expansion cards"</a>. Amiga Hardware Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805005534/http://amiga.resource.cx/exp/search.pl?amiga=3000&cat=eth">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-05. 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Retrieved January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diskdrives+used+by+Commodore&rft.pub=amiga-stuff.com&rft.date=2003-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-stuff.com%2Fhardware%2Fdiskdrives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-11-58"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-11_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aminet.net/package/driver/net/cnetdevice">"PCMCIA Network Card driver"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209014015/http://aminet.net/package/driver/net/cnetdevice">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2010-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PCMCIA+Network+Card+driver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faminet.net%2Fpackage%2Fdriver%2Fnet%2Fcnetdevice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bboah_a2232-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bboah_a2232_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bboah_a2232_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bboah.com/index.php?action=artikel&cat=58&id=2464&artlang=en">"Big Book of Amiga Hardware - Commodore: A2232"</a>. bboah.com. 2009-01-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104033651/http://www.bboah.com/index.php?action=artikel&cat=58&id=2464&artlang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Amiga+Hardware+-+Commodore%3A+A2232&rft.pub=bboah.com&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bboah.com%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dartikel%26cat%3D58%26id%3D2464%26artlang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bboah_a2232img-60"><a href="#cite_ref-bboah_a2232img_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104034054/http://www.bboah.com/download_photos/a2232_big.jpg">"a2232_big.jpg"</a>. bboah.com. 2008-08-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bboah.com/download_photos/a2232_big.jpg">the original</a> on 2013-11-04. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=903">the original</a> on 2013-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore%3A+A560&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> 090428 amiga-hardware.com </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_904-62"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_904_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120150719/http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=904">"Commodore: A2060"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=904">the original</a> on 2013-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore%3A+A2060&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> 090428 amiga-hardware.com </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_899-63"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_899_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120150701/http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=899">"Amitrix: Amiga-Link"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=899">the original</a> on 2013-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amitrix%3A+Amiga-Link&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> 090428 amiga-hardware.com </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1590-64"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1590_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120150733/http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1590">"Village Tronic: Liana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1590">the original</a> on 2013-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Village+Tronic%3A+Liana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D1590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> 090428 amiga-hardware.com </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1436-65"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga-hardware_com-showhardware_cgi_HARDID_1436_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120150705/http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=1436">"Nine Tiles: AmigaLink (9 Tiles)"</a>. 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Amigahistory.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211150751/http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/a500plus.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore+Amiga+500&rft.pub=Amigahistory.co.uk&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.au=Gareth+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Fa500plus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-16-71"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-16_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218151546/http://www.rollerfink.de/wp-content/rollerfink.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/img_1518.JPG">"RollerFink.de"</a>. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RollerFink.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollerfink.de%2Fwp-content%2Frollerfink.blogs.com%2Fphotos%2Funcategorized%2Fimg_1518.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-17-72"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-17_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1997–2006" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Gareth (1997–2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/b52board.html">"References to B52 songs on Amiga Motherboards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319054839/http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/b52board.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=References+to+B52+songs+on+Amiga+Motherboards&rft.date=1997%2F2006&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Fb52board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-18-73"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-18_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68">"AmigaOS 4.0 The Final Update available"</a>. Hyperion-entertainment.biz. 2006-12-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515081108/http://hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.0+The+Final+Update+available&rft.pub=Hyperion-entertainment.biz&rft.date=2006-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperion-entertainment.biz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-19-74"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-19_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63">"AmigaOS 4.0 for Classic Amiga gone Gold"</a>. 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Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.0+for+Classic+Amiga+gone+Gold&rft.pub=Hyperion-entertainment.biz&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperion-entertainment.biz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-20-75"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-20_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59">"AmigaOS 4.1 gone Gold"</a>. Hyperion-entertainment.biz. 2008-08-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515065301/http://hyperion-entertainment.biz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.1+gone+Gold&rft.pub=Hyperion-entertainment.biz&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperion-entertainment.biz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-21-76"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-21_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2008" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Ars (2008-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/amigaos41-ars.ars/5">"It's alive!: Ars reviews AmigaOS 4.1"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018224209/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/amigaos41-ars.ars/5">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-18. 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Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.1+for+Classics+imminent&rft.pub=Hyperion-entertainment.biz&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperion-entertainment.biz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-23-78"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-23_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.hyperion-entertainment.biz/?p=683">"AmigaOS 4.1 Update 5 Released « Hyperion Entertainment Blog"</a>. Blog.hyperion-entertainment.biz. 2012-08-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818020550/http://blog.hyperion-entertainment.biz/?p=683">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.1+Update+5+Released+%C2%AB+Hyperion+Entertainment+Blog&rft.pub=Blog.hyperion-entertainment.biz&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.hyperion-entertainment.biz%2F%3Fp%3D683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-24-79"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-24_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222004603/http://www.acube-systems.biz/eng/news.php?id=35">"acube-systems.biz - OEM Version of AmigaOS 4.1 for Sam440ep imminent"</a>. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=acube-systems.biz+-+OEM+Version+of+AmigaOS+4.1+for+Sam440ep+imminent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acube-systems.biz%2Feng%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), 2008-09-17 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-25-80"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-25_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4740">"AmigaOS 4.1 for Pegasos II, Hyperion Entertainment, The Amiga Computer Community Portal Website"</a>. Amigaworld.net. 2009-01-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723013204/http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=4740">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmigaOS+4.1+for+Pegasos+II%2C+Hyperion+Entertainment%2C+The+Amiga+Computer+Community+Portal+Website&rft.pub=Amigaworld.net&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famigaworld.net%2Fmodules%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Fstoryid%3D4740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-26-81"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-26_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212063251/http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=43">"MacroSystem (US & Germany): DraCo"</a>. Amiga-hardware.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga-hardware.com/showhardware.cgi?HARDID=43">the original</a> on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MacroSystem+%28US+%26+Germany%29%3A+DraCo&rft.pub=Amiga-hardware.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amiga-hardware.com%2Fshowhardware.cgi%3FHARDID%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-27-82"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-27_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/pios/pios1.html">"PIOS One"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106044546/http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/pios/pios1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PIOS+One&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Fpios%2Fpios1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-28-83"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-28_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nr2.ru/technology/320289.html">"Выпущен прототип новой модели компьютеров Amiga (ФОТО)"</a> (in Russian). Российское информационное агентство «Новый Регион». Версия 2.0. February 13, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219133327/http://nr2.ru/technology/320289.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2011. 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Home.hetnet.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805053853/http://home.hetnet.nl/~weeren001/minimig.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HetNet.nl&rft.pub=Home.hetnet.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.hetnet.nl%2F~weeren001%2Fminimig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-individual-86"><a href="#cite_ref-individual_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304102622/http://siliconsonic.de/news/news118_e.htm">"INDIVIDUAL COMPUTERS [ jens schoenfeld ]"</a>. Siliconsonic.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siliconsonic.de/news/news118_e.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIVIDUAL+COMPUTERS+%26%2391%3B+jens+schoenfeld+%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Siliconsonic.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiliconsonic.de%2Fnews%2Fnews118_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-32-87"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-32_87-0">^</a> From PC Magazine, October 22, 1996 Inside Track By John C. Dvorak </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga_intuition_ref-88"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga_intuition_ref_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMicalDeyl1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/RJ_Mical" title="RJ Mical">Mical, Robert J.</a>; Deyl, Susan (1987). Amiga Intuition Reference Manual. Amiga Technical Reference Series. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-11076-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-11076-8"><bdi>0-201-11076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amiga+Intuition+Reference+Manual&rft.series=Amiga+Technical+Reference+Series&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-201-11076-8&rft.aulast=Mical&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Deyl%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amiga_rkm_libs_exec-89"><a href="#cite_ref-amiga_rkm_libs_exec_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSassenrath1986" class="citation book cs1">Sassenrath, Carl (1986). Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual. Exec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amiga+ROM+Kernel+Reference+Manual&rft.place=Exec&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sassenrath&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-holloway_oo_amiga_exec-90"><a href="#cite_ref-holloway_oo_amiga_exec_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1991" class="citation journal cs1">Holloway, Tim (January 1991). "The Object-Oriented Amiga Exec: The design of the Amiga operating-system kernel follows the rules of object-oriented programming". <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a> (January 1991). <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>: 329–332, 234. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5280">0360-5280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=The+Object-Oriented+Amiga+Exec%3A+The+design+of+the+Amiga+operating-system+kernel+follows+the+rules+of+object-oriented+programming&rft.issue=January+1991&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E332%2C+234&rft.date=1991-01&rft.issn=0360-5280&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.groups.com_(Memory_Protection)-91"><a href="#cite_ref-google.groups.com_(Memory_Protection)_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.amiga.advocacy/msg/7d0bf445a2c22d67">"Adding Memory Protection (MP) to the Amiga"</a>. groups.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527181853/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.amiga.advocacy/msg/7d0bf445a2c22d67">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=Adding+Memory+Protection+%28MP%29+to+the+Amiga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.sys.amiga.advocacy%2Fmsg%2F7d0bf445a2c22d67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr8ldHhh_wsC&pg=PA74">Tech Book 1 - Published articles Oct 2006 - June 2008 - Michael Reed - Google Boeken</a>. Michael Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956081315" title="Special:BookSources/9780956081315"><bdi>9780956081315</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tech+Book+1+-+Published+articles+Oct+2006+-+June+2008+-+Michael+Reed+-+Google+Boeken&rft.pub=Michael+Reed&rft.isbn=9780956081315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLr8ldHhh_wsC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-33-93"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-33_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Dillon2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Dillon (computer scientist)">Matthew Dillon</a> (2006-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516214424/http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2006-02/msg00087.html">"DragonFly kernel List (threaded) for 2006-02, Re: User-Space Device Drivers"</a>. Leaf.dragonflybsd.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2006-02/msg00087.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DragonFly+kernel+List+%28threaded%29+for+2006-02%2C+Re%3A+User-Space+Device+Drivers&rft.pub=Leaf.dragonflybsd.org&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft.au=Matthew+Dillon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleaf.dragonflybsd.org%2Fmailarchive%2Fkernel%2F2006-02%2Fmsg00087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-34-94"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-34_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Dillon2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Dillon (computer scientist)">Matthew Dillon</a> (2003-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824154143/http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2003-07/msg00049.html">"DragonFly kernel List (threaded) for 2003-07, Re: You could do worse than Mach ports"</a>. Leaf.dragonflybsd.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/kernel/2003-07/msg00049.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2008-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DragonFly+kernel+List+%28threaded%29+for+2003-07%2C+Re%3A+You+could+do+worse+than+Mach+ports&rft.pub=Leaf.dragonflybsd.org&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft.au=Matthew+Dillon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleaf.dragonflybsd.org%2Fmailarchive%2Fkernel%2F2003-07%2Fmsg00049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020022353/http://www.os2bbs.com/os2news/OS2Warp.html">"OS/2 News, OS/2 BBS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2bbs.com/os2news/OS2Warp.html">the original</a> on October 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS%2F2+News%2C+OS%2F2+BBS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2bbs.com%2Fos2news%2FOS2Warp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoug_McIlroy" class="citation web cs1">Doug McIlroy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/ch03s02.html#os_2">"OS/2 Eric S. Raymond Operating System Comparisons The Art of Unix Programming"</a>. Catb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520104032/http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/ch03s02.html#os_2">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2013-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS%2F2+Eric+S.+Raymond+Operating+System+Comparisons+The+Art+of+Unix+Programming&rft.pub=Catb.org&rft.au=Doug+McIlroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2Fesr%2Fwritings%2Ftaoup%2Fhtml%2Fch03s02.html%23os_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-35-97"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-35_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compwisdom.com/topics/Minix">"Minix"</a>. CompWisdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419111423/http://www.compwisdom.com/topics/Minix">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2012-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minix&rft.pub=CompWisdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compwisdom.com%2Ftopics%2FMinix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaher2012267-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaher2012267_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaher2012">Maher 2012</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-36-99"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-36_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Knight" class="citation web cs1">Gareth Knight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/ahistory.html">"The Twists and Turns of the Amiga Saga"</a>. Amiga History Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511145416/http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/ahistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amiga+History+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Twists+and+Turns+of+the+Amiga+Saga&rft.au=Gareth+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Fahistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-37-100"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-37_100-0">^</a> DeMaria and Wilson (2003) High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games p. 109 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-223172-6">0-07-223172-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-38-101"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-38_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Czerwinski2001" class="citation news cs1">Ryan Czerwinski (December 31, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/originsboing.html">"Dr. Ryan Czerwinski of Merlancia Industries explains the origin of the Amiga Boing ball and checkmark"</a>. 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Retrieved November 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amiga+Network+News&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ryan+Czerwinski+of+Merlancia+Industries+explains+the+origin+of+the+Amiga+Boing+ball+and+checkmark&rft.date=2001-12-31&rft.au=Ryan+Czerwinski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Foriginsboing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1987a-102"><a href="#cite_ref-ad1987a_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSBVN4syAKc">Only Amiga Makes it Possible - Full video - Comdex 1987</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1987c-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ad1987c_103-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drE6M2pZF98">Commodore Amiga Commercial (1987)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1987d-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ad1987d_104-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZNGyS1u30g">COMMERCIAL : "Commodore Amiga" computer [1987]</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1987e-105"><a href="#cite_ref-ad1987e_105-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ludrX2s1ZuM">Commodore advert 1987 - TV spot version of 20-minute presentation</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ad1989-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ad1989_106-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06di_a588b0">Commercial Amiga 500 1989 long version</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-39-107"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-39_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107123654/http://aros68k.org/">"AROS68k"</a>. 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Game Freak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131123075400/http://www.gamefreak.co.jp/blog/dir_english/?p=185">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIDDEN+POWER+of+masuda&rft.pub=Game+Freak&rft.aulast=Masuda&rft.aufirst=Junichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamefreak.co.jp%2Fblog%2Fdir_english%2F%3Fp%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a2000-131"><a href="#cite_ref-a2000_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generationamiga.com/2018/04/01/tony-hawk-was-a-big-fan-of-commodore-amiga-computers/">"Tony Hawk big fan of Commodore Amiga computers"</a>. GenerationAmiga.com. 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Retrieved 2023-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=%27Tony+Hawk%3A+Until+the+Wheels+Fall+Off%27+Captures+the+Gravity+of+Chasing+Air&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2Ftv%2F2022%2F4%2F6%2F23012509%2Ftony-hawk-until-the-wheels-fall-off-hbo-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_47#page/n28/mode/1up">"Salvation For Those Who Praise The Lord. — Lords of Thunder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly" title="Electronic Gaming Monthly">Electronic Gaming Monthly</a>. No. 47. Sendai Publishing. June 1993. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Gaming+Monthly&rft.atitle=Salvation+For+Those+Who+Praise+The+Lord.+%E2%80%94+Lords+of+Thunder&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FElectronic_Gaming_Monthly_47%23page%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFtonyhawk2017" class="citation web cs1">@tonyhawk (2017-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/tonyhawk/status/842531647958339584">"holy crap, yes I did"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210312143130/https://twitter.com/tonyhawk/status/842531647958339584">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2021-09-29 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=holy+crap%2C+yes+I+did&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.au=tonyhawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Ftonyhawk%2Fstatus%2F842531647958339584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dick-135"><a href="#cite_ref-dick_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metv.com/stories/dick-van-dyke-made-computer-effects-for-diagnosis-murder">"Amateur CGI artist Dick Van Dyke once made computer effects for Diagnosis Murder"</a>. Me-TV Network. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Me-TV+Network&rft.atitle=Amateur+CGI+artist+Dick+Van+Dyke+once+made+computer+effects+for+Diagnosis+Murder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metv.com%2Fstories%2Fdick-van-dyke-made-computer-effects-for-diagnosis-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hafner20000622-136"><a href="#cite_ref-hafner20000622_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafner2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hafner" title="Katie Hafner">Hafner, Katie</a> (June 22, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/06/circuits/articles/22amig.html">"The Return of a Desktop Cult Classic (No, Not the Mac)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512010954/http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/06/circuits/articles/22amig.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+a+Desktop+Cult+Classic+%28No%2C+Not+the+Mac%29&rft.date=2000-06-22&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ftech%2F00%2F06%2Fcircuits%2Farticles%2F22amig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Jim (August 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/08/11/443.aspx">"Do You Think That TV Legends Can't Master Computer Animation? Well Then ... You Clearly Don't Know Dick"</a>. Jim Hill Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012101910/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2004/08/11/443.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+You+Think+That+TV+Legends+Can%27t+Master+Computer+Animation%3F+Well+Then+...+You+Clearly+Don%27t+Know+Dick&rft.pub=Jim+Hill+Media&rft.date=2004-08-11&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjimhillmedia.com%2Fblogs%2Fjim_hill%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F11%2F443.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023200729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKLLWDKEQmY">"Animation: Dick Van Dyke Dancing to "Billie Jean""</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. August 31, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKLLWDKEQmY">the original</a> on October 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Animation%3A+Dick+Van+Dyke+Dancing+to+%22Billie+Jean%22&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDKLLWDKEQmY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2022" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Oliver (August 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musictech.com/features/studios/show-off-your-studio-deaton-chris-anthonys-la-based-creative-hub/">"Show Off Your Studio: Deaton Chris Anthony's LA-based creative hub"</a>. MusicTech. Retrieved February 12, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicTech&rft.atitle=Show+Off+Your+Studio%3A+Deaton+Chris+Anthony%E2%80%99s+LA-based+creative+hub&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusictech.com%2Ffeatures%2Fstudios%2Fshow-off-your-studio-deaton-chris-anthonys-la-based-creative-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-64-140"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-64_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obligement.free.fr/articles/amiganasa.php">"Reportage: l'Amiga à la NASA"</a>. obligement.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820000117/http://obligement.free.fr/articles/amiganasa.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-08-20. Retrieved 2006-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reportage%3A+l%27Amiga+%C3%A0+la+NASA&rft.pub=obligement.free.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobligement.free.fr%2Farticles%2Famiganasa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-65-141"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-65_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAPD9HA8Unw">Even NASA used Amiga's</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/info-magazine-13/Info_Issue_13_1987_Jan-Feb#page/n29/mode/2up">"Info magazine issue 13"</a>. January 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709030920/http://archive.org/stream/info-magazine-13/Info_Issue_13_1987_Jan-Feb#page/n29/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Info+magazine+issue+13&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Finfo-magazine-13%2FInfo_Issue_13_1987_Jan-Feb%23page%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-66-143"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-66_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Knight" class="citation web cs1">Gareth Knight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/press/indexcd32.html">"CD32: The Hyper-Museum Project"</a>. Amigahistory.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230308/http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/press/indexcd32.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CD32%3A+The+Hyper-Museum+Project&rft.pub=Amigahistory.co.uk&rft.au=Gareth+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigahistory.co.uk%2Fpress%2Findexcd32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-67-144"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-67_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragons-lair-project.com/tech/pages/alg.asp">"American Laser Games Tech Center"</a>. Dragon's Lair Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129203442/http://dragons-lair-project.com/tech/pages/alg.asp">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Laser+Games+Tech+Center&rft.pub=Dragon%27s+Lair+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dragons-lair-project.com%2Ftech%2Fpages%2Falg.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-68-145"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-68_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713195132/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=20070106157.PGNR.&OS=DN%2F20070106157&RS=DN%2F20070106157">"United States Patent Application 20070106157"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=20070106157.PGNR.&OS=DN/20070106157&RS=DN/20070106157">the original</a> on 2015-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Patent+Application+20070106157&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappft1.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPG01%26p%3D1%26u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D20070106157.PGNR.%26OS%3DDN%2F20070106157%26RS%3DDN%2F20070106157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoP5-69-146"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoP5-69_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEric_Limer2015" class="citation news cs1">Eric Limer (June 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a16010/30-year-old-computer-runs-school-heat/">"One Ancient Commodore Amiga Runs the Heat and AC for 19 Public Schools"</a>. Hearst Digital Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615002258/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a16010/30-year-old-computer-runs-school-heat/">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+Ancient+Commodore+Amiga+Runs+the+Heat+and+AC+for+19+Public+Schools&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.au=Eric+Limer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Ftechnology%2Finfrastructure%2Fa16010%2F30-year-old-computer-runs-school-heat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodtv.com/2015/06/11/1980s-computer-controls-grps-heat-and-ac/">"1980s computer controls GRPS heat and AC"</a>. 11 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023037/http://woodtv.com/2015/06/11/1980s-computer-controls-grps-heat-and-ac/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980s+computer+controls+GRPS+heat+and+AC&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoodtv.com%2F2015%2F06%2F11%2F1980s-computer-controls-grps-heat-and-ac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoguidiceBarton2014" class="citation book cs1">Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZnpAgAAQBAJ">Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85600-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-85600-3"><bdi>978-0-415-85600-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2022-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Game+Consoles%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+Apple%2C+Atari%2C+Commodore%2C+Nintendo%2C+and+the+Greatest+Gaming+Platforms+of+All+Time&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-85600-3&rft.aulast=Loguidice&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Barton%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZnpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaher2012" class="citation book cs1">Maher, Jimmy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-blqZH2gWwC">The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01720-6"><bdi>978-0-262-01720-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2022-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Was+Here%3A+The+Commodore+Amiga&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01720-6&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-blqZH2gWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiga&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commodore_Amiga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commodore Amiga">Commodore Amiga</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amigaos.net/">Official AmigaOS website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/series/history-of-the-amiga/">History of the Amiga</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amiga.com/">Amiga, Inc. Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amigafuture.de/app.php/asd/">Amiga Software Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amiga.resource.cx/">Amiga Hardware Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigbookofamigahardware.com/">Big Book of Amiga Hardware</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lemonamiga.com/">Lemon Amiga: Amiga Fanbase</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100317101133/http://www.gamedev.net/columns/interviews/tomfulp.asp">"On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamedev.net/columns/interviews/tomfulp.asp">the original</a> on March 17, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+The+Spectacular+Rise+and+Fall+of+Commodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamedev.net%2Fcolumns%2Finterviews%2Ftomfulp.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmiga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/run-magazine-21/Run_Issue_21_1985_Sep#page/n23/mode/2up">RUN Magazine Issue 21</a>, September 1985 article on the introduction of the Amiga</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amiga.org/">Amiga.org: community forums and support</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eab.abime.net/index.php">English Amiga Board: Amiga community forums and support</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hol.abime.net/">The Hall of Light: the database of Amiga games</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theamigamuseum.com/">The Amiga Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118204043/https://theamigamuseum.com/">Archived</a> 2022-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_companies105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_companies" title="Template:Amiga companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_companies" title="Template talk:Amiga companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_companies105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amiga</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc." title="Amiga, Inc.">Amiga, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original developer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Corporation" title="Amiga Corporation">Amiga Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainly hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACube_Systems_Srl" title="ACube Systems Srl">ACube Systems Srl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewTek" title="NewTek">NewTek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainly software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Entertainment" title="Hyperion Entertainment">Hyperion Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaComCo" title="MetaComCo">MetaComCo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other companies - Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga,_Inc._(South_Dakota)" title="Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota)">Amiga, Inc. (South Dakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escom_(computer_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Escom (computer company)">Escom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyetech" title="Eyetech">Eyetech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway,_Inc." title="Gateway, Inc.">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_Products" title="Great Valley Products">Great Valley Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase5" title="Phase5">Phase5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xetec" title="Xetec">Xetec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_hardware_(history)271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_hardware" title="Template:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_hardware" title="Template talk:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_hardware_(history)271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amiga</a> hardware (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Amiga" title="History of the Amiga">history</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amiga_models_and_variants" title="List of Amiga models and variants">Amiga models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_500_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 500 Plus">500 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_600" title="Amiga 600">600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1200" title="Amiga 1200">1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 1500">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2000" title="Amiga 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_2500" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga 2500">2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000" title="Amiga 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000T" title="Amiga 3000T">3000T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_3000UX" title="Amiga 3000UX">3000UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000" title="Amiga 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_4000T" title="Amiga 4000T">4000T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_CD32" title="Amiga CD32">CD32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_CDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore CDTV">CDTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AmigaOne models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOne" title="AmigaOne">AmigaOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">AmigaOne 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOne_X1000" title="AmigaOne X1000">AmigaOne X1000</a></li> <li>AmigaOne X5000</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial 68k models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimig" title="Minimig">Minimig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natami" class="mw-redirect" title="Natami">Natami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial PPC models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasos" title="Pegasos">Pegasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efika" title="Efika">Efika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam440ep" title="Sam440ep">Sam440ep-flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex" title="Sam460ex">Sam460ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam460ex_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam460ex Lite">Sam460ex Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Walker" title="Amiga Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_A5000" title="Power A5000">Power A5000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga chipsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_Chip_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Chip Set">Original Chip Set (OCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Ranger_Chipset" title="Amiga Ranger Chipset">Ranger Chipset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Enhanced_Chip_Set" title="Amiga Enhanced Chip Set">Enhanced Chipset (ECS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Graphics_Architecture" title="Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture">Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Advanced_Architecture_chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset">Amiga Advanced Architecture chipset (AAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_AA%2B_Chipset" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore AA+ Chipset">Commodore AA+ Chipset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hombre_chipset" title="Amiga Hombre chipset">Amiga Hombre chipset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga custom chips</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_Agnus" title="MOS Technology Agnus">Agnus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitter (OCS)">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper (OCS)">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice (computer chip)">Alice (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_(OCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise (OCS)">Denise (OCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa (computer chip)">Lisa (AGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_(computer_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paula (computer chip)">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_custom_chips" title="Amiga custom chips">other Amiga custom chips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Chip_RAM" title="Amiga Chip RAM">Chip RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-And-Modify" title="Hold-And-Modify">Hold-And-Modify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Halfbrite_mode" title="Amiga Halfbrite mode">Extra Half-Brite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Party Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_fixer" title="Flicker fixer">Flicker fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Replay" title="Action Replay">Action Replay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Sidecar" title="Amiga Sidecar">Amiga Sidecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Amiga Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Amiga Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_video_connector" title="Amiga video connector">Amiga video connector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_magazines135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_magazines" title="Template:Amiga magazines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_magazines" title="Template talk:Amiga magazines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_magazines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga magazines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_magazines135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amiga</a> magazines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Action" title="Amiga Action">Amiga Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Addict" title="Amiga Addict">Amiga Addict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Computing" title="Amiga Computing">Amiga Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Format" title="Amiga Format">Amiga Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Force" title="Amiga Force">Amiga Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Power" title="Amiga Power">Amiga Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Survivor" title="Amiga Survivor">Amiga Survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_User_International" title="Amiga User International">Amiga User International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_World" title="Amiga World">Amiga World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-lehti" title="C-lehti">C-lehti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Shopper_(UK_magazine)" title="Computer Shopper (UK magazine)">Computer Shopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_User#CU_Amiga" title="Commodore User">CU Amiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.info_(magazine)" title=".info (magazine)">.info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miggybyte" title="Miggybyte">Miggybyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_One_(magazine)" title="The One (magazine)">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST/Amiga_Format" title="ST/Amiga Format">ST/Amiga Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Amiga_magazines" title="Category:Amiga magazines">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amiga_people54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amiga_people" title="Template:Amiga people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amiga_people" title="Template talk:Amiga people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amiga people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amiga_people54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amiga</a> people</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original creators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Haynie" title="Dave Haynie">Dave Haynie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJ_Mical" title="RJ Mical">RJ Mical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Miner" title="Jay Miner">Jay Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Needle" title="Dave Needle">Dave Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Morse_(executive)" title="Dave Morse (executive)">Dave Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Tyschtschenko" title="Petro Tyschtschenko">Petro Tyschtschenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon" title="Matthew Dillon">Matthew Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Fish" title="Fred Fish">Fred Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Follin" title="Tim Follin">Tim Follin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hare" title="Jon Hare">Jon Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Huelsbeck" title="Chris Huelsbeck">Chris Huelsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Joseph" title="Richard Joseph">Richard Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lionet" title="François Lionet">François Lionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whittaker_(video_game_composer)" title="David Whittaker (video game composer)">David Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Williams_(game_designer)" title="Bill Williams (game designer)">Bill Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wright_(Welsh_musician)" title="Tim Wright (Welsh musician)">Tim Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bielby" title="Matt Bielby">Matt Bielby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieron_Gillen" title="Kieron Gillen">Kieron Gillen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AmigaOS182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AmigaOS" title="Template:AmigaOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AmigaOS" title="Template talk:AmigaOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AmigaOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AmigaOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AmigaOS182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amiga</a> technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AmigaBASIC">AmigaBASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaGuide" title="AmigaGuide">AmigaGuide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARexx" title="ARexx">ARexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitter_object" title="Blitter object">Blitter object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Amiga_MIDI_Driver" title="Commodore Amiga MIDI Driver">CAMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exec_(Amiga)" title="Exec (Amiga)">Exec</a>/<a href="/wiki/WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Meditation" title="Guru Meditation">Guru Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hunk" title="Amiga Hunk">Hunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(programming_language)" title="Installer (programming language)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_drive" title="RAM drive">RAM disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAD_(software)" title="XAD (software)">XAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amiga <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_(desktop_environment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient (desktop environment)">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_User_Interface" title="Magic User Interface">MUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Opus Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalos" title="Scalos">Scalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)" title="Workbench (AmigaOS)">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_(widget_toolkit)" title="Zune (widget toolkit)">Zune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossDOS" title="CrossDOS">CrossDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">SFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_version_history" title="AmigaOS version history">AmigaOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software packs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Forever" title="Amiga Forever">Amiga Forever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmiKit" title="AmiKit">AmiKit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Amiga_software" title="Amiga software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminet" title="Aminet">Aminet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Reflections" title="Amiga Reflections">Amiga Reflections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_demos" title="Amiga demos">Demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amiga_games" title="List of Amiga games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(programming_language)" title="Hollywood (programming language)">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Disk_File" title="Amiga Disk File">ADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHDLoad" title="WHDLoad">WHDLoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_(emulator)" title="UAE (emulator)">WinUAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAM_(Yet_Another_Mailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="YAM (Yet Another Mailer)">YAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmiZilla" title="AmiZilla">AmiZilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS">AtheOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllable_Desktop" title="Syllable Desktop">Syllable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:AmigaOS" title="Category:AmigaOS">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata873" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata873" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmcip.net/node/10282">ELMCIP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amiga&oldid=1282627625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amiga&oldid=1282627625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amiga" title="Category:Amiga">Amiga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:68k-based_computers" title="Category:68k-based computers">68k-based computers</a></li><li><a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-fbpk7","wgBackendResponseTime":241,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.411","walltime":"1.612","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15194,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":316381,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16889,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":518167,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1365.996 1 -total"," 49.80% 680.274 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.02% 396.419 100 Template:Cite_web"," 7.00% 95.686 12 Template:Fix"," 6.22% 84.929 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.51% 75.228 1 Template:Infobox_information_appliance"," 5.12% 69.991 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.11% 69.867 1 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