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It is the main ritual implement or [[Magical tools in Wicca|magical tool]] among several used in ceremonial magic traditions, and by other [[neopagan religions|neopagans]], [[witchcraft]], as well as satanic traditions. A black-handled knife called an ''arthame'' appears in certain versions of the ''[[Key of Solomon]]'', a [[grimoire]] dating to the [[Renaissance]].<ref name=Mathers-Liddell-Peterson-1999-2004-2005> {{cite book |author-last=Mathers |author-first=MacGregor |editor-last=Liddell |editor-first=S. |year=2005 |orig-year=1999, 2004 |trans-title=The Key of Solomon |title=Clavicula Salomonis |lang=la, en |others=Peterson, Joseph H. (revised by) |url=http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/ksol.htm |via=esotericarchives.com }} </ref> The ''athame'' stands as one of the four elemental tools in modern occultism, traditionally standing for fire, for witches, and air, for [[ceremonial magic]]ians. It is mentioned in the writings of [[Gerald Gardner]] in the 1950s, who claimed to have been initiated into a surviving tradition of [[Witchcraft]], the [[New Forest Coven]]. The athame was their most important ritual tool, with many uses, but was not to be used for actual physical cutting.<ref name=Gardner-1954> {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Gardner |title=Witchcraft Today |year=1954 |place=London, UK |publisher=Rider |page=150 }} </ref> The other three elemental tools are the wand, the pentacle (the element of earth), and the cup or chalice (the element of water). These four magical tools correspond to four significant "weapons" or talismans in Celtic myth: The sword, the spear, the shield, and the cauldron (and / or '[[grail]]'). These same four ritual tools also appear in the magical practices of the western hermetic tradition, derived from The Golden Dawn, who pioneered the modern occult tradition and new age spirituality; and they appear in [[tarot deck]]s as the four card suits: swords, cups, wands, and pentacles. The athame is an elemental tool, while the sword is often a tool representing power, used to keep spirits in check during goetic evocation. Wiccans sometimes use the sword as a substitute for the athame. == Appearance == An ''athame'' can take many forms. Contrary to popular belief, athames are not required to have double-edged blades or specially-coloured handles. Contemporary magical practitioners often choose a double-edged blade since this carries symbolic meaning. Some witches will choose a single edge athame and use the straight edge to ring the bell for rituals. The handle of the athame is usually black, and is required in most covens which practice some variant of British tradition Wicca, including Gardnerian and [[Alexandrian Wicca|Alexandrian]]. The handle may be inscribed with particular symbols dictated by the tradition.{{refn| name=Farrar-Farrar-1984| {{cite book |last1=Farrar |first1=Janet |author1-link=Janet Farrar |last2=Farrar |first2=Stewart |author2-link=Stewart Farrar |year=1984 |title=The Witches' Way |place=Custer, WA |publisher=Phoenix |ISBN=0-919345-92-1 |page=253 |postscript=; }} republished as part&nbsp;2 of ''A Witches' Bible'', 1996.<ref name=Farrar-Farrar-1996/> }} Janet and Stewart Farrar in ''A Witches' Bible'' suggest that the point of an athame be dulled so as to prevent un-intended physical harm during ritual use.{{refn| name=Farrar-Farrar-1996| {{cite book |last1=Farrar |first1=Janet |author1-link=Janet Farrar |last2=Farrar |first2=Stewart |author2-link=Stewart Farrar |year=1996 |title=A Witches' Bible: The complete witches' handbook |place=Custer, WA |publisher=Phoenix |ISBN=0-919345-92-1 |postscript=; }} composed of two parts: Part&nbsp;1, ''Eight Sabbats for Witches''; part&nbsp;2, ''The Witches' Way''. Part&nbsp;2 orig. publ. Farrar & Farrar (1984).<ref name=Farrar-Farrar-1984/> }} In [[Eclectic Wicca|eclectic]] forms of Witchcraft the handle decorations range from [[astrological]] [[glyphs]] to [[runes]], the symbols being chosen by the owner. Many fantasy-themed athames are also available from medieval and neopagan supply shops. Ceremonial witches, on the other hand, use the symbolic colours purple and yellow, representing the alchemical element of air, to colour the athame, and it is then inscribed with specific sigils. This is to invoke the powers it corresponds to, and make a proper impression upon the subconscious. ==Use== The athame's primary use is to channel and direct psychic energy, generally conceived as etheric fire. They are usually not supposed to harm or draw blood. Some modern day magical practitioners believe that if things such as [[herb]]s or cords need to be cut, another knife called a "[[boline]]" is used. The boline is often confused or mislabeled the "white-handled knife", a completely different magical blade. In fact, a boline was more similar to a sickle than a knife and thus would have made chopping herbs very difficult (the boline was, however, handy for harvesting herbs). In the "kitchen witchcraft" tradition, witches are encouraged to use magical tools for mundane purposes to increase the witch's familiarity with them. The ritual drawing of the boundary of the [[magic circle]] – also known as "casting the circle" – is usually done with either a ritual sword or an athame, in traditional coven practice. For open rituals in public places, this is sometimes done with a ritual wand or staff instead, since there may be legal complications involved with swords and daggers in public places, even when the edges have been dulled. In most traditional covens, the athame is associated with the magical element of fire, so the circle is considered to be cast in etheric fire. This fire is traditionally envisioned as blue, indigo or violet; although it may equally well be envisioned as other colors. When the circle is ritually purified after being cast, that is traditionally done with the remaining three elements—air (incense), water (salt-water), and earth (salt) – because the element of fire has already been imbued into the circle during the casting, by the use of the athame. After the casting, the athame is the tool traditionally used to invoke the elemental guardians of the [[cardinal directions|four directions]] (also termed "calling the quarters"), typically by drawing invoking [[pentagram]]s at each quarter. As a masculine principle, the black-handled athame is often used in combination with the [[chalice (cup)|chalice]], as feminine principle, evoking the act of procreation, as a symbol of universal creativity. The athame represents the magical element of fire, associated with the Sun and the [[Horned God]]; while the chalice represents the magical element of water, associated with the Moon and the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Goddess]]. The union of the two then represents the union of God and Goddess, male and female, sun and moon, fire and water. The marriage of the Sun and Moon—the union of opposites—is an ancient idea in alchemy; and the ''[[hieros gamos]]'' or sacred marriage of god and goddess is an even more ancient idea in pagan religions. (For example, in ancient Greece—from whence the term "hieros gamos" comes.) This rite is done by dipping the athame into the chalice to bless the wine. This is a symbol of the [[Great Rite]] in Wiccan rituals.<ref>Crowley, Vivianne. ''Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age'' (1989) London: The Aquarian Press. p.159. {{ISBN|0-85030-737-6}}</ref> Some modern witchcraft traditions may prefer not to use [[iron]] blades, instead preferring alternatives such as [[copper]], [[bronze]], or [[stone]] such as obsidian. This is most common amongst traditions that have a particular fondness of the [[Sidhe]], to whom iron is supposedly baneful. == Associations == Some Wiccan traditions associate the black-handled athame with the [[masculine]] principle and with the [[classical element|element]] of [[Fire (classical element)|fire]], as did [[Gerald Gardner|Gardner]]; while the wand is associated with [[air (classical element)|air]]. Other traditions may reverse these elemental associations, and use the athame to represent air and the wand to represent fire. [[Janet Farrar|Farrar]] & [[Stewart Farrar|Farrar]] (1984, 1996) suggested this difference is due to the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn|Golden Dawn]] releasing false information in the hopes of preventing its rituals being used in the correct way.<ref name=Farrar-Farrar-1984/>{{rp|style=ama|p= 252}}<ref name=Farrar-Farrar-1996/>{{rp|style=ama|at=II: p 252}} They add that a witch should always choose the association which seems the most correct to them. Fire and water are considered to be polar opposite elements, classically and in [[alchemy]] and traditional magical practice. They are sometimes considered to be the two primordial elements, the combination of which gave rise to the other two elements of earth and air. Fire and water are also the elements most associated with Sun and Moon, and thus the [[Horned God]] and the [[Earth Goddess|Goddess]] within Wicca. For this reason, covens that associate the athame with air (and the wand with fire) may decide to use the wand to bless the wine chalice, instead of using the athame. A union of air and water does not carry the same symbolic significance of the ''conjunctio oppositorum'' (union of opposites) that the union of fire and water does. Also, covens that regard the athame as air and the wand as fire, may choose to cast the ritual circle with the wand or staff, instead of the sword or athame – if they conceive of this casting in the traditional way, as a casting of etheric fire via a projection of psychic energy. If they conceive of the circle casting as cutting a line in the air with the tool of air, then they may choose to purify the circle with the remaining three elements of fire, water, and earth; this would involve using a candle to purify the circle, and omitting the incense, since the circle has already been imbued with the element of air. The athame is the most important ritual tool in Wicca, and like other ritual tools it is generally purified and consecrated to the gods before being used for ritual and magical purposes. There are various ways of accomplishing ritual purification and consecration, depending on the specific tradition of Wicca being followed, and also whether the individual Wiccan is practicing with a coven or as a solitary witch. One common way to do this is by using the four magical elements of fire (candle), air (incense), water, and salt; and perhaps anointing the blade with an oil infused with magical herbs. Touching another person's athame without permission is considered a ritual ''[[faux pas]]'' in almost all traditions of Wicca: It is an intrusion of the owner's personal space; and more importantly, it is an act that violates the magical bond between the athame and its owner. Some witches will go to great lengths to ritually purify, reconsecrate, and rededicate an athame after it has been touched by another person. == Acquisition == There are rituals of consecration for a newly acquired athame, be it new from its maker, or acquired after ritually used by some other person.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Evan John |authorlink1=Evan John Jones (witch) |last2=Valiente |first2=Doreen |authorlink2=Doreen Valiente |title=Witchcraft: A Tradition Renewed |year=1990 |location=London |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd. |page=115}}</ref> == Etymology == [[File:Ritual implements.gif|thumb|300px|Extract from a 17th&nbsp;century version of the ''[[Key of Solomon]]''. Note the ''bolino'' ([[boline]]) top left, ''artavo'' (athame) below it.]] The term athame derives, via a series of corruptions, from the late Latin ''artavus'' ("quill knife"), which is well attested in the oldest manuscripts of the ''Key of Solomon''.{{cn|date=January 2024}} It means "a small knife used for sharpening the pens of scribes" (''"Cultellus acuendis calamis scriptorii"''). ''Artavus'' is well-attested in medieval Latin, although it is not a common word. This explains why it was left untranslated in some French and Italian manuscripts, and ultimately became garbled<ref> {{cite web |title=The Clavicle of Solomon, revealed by Ptolomy the Grecian |id=Sloane&nbsp;3847 |url=http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/sl3847.htm |website=esotericarchives.com }} </ref> in various manuscripts as ''artavo'', ''artavus'', ''arthana'', ''artanus'', ''arthany'', or ''arthame''.<ref name=duCanage-1954> {{cite book |last=du&nbsp;Cange |first=Gall |year=1954 |title=Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis |lang=la |trans-title=Glossary of Middle and Low Latin |volume=Band&nbsp;I |place=Graz, Austria |page=410 }} : compare {{cite book |first1=J.F. |last1=Niermeyer |first2=C. |last2={{nobr|van de Kieft}} |year=2002 |edition=revised |editor-first=J.W.J. |editor-last=Burgers |title=Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus |lang=la |trans-title=Middle Latin Lexicon, Abridged |place=Leiden, NL |publisher=Brill |page=82 }} </ref><ref name=Latham-1965-1975> {{cite book |last=Latham |first=R.E. |author-link=R. E. Latham |year=1965 |title=Revised Medieval Latin Word-List from British and Irish Sources |place=London, UK |page=32 }} : {{cite book |last=Latham |first=R.E. |author-link=R. E. Latham |year=1975 |title=Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources |place=London, UK }} </ref> [[R. E. Latham|Latham]]<ref name=Latham-1965-1975/> described the etymology of ''artavus'' as being dubious, but Johannes Balbus de&nbsp;Janua<ref> {{cite book |first= Johannes Balbus |last=de&nbsp;Janua |year=1497 |title=Catholicon |lang=la |trans-title= }} </ref> derives it from ''arto'', ''artas'', etc. ("to narrow").<ref name=duCanage-1954/> An alternate etymology is given by de&nbsp;Garlande, ({{circa|1225}}):<ref name=deGarlande-c1225> {{cite book |last=de&nbsp;Garlande |first=John |date=c. 1225 |title=Dictionarius |lang=la |trans-title=Dictionary }} </ref> : ''Artavus dicitur Gallice ''<nowiki/>‘kenivet’<nowiki/>'', scilicet cultellus qui tendit in altum; vel dicitur ab arte, quia eo artifices utuntur.''<ref name=deGarlande-c1225/> : "Artavus, called ''kenivet'' in French, namely a small knife which stretches in length, is named after ''ars'' (art or craft), because it is used by artisans." (As distinguished either from a weapon, or from a table knife ''cultellos ad mensam'', ''mensaculos''.) [[Idries Shah]], who was personal secretary and close friend of [[Gerald Gardner]], provides yet another etymology from an alleged Arabic ''al-dhammé'' ("blood-letter"), which was supposed to be the ritual knife of a medieval magical cult of [[Morocco]] and [[Andalusia]]. This etymology is controversial, however: It appears in his book ''The Sufis'' as a quotation from ''A History of Secret Societies'' by [[Arkon Daraul|Daraul]] – a probable pseudonym of Shah. [[Robert Graves|Graves]] (an acquaintance of Shah) suggests an Arabic derivation from ''al&nbsp;thame'' (or ''adh-dhame''), which he translates as "the arrow".<ref> {{cite book |last=Bramshaw |first=Vikki |year=2009 |title=Craft of the Wise: A practical guide to paganism and witchcraft |publisher=John Hunt Publishing |isbn=9781846942327 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K42r6blWAdEC&pg=PA71 |via=Google books }} </ref> A Latin manuscript version of the ''Key of Solomon'' has a drawing that looks like a [[sickle]], labeled ''artavo''. Gerald Gardner's use of 'athame' probably came from modern French versions of the ''Key of Solomon'', probably via [[Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry|de&nbsp;Givry]] (1931),<ref name=deGivry-1931/> who misinterpreted the term as applying to the main ritual knife, as shown by his index entries ''arthane'', ''arthame'', and ''athane''.{{refn|{{cite book |last=Grillot de&nbsp;Givry |first=É.-J. |author-link=Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry |year=1929 |edition=1st |title=Musée des sorciers, mages, et alchimistes |lang=fr |trans-title=Museum of Sorcerers, Mages, and Alchemists |place=Compiègne, FR |publisher=Librairie de France }} : English trans.: {{cite book |author-last=Grillot de&nbsp;Givry |author-first=É.-J. |author-link=Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry |translator-last=Locke |translator-first=J. Courtenay |year=1973 |title=Illustrated Anthology of Sorcery, Magic and Alchemy |place=New York, NY |publisher=Causeway Books |ISBN=0-88356-018-6 }} : ''See also'' [[Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry|de Givry]] (1931).<ref name=deGivry-1931/> }}<ref name=deGivry-1931> {{cite book |last=Grillot de&nbsp;Givry |first=É.-J. |author-link=Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry |year=1931 |edition=reprint |title=Witchcraft, Magic, and Alchemy |publisher=Dover Press |ISBN=0-486-22493-7 }} </ref><ref name=TriumphoftheMoon> {{cite book |last=Hutton |first=R. |author-link=Ronald Hutton |year=1999 |title=The Triumph of the Moon: A history of modern pagan witchcraft |place=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-820744-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] (archive.org) }} </ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 232}} == Historical parallels == * The Javanese ''[[kris]]'' is a ritual knife regarded as having magical powers, and [[Gerald Gardner]] was a recognized authority on these knives before he was involved in Wicca.<ref name=Keris/><ref name=TriumphoftheMoon/> There has been speculation<ref name=Heselton-roots> {{cite book |last=Heselton |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Heselton |year=2000 |title=Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the modern witchcraft revival |publisher=Capall Bann |ISBN=1-86163-110-3 }} </ref> that Gardner's interest and expertise in antique swords and knives, and in particular the ''[[kris]]'' knives of [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], may have contributed to the tool's central importance in modern [[Wicca]].<ref name=Keris> {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Gardner |year=1936 |title=Keris and other Malay Weapons |place=Singapore, SG |publisher=Progressive}} </ref> * The Roman ''[[secespita]]'' was a ritual knife; however, it was used for killing a sacrificial animal. * Zoroastrian priests (''[[magi]]'') traditionally used a knife (''kaplo''), a spear (or stick with a nail on the end), or even the forefinger, to draw ritual furrows (''karsha'') for purpose of delineating the protected sacred ritual space from evil and ritual pollution.<ref> {{cite book |last=Modi |first=J.J. |year=1922 |title=Religious Customs and Customs of the Parsees |place=Bombay, IN |pages=57, 114, 126, & 288 }} </ref> * The Tibetan three-sided ceremonial knife, the ''[[phurba]]'', also known as the magical dagger, or ''kīla''. == References == {{Reflist|25em}} {{WiccaandWitchcraft}} {{Knives}} [[Category:Ceremonial knives]] [[Category:Ceremonial magic]] [[Category:Honorary weapons]] [[Category:Magic items]] [[Category:Ritual weapons]] [[Category:Wiccan terminology]] [[Category:Religious objects]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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