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materials (from art, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> or paleo-environments) to develop new <a href="/wiki/Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> or <a href="/wiki/Processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Processes">processes</a>, particularly with a view to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. </p><p>Paleo-inspiration has already contributed to numerous applications in fields as varied as <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green chemistry</a>, the development of new <a href="/wiki/Artists%27_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists' materials">artist materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">microelectronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Construction_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction material">construction materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mitweb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitweb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics_and_definitions">Semantics and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Semantics and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While this type of application has been known for a long time, the concept itself was coined by teams from the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bern_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Bern University of Applied Sciences">Bern University of Applied Sciences</a> from the term <a href="/wiki/Bioinspiration" title="Bioinspiration">Bioinspiration</a>. They published the concept in a seminal paper published online in 2017 by the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" title="Angewandte Chemie">Angewandte Chemie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bertrand17_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertrand17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different names have been used to designate the corresponding systems, in particular: paleo-inspired,<sup id="cite_ref-bertrand17_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertrand17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antiqua-inspired,<sup id="cite_ref-mitweb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitweb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antiquity-inspired<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or archaeomimetic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these different names illustrates the extremely large time gap between the sources of inspiration, from millions of years ago when considering palaeontological systems and <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a>, to much more recent archaeological or artistic material systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_sought">Properties sought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties sought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distinct physico-chemical and mechanical properties are sought. </p><p>They may concern intrinsic properties of the paleo-inspired materials: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durability" title="Durability">durability</a> (materials found in certain contexts, having resisted alteration in these environments) and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> or alteration</li> <li>electronic or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic properties">magnetic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_properties" title="Optical properties">optical properties</a> (especially from pigments or dyes, materials used for ceramic manufacture<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p>They can also concern processes: </p> <ul><li>processes with low energy or resource consumption, with a view to chemical processes favouring <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_chemistry" title="Soft chemistry">soft chemistry</a> processes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_paleo-inspired_approach">The paleo-inspired approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The paleo-inspired approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This approach combines several key stages. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a>: This phase concerns materials, their properties, or the manufacturing processes (in relation in particular to the study of <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_op%C3%A9ratoire" title="Chaîne opératoire">chaîne opératoire's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, or the history of techniques, in particular that of artistic techniques), and the processes of alteration (or even the work carried out in experimental <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomy</a>). This is therefore a first phase of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>. Some of these studies fall within the field of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. As in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bioinspiration" title="Bioinspiration">bioinspiration</a>, this phase is fundamental and is based on an approach that favours creative exploration of objects, with few preconceived ideas (<a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Re-creation: A second phase follows aimed at simplifying materials, systems and processes in order to identify the fundamental mechanisms at the origin of the observed properties. This stage requires a back and forth between the synthesis of simplified systems and the characterisation of the new objects of study.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a>: Finally, there follows a conception or design phase, concerning materials, systems or processes, and aiming at their concrete implementation for applications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_applications">Practical applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Practical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_building_materials">Sustainable building materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sustainable building materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emblematic examples include the microscopic study of the mineral phases present in <a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Roman concretes</a> to reproduce their durability in aggressive environments, particularly in the marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durable_colouring_materials">Durable colouring materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Durable colouring materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable discovery is the elucidation of the atomic structure of <a href="/wiki/Maya_blue" title="Maya blue">Maya blue</a>, a composite pigment combining a clay with an <a href="/wiki/Organic_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic dye">organic dye</a>, which has led teams to produce pigments of other colours by combining clays with distinct organic dyes, such as "Maya violet".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleo-inspiration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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