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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neolithic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Three Kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goguryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goguryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Goguryeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goguryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baekje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baekje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Baekje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baekje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Silla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Gaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North-South_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North-South_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>North-South States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-South_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_Silla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Silla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Unified Silla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Silla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balhae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balhae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Balhae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balhae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goryeo_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goryeo_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Goryeo dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goryeo_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseon_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseon_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Joseon dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseon_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other visual arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_visual_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other visual arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calligraphy_and_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy_and_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Calligraphy and printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy_and_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Photography and cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ceramics and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ceramics_and_sculpture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ceramics and sculpture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ceramics_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_ceramic_artists_and_sculptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_ceramic_artists_and_sculptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Korean ceramic artists and sculptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_ceramic_artists_and_sculptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheongja_(청자)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheongja_(청자)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cheongja (청자)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheongja_(청자)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baekja_(백자)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baekja_(백자)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Baekja (백자)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baekja_(백자)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buncheong_(분청)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buncheong_(분청)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Buncheong (분청)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buncheong_(분청)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_interior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_interior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture and interior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_interior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tea ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_arts_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_arts_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Musical arts and theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_arts_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storytelling_and_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storytelling_and_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Storytelling and comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storytelling_and_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_to_Study_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_to_Study_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Universities to Study Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_to_Study_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Korean art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الفن الكوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفن الكوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_core%C3%A0" title="Art coreà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art coreà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_coreano" title="Arte coreano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte coreano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="هنر کره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر کره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_cor%C3%A9en" title="Art coréen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art coréen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="한국의 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국의 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesenian_Korea" title="Kesenian Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesenian Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_coreana" title="Arte coreana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte coreana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesenian_Korea" title="Kesenian Korea – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kesenian Korea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szete" title="Korea művészete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korea művészete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियन कला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोरियन कला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="朝鮮美術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮美術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="کوريايي هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوريايي هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොරියානු කලාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොරියානු කලාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Korean art</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:309px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg/258px-Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg/387px-Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg/516px-Celadon_Ewer_with_Openwork_Lotus_and_Child_Design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Celadon Ewer with Openwork Lotus and Child Design, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo Dynasty">Goryeo Dynasty</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Korean arts</b> include traditions in calligraphy, music, painting and pottery, often marked by the use of natural forms, surface decoration and bold colors or sounds. </p><p>The earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> art consist of <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> works dating from 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mainly consist of <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive sculptures</a> and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, which were rediscovered. </p><p>This early period was followed by the art styles of various Korean kingdoms and dynasties. Korean artists sometimes modified <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese traditions</a> with a native preference for simple elegance, spontaneity, and an appreciation for purity of nature. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty (918–1392) was one of the most prolific periods for a wide range of disciplines, especially pottery. </p><p>The Korean art market is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Insadong" class="mw-redirect" title="Insadong">Insadong</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> where over 50 small galleries exhibit and occasional fine arts auctions. Galleries are cooperatively run, small and often with curated and finely designed exhibits. In every town there are smaller regional galleries, with local artists showing in traditional and contemporary media. Art galleries usually have a mix of media. Attempts at bringing Western conceptual art into the foreground have usually had their best success outside of Korea in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/260px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/390px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color:#000000;">Society</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Professionals have begun to acknowledge and sort through Korea's own unique art culture and important role in not only transmitting Chinese culture, but also assimilating and creating a unique culture of its own. "An art given birth to and developed by a nation is its own art".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_era">Neolithic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/220px-%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/330px-%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg/440px-%EB%B9%97%EC%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EB%8A%AC%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Comb-patterned pottery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have occupied the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> from at least c. 50,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Yi1984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yi1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery dated to approximately 7,000 BC has been found. This pottery was made from clay and fired over open or semi-open pits at temperatures around 700 degrees Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest pottery style, dated to circa 7,000 BC, were flat-bottomed wares (yunggi-mun) were decorated with relief designs, raised horizontal lines and other impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeulmun">Jeulmun</a>-type pottery, is typically cone-bottomed and incised with a comb-pattern appearing circa 6,000 BC in the archaeological record. This type of pottery is similar to Siberian styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mumun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumun">Mumun</a>-type pottery emerged approximately 2000 BC and is characterized as large, undecorated pottery, mostly used for cooking and storage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2000 BC and 300 BC bronze items began to be imported and made in Korea. By the seventh century BC, an indigenous bronze culture was established in Korea as evidenced by Korean bronze having a unique percentage of zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Items manufactured during this time were weapons such as swords, daggers, and spearheads. Also, ritual items such as mirrors, bells, and rattles were made. These items were buried in <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a> with the cultural elite. Additionally, iron-rich red pots began to be created around circa 6th century. Comma-shaped beads, usually made from nephrite, known as <a href="/wiki/Kokkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokkok">kokkok</a> have also been found in dolmen burials. Kokkok may be carved to imitate bear claws. Another Siberian influence can be seen in rock drawings of animals that display a "life line" in the X-ray style of Siberian art.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Korean Iron Age began around the 5th to 4th century BC with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> iron culture;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it most likely began through the contacts with the North-East Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">state of Yan</a> and was later developed through the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang Commandery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koreans have always tried to import <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> technology and reshaped it in their own in order to make it uniquely Korean and in order to develop new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of Chinese iron culture contributed to the rapid development of ancient Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Koreans then localized the Chinese iron culture into a new form of Korean iron casting technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 300 BC, iron was widely used in Korea; however, the Iron culture of Korea continued to be deeply influenced by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> which is attested by numerous <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">archeological artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean pottery advanced with the introduction of the potters wheel and climbing kiln firing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Three Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG/220px-Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG/330px-Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG/440px-Maitreya_Koryuji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Pensive Bodhisattva Maitreya from Silla,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7th century</figcaption></figure> <p>This period began circa 57 BC to 668 AD. <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Korean kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> vied for control over the peninsula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Goguryeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buddhist missionaries introduced Buddhism to Goguryeo in 372 CE, which then covered the central and southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the northern half of modern-day Korea. As Buddhism infiltrated the culture, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> kings began commissioning art and architecture dedicated to Buddha. A notable aspect of Goguryeo art are tomb murals that vividly depict everyday aspects of life in the Korean ancient kingdom as well as its culture. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designated the <a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Koguryo_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Koguryo Tombs">Complex of Koguryo Tombs</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Goguryeo painting also inspired the creation of similar works in other parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, like Japan. This can be seen in the wall murals of <a href="/wiki/Horyu-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Horyu-ji">Horyu-ji</a> which show its Goguryeo influence. Mural painting also spread to the other two kingdoms. These murals reveal valuable clues about the Goguryeo kingdom including the importance of Buddhism, its architecture, and the clothing commonly worn at the time. These murals were also the very beginnings of Korean landscape paintings and portraiture. However, because the tombs were easily accessed, its treasures were looted leaving very few physical artifacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baekje">Baekje</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baekje"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/220px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/330px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/440px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gilt-bronze_Incense_Burner_of_Baekje" title="Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje">Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Baekje (or Paekche) is considered the kingdom with the greatest art among the three states. Baekje was a kingdom in southwestern Korea and was influenced by southern <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese dynasties</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>. Baekje was also one of the kingdoms to introduce a significant Korean influence into the art of Japan during this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-MobileReference2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MobileReference2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baekje Buddhist sculpture is characterized by its naturalness, warmness, and harmonious proportions exhibits a unique Korean style.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of Korean influence is the use of the distinctive "<a href="/wiki/Baekje_smile" title="Baekje smile">Baekje smile</a>", a mysterious and unique smile that is characteristic of many Baekje statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are no surviving examples of wooden architecture, the <a href="/wiki/Mireuksa" title="Mireuksa">Mireuksa</a> site holds the foundation stones of a destroyed temple and two surviving granite pagodas that show what Baekje architecture may have looked. An example of Baekje architecture may be gleaned from <a href="/wiki/Horyu-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Horyu-ji">Horyu-ji</a> temple because Baekje architects and craftsmen helped design and construct the original temple. </p><p>The tomb of King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muryeong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muryeong (page does not exist)">Muryeong</a> held a treasure trove of artifacts not looted by grave robbers. Among the items were flame-like gold pins, gilt-bronze shoes, gold girdles (a symbol of royalty), and swords with gold hilts with dragons and phoenixes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silla">Silla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Silla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg/220px-Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg/330px-Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg/440px-Korean_crown_and_belt_from_Silla-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Silla</a>, late 4th - early 5th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Silla Kingdom was the most isolated kingdom from the Korean peninsula because it was situated in the southeastern part of the peninsula. Because of Silla's geographic location on the peninsula, the kingdom was the last to adopt Buddhism and foreign cultural influences into their society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silla Kingdom tombs were mostly inaccessible and so many examples of Korean art came from this kingdom. The Silla craftsman were famed for their gold-crafting ability which have similarities to <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> techniques, as exemplified by gold earrings and crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Silla gold artifacts bearing similarities to European techniques along with glass and beads depicting blue-eyed people found in royal tombs, many believe that the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> went all the way to Korea. Most notable objects of Silla art are its gold crowns that are made from pure gold and have tree and antler-like adornments that suggest a Scythe-Siberian and Korean shamanistic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaya">Gaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Gaya confederacy was a group of city-states that did not consolidate into a centralized kingdom. It shared many similarities in its art, such as crowns with tree-like protrusions which are seen in Baekje and Silla. Many of the artifacts unearthed in Gaya <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> are artifacts related to horses, such as stirrups, saddles, and horse armor. Ironware was best plentiful in this period than any age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North-South_States">North-South States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North-South States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/North_South_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="North South States Period">North South States Period</a> (698–926 CE) refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> coexisted in the southern and northern part of Korea, respectively. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg/220px-%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg/330px-%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg/440px-%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%9C_%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%AC_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B9%A0%ED%9D%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EC%A2%8C%EC%83%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of a Silla Buddhist monk, depicting Master Huirang, made around 930</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unified_Silla">Unified Silla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unified Silla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/220px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/330px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/440px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seokguram_Grotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Seokguram Grotto">Seokguram Grotto</a>, made in 751</figcaption></figure> <p>Unified Silla (668–935) was a time of great artistic output in Korea, especially in Buddhist art. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a> grotto and the <a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a> temple. Two pagodas on the ground, the Seokgatap and Dabotap are also unique examples of Silla masonry and artistry. Craftsmen also created massive temple bells, reliquaries, and statutes. The capital city of Unified Silla was nicknamed the "city of gold" because of use of gold in many objects of art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balhae">Balhae</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Balhae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The composite nature of the northern Korean Kingdom of Balhae (698–926) art can be found in the two tombs of Balhae Princesses. Shown are some aristocrats, warriors, and musicians and maids of the Balhae people, who are depicted in the mural painting in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Princess_Jeonghyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo">Tomb of Princess Jeonghyo</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mun_of_Balhae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Mun of Balhae">King Mun</a> (737-793), the third monarch of the kingdom. The murals displayed the image of the Balhae people in its completeness. </p><p>The remains of ten Buddhist temples have been found in the remains of the capital of Balhae, Sanggyeong, together with such Buddhist artifacts as Buddha statuettes and stone lanterns, which suggests that Buddhism played a predominant role in the life of the Balhae people. The Balhae tomb Majeokdal in Sinpo, South Hamgyong Province, are associated with pagodas and temples: This also indicates that Buddhism had a strong influence over the funerary rituals in Balhae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goryeo_dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Goryeo dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg/220px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg/330px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg/440px-%EC%B2%AD%EC%9E%90_%EC%96%B4%EB%A3%A1_%EB%AA%A8%EC%96%91_%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Goryeo_ware" title="Goryeo ware">Dragon-shaped Celadon Ewer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Goryeo dynasty lasted from 918 CE to 1392. The most famous art produced by Goryeo artisans was Korean <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> pottery which was produced from circa 1050 CE to 1250 CE. While celadon originated in China, Korean potters created their own unique style of pottery. <i>Jinsa</i> "underglaze red", a technique using <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">copper oxide</a> pigment to create copper-red designs, was developed in Korea during the 12th century, and later inspired the "underglaze red" ceramics of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Korean celadon had a unique glaze known as "king-fisher" color, an iron based blue-green glaze created by reducing oxygen in the kiln. Korean celadon displayed organic shapes and free-flowing style, such as pieces that were made to look like fish, melons, and other animals. Koreans invented an inlaid technique known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggam (page does not exist)">sanggam</a>, where potters would engrave semi-dried pottery with designs and place materials within the decorations with black or white clay. </p><p>During this period, the Korean craft of inlaid <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najeonchilgi" title="Najeonchilgi">najeonchilgi</a>, is said to have peaked.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacquerware was densely adorned with tiny, floral shapes made of sea turtle shell and mother-of-pearl. To produce the designs on a single lacquered box, currently held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Palace Museum of Korea">National Palace Museum of Korea</a> in Seoul, artisans utilized about 45,000 fragments of mother of pearl.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseon_dynasty">Joseon dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Joseon dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/220px-%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/330px-%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/440px-%EC%9D%B4%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%B0_%ED%95%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9E%AC%EC%88%9C_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Oh jaesun (1727–1792), painted by Yi Myeonggi (1756–?) in the late 18th century, Joseon</figcaption></figure> <p>The influence of Confucianism superseded that of Buddhism in this period. However, Buddhist elements remained. Buddhist art did not decline, but continued and was encouraged, but not by the imperial centres of art, or the accepted taste of the Joseon dynasty publicly. However, in private homes and in the summer palaces of the Joseon dynasty kings, the simplicity of Buddhist art was given great appreciation – but it was not seen as citified art. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/220px-%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/330px-%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg/440px-%EC%9D%B4%EC%B1%84_%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Yi Chae (1745–1820), painted in 1802</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg/220px-Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg/330px-Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg/440px-Byeon_Sangbyeok-dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byeon_Sangbyeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Byeon Sangbyeok">Byeon Sangbyeok</a> (1730~?), <i>Gyeondo</i> (painting of a dog). 18th century, Joseon Korea.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Joseon dynasty began under military auspices, Goreyo styles were let to evolve, and Buddhist iconography (bamboo, orchid, plum and chrysanthemum; and the familiar knotted goodluck symbols) were still a part of genre paintings. Neither colours nor forms had any real change, and rulers stood aside from edicts on art. Ming ideals and imported techniques continued in early dynasty idealized works. </p><p>Mid-dynasty painting styles moved towards increased realism. A national painting style of landscapes called "true view" began – moving from the traditional Chinese style of idealized general landscapes to particular locations exactly rendered. While not photographic, the style was academic enough to become established and supported as a standardized style in Korean painting. </p><p>The mid- to late-<a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> is considered the golden age of Korean painting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> It coincides with the shock of the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> links with the Manchu emperors accession in China, and the forcing of Korean artists to build new artistic models based on nationalism and an inner search for particular Korean subjects. At this time China ceased to have pre-eminent influence, Korean art took its own course, and became increasingly distinctive. New genres of Korean painting flourished, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chaekgeori" title="Chaekgeori">chaekgeori</a></i> (paintings of books) and <i>munjado</i> (paintings of letters), revealing the infatuation with books and learning in Korean culture.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean folk art, called <i><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">minhwa</a></i>, also emerged during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_visual_arts">Other visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean art is characterized by transitions in the main religions at the time: early <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_shamanist_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean shamanist art (page does not exist)">Korean shamanist art</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Buddhist art">Korean Buddhist art</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucian art (page does not exist)">Korean Confucian art</a>, through the various forms of Western arts in the 20th century. </p><p>Art works in metal, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and textiles have had a limited resurgence. The South Korean government has tried to encourage the maintenance of cultural continuity by awards, and by scholarships for younger students in rarer Korean art forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calligraphy_and_printing">Calligraphy and printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Calligraphy and printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Korea" title="Woodblock printing in Korea">Woodblock printing in Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sehando.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sehando.jpg/400px-Sehando.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sehando.jpg/600px-Sehando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sehando.jpg/800px-Sehando.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12424" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption><i>Painting in the Era of Cold Weather</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jeong-hui" title="Kim Jeong-hui">Kim Jeong-hui</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Korean calligraphy is seen as an art where brushstrokes reveal the artist's personality enhancing the subject matter that is painted. This art form represents the apogee of Korean <a href="/wiki/Confucian_art" title="Confucian art">Confucian art</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean fabric arts</a> have a long history, and include <a href="/wiki/Korean_embroidery" title="Korean embroidery">Korean embroidery</a> used in costumes and screenwork; <a href="/wiki/Korean_knots" title="Korean knots">Korean knots</a> as best represented in the work of Choe Eun-sun, used in costumes and as wall-decorations; and lesser known weaving skills as indicated below in rarer arts. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_paper_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean paper art (page does not exist)">Korean paper art</a> includes all manner of handmade paper (hanji), used for architectural purposes (window screens, floor covering), for printing, artwork, and the Korean folded arts (paper fans, paper figures), and as well <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_paper_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean paper clothing (page does not exist)">Korean paper clothing</a> which has an annual fashion show in <a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a> attracting world attention. </p><p>In the 1960s, Korean paper made from mulberry roots was discovered when the <a href="/wiki/Pulguksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulguksa">Pulguksa</a> (temple) complex in <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a> was remodelled. The date on the Buddhist documents converts to a western calendar date of 751, and indicated that indeed the oft quoted claim that Korean paper can last a thousand years was proved irrevocably. However, after repeated invasions, very little early Korean paper art exists. Contemporary paper artists are very active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byeongpung" title="Byeongpung">Byeongpung</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongyudowondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mongyudowondo.jpg/400px-Mongyudowondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mongyudowondo.jpg/600px-Mongyudowondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mongyudowondo.jpg/800px-Mongyudowondo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8773" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption><i>Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land</i> by <a href="/wiki/An_Gyeon" title="An Gyeon">An Gyeon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For much of the 20th century, painting commanded precedence above other artistic media in Korea. Beginning in the 1930s, abstraction was of particular interest. </p><p>From the mid-1960s, artists like Kwon Young-woo began to push paint, soak canvas, drag pencils, rip paper, and otherwise manipulate the materials of painting in ways that challenged preconceived notions of what it meant to be an ink painter (Asian painter) or oil painter (soyanghwaga), the two categories within which most artists were categorized. In the 1970s and 80, these challenges eventually became the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Dansaekhwa" title="Dansaekhwa">Dansaekhwa</a>, or Korean monochrome painting, one of the most successful and controversial artistic movements in twentieth-century Korea. Literally meaning "monochrome painting," the works of artists like Ha Chonghyun, <a href="/wiki/Park_Seo-bo" title="Park Seo-bo">Park Seo-bo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Ufan" title="Lee Ufan">Lee Ufan</a>, Yun Hyong Keun, Choi Myoung-young, Kim Guiline and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Dong-youb" title="Lee Dong-youb">Lee Dong-youb</a> were promoted in Seoul, Tokyo, and Paris. Tansaekhwa grew to be the international face of contemporary Korean art and a cornerstone of contemporary Asian art. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg/220px-Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg/330px-Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg/440px-Hyewon-Jusa.geobae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><i>Holding a drinking bout</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sin_Yun-bok" title="Sin Yun-bok">Sin Yun-bok</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Abstract painting techniques around this time were influenced by Japanese and European developments in painting. Academic painting inspired by Japanese modernism was favored by the Park Chung-hee dictatorship and shown in state-run shows called Gukjeon (National Art Exhibition). The government's favoritism towards apolitical painting and censorship of political art sparked backlash from younger artists at the time who then created <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Group" title="The Fourth Group">experimental art collectives</a> in direct resistance to these developments in painting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary Korean painting demands an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Korean_ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ceramics">Korean ceramics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pottery">Korean pottery</a> as the glazes used in these works and the textures of the glazes make Korean art more in the tradition of ceramic art, than of western painterly traditions, even if the subjects appear to be of western origin. Brush-strokes as well are far more important than they are to the western artist; paintings are judged on brush-strokes more often than pure technique. </p><p>The contemporary artist <a href="/wiki/Suh_Yongsun" title="Suh Yongsun">Suh Yongsun</a>, who is highly appreciated and was elected "Korea's artist of the year 2009",<sup id="cite_ref-NMCA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMCA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes paintings with heavy brushstrokes and shows topics like both Korean history and urban scenes especially of Western cities like <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His artwork is a good example for the combination of Korean and Western subjects and painting styles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byeongpung,_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg/220px-Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg/330px-Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg/440px-Byeongpung%2C_landscape_painting_by_Jangdeok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15249" data-file-height="7851" /></a><figcaption>landscape <a href="/wiki/Byeongpung" title="Byeongpung">byeongpung</a> by Jangdeok</figcaption></figure> <p>Other Korean artists combining modern Western and Korean painting traditions are i.e. <a href="/wiki/Junggeun_Oh" title="Junggeun Oh">Junggeun Oh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tschoon_Su_Kim" title="Tschoon Su Kim">Tschoon Su Kim</a>. </p><p>While there have been only rare studies on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_aesthetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean aesthetics (page does not exist)">Korean aesthetics</a>, a useful place to begin for understanding how Korean art developed an aesthetic is in <a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a>, and related articles on <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio,_Pyongyang_(10104200854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg/220px-Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg/330px-Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg/440px-Artist_at_Mansudae_Art_Studio%2C_Pyongyang_%2810104200854%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An artist of the <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Art_Studio" title="Mansudae Art Studio">Mansudae Art Studio</a> paints. The particularities of <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean communism">North Korean communism</a> have reinvigorated old subjects and techniques with a nationalist dimension.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Kim Il Sung's rule, painting was allowed only in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realist</a> genre and propaganda posters were the stock of North Korean visual arts. After Kim Il Sung's death in 1994, directives on painting were relaxed and sometimes completely abolished under Kim Jong Il. New art forms, including a kind of impressionism peculiar to North Korea, rose to complement posters.<sup id="cite_ref-webc_Theg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webc_Theg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art forms other than socialist realism are particularly seen in the patriotic films that dominated that culture from 1949 to 1994, and the reawakened architecture, calligraphy, fabric work and neo-traditional painting, that has occurred from 1994 to date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The impact was greatest on revolutionary posters, lithography and multiples, dramatic and documentary film, realistic painting, grand architecture, and least in areas of domestic pottery, ceramics, exportable needlework, and the visual crafts. Sports art and politically charged revolutionary posters have been the most sophisticated and internationally collectible by auction houses and specialty collectors. North Korean painters who escaped to the United States in the late 1950s include the Fwhang sisters. Duk Soon Fwhang and Chung Soon Fwhang O'Dwyer avoid overtly political statements in favor of tempestuous landscapes, bridging Western and Far Eastern painting techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korean painters are renowned for their skill, and those who manage to defect to South Korea are regularly employed as artists there.<sup id="cite_ref-webc_Theg_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webc_Theg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography_and_cinema">Photography and cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Photography and cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Photography in Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceramics_and_sculpture">Ceramics and sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ceramics and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressapochista1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pressapochista1.jpg/200px-Pressapochista1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pressapochista1.jpg/300px-Pressapochista1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pressapochista1.jpg/400px-Pressapochista1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> sculpture from the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> period, 9th century AD</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_glass_art" title="Korean glass art">Korean glass art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_stone_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean stone art">Korean stone art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Korean Buddhist sculpture">Korean Buddhist sculpture</a></div><p>The remains of early Korean pottery can be found predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Gangjin_County" title="Gangjin County">Gangjin</a>. Gangjin was one of the main producers of ancient Korean pottery. </p><p>Korean pottery is typically divided into three different categories: Cheongja (blue-green celadon), Baekja (white porcelain) and Buncheong (slip-coated stoneware). </p><p>See: <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">Korean Celadon</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Sculpture">Ancient Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ancient Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean sculpture was exported, primarily during the <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> period, to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Korean Buddhist sculpture">Korean Buddhist sculptures</a> from the seventh century still exist. Main Korean sculptures were generally made of wood, then later stone, and then ceramic, with votive sculptures being the greatest in number. Smaller sculptures were also made using jade, gold and other metals. The greatest Korean sculptures were produced in the time of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Buddhist art">Korean Buddhist art</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sculpture">Modern sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example is <i><a href="/wiki/Greetingman" title="Greetingman">Greetingman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Yoo_Young-ho" title="Yoo Young-ho">Yoo Young-ho</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_ceramic_artists_and_sculptors">Korean ceramic artists and sculptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Korean ceramic artists and sculptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Geun-Hyeong" title="Yu Geun-Hyeong">Yu Geun-Hyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yik_Yung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Yik Yung">Kim Yik Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Tai-Jung" title="Um Tai-Jung">Um Tai-Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ki-Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho Ki-Jung">Cho Ki-Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Kwang-cho" title="Yoon Kwang-cho">Yoon Kwang cho</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Se-yong_(ceramist)" title="Kim Se-yong (ceramist)">Kim Se-yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Sang-Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Sang-Ho">Shin Sang Ho</a></li></ul> <p>References: </p> <ul><li>Korean Ceramics Today. Korea-Britain Centennial Committee, 1983</li> <li>Contemporary Korean Ceramics: Survey of Current Works. Grossmont College, 1993</li> <li>From the Fire: A survey of contemporary Korean ceramics. International Arts & Artists, 2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheongja_(청자)"><span id="Cheongja_.28.EC.B2.AD.EC.9E.90.29"></span>Cheongja (청자)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cheongja (청자)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Céladon is a type of pottery is characterized by its jade blue surface and its inlay technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See: <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_ware" title="Goryeo ware">Goryeo ware</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baekja_(백자)"><span id="Baekja_.28.EB.B0.B1.EC.9E.90.29"></span>Baekja (백자)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Baekja (백자)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>100–600 years ago, white porcelain ware was the main representation of <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean ceramic</a>. Baekja is type of pottery characterized in various ways; the main feature was its milky white surface. Many were decorated with a variety of painted designs using oxidized iron, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> blue pigments imported from Persia via <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See: <a href="/wiki/Joseon_white_porcelain" title="Joseon white porcelain">Joseon white porcelain</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buncheong_(분청)"><span id="Buncheong_.28.EB.B6.84.EC.B2.AD.29"></span>Buncheong (분청)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buncheong (분청)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These pieces were made by <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> potters after the fall of their kingdom in 1392. It is mainly identified through its slip-coated surface and simple ornamental designs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> See: <a href="/wiki/Buncheong" title="Buncheong">Buncheong</a></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Taegeuk_(LynneCmix).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sam_Taegeuk_%28LynneCmix%29.png/220px-Sam_Taegeuk_%28LynneCmix%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Sam_Taegeuk_%28LynneCmix%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Tricolored <a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_interior_design">Architecture and interior design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Architecture and interior design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean gardens">Korean gardens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_flower_arrangement" title="Korean flower arrangement">Korean flower arrangement</a></div> <p>There is a long tradition of Korean gardens, often linked with palaces. </p><p>Patterns often have their origins in early <a href="/wiki/Ideographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographs">ideographs</a>. Geometric patterns and patterns of plant, animal and nature motifs are the four most basic patterns. Geometric patterns include triangles, squares, diamonds, zigzags, <a href="/wiki/Latticework" title="Latticework">latticework</a>, frets, spirals sawteeth, circles, ovals and concentric circles. Stone Age rock carvings feature animal designs in order to relate to food-gathering activities. These patterns are found doors of temples and shrines, clothes, furniture and daily objects such as fans and spoons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the performing arts, Korean storytelling is done in both ritualistic shamanistic ways, in the songs of <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> scholars, and the crossovers between the visual arts and the performing arts, which are more intense and fluid than in the West. </p><p>Depicted on petroglyphs and in pottery shards, as well as wall paintings in <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>, the various performing arts nearly always incorporated <a href="/wiki/Korean_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean masks">Korean masks</a>, costumes with <a href="/wiki/Korean_knots" title="Korean knots">Korean knots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_embroidery" title="Korean embroidery">Korean embroidery</a>, and a dense overlay of art in combination with other arts. </p><p>Some specific dances are considered important cultural heritage pieces of art. The performing arts have always been linked to the fabric arts: not just in costumery but in woven screens behind the plays, ornaments woven or embroidered or knotted to indicate rank, position, or as shamanistic charms; and in other forms to be indicated. </p><p>Historically, the division of the performing arts is between arts done almost exclusively by women in costume, danceworks, and those done exclusively by men in costume, storytelling. Those done as a group by both sexes with women's numbers in performances reduced as time goes on as it became reputable for men to function as public entertainers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_ceremony">Tea ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tea ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a> is held in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_tea_house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean tea house (page does not exist)">Korean tea house</a> with characteristic <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, often within <a href="/wiki/Korean_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean gardens">Korean gardens</a> and served in a way with ritualized conversation, formal poetry on wall-scrolls, and with <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pottery">Korean pottery</a> and traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_costumes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean costumes (page does not exist)">Korean costumes</a>, the environment itself is a series of naturally flowing events that provide a cultural and artistic experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_arts_and_theatre">Musical arts and theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Musical arts and theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean theatre">Korean theatre</a></div> <p>The skill of contemporary Korean performing artists, who have had great recognition abroad, particularly in stringed instruments and as symphony directors, or operatic sopranos and mezzos, takes part in a long musical history. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean music">Korean music</a> in contemporary times is generally divided into the same audiences as the west: with the same kind of audiences for music based on age, and city (classical, pop, techno, house, hip-hop, jazz; traditional) and provincial divisions (folk, country, traditional, classical, rock). World music influences are very strong provincially, with traditional musical instruments once more gaining ground. Competition with China for tourists has forced a much larger attention to traditional Korean musical forms in order to differentiate itself from the west, and east. </p><p>The new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Opera_house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seoul Opera house (page does not exist)">Seoul Opera house</a>, which will be the anchor for Korean <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> has just<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been given the go-ahead, is set for a $300 million home on an island on the Han river. Korean opera and an entirely redeveloped western opera season, and opera school, to compete with the Beijing opera house, and Japan's historical centre for western operas in the far east is the present focus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a> has a history going back to the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> where <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> court music was played; later <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a> dynasty inspired "A-ak" a Korean version played on Chinese instruments within the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era. Recreations of this music are done in Seoul primarily under the auspices of the Korea Foundation and <a href="/wiki/The_National_Center_for_Korean_Traditional_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts">The National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts</a> (NCKTPA). </p><p>Court musicians appear in traditional costume, maintain a rigid proper formal posture, and play stringed five-stringed instruments. Teaching by this the "yeak sasang" principles of Confucianism, perfection of tone and acoustic space is put ahead of coarse emotionality. Famous works of court music include: jongmyo jeryeak, designated a UNESCO world cultural heritage, Cheoyongmu, Taepyeongmu, and Sujecheon. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean folk music">Korean folk music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">pansori</a> is the base from which most new music originates being strongly simple and rhythmic. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_musicals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean musicals (page does not exist)">Korean musicals</a> are a recent innovation, encouraged by the success of Broadway revivals, like Showboat, recent productions such as the musical based on <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Myeongseong of Joseon">Queen Min</a> have toured globally. There are precedents for popular musical dance-dramas in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamuguk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamuguk (page does not exist)">gamuguk</a> popular in Goryeo times, with some 21st-century concert revivals. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_stage_set_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean stage set design (page does not exist)">Korean stage set design</a> again has a long history and has always drawn inspiration from landscapes, beginning with outdoor theatre, and replicating this by the use of screens within court and temple stagings of rituals and plays. There are few if any books on this potentially interesting area. A rule of thumb has been that the designs have much open space, more two-dimensional space, and subdued tone and colour, and been done by artists to evoke traditional brush painting subjects. Modern plays have tended towards western scenic flats, or minimalist atonality to force a greater attention on the actors. Stage lighting still has to catch up to western standards, and does not reflect a photographer's approach to painting in colour and light, quite surprisingly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean masks">Korean masks</a> are generally used in shamanistic performances that have increasingly been secularized as folkart dramas. At the same time the masks themselves have become tourist artefacts post 1945, and reproduced in large numbers as souvenirs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storytelling_and_comedy">Storytelling and comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Storytelling and comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narrative storytelling, either in poetic dramatic song by yangban scholars, or in rough-housing by physical comedians, is generally a male performance. There is as yet virtually no stand-up comedy in Korea because of cultural restrictions on insult-humour, personal comments, and respect for seniors, despite globally successful Korean comic films which depend on comedy of error, and situations with no apparent easy resolution under tight social restraints. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_oral_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean oral history (page does not exist)">Korean oral history</a> includes: narrative myths, legends, folk tales; songs, folksongs, shaman songs and p'ansori (traditional Korean narrative song initially created to entertain commoners);<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proverbs that expand into short historical tales, riddles, and suspicious words which have their own stories. These stories have a heavy base in Confucian, Buddhist, and Shamanistic idealism that help shape the cultural values in society that they want to pass down to future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been studied by Cho Dong-Il; Choi In-hak, and Zong In-sop, and many others who also helped contribute publications (often in English editions) for foreigners or for the teaching adolescent children.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg/220px-Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg/330px-Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg/440px-Korean.dance-Taepyeongmu-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Taepyeongmu</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">태평무</span></span>), a Korean royal court dance</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korean dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_fan_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean fan dance">Korean fan dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seungmu_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Seungmu dance">Seungmu dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talchum_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Talchum dance">Talchum dance</a></div> <p>Dance is a significant element of traditional Korean culture. Special traditional dances are performed as part of many annual festivals and celebrations (harvest, etc.), involving traditional costumes, specific colors, music, songs and special instruments. Some dances are performed by either men only or women only, while others are performed by both. The women usually have their hair pulled back away from the face in a bun, or may be wearing colorful hats. Some variation of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">hanbok</a> is typically worn, or a special costume specific to that dance. In some dances, the women's costumes will have very long sleeves, or trail a long length of fabric, to accentuate graceful arm movements. Outdoor festivals are loud and joyous, and cymbals and drums can prominently be heard. Masks may be worn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></div> <p>Notable examples of historical records are very well documented from early times, and as well Korean books with moveable type, often imperial encyclopaedias or historical records, were circulated as early as the 7th century during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> era from printing wood-blocks; and in the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> era the world's first metal type, and books printed by metal type were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genres include epics, poetry, religious texts and <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> commentaries on Buddhist and Confucianist learning; translations of foreign works; plays and court rituals; comedies, tragedies, mixed genres; and various kinds of novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Korean_art" title="Special:EditPage/Korean art">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Korean poetry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Korean poetry</a> began to flourish in the Three Kingdoms period. Collections were repeatedly printed. With the rise of Joseon nationalism, poetry developed increasingly so and reached its apex in the late 18th century. There were attempts at introducing imagist and modern poetry methods in the early 20th century, and in the early republic period, patriotic works were very successful. <a href="/wiki/20th_century_lyric_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century lyric poetry">Lyrical poetry</a> dominated from the 1970s onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities_to_Study_Art">Universities to Study Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Universities to Study Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Korea National University of Arts<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seoul National University (SNU)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hanyang University<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yonsei University<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Korea University<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sungkyunkwan University<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/23px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/35px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/47px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_art" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern art">History of Eastern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pottery">Korean pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean sculpture">Korean sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_influence_on_Japanese_culture#Art" title="Korean influence on Japanese culture">Korean influence on Japanese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Korean_contemporary_artists" title="Category:South Korean contemporary artists">Category:South Korean contemporary artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Nancy (2016). "5,000 Years of Korean Art". <i>History of Collections</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 383–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhv047">10.1093/jhc/fhv047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Collections&rft.atitle=5%2C000+Years+of+Korean+Art&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-400&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhv047&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basukala, Saloni, and Supriya. "LASANAA Art Talk: 28 August." <i>LASANAA</i>. WordPress, 04 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yi1984-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yi1984_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKi-baek_Yi1984" class="citation book cs1">Ki-baek Yi (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA1"><i>New History of Korea</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.au=Ki-baek+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaeBae,_Kidong2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bae, Christopher J.; Bae, Kidong (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012149/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Bae/pdfs/CJ%20Bae%20and%20KD%20Bae_In%20Press_QI.pdf">"The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: Current perspectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>281</b>: 26–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.281...26B">2012QuInt.281...26B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.08.044">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.044</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Bae/pdfs/CJ%2520Bae%2520and%2520KD%2520Bae_In%2520Press_QI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+Early+to+Late+Paleolithic+transition+in+Korea%3A+Current+perspectives&rft.volume=281&rft.pages=26-35&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.08.044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.281...26B&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Bae%2C+Kidong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FBae%2Fpdfs%2FCJ%252520Bae%252520and%252520KD%252520Bae_In%252520Press_QI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilbrunn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=05&region=eak">"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Korea, 1–500 A.D."</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History%3A+Korea%2C+1%E2%80%93500+A.D.&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F%3Fperiod%3D05%26region%3Deak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/art/Korean-art">"Korean art"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Korean+art&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FKorean-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChŏn1998" class="citation book cs1">Chŏn, Sang-un (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40857347"><i>A history of science in Korea</i></a>. Sang-un Chŏn. Seoul, Korea: Jimoondang Pub. Co. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-88095-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/89-88095-11-1"><bdi>89-88095-11-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40857347">40857347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+science+in+Korea&rft.place=Seoul%2C+Korea&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Jimoondang+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40857347&rft.isbn=89-88095-11-1&rft.aulast=Ch%C5%8Fn&rft.aufirst=Sang-un&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F40857347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35627522"><i>Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures</i></a>. Helaine Selin. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 1997. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-4066-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-4066-3"><bdi>0-7923-4066-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35627522">35627522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+history+of+science%2C+technology%2C+and+medicine+in+non-western+cultures&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35627522&rft.isbn=0-7923-4066-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35627522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826449509"><i>A history of Korea : from "Land of the Morning Calm" to states in conflict</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1"><bdi>978-0-253-00078-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/826449509">826449509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Korea+%3A+from+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+states+in+conflict&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F826449509&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00078-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F826449509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1999" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42675362"><i>Korea : a historical and cultural dictionary</i></a>. Richard Rutt, James Hoare. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0464-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0464-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42675362">42675362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+%3A+a+historical+and+cultural+dictionary&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42675362&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0464-4&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42675362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Junghee (1993), "The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia", Artibus Asiae, 53 (3/4): 311–353,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Korean origin of the Koryu-ji Miroku is now accepted by Kuno Takeshi, Inoue Tadashi, Uehara Soichi, and Christine Gunth. Junghee Lee, pg. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MobileReference2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MobileReference2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWJI4bK9kQ8C&pg=PT864"><i>Asian Art</i></a>. MobileReference. 1 January 2007. p. 864. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60501-187-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60501-187-5"><bdi>978-1-60501-187-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Art&rft.pages=864&rft.pub=MobileReference&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60501-187-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWJI4bK9kQ8C%26pg%3DPT864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soyoung_Lee" title="Soyoung Lee">Lee, Soyoung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kobs/hd_kobs.htm">"Korean Buddhist Sculpture (5th–9th century)"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Buddhist+Sculpture+%285th%E2%80%939th+century%29&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Soyoung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkobs%2Fhd_kobs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhamuseum.com/korean-buddha.html">"9th Century Korean Bronze Buddha Shakyamuni"</a>. BuddhaMuseum.Com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9th+Century+Korean+Bronze+Buddha+Shakyamuni&rft.pub=BuddhaMuseum.Com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhamuseum.com%2Fkorean-buddha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524125410/http://gongju.museum.go.kr/html/en/exhibition/exhibition_01.jsp">"Tomb of King Muryeong"</a>. Gongju National Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gongju.museum.go.kr/html/en/exhibition/exhibition_01.jsp">the original</a> on 24 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+of+King+Muryeong&rft.pub=Gongju+National+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgongju.museum.go.kr%2Fhtml%2Fen%2Fexhibition%2Fexhibition_01.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2011" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2011). <i>A History of Korea</i>. Lanham, MD: ROWMAN & LITTLLEFIELD PUBLISHERS. pp. 45–67 top. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6715-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-6715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=45-67+top&rft.pub=ROWMAN+%26+LITTLLEFIELD+PUBLISHERS&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6715-3&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sila/hd_sila.htm">"Golden Treasures: The Royal Tombs of Silla"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>. <q>Koryo potters also experimented with the use of copper for red designs under the glaze, since ground copper pigment fires red in the reducing kiln atmosphere. This technique was started in the twelfth century. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karts.ac.kr&rft.atitle=Korea+National+University+of+Arts+main&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karts.ac.kr%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.snu.ac.kr/">"Seoul National University"</a>. <i>Seoul National University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seoul+National+University&rft.atitle=Seoul+National+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.snu.ac.kr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hanyang.ac.kr/web/eng">"Home - Hanyang University"</a>. <i>www.hanyang.ac.kr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hanyang.ac.kr&rft.atitle=Home+-+Hanyang+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanyang.ac.kr%2Fweb%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/index.jsp">"YONSEI University, Seoul, Korea"</a>. <i>www.yonsei.ac.kr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yonsei.ac.kr&rft.atitle=YONSEI+University%2C+Seoul%2C+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonsei.ac.kr%2Fen_sc%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korea.edu/mbshome/mbs/en/www.korea.edu">"Korea University Homepage"</a>. <i>www.korea.edu</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.korea.edu&rft.atitle=Korea+University+Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.edu%2Fmbshome%2Fmbs%2Fen%2Fwww.korea.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skku.edu:443/eng/index.do">"Sungkyunkwan University"</a>. <i>성균관대학교, SKKU, 성균관대, 성대, Sungkyunkwan University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%84%B1%EA%B7%A0%EA%B4%80%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90%2C+SKKU%2C+%EC%84%B1%EA%B7%A0%EA%B4%80%EB%8C%80%2C+%EC%84%B1%EB%8C%80%2C+Sungkyunkwan+University&rft.atitle=Sungkyunkwan+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skku.edu%3A443%2Feng%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317211951/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/46962/rec/1"><i>Arts of Korea</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-850-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/46962/rec/1">the original</a> on 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+Korea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-850-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F46962%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_art&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514211501/http://library.csun.edu/jwakimoto/koreaexhibit.html">Korean Exhibit at CSUN Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen">The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Art_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Art_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_art" title="Afghan art">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_art" title="Azerbaijani art">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_art" title="Bahraini art">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese art">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot art">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timorese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Timorese art (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian art">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli art">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_art" title="Jordanian art">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean art">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean art">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti art">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz art (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian art">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese art">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian art (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian art">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese art">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani art">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_art" title="Pakistani art">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine art">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_art" title="Qatari art">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean art">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan art">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian art (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajik_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajik art (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen art (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirati_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirati art (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek art (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni art (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhaz_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhaz art (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot art (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Ossetian_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Ossetian art (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory art (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island art (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands art (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong art">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese art (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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