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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sasanian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_of_the_Sasanians_and_the_Islamic_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_of_the_Sasanians_and_the_Islamic_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Downfall of the Sasanians and the Islamic conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_of_the_Sasanians_and_the_Islamic_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ctesiphon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="طيسفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيسفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیسفون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیسفون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="তিসফুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিসফুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ктезифон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ктезифон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesiphon" title="Ktesiphon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ktesiphon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ctesifont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C3%A9sif%C3%B3n" title="Ktésifón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ktésifón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleukeia-Ktesiphon" title="Seleukeia-Ktesiphon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seleukeia-Ktesiphon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesiphon" title="Ktesiphon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ktesiphon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κτησιφών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κτησιφών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifonte" title="Ctesifonte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sele%C5%ADkio-Ktesifono" title="Seleŭkio-Ktesifono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seleŭkio-Ktesifono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیسفون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیسفون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ct%C3%A9siphon" title="Ctésiphon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ctésiphon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifonte" title="Ctesifonte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%ED%85%8C%EC%8B%9C%ED%8F%B0" title="크테시폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크테시폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Տիզբոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիզբոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="क्टेसिफॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्टेसिफॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezifont" title="Ktezifont – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ktezifont" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisfon" title="Tisfon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tisfon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifonte" title="Ctesifonte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קטסיפון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטסיפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೆಸಿಫಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆಸಿಫಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქტესიფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქტესიფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesiphon" title="Ktesiphon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ktesiphon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEsf%C3%BBn" title="Tîsfûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîsfûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C4%93sifona" title="Ktēsifona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ktēsifona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifonas" title="Ktesifonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ktesifonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C3%A9sziph%C3%B3n" title="Ktésziphón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ktésziphón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesif%C3%B4na" title="Ktesifôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ktesifôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="സെലൂക്യാ-ക്ടെസിഫോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെലൂക്യാ-ക്ടെസിഫോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="قطيسفون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قطيسفون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیسفون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تیسفون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisfun" title="Tisfun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tisfun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="クテシフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クテシフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ctesifont" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="مدائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیسفون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تیسفون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezyfon" title="Ktezyfon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ktezyfon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifonte" title="Ctesifonte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ктесифон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ктесифон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kt%C3%A9sif%C3%B3n" title="Ktésifón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ktésifón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktezifon" title="Ktezifon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ktezifon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86" title="تیسفۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیسفۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ктесифон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ктесифон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon_(kaupunki)" title="Ktesifon (kaupunki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ktesifon (kaupunki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktesifon" title="Ktesifon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ktesifon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesifonte" title="Ctesifonte – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ctesifonte" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เทซีฟอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทซีฟอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%C2%AD%D1%81%D0%B0%C2%AD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Тайсафун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тайсафун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizpon" title="Tizpon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tizpon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ктезифон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ктезифон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیسفون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیسفون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ctesiphon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%81" title="泰西封 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰西封" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%81" title="泰西封 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰西封" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%81" title="泰西封 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰西封" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ctesiphon" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ctesiphon&params=33_5_37_N_44_34_50_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°5′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°34′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.09361°N 44.58056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.09361; 44.58056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in present-day Iraq that served as the capital of the Parthian and Sassanid empires</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ctesiphon (disambiguation)">Ctesiphon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ctesiphon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ</span></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Qṭēspōn</i></span>)<br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κτησιφῶν</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg/220px-Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg/330px-Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg/440px-Ctesiphon_map-en_reformat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the metropolis of Ctesiphon in the Sasanian era</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ctesiphon is located in Iraq"><img alt="Ctesiphon is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.531%;left:58.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ctesiphon"><img alt="Ctesiphon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iraq</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدائن</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madā'in</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ</span> <span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Qṭēspōn</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κτησιφῶν</span> <i>Ktēsiphôn</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭</span> <i>Tēsifōn</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تیسفون</span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Tisfun</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Salman_Pak" title="Salman Pak">Salman Pak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ctesiphon&params=33_5_37_N_44_34_50_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°5′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°34′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.09361°N 44.58056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.09361; 44.58056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 AD</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1928–1929, 1931–1932, 1960s–1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data">Oscar Reuther, Antonio Invernizzi, Giorgio Gullini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ctesiphon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TESS</span>-if-on</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭</span>, <i>Tyspwn</i> or <i>Tysfwn</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تیسفون</span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κτησιφῶν</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic Greek language">Attic Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ktɛːsipʰɔ̂ːn]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ</span><sup id="cite_ref-syriaca.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syriaca.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an ancient city in modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Ctesiphon served as a royal capital of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> empires for over eight hundred years, in the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ctesiphon was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> from 226–637 until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> in 651 AD. </p><p>Ctesiphon developed into a rich commercial metropolis, merging with the surrounding cities along both shores of the river, including the Hellenistic city of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a>. Ctesiphon and its environs were therefore sometimes referred to as "The Cities" (<span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><i lang="syc">Mahuza</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدائن</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">al-Mada'in</a></i></span>). In the late sixth and early seventh century, it was listed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">largest city in the world</a> by some accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-about_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a>, Ctesiphon fell three times to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, and later fell once during Sasanian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (363)">Battle of Ctesiphon in 363 AD</a>. After the Muslim invasion, the city fell into decay and was depopulated by the end of the eighth century, its place as a political and economic center taken by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> capital at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The most conspicuous structure remaining today is the <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">Taq Kasra</a>, sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Archway_of_Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archway of Ctesiphon">Archway of Ctesiphon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ctesiphon</i></span> derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>Ktēsiphôn</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%86%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Κτησιφῶν">Κτησιφῶν</a></span></span>). This is ostensibly a Greek toponym based on a personal name, although it may be a Hellenized form of a local name, reconstructed as <i>Tisfōn</i> or <i>Tisbōn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iranian-language texts of the Sasanian era, it is spelled as <i>Tyspwn</i>, which can be read as <i>Tīsfōn</i>, <i>Tēsifōn</i>, etc. in <a href="/wiki/Manichean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean alphabet">Manichaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭</span></span> and in Christian <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>) languages. The <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> form is <i>Tisfun</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تیسفون</span></span>). </p><p>Texts from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>'s synods referred to the city as <i>Qṭēspōn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-syriaca.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syriaca.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or some times <i>Māḥôzē</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܡܚܘܙ̈ܐ</span>) when referring to the metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>. </p><p>In modern Arabic, the name is usually <i>Ṭaysafūn</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طيسفون</span></span>) or <i>Qaṭaysfūn</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قطيسفون</span></span>) or as <i>al-Mada'in</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدائن</span></span> "The Cities", referring to Greater Ctesiphon). "According to <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yāqūt</a> [...], quoting Ḥamza, the original form was Ṭūsfūn or Tūsfūn, which was arabicized as Ṭaysafūn."<sup id="cite_ref-EI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian name of the city was <i>Tizbon</i> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:Տիզբոն">Տիզբոն</a></span></span>). Ctesiphon is first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> as Kasfia/Casphia (a derivative of the ethnic name <a href="/wiki/Cas_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cas (people)">Cas</a>, and a cognate of <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>). It is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> as Aktisfon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another Talmudic reference it is written as Akistfon, located across the Tigris River from the city of Ardashir.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg/220px-Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg/330px-Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg/440px-Ctesiphon-ruin_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">Arch of Ctesiphon</a> pictured in 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Ctesiphon is located approximately at <a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">Al-Mada'in</a>, 35 km (22 mi) southeast of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, along the river Tigris. Ctesiphon measured 30 square kilometers, more than twice the surface of a 13.7-square-kilometer fourth-century imperial <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">archway of Chosroes</a> (<i>Taq Kasra</i>) was once a part of the royal palace in Ctesiphon and is estimated to date between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in what is now the Iraqi town of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Pak" title="Salman Pak">Salman Pak</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""Not enough sources to support this statement" (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_period">Parthian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parthian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ctesiphon was founded in the late 120s BC. It was built on the site of a military camp established across from Seleucia by <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I of Parthia</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a> saw Ctesiphon reach a peak as a political and commercial center. The city became the Empire's capital circa 58 BC during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a>. Gradually, the city merged with the old <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> capital of Seleucia and other nearby settlements to form a cosmopolitan metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrokh,_K._2007_p._125_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrokh,_K._2007_p._125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason for this westward relocation of the capital could have been in part due to the proximity of the previous capitals (<a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Mithradatkirt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qumis,_Iran" title="Qumis, Iran">Hecatompylos</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrokh,_K._2007_p._125_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrokh,_K._2007_p._125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> abundantly describes the foundation of Ctesiphon: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In ancient times <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> was the metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>; but now <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> is the metropolis, I mean the <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia on the Tigris">Seleucia on the Tigris</a>, as it is called. Nearby is situated a village called Ctesiphon, a large village. This village the kings of the Parthians were wont to make their winter residence, thus sparing the Seleucians, in order that the Seleucians might not be oppressed by having the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> folk or soldiery quartered amongst them. Because of the Parthian power, therefore, Ctesiphon is a city rather than a village; its size is such that it lodges a great number of people, and it has been equipped with buildings by the Parthians themselves; and it has been provided by the Parthians with wares for sale and with the arts that are pleasing to the Parthians; for the Parthian kings are accustomed to spend the winter there because of the salubrity of the air, but they summer at <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a> because of the prevalence of their ancient renown.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Because of its importance, Ctesiphon was a major military objective for the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in their eastern wars. The city was captured by Rome four or five times in its history – three times in the 2nd century alone. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> captured Ctesiphon in 116, but his successor, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, decided to willingly return Ctesiphon in 117 as part of a peace settlement. The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Avidius Cassius</a> captured Ctesiphon in 164 during another Parthian war, but abandoned it when peace was concluded. In 197, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> sacked Ctesiphon and carried off thousands of its inhabitants, whom he sold into slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_period">Sasanian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sasanian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_civil_war_of_628%E2%80%93632" title="Sasanian civil war of 628–632">Sasanian civil war of 628–632</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg/220px-Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg/330px-Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg/440px-Sasanian_Asoristan_and_its_surroundings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Map of the southwestern Sasanian province of <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> and its surroundings</figcaption></figure> <p>By 226, Ctesiphon was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, who also made it their capital and had laid an end to the Parthian dynasty of Iran. Ctesiphon was greatly enlarged and flourished during their rule, thus turning into a metropolis, which was known by in Arabic as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">al-Mada'in</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> as Mahoze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest inhabited places of Ctesiphon were on its eastern side, which in Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources is called "the Old City" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدينة العتيقة</span></span> <i>Madīnah al-'Atīqah</i>), where the residence of the Sasanians, known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Palace_(Ctesiphon)" title="White Palace (Ctesiphon)">White Palace</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قصر الأبيض</span></span>), was located. The southern side of Ctesiphon was known as Asbānbar or Aspānbar, which was known by its prominent halls, riches, games, stables, and baths. <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">Taq Kasra</a> was located in the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western side was known as <a href="/wiki/Veh-Ardashir" title="Veh-Ardashir">Veh-Ardashir</a> (meaning "the good city of Ardashir" in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>), known as Mahoza by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, Kokhe by the Christians, and Behrasir by the Arabs. Veh-Ardashir was populated by many wealthy Jews, and was the seat of the church of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Church of the East">Nestorian patriarch</a>. To the south of Veh-Ardashir was <a href="/wiki/Valashabad" title="Valashabad">Valashabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ctesiphon had several other districts which were named Hanbu Shapur, Darzanidan, Veh Jondiu-Khosrow, Nawinabad and Kardakadh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 283, emperor <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> sacked the city uncontested during a period of civil upheaval. Some historians have claimed that Galerius marched on Ctesiphon and was able to capture it. However, this is never explicitly stated in any source and is still a matter of debate among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Udo_Hartmann_The_Tetrarchy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udo_Hartmann_The_Tetrarchy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence that he returned it to the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Narseh_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narseh of Persia">Narses</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and western Mesopotamia is also likely to have never happened. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 325</span> and again in 410, the city, or the Greek colony directly across the river, was the site of church councils for the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Church of the East</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylon%26Seleuicia1(Peutinger_Map).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Babylon%26Seleuicia1%28Peutinger_Map%29.png/220px-Babylon%26Seleuicia1%28Peutinger_Map%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Babylon%26Seleuicia1%28Peutinger_Map%29.png/330px-Babylon%26Seleuicia1%28Peutinger_Map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Babylon%26Seleuicia1%28Peutinger_Map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption>4th century Ctesiphon (<a href="/wiki/Peutinger_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Peutinger Map">Peutinger Map</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conquest of Antioch in 541, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> built a new city near Ctesiphon for the inhabitants he captured. He called this new city <a href="/wiki/Weh_Antiok_Khosrow" title="Weh Antiok Khosrow">Veh-Antiok-Xusrō</a>, or literally, "better than Antioch Khosrow built this".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter2007109_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter2007109-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local inhabitants of the area called the new city <i>Rumagan</i>, meaning "town of the Romans" and Arabs called the city <i>al-Rumiyya</i>. Along with Weh Antiok, Khosrow built a number of fortified cities.<sup id="cite_ref-frye_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frye-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a campaign in 573, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a> wrote that no fewer than 292,000 persons had been deported from <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamia</a>, and other Syrian towns to Veh-Antiokh. John would later cite a letter stating no more than 30,000 prisoners were deported. It's thought that the first number he gave is not to be taken literally.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 590, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mihran" title="House of Mihran">House of Mihran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a> repelled the newly ascended Sasanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> from Iraq, and conquered the region. One year later, Khosrow II, with aid from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, reconquered his domains. During his reign, some of the great fame of al-Mada'in decreased, due to the popularity of Khosrow's new winter residence, <a href="/wiki/Dastagerd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastagerd">Dastagerd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapur_Shahbazi2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapur_Shahbazi2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 627, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> surrounded the city, the capital of the Sassanid Empire, leaving it after the Persians accepted his peace terms. In 628, a deadly plague hit Ctesiphon, al-Mada'in and the rest of the western part of the Sasanian Empire, which even killed Khosrow's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapur_Shahbazi2005_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapur_Shahbazi2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 629, Ctesiphon was briefly under the control of Mihranid usurper <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a>, but the latter was shortly assassinated by the supporters of Khosrow II's daughter <a href="/wiki/Borandukht" class="mw-redirect" title="Borandukht">Borandukht</a>. Ctesiphon then continued to be involved in constant fighting between two factions of the Sasanian Empire, the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan" title="House of Ispahbudhan">House of Ispahbudhan</a> and the Parsig (Persian) faction under <a href="/wiki/Piruz_Khosrow" title="Piruz Khosrow">Piruz Khosrow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall_of_the_Sasanians_and_the_Islamic_conquests">Downfall of the Sasanians and the Islamic conquests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Downfall of the Sasanians and the Islamic conquests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">Siege of Ctesiphon (637)</a></div> <p>In the mid-630s, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim Arabs</a>, who had invaded the territories of the Sasanian Empire, defeated them during a great battle known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qādisiyyah">Battle of al-Qādisiyyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabs then attacked Ctesiphon, and occupied it in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">early 637</a>. </p><p>The Muslim military officer <a href="/wiki/Sa%60d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas</a> quickly seized <a href="/wiki/Valashabad" title="Valashabad">Valashabad</a> and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of Veh-Antiok-Xusrō and <a href="/wiki/Veh-Ardashir" title="Veh-Ardashir">Veh-Ardashir</a>. The terms of the treaty were that the inhabitants of Veh-Antiok-Xusrō were allowed to leave if they wanted to, but if they did not, they were forced to acknowledge Muslim authority, and also pay tribute (<i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>). Later on, when the Muslims arrived at Ctesiphon, it was completely desolated, due to flight of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_family_tree" title="Sasanian family tree">Sasanian royal family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a>, and troops. However, the Muslims had managed to take some of troops captive, and many riches were seized from the Sasanian treasury and were given to the Muslim troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the throne hall in <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">Taq Kasra</a> was briefly used as a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, as political and economic fortune had passed elsewhere, the city went into a rapid decline, especially after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> capital at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the 760s, and soon became a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Caliph Al-Mansur</a> took much of the required material for the construction of Baghdad from the ruins of Ctesiphon. He also attempted to demolish the palace and reuse its bricks for his own palace, but he desisted only when the undertaking proved too vast.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur also used the <a href="/wiki/Al-Rumiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rumiya">al-Rumiya</a> town as the Abbasid capital city for a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed to be the basis for the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isbanir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isbanir (page does not exist)">Isbanir</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ruins of Ctesiphon were the site of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">a major battle of World War I</a> in November 1915. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> defeated troops of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> attempting to capture Baghdad, and drove them back some 40 miles (64 km) before <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">trapping the British force and compelling it to surrender</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_religion">Population and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Sasanian rule, the population of Ctesiphon was heavily mixed: it included <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>. Several religions were also practiced in the metropolis, which included <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. In 497, the first Nestorian patriarch <a href="/wiki/Mar_Babai_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Babai I">Mar Babai I</a>, fixed his see at Seleucia-Ctesiphon, supervising their mission east, with the <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> metropolis as pivot. The population also included <a href="/wiki/Manicheans" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheans">Manicheans</a>, a dualist church, who continued to be mentioned in Ctesiphon during <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> rule fixing their "patriarchate of Babylon" there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the population fled from Ctesiphon after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">the Arab capture of the metropolis</a>. However, a portion of Persians remained there, and some important figures of these people are known to have provided <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> with presents, which he, however, refused to take.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony2009_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ninth century, the surviving Manicheans fled and displaced their patriarchate up the Silk Road, in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Orient-Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft">German Oriental Society</a> expedition led by Oscar Reuther excavated at Ctesiphon in 1928–29 mainly at Qasr bint al-Qadi on the western part of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter of 1931–1932 a joint expedition of the German State Museums (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art continued excavations at the site, focusing on the areas of Ma'aridh, Tell Dheheb, the Taq-i Kisra, Selman Pak and Umm ez-Za'tir under the direction of Ernst Kühnel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s and early 1970s, an Italian team from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Invernizzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Invernizzi (page does not exist)">Antonio Invernizzi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Gullini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Gullini (page does not exist)">Giorgio Gullini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Gullini" class="extiw" title="it:Giorgio Gullini">it</a>]</span> worked at the part of the site on the other side of the Tigris, which they identified as Veh Ardashir. Work mainly concentrated on restoration at the palace of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Iraqi government contracted to restore the Taq Kasra, as a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagkasra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1824 drawing by Captain Hart"><img alt="1824 drawing by Captain Hart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tagkasra.jpg/424px-Tagkasra.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Tagkasra.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1824 drawing by Captain Hart</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1923 Iraqi postage stamp, featuring the arch"><img alt="1923 Iraqi postage stamp, featuring the arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg/297px-Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg/446px-Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg/593px-Stamp_Iraq_1923_3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1923 Iraqi postage stamp, featuring the arch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctesiphon,_Iraq,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the arch in Ctesiphon in 1932"><img alt="Remains of the arch in Ctesiphon in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg/309px-Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg/463px-Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg/617px-Ctesiphon%2C_Iraq%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3873" data-file-height="2826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the arch in Ctesiphon in 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the arch in 2022"><img alt="Remains of the arch in 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg/450px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg/676px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg/900px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7945-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the arch in 2022</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the arch in 2008."><img alt="Remains of the arch in 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg/338px-ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg/507px-ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg/675px-ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the arch in 2008.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North end of the arch"><img alt="North end of the arch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg/150px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg/225px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg/300px-001125-TaqKasra-Iraq-IMG_7963-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North end of the arch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ctesiphon Exhibition at the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin."><img alt="Ctesiphon Exhibition at the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg/401px-Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg/603px-Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg/803px-Ctesiphon_Exhibition_-_Pergamonmuseum_Berlin_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ctesiphon Exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Museum of Islamic Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opis" title="Opis">Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachae" title="Rachae">Rachae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKröger" class="citation web cs1">Kröger, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon">"Ctesiphon"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://syriaca.org/place/58">http://syriaca.org/place/58</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freersackler.si.edu/events/films/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D128600412">"Ctesiphon: An Ancient Royal Capital in Context"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. September 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Ctesiphon%3A+An+Ancient+Royal+Capital+in+Context&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freersackler.si.edu%2Fevents%2Ffilms%2F%3FtrumbaEmbed%3Dview%253Devent%2526eventid%253D128600412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. geography.about.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft.pub=geography.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKröger2011" class="citation web cs1">Kröger, Jens (November 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon">"CTESIPHON"</a>. <i>Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranica&rft.atitle=CTESIPHON&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fctesiphon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eventually no less than four Sasanian rulers were quoted as its builders: Shapur I (241–273), Shapur II (310–379), Chosroes I Anushirvan (531–579) and Chosroes II Parvez (590–628).</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurz,_Otto1941" class="citation journal cs1">Kurz, Otto (1941). 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(New Series). <b>73</b> (1): 37–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00093138">10.1017/S0035869X00093138</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221709">25221709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162160996">162160996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81q+i+Kisr%C4%81&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162160996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25221709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00093138&rft.au=Kurz%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>E.J. 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Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+for+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John van Schaik, <i>Ketters. Een geschiedenis van de Kerk</i>, Leuven, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schippmann, K. (1980). "Ktesiphon-Expedition im Winter 1928/29". <i>Grundzüge der parthischen Geschichte</i> (in German). Darmstadt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-07064-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-07064-X"><bdi>3-534-07064-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ktesiphon-Expedition+im+Winter+1928%2F29&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+parthischen+Geschichte&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=3-534-07064-X&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1929" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, E. (1929). "Seleukia und Ktesiphon". <i>Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin</i>. <b>67</b>: 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Deutschen+Orient-Gesellschaft+zu+Berlin&rft.atitle=Seleukia+und+Ktesiphon&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuther1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Reuther&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Reuther (page does not exist)">Reuther, O.</a> (1929). "The German Excavations at Ctesiphon". <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>3</b> (12): 434–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00003781">10.1017/S0003598X00003781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163969599">163969599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+German+Excavations+at+Ctesiphon&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=434-451&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00003781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163969599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reuther&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1932" class="citation journal cs1">Upton, J. (1932). "The Expedition to Ctesiphon 1931–1932". <i>Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. <b>27</b> (8): 188–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3255274">10.2307/3255274</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3255274">3255274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Expedition+to+Ctesiphon+1931%E2%80%931932&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=188-197&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3255274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3255274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ctes/hd_ctes.htm">Fowlkes-Childs, Blair. “Ctesiphon.” In <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ctes/hd_ctes.htm (July 2016)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, First Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Season 1964, Mesopotamia, vol. I, pp. 1–88, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, Second Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Season 1965, Mesopotamia, vol. 2, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, Third Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Season 1966, Mesopotamia, vol. 3–4, 1968–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, Fifth Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Season 1969, Mesopotamia, vol. 5–6, 1960–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, Sixth Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Seasons 1972/74, Mesopotamia, vol. 5–6, 1973–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gullini and A. Invernizzi, Seventh Preliminary Report of Excavations at Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Seasons 1975/76, Mesopotamia, vol. 7, 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101034313/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/05/30/iraq-to-restore-ancient-arch-of-ctesiphon-to-woo-back-tourists/">"Iraq to restore ancient Arch of Ctesiphon to woo back tourists"</a>. <i>rawstory.com</i>. May 30, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/05/30/iraq-to-restore-ancient-arch-of-ctesiphon-to-woo-back-tourists/">the original</a> on January 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=rawstory.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+to+restore+ancient+Arch+of+Ctesiphon+to+woo+back+tourists&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2Frs%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2Firaq-to-restore-ancient-arch-of-ctesiphon-to-woo-back-tourists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Streck, <i>Die alte Landschaft Babylonien nach den arabischen Geographen</i>, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1900–1901).</li> <li>M. Streck, "Seleucia und Ktesiphon," <i>Der Alte Orient</i>, 16 (1917), 1–64.</li> <li>A. Invernizzi, "Ten Years Research in the al-Madain Area, Seleucia and Ctesiphon," <i>Sumer</i>, 32, (1976), 167–175.</li> <li>Luise Abramowski, "Der Bischof von Seleukia-Ktesiphon als Katholikos und Patriarch der Kirche des Ostens," in Dmitrij Bumazhnov u. Hans R. Seeliger (hg), <i>Syrien im 1.-7. Jahrhundert nach Christus. Akten der 1. Tübinger Tagung zum Christlichen Orient (15.-16. Juni 2007).</i> (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2011) (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum / Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 62),</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morony, Michael (2009). "MADĀʾEN". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MAD%C4%80%CA%BEEN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmadaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4"><bdi>0-582-40525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-40525-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmedrozMargoliouth1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Amedroz" title="Henry Frederick Amedroz">Amedroz, Henry F.</a>; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipseofabbasid05ameduoft"><i>The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and Ta'i</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eclipse+of+the+%27Abbasid+Caliphate.+Original+Chronicles+of+the+Fourth+Islamic+Century%2C+Vol.+V%3A+The+concluding+portion+of+The+Experiences+of+Nations+by+Miskawaihi%2C+Vol.+II%3A+Reigns+of+Muttaqi%2C+Mustakfi%2C+Muti+and+Ta%27i&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feclipseofabbasid05ameduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekaya1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rekaya, M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-mamun-SIM_4889">"al-Maʾmūn"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid</i>. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 331–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08112-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08112-7"><bdi>90-04-08112-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Ma%CA%BEm%C5%ABn&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+New+Edition%2C+Volume+VI%3A+Mahk%E2%80%93Mid&rft.place=Leiden+and+New+York&rft.pages=331-339&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=90-04-08112-7&rft.aulast=Rekaya&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fal-mamun-SIM_4889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4"><bdi>0-582-40525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-40525-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrinkub1975" class="citation book cs1">Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arab+conquest+of+Iran+and+its+aftermath&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20093-6&rft.aulast=Zarrinkub&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=false"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+under+the+Buyids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=250-305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKröger1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kröger, Jens (1993). "CTESIPHON". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. 446–448.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CTESIPHON&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=446-448&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fctesiphon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty">"SASANIAN DYNASTY"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SASANIAN+DYNASTY&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shapur+Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsasanian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDignasWinter2007" class="citation book cs1">Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RomeAndPersiaInLateAntiquityVahidddd/page/n125/mode/2up"><i>Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Persia+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dignas&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft.au=Winter%2C+Engelbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRomeAndPersiaInLateAntiquityVahidddd%2Fpage%2Fn125%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20800909EL.22.018.15788">"The Bones of Khosrow: The Sacred Topography of Ctesiphon"</a>. <i>Electrum</i>. <b>29</b>: 267–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20800909EL.22.018.15788">10.4467/20800909EL.22.018.15788</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253169197">253169197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrum&rft.atitle=The+Bones+of+Khosrow%3A+The+Sacred+Topography+of+Ctesiphon&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=267-284&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F20800909EL.22.018.15788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253169197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4467%252F20800909EL.22.018.15788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACtesiphon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ctesiphon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ctesiphon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514100348/http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/sites/Ctesiphon.html">Ctesiphon and Taq Kasra photo gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wu5XOAyrJRQ">Ctesiphon Exhibition by the Islamic Art Museum at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin in 2016</a> (Video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ctes/hd_ctes.htm">Ctesiphon</a> (profile at the Metropolitan Museum of Art)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Iranian_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192541#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192541#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192541#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4437861-0">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/893976">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&oldid=1256811333">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&oldid=1256811333</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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