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href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13791"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13794" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13796" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13797" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13798" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13799" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13800" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13801" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13802" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1436 current_page_item menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/" aria-current="page">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13805" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13809" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13810" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13813" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13815" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13826" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13827" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13830" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13832" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13835" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13848" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13851" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13852" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13817" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13873"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">Circumpolar Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/equatorial-constellations/">Equatorial Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13874"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">Zodiac Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13875"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/largest-constellations/">Largest Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13876"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/smallest-constellations/">Smallest Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13818" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13818"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Names</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 102" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13967"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/greek-constellations/">Greek Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13819" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13819"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/constellation-families/">Constellation Families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-17273" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17273"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Asterisms</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 105" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17278" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/">Big Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17283" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17293" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type 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menu-item-17280"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-diamond/">Great Diamond</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17295" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17295"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-hexagon/">Winter Hexagon</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17296" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17296"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/">Winter Triangle</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17289"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/teapot/">Teapot</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17277" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17277"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">The Kite</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17281" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17281"><a 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Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13788"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/capricornus-constellation/">Capricornus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13789"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/carina-constellation/">Carina Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13790"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13791"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1436 current_page_item menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/" aria-current="page">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13873"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">Circumpolar Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/equatorial-constellations/">Equatorial Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13874"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">Zodiac Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13875"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/largest-constellations/">Largest Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13876"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/smallest-constellations/">Smallest Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13818"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Names</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 102" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13967"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/greek-constellations/">Greek Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13819"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/constellation-families/">Constellation Families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17273"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Asterisms</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 105" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/">Big Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17293"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-southern-cross/">Southern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17276"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17284"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17491"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17287"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spring-triangle/">Spring Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17280"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-diamond/">Great Diamond</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17295"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-hexagon/">Winter Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17296"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/">Winter Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17289"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/teapot/">Teapot</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17277"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">The Kite</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17281"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17275"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/water-jar/">Water Jar</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17279"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/false-cross/">False Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/diamond-cross/">Diamond Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18941"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-fish-hook/">The Fish Hook</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17292"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-sickle/">The Sickle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17274"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pointer-stars/">Pointer Stars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18704"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/aurigas-hexagon/">Auriga’s Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18942"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spicas-spanker/">Spica’s Spanker</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-20157"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-coathanger-brocchis-cluster/">The Coathanger (Brocchi’s Cluster)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17282"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/kembles-cascade/">Kemble’s Cascade</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17290"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-keystone/">The Keystone</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18705"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/three-leaps-of-the-gazelle/">Three Leaps of the Gazelle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13822"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-objects/">Messier Objects</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13820"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellations by Month</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 134" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13821"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/january-constellations/">January Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13871"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/february-constellations/">February Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13880"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/march-constellations/">March Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13881"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/april-constellations/">April Constellations</a></li> <li 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href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/september-constellations/">September Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13887"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/october-constellations/">October Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13888"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/november-constellations/">November Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13889"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/december-constellations/">December Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13823"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Seasonal Constellations</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 147" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13824"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/spring-constellations/">Spring Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13877"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/summer-constellations/">Summer Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13878"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/autumn-constellations/">Autumn Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13879"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/winter-constellations/">Winter Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13825"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/what-is-a-constellation/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">What Is a Constellation?</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 152" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14588"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/what-is-a-constellation/how-many-constellations-are-there/">How Many Constellations Are There?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17710"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/caldwell-catalogue/">Caldwell Catalogue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-20558"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/telescopes-and-night-sky-guides/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Telescopes and Night Sky Guides</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 155" style="margin-left:5px;"><span 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<div class="nv-page-title"> <h1>Cygnus Constellation</h1> </div> </div> <div class="nv-content-wrap entry-content"><p>Cygnus is a prominent constellation in the northern sky. Its name means “the swan” in Latin and it is also known as the Swan constellation.</p> <p>Cygnus is associated with the myth of Zeus and Leda in Greek mythology. The constellation is easy to find in the sky as it features a well-known asterism known as the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a>. Cygnus was first catalogued the by Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century.</p> <p>Notable objects in the constellation include <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cygnus-x-1/">Cygnus X-1</a>, a famous x-ray source, the bright stars <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/albireo/">Albireo</a>, the yellow dwarf <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/kepler-22/">Kepler-22</a>, which hosts the exoplanet Kepler-22b, the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/fireworks-galaxy-ngc-6946/">Fireworks Galaxy</a> (NGC 6946), and several well-known nebulae: the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/blinking-planetary-nebula-ngc-6826/">Blinking Planetary Nebula</a> (NGC 6826), the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cocoon-nebula/">Cocoon Nebula</a> (IC 5146), the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/jewel-bug-nebula/">Jewel Bug Nebula</a> (NGC 7027), the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pelican-nebula/">Pelican Nebula</a> (IC 5070), the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/north-america-nebula/">North America Nebula</a> (NGC 7000), the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/crescent-nebula/">Crescent Nebula</a> (NGC 6888), <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/gamma-cygni-nebula-sadr-region/">Sadr Region</a> (IC 1318) and the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/veil-nebula/">Veil Nebula</a> (NGC 6960, 6962, 6979, 6992, and 6995).</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Facts, location and map</h2> <p>Cygnus is the 16th largest constellation in the night sky, occupying an area of 804 square degrees. It lies in the fourth quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ4) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -40°. The neighboring constellations are <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus</a>, and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula</a>.</p> <p>The constellation name Cygnus is pronounced /ˈsɪɡnəs/. In English, the constellation is known as the Swan. The genitive form of Cygnus, used in star names, is Cygni (pronunciation: /ˈsɪɡnaɪ/). The three-letter abbreviation, adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1922, is Cyg.</p> <p>Cygnus belongs to the Hercules family of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations/">constellations</a>, along with <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ara-constellation/">Ara</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe</a>, and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/">Vulpecula</a>.</p> <p>Cygnus has 10 stars with known planets and contains two Messier objects: <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-29/">Messier 29</a> (NGC 6913) and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-39/">Messier 39</a> (NGC 7092). The brightest star in the constellation is <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb, Alpha Cygni</a>, which is also the 19th brightest star in the sky, with an apparent magnitude of 1.25. There are two meteor showers associated with the constellation: the October Cygnids and the Kappa Cygnids.</p> <p>Cygnus contains six named stars. The proper <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/star-names/">names of stars</a> that have been officially approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) are Albireo, Aljanah, Azelfafage, Deneb, Fawaris, and Sadr.</p> <div id="attachment_17205" style="width: 1010px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17205" class="lazy lazy-hidden size-full wp-image-17205" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus.webp" alt="cygnus constellation,swan constellation" width="1000" height="664" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus.webp 1000w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-300x199.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-640x425.webp 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-768x510.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> <noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-17205" class="size-full wp-image-17205" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus.webp" alt="cygnus constellation,swan constellation" width="1000" height="664" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus.webp 1000w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-300x199.webp 300w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-640x425.webp 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cygnus-768x510.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-17205" class="wp-caption-text">Cygnus, image: Constellation Guide</p></div> <div id="attachment_14476" style="width: 660px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14476" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14476" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Cygnus-constellation-map.webp" alt="Cygnus constellation,cygnus star map,cygnus star chart,swan constellation" width="650" height="756" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14476" class="wp-image-14476" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Cygnus-constellation-map.webp" alt="Cygnus constellation,cygnus star map,cygnus star chart,swan constellation" width="650" height="756" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14476" class="wp-caption-text">Cygnus constellation map by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Cygnus myth</h2> <p>Cygnus constellation is associated with several myths, most frequently the one of the Spartan Queen Leda, who gave birth to two sets of twins, the immortal Pollux and Helen and mortal Castor and Clytemnestra, after being seduced by the god Zeus, who had transformed himself into a swan. The immortal children were fathered by the god and the mortal ones by Leda’s husband, King Tyndareus. Castor and Pollux are represented by the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">zodiac</a> <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">constellation Gemini</a>.</p> <p>Cygnus is also sometimes identified as Orpheus, the Greek tragic hero who met his end at the hands of the Thracian Maenads for not honouring Dionysus. After his passing, Orpheus was transformed into a swan and placed next to his lyre in the sky. The lyre is represented by the neighbouring <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">constellation Lyra</a>.</p> <p>Cygnus constellation is also sometimes associated with any of the several people called Cycnus in Greek mythology. The most famous ones are Cycnus, the son of Ares who met his end after challenging Hercules to a duel, Cycnus, the son of Poseidon, who fought on the side of the Trojans in the Trojan War, met his end at the hands of Achilles and was transformed into a swan, and Cycnus, a close friend of Phaeton, the mortal son of the Sun god Helios. Of the above three, the myth of Phaeton is the one that is most frequently associated with Cygnus constellation.</p> <p>In the story, Phaeton and Cycnus were racing each other across the sky when they came too close to the Sun. Their chariots burned up and they fell to the Earth. Cycnus came to and, after looking for Phaeton for a while, he discovered his friend’s body trapped at the bottom of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus</a> River. He was unable to recover the body, so he made a pact with Zeus: if the god gave him the body of a swan, he would only live as long as a swan usually does. Once transformed, Cycnus was able to dive into the river, retrieve Phaeton’s body and give his friend a proper burial. This allowed Phaeton’s soul to travel to the afterlife. Zeus was moved by Cycnus’ sacrifice and placed his image in the sky.</p> <p>The Chinese also associate the constellation with a myth, the one of the “magpie bridge,” Que Qiao. In the story, the lovers Niu Lang and Zhi Nu are separated by the Goddess of Heaven because Zhi Nu is a fairy, and is therefore not allowed to be with a mortal man. When the Goddess learns that the two are secretly married, she takes Zhi Nu with her and creates a river in the sky to keep the lovers separated. The river is represented by the Milky Way itself in the legend. Zhi Nu’s husband Niu Lang takes their two children to Heaven so that they can all be together, but the Goddess does not relent and keeps the lovers separated. Once a year, the myth goes, all the magpies in the world assemble to help the lovers be together by forming an enormous bridge over the wide river. The constellation Cygnus represents the magpie bridge in this story.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Asterisms</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Northern Cross</h3> <p>The five stars that form the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a> are <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> (Alpha Cygni), <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/fawaris-delta-cygni/">Fawaris</a> (Delta Cygni), <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/albireo/">Albireo</a> (Beta Cygni), <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/aljanah-epsilon-cygni/">Aljanah</a> (Epsilon Cygni) and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/sadr/">Sadr</a> (Gamma Cygni) at the centre.</p> <div id="attachment_16548" style="width: 462px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16548" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16548" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross.webp" alt="summer triangle,northern cross" width="452" height="455" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross.webp 455w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross-298x300.webp 298w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16548" class="wp-image-16548" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross.webp" alt="summer triangle,northern cross" width="452" height="455" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross.webp 455w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross-298x300.webp 298w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summer-Triangle-and-Northern-Cross-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16548" class="wp-caption-text">The Summer Triangle and the Northern Cross, image: Wikisky</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Cygnus stars</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Deneb – α Cygni (Alpha Cygni)</h3> <p>Deneb is a blue-white supergiant belonging to the spectral class A2 Ia, approximately 1,400 light years distant. It is the brightest star in Cygnus and the 19th brightest star in the night sky. It has an apparent magnitude of 1.25. With an absolute magnitude of -7.0, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> is one of the most luminous stars known. It is almost 60,000 times more luminous than our Sun and has about 20 solar masses. While it is difficult to get an accurate distance, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> is nevertheless the most distant star that shines at first magnitude. It is also one of the largest white stars known. On Mars, Deneb is the North Pole star.</p> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> serves as a prototype for a class of variable stars known as the Alpha Cygni variables. Its brightness and spectral type fluctuate slightly as a result of non-radial fluctuations of the star’s surface. Deneb has stopped fusing hydrogen in its core and is expected to go out as a supernova within the next few million years.</p> <p>The name Deneb comes from the Arabic <em>dhaneb</em>, meaning “tail,” from the phrase <em>Dhanab ad-Dajājah</em>, which means “the tail of the hen.” In the Chinese myth of the magpie bridge, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> marks the bridge or, alternatively, it represents a fairy who chaperones the two lovers when they meet once a year.</p> <p>Together with the bright stars <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/altair/">Altair</a> in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila (the Eagle)</a> and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/vega/">Vega</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, Deneb forms the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a>, a prominent <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/">asterism</a> in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/summer-constellations/">summer sky</a>.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Sadr – γ Cygni (Gamma Cygni)</h3> <p>Gamma Cygni is the star located at the intersection of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a>. Its traditional name, Sadr, comes from the Arabic word for “the chest,” <em>şadr</em>. It is also sometimes known by its Latin name, Pectus Gallinae, which means “the hen’s chest.”</p> <div id="attachment_14527" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14527" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14527" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Sadr-Region.webp" alt="gamma cygni nebula,ic 1318 " width="590" height="383" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14527" class="wp-image-14527" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Sadr-Region.webp" alt="gamma cygni nebula,ic 1318 " width="590" height="383" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14527" class="wp-caption-text">Sadr Region, image: Erik Larsen (CC BY 2.0)</p></div> <p>Gamma Cygni belongs to the spectral class F8 lab (indicating that the star is a supergiant) and it is approximately 1,800 light years distant from Earth. It has an apparent magnitude of 2.23 and is one of the <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/brightest-stars/">brightest stars</a> that can be seen in the night sky. It has twelve solar masses and a radis 150 times solar. Gamma Cygni is believed to be only about 12 million years old. It consumes its nuclear fuel more rapidly because of its mass.</p> <p>Gamma Cygni is surrounded by a diffuse emission nebula, IC 1318, also known as the Sadr region or the Gamma Cygni region.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Aljanah – ε Cygni (Epsilon Cygni)</h3> <p>Aljanah, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/aljanah-epsilon-cygni/">Epsilon Cygni</a>, is an orange giant star of the spectral type K0 III. It has an apparent magnitude of 2.480 and is 72.7 light years distant. It is 62 times more luminous than the Sun and has has a radius 11 times solar.</p> <p>Epsilon Cygni historically shared the traditional name Gienah with <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/gienah/">Gamma Corvi</a> in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">constellation Corvus</a>. However, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved the name Aljanah for the star in 2017, while Gamma Corvi has kept the name Gienah. Both names come from the Arabic word <em>janāħ</em>, which means “the wing.” Both stars mark the wings of their respective birds.</p> <p>Aljanah has a 13th magnitude line-of-sight companion.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Fawaris – δ Cygni (Delta Cygni)</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/fawaris-delta-cygni/">Delta Cygni</a> is a triple star in Cygnus. It will take over as the North Star for at least 400 years around the year 11,250. The star system has a combined apparent magnitude of 2.87 and is approximately 165 light years distant.</p> <p>The Delta Cygni system consists of two stars lying close together and a star located a bit further from the main pair. The brightest component in the system is a blue-white giant belonging to the spectral class B9 III, which is approaching the final stages of life on the main sequence. It is a fast rotating star, with an equatorial speed of at least 135 kilometres per second.</p> <p>The star’s closer companion is a yellow-white star belonging to the spectral class F1 V with an apparent magnitude of 6.33. The third component in the Delta Cygni system is a 12th magnitude orange giant.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Albireo – β Cygni (Beta Cygni)</h3> <p>Albireo, Beta Cygni, is only the fifth brightest star in the constellation Cygnus. It is a binary star system that appears as a single third magnitude star to the unaided eye. The system is approximately 380 light years distant.</p> <p>Albireo marks the head of the swan and is sometimes also known as “the beak star.” It is one of the stars that form the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a>.</p> <div id="attachment_14531" style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14531" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14531" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Albireo-Beta-Cygni.webp" alt="albireo a,beta cygni,double star,binary star" width="550" height="499" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14531" class="wp-image-14531" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Albireo-Beta-Cygni.webp" alt="albireo a,beta cygni,double star,binary star" width="550" height="499" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14531" class="wp-caption-text">Albireo A, image: Henryk Kowalewski</p></div> <p>Albireo is composed of a yellow star with an apparent magnitude of 3.18, which is in fact itself a close binary star, and a fainter blue companion star with an apparent magnitude of 5.82. The components are located 35 arc seconds apart. The contrast between the stars makes Albireo a pretty popular target among amateur astronomers.</p> <p>Albireo A, the brighter component, consists of two stars only 9.4 arc seconds apart, which cannot be resolved with telescopes less than 20’’ in size. The system belongs to the spectral class K3III.</p> <p>Albireo B belongs to the spectral type B0V and is a fast-rotating Be star, with an estimated rotational velocity of 250 kilometres per second.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">ζ Cygni (Zeta Cygni)</h3> <p>Zeta Cygni is a yellow star belonging to the spectral class G8III, approximately 151 light years distant. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.20. Its radius is 14.7 times solar, and the star is 119 times brighter than the Sun. It is believed to a core-helium fusing giant. The star has a 12th magnitude companion believed to be a white dwarf.</p> <p>Zeta Cygni and the star CCDM J21129+3014B form a binary system.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">τ Cygni (Tau Cygni)</h3> <p>Tau Cygni is a double star in Cygnus. It is composed of a yellowish white subgiant star, GJ 822.1 A, which belongs to the spectral class F2IV, and a sixth magnitude companion, GJ 822.1 B, a yellow main sequence star of the spectral type G0V. The companion has a similar size, luminosity and surface temperature as the Sun.</p> <p>Tau Cygni’s components have apparent magnitudes of 3.84 and 6.44. The system is 68.2 light years distant from the solar system.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">κ Cygni (Kappa Cygni)</h3> <p>Kappa Cygni is a giant star of the spectral type G9 III. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.814 and is 124.2 light years distant from Earth. The star marks the tip of the swan’s left wing. It can be seen without binoculars.</p> <p>Kappa Cygni is also notable for the meteor shower associated with it. The Kappa Cygnids meteor shower (KCG) can be observed about five degrees north of the star. It is a minor meteor shower that takes place in August every year.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">η Cygni (Eta Cygni)</h3> <p>Eta Cygni is an orange giant, belonging to the spectral class K0III, approximately 139 light years distant. It has an apparent magnitude of 3.909.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">π Cygni (Pi Cygni)</h3> <p>Pi Cygni consists of two star systems. Pi-1 Cygni belongs to the spectral type B3IV. It has a visual magnitude of 4.67 and is 1680 light years distant. Its traditional name, Azelfafage, comes either from the Arabic phrase <em>al thīlf al faras</em>, which means “the horse track” or from al <em>ʽazal al-dajājah</em>, “the hen’s tail.”</p> <p>Pi-2 Cygni has a magnitude of 4.23 and is approximately 1156 light years distant. It is a spectroscopic binary star whose main component is a B3-type blue giant, almost 2,200 times more luminous than the Sun.</p> <p>Pi-2 Cygni has a couple of traditional names: Pennae Caudalis, which means “tail fathers” in Latin, and Sama al Azrak, which is Arabic for “the blue sky.”</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Bessel’s Star (Piazzi’s Falling Star) – 61 Cygni</h3> <p>61 Cygni is a double star system composed of a pair of two dwarfs belonging to the spectral types K5V and K7V, which orbit each other every 659 years. They have apparent magnitudes of 5.21 and 6.03 respectively. 61 Cygni is only 11.41 light years distant from the solar system. It is the 15th nearest known star system to Earth.</p> <div id="attachment_14534" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14534" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14534" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/61-Cygni.webp" alt="bessel's star,piazzi's falling star" width="500" height="314" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14534" class="wp-image-14534" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/61-Cygni.webp" alt="bessel's star,piazzi's falling star" width="500" height="314" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14534" class="wp-caption-text">61 Cygni (Bessel’s Star), image: Wikisky</p></div> <p>61 Cygni A, the brighter component in the system, is the fourth nearest visible star, after <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/sirius/">Sirius</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-major-constellation/">Canis Major</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/epsilon-eridani-ran/">Epsilon Eridani</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus</a>, and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/procyon/">Procyon</a> A in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-minor-constellation/">Canis Minor</a>. It will come within nine light years of the solar system around the year 20,000.</p> <p>61 Cygni is notable for its large proper motion, the angular change in position over the course of time, as observed from the solar system’s centre of mass. The star’s proper motion was originally demonstrated by the Italian astronomer and mathematician Giuseppe Piazzi in 1804. He named 61 Cygni the Flying Star.</p> <p>61 Cygni is the first star other than the Sun to have its distance from Earth measured. The German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel did this using the method of parallax, measuring the displacement of the star’s apparent position observed along two different lines of sight and the angle of inclination between the two. The star’s large proper motion made it a great candidate for this.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">34 Cygni (P Cygni)</h3> <p>P Cygni is a variable star classified as a hypergiant luminous blue variable (LBV). Luminous blue variables are rare and only found in regions of intense star formation. They are usually short lived. Because of their enormous mass and energy, they exhaust their nuclear fuel pretty quickly and erupt into supernovae after only a few million years. Our Sun, for comparison, has been around for several billion years.</p> <p>P Cygni belongs to the spectral class B1Ia+ and is approximately 6,000 light years distant from Earth. It is one of the most luminous stars ever discovered in the Milky Way.</p> <p>It was first observed by the Dutch astronomer Willem Janszoon Blaeu in August 1600. It had not been discovered sooner because it only brightened to third magnitude in the last few years of the 16th century. It faded again in 1626 then brightened again in 1655 only to fade again in 1662. The star’s fluctuations in brightness became less dramatic around 1715. It has been a fifth magnitude star ever since. Today, it has an apparent magnitude of 4.8 with fluctuations up to 0.5 magnitudes.</p> <p>It was Johann Bayer who gave the star the designation P as a nova. P Cygni is sometimes called a permanent nova because of its dramatic changes in brightness, even though the star’s behaviour is not that of a true nova.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">39 Cygni</h3> <p>39 Cygni is an orange star belonging to the spectral class K3III. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.436 and is approximately 260 light years distant. It is cooler than the Sun, but much brighter and larger. Its surface temperature is between 3,500 and 5,000 kelvin.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">θ Cygni (Theta Cygni)</h3> <p>Theta Cygni is main sequence star belonging to the spectral class F3 V, approximately 59.8 light years distant from the solar system. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.490. It is four times as luminous as our Sun and has about 38 percent more mass. It is between 0.6 and 1.9 billion years old.</p> <p>The star has a faint companion, one with a magnitude of 13.03, located about three arc seconds away. The companion is a red dwarf belonging to the spectral class M3 V.</p> <p>Theta Cygni is also notable for possibly having an extrasolar planet in its system. The ELODIE team discovered radial velocity variations that suggest that the star has a planetary object orbiting it with a period of less than six months. The planet is believed to be twice the size of Jupiter, but its presence has not been confirmed yet.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">16 Cygni</h3> <p>16 Cygni is a triple star system in Cygnus. The brighter two components, two yellow dwarfs similar to the Sun, have apparent magnitudes of 5.96 and 6.20. The third component is a red dwarf. The system is some 70 light years distant from Earth. An extrasolar planet has been discovered in an eccentric orbit around 16 Cygni B.</p> <div id="attachment_14535" style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14535" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14535" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/16-Cygni.webp" alt="triple star system in cygnus" width="550" height="345" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14535" class="wp-image-14535" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/16-Cygni.webp" alt="triple star system in cygnus" width="550" height="345" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14535" class="wp-caption-text">16 Cygni star system and orbits, photo: Arnaugir</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Gliese 777</h3> <p>Gliese 777 is a yellow subgiant star belonging to the spectral class G6IV, 51.81 light years distant. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.71. In 2005, two extrasolar planets were confirmed in its system.</p> <p>The primary star has a companion, a dim red dwarf of the spectral type M4.5V, which is located approximately 3,000 astronomical units away. The red dwarf has a visual magnitude of 14.40 and is a suspected binary star.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Ruchba – ω Cygni (Omega Cygni)</h3> <p>Omega Cygni is a multiple star system in Cygnus. It consists of two visual doubles only a third of a degree apart. The star’s traditional name, Ruchba, comes from the Arabic phrase meaning “the hen’s knee.” Omega-1 Cygni is a hot subgiant belonging to the spectral class B2.5, approximately 910 light years distant. It has a visual magnitude of 4.95. Omega-2 Cygni is a red giant of the spectral type M2III approximately 400 light years from Earth. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.22.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Deep sky objects in Cygnus</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Messier 29 (M29) – NGC 6913</h3> <p>Messier 29 is an open cluster with an apparent magnitude of 7.1, approximately 4,000 light years distant. It can be seen with binoculars. The cluster was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. It lies near the star Gamma Cygni, about 1.7 degrees to the south and a little east.</p> <p>The estimated age of the cluster is 10 million years. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 8.59. The five hottest stars in the cluster belong to the spectral class B0.</p> <div id="attachment_14536" style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14536" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14536" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Messier-29.webp" alt="m29 cluster" width="550" height="530" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14536" class="wp-image-14536" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Messier-29.webp" alt="m29 cluster" width="550" height="530" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14536" class="wp-caption-text">Messier 29, image: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona (CC BY-SA 3.0 US)</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Messier 39 (M39) – NGC 7092</h3> <p>Messier 39 is another open star cluster, also discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. It is between 200 and 300 million years old, which is an intermediate age for an open cluster. The cluster is located about 800 light years from the solar system.</p> <p>M39 has an apparent magnitude of 5.5. The brightest star belongs to the spectral class A0 and has a visual magnitude of 6.83. All the stars observed in the cluster are on the main sequence, and the brightest ones will soon evolve to the red giant stage.</p> <p>The cluster can be found two and a half degrees west and a degree south of the star Pi-2 Cygni.</p> <div id="attachment_14537" style="width: 580px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14537" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14537" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Messier-39.webp" alt="m39" width="570" height="349" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14537" class="wp-image-14537" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Messier-39.webp" alt="m39" width="570" height="349" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14537" class="wp-caption-text">Messier 39, image: Wikisky</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Fireworks Galaxy – NGC 6946 (Arp 29)</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/fireworks-galaxy-ngc-6946/">Fireworks Galaxy</a> (NGC 6946) is an intermediate spiral galaxy in Cygnus. It has an apparent magnitude of 9.6 and is approximately 22.5 million light years distant.</p> <p>The galaxy is located near the border with the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">constellation Cepheus</a>. It lies close to the galactic plane and is very obscured by interstellar matter of the Milky Way.</p> <p>NGC 6946 was discovered by the German-born British astronomer Sir Frederick William Herschel on September 9, 1798. Nine supernovae have been observed in the galaxy since: SN 1917A, SN 1939C, SN 1948B, SN 1968D, SN 1969P, SN 1980K, SN 2002hh, SN 2004et and SN 2008S.</p> <div id="attachment_14538" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14538" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14538" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Fireworks-Galaxy.webp" alt="ngc 6946" width="590" height="589" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14538" class="wp-image-14538" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Fireworks-Galaxy.webp" alt="ngc 6946" width="590" height="589" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14538" class="wp-caption-text">The Fireworks Galaxy (NGC 6946), image: Göran Nilsson & The Liverpool Telescope (CC BY-SA 4.0)</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Cygnus X-1</h3> <p>Cygnus X-1 is a famous X-ray source, one of the strongest ones seen from Earth. It was first discovered in 1964 during a rocket flight.</p> <p><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cygnus-x-1/">Cygnus X-1</a> is notable for being the first X-ray source widely believed to be a black hole candidate; it has a mass 8.7 times that of the Sun, yet it is too compact to be any kind of known object other than a black hole. It is approximately 6,100 light years distant from Earth.</p> <p>Cygnus X-1 orbits a blue supergiant variable star, HDE 226868, and the two stars form a binary system. Over time, an accretion disk of material brought from the star by a stellar wind has formed around Cygnus X-1.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">North America Nebula – NGC 7000 (Caldwell 20)</h3> <p><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/north-america-nebula/">NGC 7000</a> in Cygnus was named the North America Nebula because its shape strongly resembles that of the continent. The nebula is obscured by a band of dust, which determines its shape as we see it.</p> <div id="attachment_14539" style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14539" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14539" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/North-America-Nebula-and-Pelican-Nebula.webp" alt="North America Nebula, Pelican Nebula" width="550" height="550" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14539" class="wp-image-14539" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/North-America-Nebula-and-Pelican-Nebula.webp" alt="North America Nebula, Pelican Nebula" width="550" height="550" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14539" class="wp-caption-text">The North America Nebula and the Pelican Nebula — This layout of images reveals how the appearance of the North America nebula can change dramatically using different combinations of visible and infrared observations from the Digitized Sky Survey and NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, respectively. In this progression, the visible-light view (upper left) shows a striking similarity to the North America continent. Each is cropped to the easterly bulk (thus also the quasi-“Gulf of Mexico” region). The red region to the right is known as the “Pelican nebula,” after its resemblance in visible light to a pelican. The view at upper right includes both visible and infrared observations. The hot gas comprising the North America continent and the Pelican now takes on a vivid blue hue, while red colours display the infrared light. Inky black dust features start to glow in the infrared view. In the bottom two images, only infrared light from Spitzer is shown — data from the infrared array camera is on the left, and data from both the infrared array camera and the multi-band imaging photometer, which sees longer wavelengths, is on the right. These pictures look different in part because infrared light can penetrate dust whereas visible light cannot. Dusty, dark clouds in the visible image become transparent in Spitzer’s view. In addition, Spitzer’s infrared detectors pick up the glow of dusty cocoons enveloping baby stars. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/L. Rebull (SSC/Caltech)</p></div> <p>The North America Nebula is an emission nebula. It has an apparent magnitude of 4 and is approximately 1,600 light years distant from Earth.</p> <p>The North America Nebula is very large, about 120 by 100 arc minutes, but it usually cannot be seen without binoculars because its surface brightness is pretty low. It was discovered by William Herschel on October 24, 1786.</p> <p>The greatest concentration of star forming activity occurs in the region called the Cygnus Wall, which is the part of the nebula that corresponds to the Mexico and Central America region (so to speak).</p> <div id="attachment_14542" style="width: 530px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14542" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14542" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/North-America-Nebula-and-Pelican-Nebula-NASA.webp" alt="" width="520" height="520" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14542" class="wp-image-14542" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/North-America-Nebula-and-Pelican-Nebula-NASA.webp" alt="" width="520" height="520" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14542" class="wp-caption-text">The North America Nebula and the Pelican Nebula, image: NASA</p></div> <p>NGC 7000 is a part of the same H II region (interstellar cloud in which stars are formed) as the neighbouring Pelican Nebula (IC 5070).</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Pelican Nebula – IC 5070 and IC 5067</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pelican-nebula/">Pelican Nebula</a> is an emission nebula in Cygnus. It has an apparent magnitude of 8.0 and is approximately 1,800 light years distant from Earth. It got its name because its shape resembles that of the pelican.</p> <p>The nebula is an H II region, a large gas cloud in which star forming activity takes place and newly formed blue stars emit ultraviolet light which ionizes the gas in the cloud.</p> <div id="attachment_14544" style="width: 580px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14544" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14544" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Pelican-Nebula.webp" alt="ic 5070" width="570" height="434" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14544" class="wp-image-14544" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Pelican-Nebula.webp" alt="ic 5070" width="570" height="434" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14544" class="wp-caption-text">Pelican Nebula, image: Wikimedia Commons/Hewholooks</p></div> <p>The nebula is associated with the nearby North America Nebula and is separated from it by a large molecular cloud filled with dark dust. The two nebulae are about 1,500 light years apart.</p> <p>The Pelican Nebula is located near the bright star <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> and can be found to the northeast of the star.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Sadr Region – IC 1318</h3> <p><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/gamma-cygni-nebula-sadr-region/">IC 1318</a> is an emission nebula formed around the star Sadr, Gamma Cygni, located at the intersection of the Northern Cross in Cygnus.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Crescent Nebula – NGC 6888 (Caldwell 27, Sharpless 105)</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/crescent-nebula/">Crescent Nebula</a> is an emission nebula formed by the strong stellar wind of HD 192163 (WR 136), which is a Wolf Rayet star in Cygnus. A Wolf Rayet star is a hot, old, massive star that is rapidly losing mass by means of a fast stellar wind.</p> <div id="attachment_14547" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14547" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14547" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Crescent-Nebula-NGC-6888.webp" alt="Crescent Nebula,NGC 6888" width="590" height="394" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14547" class="wp-image-14547" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Crescent-Nebula-NGC-6888.webp" alt="Crescent Nebula,NGC 6888" width="590" height="394" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14547" class="wp-caption-text">An image of the emission nebula NGC 6888, also known as the Crescent Nebula, in the constellation Cygnus. This object is approximately 5000 light years distant and 26 light years in diameter and is formed by high velocity stellar wind from the central star WR 136 colliding with gas previously shed from the star. This object was imaged in hydrogen-alpha and oxygen-III emission lines; red colors are hydrogen, and blue oxygen. Image: Patrick Hsieh (CC BY-SA 4.0)</p></div> <p>The shell is a result of the stellar wind from the star colliding with the wind that the star ejected when it evolved into a red giant some 400,000 years ago.</p> <p>The nebula is 18’x12’ in size, has an apparent magnitude of 7.4, and is approximately 5,000 light years distant.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Cygnus Loop (Sharpless 103)</h3> <p>The Cygnus Loop is a large supernova remnant, almost three degrees across in the sky, forming an emission nebula in Cygnus. It is a strong source of soft X-rays.</p> <p>The arcs of the loop that emit in visible light are known as the Veil Nebula and the rest of the loop can be detected in radio, infrared and X-ray images.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Veil Nebula – NGC 6960, NGC 6992, NGC 6995, NGC 6974, NGC 6979 (IC 1340)</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/veil-nebula/">Veil Nebula</a> is the visual component of the Cygnus Loop. Also known as the Cirrus Nebula or Filamentary Nebula, it consists of several components: the Western Veil (NGC 6960), the Eastern Veil (NGC 6992, NGC 6995, IC 1340), and Fleming’s Triangle (Pickering’s Triangle).</p> <p>NGC 6960, the Western Veil, is sometimes also called the Witch’s Broom. It forms the western-most part of the nebula. The Eastern Veil consists of three bright regions – NGC 6996, NGC 6995 and IC 1340.</p> <div id="attachment_14548" style="width: 620px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14548" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-14548" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula.jpg" alt="" width="610" height="307" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula.jpg 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula-300x151.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-14548" class="wp-image-14548" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula.jpg" alt="" width="610" height="307" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula.jpg 640w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Veil-Nebula-300x151.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-14548" class="wp-caption-text">Portion of the Veil Nebula as photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Image: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration</p></div> <p>Pickering’s Triangle, also known as Pickering’s Wedge or Pickering’s Triangular Wisp, is a faint region of nebulosity discovered by the American astronomer Williamina Fleming in 1904. It was named after Edward Charles Pickering, the director of the Harvard Observatory, where Fleming made the discovery.</p> <p>NGC 6974 and NGC 6979 are also regions of nebulosity located in a cloud at the northern edge of the nebula. NGC 6979 was discovered by William Herschel, and NGC 6974 by Lord Rosse, a British astronomer.</p> <p>The Cygnus Loop is about 90 light years in size and approximately 1470 light years distant from Earth. 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decodeURIComponent(i)}return null}_readFromLocalStorage(e){const t=window.localStorage.getItem(e);if(!t)return null;try{const n=JSON.parse(t),s=n.expires&&(new Date).getTime()>new Date(n.expires).getTime();if(n.resetOnRead&&n.expires&&!s){const t=this._resetExpiry(n);var i;return window.localStorage.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(n)),null!=(i=t.value)?i:t}if(s)return window.localStorage.removeItem(e),null;if(!n.value)return n;try{return JSON.parse(n.value)}catch(e){return n.value}}catch(e){return t}}_setCookieValue(e,t,i,n){try{if(this._gdpr&&this._shouldQueue){const n={key:t,value:i,type:e};this._cookieHandlerQueue.push(n)}else{var s;const e=this._getExpiryDate(null!=(s=null==n?void 0:n.expiry)?s:{value:400,unit:"days"});var o;const a=null!=(o=null==n?void 0:n.sameSite)?o:"None";var r;const l=null==(r=null==n?void 0:n.secure)||r,c="object"==typeof i?JSON.stringify(i):i;document.cookie=`${t}=${c}; SameSite=${a}; ${l?"Secure;":""} expires=${e}; path=/`}}catch(e){}}_verifyInternalKey(e){const t=e.startsWith("adthrive_"),i=e.startsWith("adt_");if(!t&&!i&&!_e.includes(e))throw new Error('When reading an internal cookie, the key must start with "adthrive_" or "adt_" or be part of the allowed legacy keys.')}constructor(...e){super(...e),this.name="BrowserStorage",this.disable=!1,this.gdprPurposes=[1],this._sessionStorageHandlerQueue=[],this._localStorageHandlerQueue=[],this._cookieHandlerQueue=[],this._shouldQueue=!1}},ye=e=>null!=e&&!("number"==typeof e&&isNaN(e)),fe=(t,i,n,s,o=!0)=>{const r="adthrive_abgroup",a=ge.readInternalLocalStorage(r);if(null!==a){const e=a[t];var l;const i=null!=(l=a[`${t}_weight`])?l:null;if(ye(e))return[e,i]}const c=e({},a,{[t]:i,[`${t}_weight`]:n});return s?ge.setExpirableInternalLocalStorage(r,c,{expiry:s,resetOnRead:o}):ge.setInternalLocalStorage(r,c),[i,n]},ve=()=>(e,t,i)=>{const n=i.value;n&&(i.value=function(...e){const t=(e=>{if(null===e)return null;const t=e.map((({choice:e})=>e));return(e=>{let t=5381,i=e.length;for(;i;)t=33*t^e.charCodeAt(--i);return t>>>0})(JSON.stringify(t)).toString(16)})(this._choices),i=this._expConfigABGroup?this._expConfigABGroup:this.abgroup,s=i?i.toLowerCase():this.key?this.key.toLowerCase():"",o=t?`${s}_${t}`:s,r=this.localStoragePrefix?`${this.localStoragePrefix}-${o}`:o,a=k.getLocalStorageValue("branch");!1===(a&&a.enabled)&&k.removeLocalStorageValue(r);const l=(()=>n.apply(this,e))(),c=(d=this._choices,h=l,null!=(p=null==(u=d.find((({choice:e})=>e===h)))?void 0:u.weight)?p:null);var d,h,u,p;const[m,_]=fe(r,l,c,{value:24,unit:"hours"});return this._stickyResult=m,this._stickyWeight=_,m})};class Se{get enabled(){return void 0!==this.experimentConfig}_isValidResult(e,t=()=>!0){return t()&&ye(e)}}class be extends Se{_isValidResult(e){return super._isValidResult(e,(()=>this._resultValidator(e)||"control"===e))}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. 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Defaulting to empty class name."),"")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:t})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="",this._resultValidator=e=>"string"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdLayout,this.abgroup=c.AdLayout,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}Q([ve(),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[]),K("design:returntype",void 0)],we.prototype,"run",null);class Oe extends be{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new pe(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:"number"==typeof t?(t||0)/100:"control"})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="control",this._resultValidator=e=>"number"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdDensity,this.abgroup=c.AdDensity,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}Q([ve(),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[]),K("design:returntype",void 0)],Oe.prototype,"run",null);class xe extends W{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new U(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scae",this.key="StickyContainerAds",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}xe=Q([X("StickyContainerAdsExperiment"),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[])],xe);class Ae extends W{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new U(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scre",this.key="StickyContainerRecipe",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}Ae=Q([X("StickyContainerRecipeExperiment"),K("design:type",Function),K("design:paramtypes",[])],Ae);const Ee="250px";class Pe{start(){try{var e,t;(e=>{const t=document.body,i=`adthrive-device-${e}`;if(!t.classList.contains(i))try{t.classList.add(i)}catch(e){C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init",{message:e.message});const t="classList"in document.createElement("_");C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init.support",{support:t})}})(this._device);const s=new we(this._clsOptions);if(s.enabled){const e=s.result,t=e.startsWith(".")?e.substring(1):e;if((e=>/^[-_a-zA-Z]+[-_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/.test(e))(t))try{document.body.classList.add(t)}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Uncaught CSS Class error: ${e}`)}else C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Invalid class name: ${t}`)}const o=oe(this._device,this._clsOptions.siteAds).filter((e=>this._locationEnabled(e))).filter((e=>{return t=e,i=this._device,t.devices.includes(i);var t,i})).filter((e=>{return 0===(t=e).pageSelector.length||null!==document.querySelector(t.pageSelector);var t})),r=this.inject(o);var i,n;if(null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(e=t.content)?void 0:e.enabled)if(this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result&&!he(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig.blockedSelectors||[]))de(`\n .adthrive-device-phone .adthrive-sticky-content {\n height: 450px !important;\n margin-bottom: 100px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky:after {\n content: "— Advertisement. Scroll down to continue. —";\n font-size: 10pt;\n margin-top: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n display:block;\n color: #888;\n }\n .adthrive-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${(null==(n=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(i=n.content)?void 0:i.minHeight)||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `);r.forEach((e=>this._clsOptions.setInjectedSlots(e)))}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",e)}}inject(e,t=document){this._densityDevice="desktop"===this._device?h.Desktop:h.Mobile,this._overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment();const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds,n=w(i.adDensityEnabled,!0),s=i.adDensityLayout&&n,o=e.filter((e=>s?e.location!==d.Content:e)),r=e.filter((e=>s?e.location===d.Content:null));return[...o.length?this._injectNonDensitySlots(o,t):[],...r.length?this._injectDensitySlots(r,t):[]]}_injectNonDensitySlots(e,t=document){var i;const n=[],s=[];if(this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.some((e=>e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky))&&!he((null==(i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)?void 0:i.blockedSelectors)||[])){var o,r;const e=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig;(e=>{de(`\n .adthrive-recipe.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-recipe-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${e||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `)})("phone"===this._device?null==e||null==(o=e.recipeMobile)?void 0:o.minHeight:null==e||null==(r=e.recipeDesktop)?void 0:r.minHeight)}for(const i of e)this._insertNonDensityAds(i,n,s,t);return s.forEach((({location:e,element:t})=>{t.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[e]})),n}_injectDensitySlots(e,t=document){try{this._calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t)}catch(e){return[]}const{onePerViewport:i,targetAll:n,targetDensityUnits:s,combinedMax:o,numberOfUnits:r}=this._getDensitySettings(e,t);return this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=i?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,r?(this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._findElementsForAds(r,i,n,o,s,t),this._insertAds()):[]}_overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment(){var e;if(null==(e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment)?void 0:e.enabled){const e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment.result;"number"==typeof e&&(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityEnabled=!0,this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout[this._densityDevice].adDensity=e)}}_getDensitySettings(e,t=document){const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout,n=this._determineOverrides(i.pageOverrides),s=n.length?n[0]:i[this._densityDevice],o=this._clsOptions.getTargetDensity(s.adDensity),r=s.onePerViewport,a=this._shouldTargetAllEligible(o),l=this._getTargetDensityUnits(o,a),c=this._getCombinedMax(e,t),d=Math.min(this._totalAvailableElements.length,l,...c>0?[c]:[]);return this._pubLog={onePerViewport:r,targetDensity:o,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c},{onePerViewport:r,targetAll:a,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c,numberOfUnits:d}}_determineOverrides(e){return e.filter((e=>{const t=R(e.pageSelector);return""===e.pageSelector||t.elements&&t.elements.length})).map((e=>e[this._densityDevice]))}_shouldTargetAllEligible(e){return e===this._densityMax}_getTargetDensityUnits(e,t){return t?this._totalAvailableElements.length:Math.floor(e*this._mainContentHeight/(1-e)/this._minDivHeight)-this._recipeCount}_getCombinedMax(e,t=document){return w(e.filter((e=>{let i;try{i=t.querySelector(e.elementSelector)}catch(e){}return i})).map((e=>Number(e.max)+Number(e.lazyMaxDefaulted?0:e.lazyMax))).sort(((e,t)=>t-e))[0],0)}_elementLargerThanMainContent(e){return e.offsetHeight>=this._mainContentHeight&&this._totalAvailableElements.length>1}_elementDisplayNone(e){const t=window.getComputedStyle(e,null).display;return t&&"none"===t||"none"===e.style.display}_isBelowMaxes(e,t){return this._adInjectionMap.map.length<e&&this._adInjectionMap.map.length<t}_findElementsForAds(e,t,i,n,s,o=document){this._clsOptions.targetDensityLog={onePerViewport:t,combinedMax:n,targetDensityUnits:s,targetDensityPercentage:this._pubLog.targetDensity,mainContentHeight:this._mainContentHeight,recipeCount:this._recipeCount,numberOfEls:this._totalAvailableElements.length};const r=e=>{for(const{dynamicAd:t,element:r}of this._totalAvailableElements)if(this._logDensityInfo(r,t.elementSelector,e),!(!i&&this._elementLargerThanMainContent(r)||this._elementDisplayNone(r))){if(!this._isBelowMaxes(n,s))break;this._checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:r,insertEvery:e,targetAll:i,target:o})}!this._usedAbsoluteMinimum&&this._smallerIncrementAttempts<5&&(++this._smallerIncrementAttempts,r(this._getSmallerIncrement(e)))},a=this._getInsertEvery(e,t,s);r(a)}_getSmallerIncrement(e){let t=.6*e;return t<=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice&&(t=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0),t}_insertNonDensityAds(e,t,i,n=document){let s=0,o=0,r=0;e.spacing>0&&(s=window.innerHeight*e.spacing,o=s);const a=this._repeatDynamicAds(e),l=this.getElements(e.elementSelector,n);e.skip;for(let c=e.skip;c<l.length&&!(r+1>a.length);c+=e.every){let h=l[c];if(s>0){const{bottom:e}=O(h);if(e<=o)continue;o=e+s}const u=a[r],p=`${u.location}_${u.sequence}`;t.some((e=>e.name===p))&&(r+=1);const m=this.getDynamicElementId(u),_=le(e),g=ce(e),y=[e.location===d.Sidebar&&e.sticky&&e.sequence&&e.sequence<=5?"adthrive-sticky-sidebar":"",this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky?"adthrive-recipe-sticky-container":"",_,g,...e.classNames],f=this.addAd(h,m,e.position,y);if(f){const s=re(u,f);if(s.length){const o={clsDynamicAd:e,dynamicAd:u,element:f,sizes:s,name:p,infinite:n!==document};t.push(o),i.push({location:u.location,element:f}),e.location===d.Recipe&&++this._recipeCount,r+=1}h=f}}}_insertAds(){const e=[];return this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._adInjectionMap.map.forEach((({el:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n},s)=>{const o=Number(i.sequence)+s,r=i.max,a=i.lazy&&o>r;i.sequence=o,i.lazy=a;const l=this._addContentAd(t,i,n);l&&(i.used=!0,e.push(l))})),e}_getInsertEvery(e,t,i){let n=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice;return this._moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(i,e)?(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,n=this._useWiderSpacing(i,e)):(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0,n=this._useSmallestSpacing(t)),t&&window.innerHeight>n?window.innerHeight:n}_useWiderSpacing(e,t){return this._mainContentHeight/Math.min(e,t)}_useSmallestSpacing(e){return e&&window.innerHeight>this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice}_moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(e,t){return this._totalAvailableElements.length>e||this._totalAvailableElements.length>t}_logDensityInfo(e,t,i){const{onePerViewport:n,targetDensity:s,targetDensityUnits:o,combinedMax:r}=this._pubLog;this._totalAvailableElements.length}_checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:i,insertEvery:n,targetAll:s,target:o=document}){(this._isFirstAdInjected()||this._hasProperSpacing(i,t,s,n))&&this._markSpotForContentAd(i,e({},t),o)}_isFirstAdInjected(){return!this._adInjectionMap.map.length}_markSpotForContentAd(e,t,i=document){const n="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position;this._adInjectionMap.add(e,this._getElementCoords(e,n),t,i),this._adInjectionMap.sort()}_hasProperSpacing(e,t,i,n){const s="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,o="beforeend"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,r=i||this._isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,n,s),a=o||this._isElementNotInRow(e,s),l=-1===e.id.indexOf(`AdThrive_${d.Below_Post}`);return r&&a&&l}_isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,t,i){const n=this._getElementCoords(e,i);let s=!1;for(let e=0;e<this._adInjectionMap.map.length;e++){const i=this._adInjectionMap.map[e].coords,o=this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1]&&this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1].coords;if(s=n-t>i&&(!o||n+t<o),s)break}return s}_isElementNotInRow(e,t){const i=e.previousElementSibling,n=e.nextElementSibling,s=t?!i&&n||i&&e.tagName!==i.tagName?n:i:n;return!(!s||0!==e.getBoundingClientRect().height)||(!s||e.getBoundingClientRect().top!==s.getBoundingClientRect().top)}_calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t=document){const[i,n]=((e,t,i=document)=>{const[n,s]=P(e,t,i);if(0===n.length)throw Error("No Main Content Elements Found");return[Array.from(n).reduce(((e,t)=>t.offsetHeight>e.offsetHeight?t:e))||document.body,s]})(e,this._adInjectionMap,t);this._mainContentDiv=i,this._totalAvailableElements=n,this._mainContentHeight=((e,t="div #comments, section .comments")=>{const i=e.querySelector(t);return i?e.offsetHeight-i.offsetHeight:e.offsetHeight})(this._mainContentDiv)}_getElementCoords(e,t=!1){const i=e.getBoundingClientRect();return(t?i.top:i.bottom)+window.scrollY}_addContentAd(e,t,i=document){var n,s;let o=null;const r=le(t),a=ce(t),l=(null==(s=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(n=s.content)?void 0:n.enabled)&&this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result?"adthrive-sticky-container":"",c=this.addAd(e,this.getDynamicElementId(t),t.position,[l,r,a,...t.classNames]);if(c){const e=re(t,c);if(e.length){c.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[t.location];o={clsDynamicAd:t,dynamicAd:t,element:c,sizes:e,name:`${t.location}_${t.sequence}`,infinite:i!==document}}}return o}getDynamicElementId(e){return`AdThrive_${e.location}_${e.sequence}_${this._device}`}getElements(e,t=document){return t.querySelectorAll(e)}addAd(e,t,i,n=[]){if(!document.getElementById(t)){const s=`<div id="${t}" class="adthrive-ad ${n.join(" ")}"></div>`;e.insertAdjacentHTML(i,s)}return document.getElementById(t)}_repeatDynamicAds(t){const i=[],n=this._removeRecipeCapExperiment.result&&t.location===d.Recipe?99:this.locationMaxLazySequence.get(t.location),s=t.lazy?w(n,0):0,o=t.max,r=t.lazyMax,a=0===s&&t.lazy?o+r:Math.min(Math.max(s-t.sequence+1,0),o+r),l=Math.max(o,a);for(let n=0;n<l;n++){const s=Number(t.sequence)+n;if("Recipe_1"!==t.name||5!==s){const r=t.lazy&&n>=o;i.push(e({},t,{sequence:s,lazy:r}))}}return i}_locationEnabled(e){const t=this._clsOptions.enabledLocations.includes(e.location),i=this._clsOptions.disableAds&&this._clsOptions.disableAds.all||document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-all"),n=!document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-content")&&!this._clsOptions.disableAds.reasons.has("content_plugin");return t&&!i&&n}constructor(e,t){this._clsOptions=e,this._adInjectionMap=t,this._recipeCount=0,this._mainContentHeight=0,this._mainContentDiv=null,this._totalAvailableElements=[],this._minDivHeight=250,this._densityDevice=h.Desktop,this._pubLog={onePerViewport:!1,targetDensity:0,targetDensityUnits:0,combinedMax:0},this._densityMax=.99,this._smallerIncrementAttempts=0,this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=250,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,this._infPageEndOffset=0,this.locationMaxLazySequence=new Map([[d.Recipe,5]]),this.locationToMinHeight={Below_Post:Ee,Content:Ee,Recipe:Ee,Sidebar:Ee};const{tablet:i,desktop:n}=this._clsOptions.siteAds.breakpoints;this._device=((e,t)=>{const i=window.innerWidth;return i>=t?"desktop":i>=e?"tablet":"phone"})(i,n),this._config=new ae(e),this._clsOptions.enabledLocations=this._config.enabledLocations,this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments?new Oe(this._clsOptions):null,this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment=new xe,this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment=new Ae,this._removeRecipeCapExperiment=new ue}}function ke(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var i,n,s={},o=Object.keys(e);for(n=0;n<o.length;n++)i=o[n],t.indexOf(i)>=0||(s[i]=e[i]);return s}class De{get enabled(){return!0}}class Ie extends De{setPotentialPlayersMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players||[],t=this._filterPlayerMap(),i=e.filter((e=>"stationaryRelated"===e.type&&e.enabled));return t.stationaryRelated=i,this._potentialPlayerMap=t,this._potentialPlayerMap}_filterPlayerMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players,t={stickyRelated:[],stickyPlaylist:[],stationaryRelated:[]};return e&&e.length?e.filter((e=>{var t;return null==(t=e.devices)?void 0:t.includes(this._device)})).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t.type]||(C.event(this._component,"constructor","Unknown Video Player Type detected",t.type),e[t.type]=[]),t.enabled&&e[t.type].push(t),e)),t):t}_checkPlayerSelectorOnPage(e){const t=this._potentialPlayerMap[e].map((e=>({player:e,playerElement:this._getPlacementElement(e)})));return t.length?t[0]:{player:null,playerElement:null}}_getOverrideElement(e,t,i){if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}else{const{player:e,playerElement:t}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}}return i}_shouldOverrideElement(e){const t=e.getAttribute("override-embed");return"true"===t||"false"===t?"true"===t:!!this._videoConfig.relatedSettings&&this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.overrideEmbedLocation}_checkPageSelector(e,t,i=[]){if(e&&t&&0===i.length){return!("/"===window.location.pathname)&&C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`PSNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),!1}return!0}_getElementSelector(e,t,i){return t&&t.length>i?t[i]:(C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`ESNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),null)}_getPlacementElement(e){const{pageSelector:t,elementSelector:i,skip:n}=e,s=R(t),{valid:o,elements:r}=s,a=ke(s,["valid","elements"]),l=I(i),{valid:c,elements:d}=l,h=ke(l,["valid","elements"]);if(""!==t&&!o)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${t} is not a valid selector`),a),null;if(!c)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${i} is not a valid selector`),h),null;if(!this._checkPageSelector(t,o,r))return null;return this._getElementSelector(i,d,n)||null}_getEmbeddedPlayerType(e){let t=e.getAttribute("data-player-type");return t&&"default"!==t||(t=this._videoConfig.relatedSettings?this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.defaultPlayerType:"static"),this._stickyRelatedOnPage&&(t="static"),t}_getMediaId(e){const t=e.getAttribute("data-video-id");return!!t&&(this._relatedMediaIds.push(t),t)}_createRelatedPlayer(e,t,i,n){"collapse"===t?this._createCollapsePlayer(e,i):"static"===t&&this._createStaticPlayer(e,i,n)}_createCollapsePlayer(t,i){const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyRelated"),o=n||this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];if(o&&o.playerId){this._shouldOverrideElement(i)&&(i=this._getOverrideElement(n,s,i)),i=document.querySelector(`#cls-video-container-${t} > div`)||i,this._createStickyRelatedPlayer(e({},o,{mediaId:t}),i)}else C.error(this._component,"_createCollapsePlayer","No video player found")}_createStaticPlayer(t,i,n){if(this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated.length&&this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0].playerId){const s=this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];this._createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e({},s,{mediaOrPlaylistId:t}),i,n)}else C.error(this._component,"_createStaticPlayer","No video player found")}_shouldRunAutoplayPlayers(){return!(!this._isVideoAllowedOnPage()||!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyRelated.length&&!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyPlaylist.length)}_determineAutoplayPlayers(){const e=this._component,t="VideoManagerComponent"===e,i=this._context;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage)return void C.event(e,"stickyRelatedOnPage",t&&{device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{});const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");n&&n.playerId&&n.playlistId&&s?this._createPlaylistPlayer(n,s):Math.random()<.01&&setTimeout((()=>{C.event(e,"noStickyPlaylist",t&&{vendor:"none",device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{})}),1e3)}_initializeRelatedPlayers(e){const t=new Map;for(let i=0;i<e.length;i++){const n=e[i],s=n.offsetParent,o=this._getEmbeddedPlayerType(n),r=this._getMediaId(n);if(s&&r){const e=(t.get(r)||0)+1;t.set(r,e),this._createRelatedPlayer(r,o,n,e)}}}constructor(e,t,i){super(),this._videoConfig=e,this._component=t,this._context=i,this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!1,this._relatedMediaIds=[],this._device=A()?"desktop":"mobile",this._potentialPlayerMap=this.setPotentialPlayersMap()}}class Re extends Ie{init(){this._initializePlayers()}_wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(e,t,i=0){if(e.parentNode){const n=e.offsetWidth*(9/16),s=this._createGenericCLSWrapper(n,t,i);return e.parentNode.insertBefore(s,e),s.appendChild(e),s}return null}_createGenericCLSWrapper(e,t,i){const n=document.createElement("div");return n.id=`cls-video-container-${t}`,n.className="adthrive",n.style.minHeight=`${e+i}px`,n}_getTitleHeight(){const e=document.createElement("h3");e.style.margin="10px 0",e.innerText="Title",e.style.visibility="hidden",document.body.appendChild(e);const t=window.getComputedStyle(e),i=parseInt(t.height,10),n=parseInt(t.marginTop,10),s=parseInt(t.marginBottom,10);return document.body.removeChild(e),Math.min(i+s+n,50)}_initializePlayers(){const e=document.querySelectorAll(this._IN_POST_SELECTOR);e.length&&this._initializeRelatedPlayers(e),this._shouldRunAutoplayPlayers()&&this._determineAutoplayPlayers()}_createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e,t,i){const n="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],s=u.Video_In_Post_ClicktoPlay_SoundOn;if(t&&e.mediaOrPlaylistId){const o=`${e.mediaOrPlaylistId}_${i}`,r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(t,o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaOrPlaylistId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playerId:e.playerId,playerName:s,playerSize:n,element:r,type:"stationaryRelated"})}}_createStickyRelatedPlayer(e,t){const i="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],n=u.Video_Individual_Autoplay_SOff;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!0,this._videoConfig.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage="mobile"===this._device,t&&e.position&&e.mediaId){const s=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,s);const o=this._getTitleHeight(),r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(s,e.mediaId,this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT+o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playlistId:e.playlistId,playerId:e.playerId,playerSize:i,playerName:n,element:s,type:"stickyRelated"})}}_createPlaylistPlayer(e,t){const i=e.playlistId,n="mobile"===this._device?u.Video_Coll_SOff_Smartphone:u.Video_Collapse_Autoplay_SoundOff,s="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360];this._videoConfig.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage=!0;const o=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,o);let r=this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT;e.title&&(r+=this._getTitleHeight());const a=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(o,i,r);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(`playlist-${i}`),a&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playlistId:e.playlistId,playerId:e.playerId,playerSize:s,playerName:n,element:o,type:"stickyPlaylist"})}_isVideoAllowedOnPage(){const e=this._clsOptions.disableAds;if(e&&e.video){let t="";e.reasons.has("video_tag")?t="video tag":e.reasons.has("video_plugin")?t="video plugin":e.reasons.has("video_page")&&(t="command queue");const i=t?"ClsVideoInsertionMigrated":"ClsVideoInsertion";return C.error(i,"isVideoAllowedOnPage",new Error(`DBP: Disabled by publisher via ${t||"other"}`)),!1}return!this._clsOptions.videoDisabledFromPlugin}constructor(e,t){super(e,"ClsVideoInsertion"),this._videoConfig=e,this._clsOptions=t,this._IN_POST_SELECTOR=".adthrive-video-player",this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT=36,this._playersAddedFromPlugin=[],t.removeVideoTitleWrapper&&(this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT=0)}}class Me{add(e,t,i,n=document){this._map.push({el:e,coords:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n})}get map(){return this._map}sort(){this._map.sort((({coords:e},{coords:t})=>e-t))}filterUsed(){this._map=this._map.filter((({dynamicAd:e})=>!e.used))}reset(){this._map=[]}constructor(){this._map=[]}}class Le extends Me{}try{(()=>{const e=new H;e&&e.enabled&&(new Pe(e,new Le).start(),new Re(new F(e),e).init())})()}catch(e){C.error("CLS","pluginsertion-iife",e),window.adthriveCLS&&(window.adthriveCLS.injectedFromPlugin=!1)}}(); </script> <script data-no-optimize="1" data-cfasync="false">(function () {var clsElements = document.querySelectorAll("script[id^='cls-']"); window.adthriveCLS && 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