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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signaling_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signaling_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Signaling mechanism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signaling_mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signaling mechanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signaling_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-cAMP_independent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#cAMP_independent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>cAMP independent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-cAMP_independent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in the central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-CNS_dopamine_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-CNS_dopamine_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-CNS dopamine receptors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-CNS_dopamine_receptors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-CNS dopamine receptors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-CNS_dopamine_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardio-pulmonary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardio-pulmonary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cardio-pulmonary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardio-pulmonary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Renal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pancreas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pancreas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Pancreas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pancreas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adipose_Tissue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adipose_Tissue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Adipose Tissue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adipose_Tissue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In disease</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In disease subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addictive_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addictive_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Addictive drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addictive_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathological_gambling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathological_gambling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pathological gambling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathological_gambling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schizophrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizophrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Schizophrenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizophrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Genetic hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parkinson's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkinson's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Parkinson's disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkinson's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dopamine_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dopamine_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dopamine regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dopamine_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مستقبلات الدوبامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبلات الدوبامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminreceptorer" title="Dopaminreceptorer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dopaminreceptorer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamin-Rezeptoren" title="Dopamin-Rezeptoren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dopamin-Rezeptoren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_dopamina" title="Receptor de dopamina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor de dopamina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گیرنده دوپامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده دوپامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_dopaminergique" title="Récepteur dopaminergique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur dopaminergique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_della_dopamina" title="Recettore della dopamina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettore della dopamina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קולטני דופמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולטני דופמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="ドーパミン受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドーパミン受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_dopamina" title="Receptor de dopamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor de dopamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дофаминовый рецептор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дофаминовый рецептор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminski_receptor" title="Dopaminski receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dopaminski receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminski_receptor" title="Dopaminski receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dopaminski receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamiinireseptori" title="Dopamiinireseptori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dopamiinireseptori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminreceptorer" title="Dopaminreceptorer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dopaminreceptorer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวรับโดปามีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวรับโดปามีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamin_resept%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Dopamin reseptörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dopamin reseptörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дофамінові рецептори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дофамінові рецептори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5_th%E1%BB%83_dopamine" title="Thụ thể dopamine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụ thể dopamine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94" title="多巴胺受體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多巴胺受體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q415496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of G protein-coupled receptors</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/220px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/330px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/440px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dopamine receptors</b> are a class of <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> that are prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through different protein (dopamine receptor-interacting proteins) interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> is the primary <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> for dopamine receptors. </p><p>Dopamine receptors are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine">neuroendocrine</a> signaling. Abnormal dopamine receptor signaling and dopaminergic nerve function is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Girault,_2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Girault,_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, dopamine receptors are common neurologic drug targets; <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a> are often dopamine <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">receptor antagonists</a> while <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">psychostimulants</a> are typically <a href="/wiki/Indirect_agonist" title="Indirect agonist">indirect agonists</a> of dopamine receptors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dopamine_receptor" title="Special:EditPage/Dopamine receptor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dopamine+receptor%22">"Dopamine receptor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dopamine+receptor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dopamine+receptor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dopamine+receptor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dopamine+receptor%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dopamine+receptor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The existence of multiple types of receptors for dopamine was first proposed in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least five subtypes of dopamine receptors, D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub>, D<sub>4</sub>, and D<sub>5</sub>. The D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>5</sub> receptors are members of the <b><a href="/wiki/D1-like_receptor" title="D1-like receptor">D<sub>1</sub>-like family</a></b> of dopamine receptors, whereas the D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>4</sub> receptors are members of the <b><a href="/wiki/D2-like_receptor" title="D2-like receptor">D<sub>2</sub>-like family</a></b>. There is also some evidence that suggests the existence of possible D<sub>6</sub> and D<sub>7</sub> dopamine receptors, but such receptors have not been conclusively identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Contreras,_2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contreras,_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a global level, D<sub>1</sub> receptors have widespread expression throughout the brain. The relative amount of DA receptors is in the following order: D1 > D2 > D3 > D5 > D4.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D<sub>1-2</sub> receptor subtypes are found at 10–100 times the levels of the D<sub>3-5</sub> subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley,_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley,_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D1-like_family">D<sub>1</sub>-like family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: D1-like family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/D1-like_receptor" title="D1-like receptor">D<sub>1</sub>-like family receptors</a> are coupled to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> <a href="/wiki/G(s)alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="G(s)alpha">G<sub>sα</sub></a>. D<sub>1</sub> is also coupled to <a href="/w/index.php?title=G(olf)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G(olf) (page does not exist)">G<sub>olf</sub></a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/G(s)alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="G(s)alpha">G<sub>sα</sub></a> subsequently activates <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a>, increasing the intracellular concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">second messenger</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP).<sup id="cite_ref-Dopamine_receptor_signaling_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dopamine_receptor_signaling-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>D<sub>1</sub></b> is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">Dopamine receptor D<sub>1</sub></a> gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=DRD1">DRD1</a></i>).</li> <li><b>D<sub>5</sub></b> is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">Dopamine receptor D<sub>5</sub></a> gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=DRD5">DRD5</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D2-like_family">D<sub>2</sub>-like family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: D2-like family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/D2-like_receptor" title="D2-like receptor">D<sub>2</sub>-like family receptors</a> are coupled to the <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>iα</sub></a>, which directly inhibits the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cAMP</a> by inhibiting the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_2002_Gprotein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_2002_Gprotein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>D<sub>2</sub></b> is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">Dopamine receptor D<sub>2</sub></a> gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=DRD2">DRD2</a></i>), of which there are two forms: D<sub>2</sub>Sh (short) and D<sub>2</sub>Lh (long): <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/D2sh" class="mw-redirect" title="D2sh"><i>D<sub>2</sub>Sh</i></a> form is pre-synaptically situated, having modulatory functions (viz., <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptor" title="Autoreceptor">autoreceptors</a>, which regulate neurotransmission via <a href="/wiki/Feedback_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback mechanism">feedback mechanisms</a>. It affects synthesis, storage, and release of dopamine into the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-D2sh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2sh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>D<sub>2</sub>Lh</i> form may function as a classical post-synaptic receptor, i.e., transmit information (in either an excitatory or an inhibitory fashion) unless blocked by a <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">receptor antagonist</a> or a synthetic partial <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D2sh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2sh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>D<sub>3</sub></b> is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">Dopamine receptor D<sub>3</sub></a> gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=DRD3">DRD3</a></i>). Maximum expression of dopamine D<sub>3</sub> receptors is noted in the <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Calleja" title="Islands of Calleja">islands of Calleja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_1998_D3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki_1998_D3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>D<sub>4</sub></b> is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">Dopamine receptor D<sub>4</sub></a> gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=DRD4">DRD4</a></i>). The D<sub>4</sub> receptor gene displays polymorphisms that differ in a <a href="/wiki/Variable_number_tandem_repeat" title="Variable number tandem repeat">variable number tandem repeat</a> present within the <a href="/wiki/Coding_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Coding sequence">coding sequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exon</a> 3.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these alleles are associated with greater incidence of certain disorders. For example, the D<sub>4.7</sub> alleles have an established association with <a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12192625_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12192625-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14702261_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14702261-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid14699430_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14699430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receptor_heteromers">Receptor heteromers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Receptor heteromers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine receptors have been shown to heteromerize with a number of other <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_receptor_heterodimers_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA_receptor_heterodimers-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially the D2 receptor is considered a major hub within the <a href="/wiki/GPCR_oligomer" title="GPCR oligomer">GPCR heteromer</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24830558_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24830558-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GPCR_oligomer" title="GPCR oligomer">Protomers</a> consist of </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoreceptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoreceptor (page does not exist)">Isoreceptors</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26418645_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26418645-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D1%E2%80%93D2_dopamine_receptor_heteromer" title="D1–D2 dopamine receptor heteromer">D<sub>1</sub>–D<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li>D<sub>1</sub>–D<sub>3</sub></li> <li>D<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>3</sub></li> <li>D<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>4</sub></li> <li>D<sub>2</sub>–D<sub>5</sub></li></ul> <p>Non-isoreceptors </p> <ul><li>D<sub>1</sub>–<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">adenosine A<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li>D<sub>2</sub>–<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">adenosine A<sub>2A</sub></a></li> <li>D<sub>2</sub>–<a href="/wiki/Ghrelin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghrelin receptor">ghrelin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2sh" class="mw-redirect" title="D2sh">D<sub>2sh</sub></a>–<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">TAAR1</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptor" title="Autoreceptor">autoreceptor</a> heteromer)</li> <li>D<sub>4</sub>–<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">adrenoceptor α<sub>1B</sub></a></li> <li>D<sub>4</sub>–<a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">adrenoceptor β<sub>1</sub></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signaling_mechanism">Signaling mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signaling mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">Dopamine receptor D<sub>1</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">Dopamine receptor D<sub>5</sub></a> are <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a> coupled receptors that stimulate <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, which in turn increases intracellular calcium and mediates a number of other functions. The D2 class of receptors produce the opposite effect, as they are <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>αi</sub></a> and/or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_alpha_subunit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Go alpha subunit (page does not exist)">G<sub>αo</sub></a> coupled receptors, which blocks the activity of adenylyl cyclase. cAMP mediated <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a> activity also results in the phosphorylation of <a href="/wiki/DARPP-32" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPP-32">DARPP-32</a>, an inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_1" title="Protein phosphatase 1">protein phosphatase 1</a>. Sustained D1 receptor activity is kept in check by <a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 5">Cyclin-dependent kinase 5</a>. Dopamine receptor activation of <a href="/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II" title="Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II">Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II</a> can be cAMP dependent or independent.<sup id="cite_ref-receptor_mechanism_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-receptor_mechanism-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cAMP mediated pathway results in amplification of PKA phosphorylation activity, which is normally kept in equilibrium by PP1. The DARPP-32 mediated PP1 inhibition amplifies PKA phosphorylation of AMPA, NMDA, and inward rectifying potassium channels, increasing AMPA and NMDA currents while decreasing potassium conductance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dopamine_receptor_signaling_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dopamine_receptor_signaling-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="cAMP_independent">cAMP independent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: cAMP independent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>D1 receptor agonism and D2 receptor blockade also increases mRNA translation by phosphorylating <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_protein_s6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosomal protein s6">ribosomal protein s6</a>, resulting in activation of mTOR. The behavioral implications are unknown. Dopamine receptors may also regulate <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/BDNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BDNF">BDNF</a> independent of cAMP, possibly through direct interactions. There is evidence that D1 receptor agonism regulates <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">phospholipase C</a> independent of cAMP, however implications and mechanisms remain poorly understood. D2 receptor signaling may mediate <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_B" title="Protein kinase B">protein kinase B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrestin_beta_2" title="Arrestin beta 2">arrestin beta 2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GSK-3" title="GSK-3">GSK-3</a> activity, and inhibition of these proteins results in stunting of the hyperlocomotion in <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> treated rats. Dopamine receptors can also transactivate <a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-receptor_mechanism_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-receptor_mechanism-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beta Arrestin recruitment is mediated by G-protein kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate dopamine receptors after stimulation. While beta arrestin plays a role in receptor desensitization, it may also be critical in mediating downstream effects of dopamine receptors. Beta arrestin has been shown to form complexes with MAP kinase, leading to activation of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinases" title="Extracellular signal-regulated kinases">extracellular signal-regulated kinases</a>. Furthermore, this pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the locomotor response mediated by dopamine receptor D1. Dopamine receptor D2 stimulation results in the formation of an Akt/Beta-arrestin/<a href="/wiki/PP2A" class="mw-redirect" title="PP2A">PP2A</a> protein complex that inhibits Akt through PP2A phosphorylation, therefore disinhibiting GSK-3.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_central_nervous_system">Role in the central nervous system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in the central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Brain_neurotransmitter_systems" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter § Brain neurotransmitter systems</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">Dopaminergic pathways</a></div> <p>Dopamine receptors control neural signaling that modulates many important behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine also plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incentive_salience" class="mw-redirect" title="Incentive salience">incentive salience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> release, <a href="/wiki/Emesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesis">emesis</a> and motor function.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-CNS_dopamine_receptors">Non-CNS dopamine receptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-CNS dopamine receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardio-pulmonary_system">Cardio-pulmonary system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cardio-pulmonary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> expresses D<sub>1</sub>, D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>4</sub>, and D<sub>5</sub> and receptor subtypes, which may account for <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilatory</a> effects of dopamine in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricci,_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricci,_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such receptor subtypes have also been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a> of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallotti,_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallotti,_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, D<sub>1</sub>-like receptors are present on the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> in most major organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain,_2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain,_2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>D<sub>4</sub> receptors have been identified in the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> of rat and human <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">hearts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricci,_1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricci,_1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine increases <a href="/wiki/Myocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> contractility and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a>, without changing <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, by signaling through dopamine receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Contreras,_2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contreras,_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renal_system">Renal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine receptors are present along the <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">nephron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">proximal tubule</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a> showing the highest density.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain,_2003_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain,_2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, D<sub>1</sub>-like receptors are present on the <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">juxtaglomerular apparatus</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tubules">renal tubules</a>, while D<sub>2</sub>-like receptors are present on the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a> cells of the adrenal cortex, renal tubules, and postganglionic <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic nerve">sympathetic nerve</a> terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain,_2003_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain,_2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine signaling affects <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diuresis" class="extiw" title="wikt:diuresis">diuresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natriuresis" title="Natriuresis">natriuresis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Contreras,_2002_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contreras,_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pancreas">The Pancreas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Pancreas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the pancreas<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is to secrete <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> via <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> via <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a>. Pancreatic endocrine glands, composed of dense clusters of cells called the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a>, secrete <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">other hormones</a> essential for metabolism and <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">glycemic control</a>. Insulin secreting beta cells have been intensely researched due to their role in <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cells</a>, as well as other endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells, express D2 receptors<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that beta cells co-secrete dopamine along with insulin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine has been purported to be a negative regulator of insulin,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that bound D2 receptors inhibit insulin secretion. The connection between dopamine and beta cells was discovered, in part, due to the metabolic side-effects of certain <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic medications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Traditional/typical antipsychotic medications</a> function by altering the dopamine pathway in the brain, such as blocking D2 receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common side effects of these medications include rapid weight gain and glycemic dysregulation, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of these medications are not limited to the brain, so off-target effects in other organs such as the pancreas have been proposed as a possible mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adipose_Tissue">Adipose Tissue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adipose Tissue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine receptors <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a> are present in human subcutaneous, visceral, and brown adipose tissue, and have been implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, and thermogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine that reaches dopamine receptors in adipose tissue can originate from multiple sources: from the circulation, sympathetic nerves innervating adipose tissue that release dopamine from nerve terminals, local synthesis, or immune cells<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_disease">In disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social phobia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10698826_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10698826-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourette%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast,_2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast,_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fuxe,_2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuxe,_2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast,_2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast,_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12555236_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12555236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD),<sup id="cite_ref-Faraone,_2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraone,_2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">dependence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kienast,_2006_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kienast,_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hummel,_2002_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel,_2002-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></div> <p>Dopamine receptors have been recognized as important components in the mechanism of ADHD for many years. Drugs used to treat ADHD, including <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, have significant effects on neuronal dopamine signaling. Studies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene association (page does not exist)">gene association</a> have implicated several genes within dopamine signaling pathways; in particular, the D<sub>4.7</sub> variant of D<sub>4</sub> has been consistently shown to be more frequent in ADHD patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Gornick,_2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gornick,_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ADHD patients with the 4.7 allele also tend to have better cognitive performance and long-term outcomes compared to ADHD patients without the 4.7 allele, suggesting that the allele is associated with a more benign form of ADHD.<sup id="cite_ref-Gornick,_2007_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gornick,_2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The D<sub>4.7</sub> allele has suppressed <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> compared to other variants.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoots,_2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoots,_2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addictive_drugs">Addictive drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Addictive drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></div> <p>Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reward pathway">reward and reinforcement (mesolimbic) pathway</a> in the brain. Although it was a long-held belief that dopamine was the cause of pleasurable sensations such as euphoria, many studies and experiments on the subject have demonstrated that this is not the case; rather, dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is responsible for behaviour reinforcement ("wanting") without producing any "liking" sensation on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIDA_drugs_and_brain_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA_drugs_and_brain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesolimbic dopamine and its related receptors are a primary mechanism through which drug-seeking behaviour develops (<a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive Salience</a>), and many <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drugs">recreational drugs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted amphetamines">substituted amphetamines</a>, inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> (DAT), the protein responsible for removing dopamine from the neural <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>. When DAT activity is blocked, the synapse floods with dopamine and increases dopaminergic signaling. When this occurs, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Chiara,_2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Chiara,_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased D<sub>1</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Hummel,_2002_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel,_2002-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decreased D<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-Di_Chiara,_2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Chiara,_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receptor signaling mediates the "incentive salience" factor and can significantly increase positive associations with the drug in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDA_drugs_and_brain_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDA_drugs_and_brain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathological_gambling">Pathological gambling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pathological gambling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Problem gambling</a></div> <p>Pathological gambling is classified as a mental health disorder that has been linked to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and behavioral addiction. Dopamine has been associated with reward and reinforcement in relation to behaviors and drug addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role between dopamine and pathological gambling may be a link between cerebrospinal fluid measures of dopamine and dopamine metabolites in pathological gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular genetic study shows that pathological gambling is associated with the TaqA1 allele of the Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2) dopamine receptor. Furthermore, TaqA1 allele is associated with other reward and reinforcement disorders, such as substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders. Reviews of these studies suggest that pathological gambling and dopamine are linked; however, the studies that succeed in controlling for race or ethnicity, and obtain DSM-IV diagnoses do not show a relationship between TaqA1 allelic frequencies and the diagnostic of pathological gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia" title="Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia">Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia</a></div> <p>While there is evidence that the dopamine system is involved in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, the theory that hyperactive dopaminergic <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> induces the disease is controversial. Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, indirectly increase dopamine signaling; large doses and prolonged use can induce symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Additionally, many <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> drugs target dopamine receptors, especially D<sub>2</sub> receptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_hypertension">Genetic hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Genetic hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine receptor <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> can cause genetic <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Jose,_2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jose,_2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can occur in <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal models</a> and humans with defective dopamine receptor activity, particularly D<sub>1</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain,_2003_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain,_2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkinson's_disease"><span id="Parkinson.27s_disease"></span>Parkinson's disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parkinson's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of cells responsible for dopamine synthesis and other neurodegenerative events.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parkinson's disease patients are treated with medications which help to replenish dopamine availability, allowing relatively normal brain function and neurotransmission.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that Parkinson's disease is linked to the class of dopamine agonists instead of specific agents. Reviews touch upon the need to control and regulate dopamine doses for Parkinson's patients with a history of addiction, and those with variable tolerance or sensitivity to dopamine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dopamine_regulation">Dopamine regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dopamine regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yerkes%E2%80%93Dodson_law" title="Yerkes–Dodson law">Yerkes–Dodson law</a></div> <p>Dopamine receptors are typically stable, however sharp (and sometimes prolonged) increases or decreases in dopamine levels can <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">downregulate</a> (reduce the numbers of) or <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">upregulate</a> (increase the numbers of) dopamine receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15177784_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15177784-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a>, and some other antipsychotics, have been shown to increase the binding capacity of the D<sub>2</sub> receptor when used over long periods of time (i.e. increasing the number of such receptors).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haloperidol increased the number of binding sites by 98% above baseline in the worst cases, and yielded significant dyskinesia side effects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Addictive_stimuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Addictive stimuli">Addictive stimuli</a> have variable effects on dopamine receptors, depending on the particular stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one study,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cocaine, <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, amphetamine, alcohol, and <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> cause decreases in D<sub>2</sub> receptor quantity. A similar association has been linked to food addiction, with a low availability of dopamine receptors present in people with greater food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent news article<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summarized a U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a> Brookhaven National Laboratory study showing that increasing dopamine receptors with genetic therapy temporarily decreased cocaine consumption by up to 75%. The treatment was effective for 6 days. Cocaine upregulates D<sub>3</sub> receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, further reinforcing drug seeking behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> increases striatal dopamine D<sub>2</sub>/D<sub>3</sub> receptor availability in the human brain,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caffeine, or other more selective <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">adenosine A2A receptor</a> antagonists, causes significantly less motor stimulation in dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain stimulants will enhance cognition in the general population (e.g., direct or indirect <a href="/wiki/Mesocortical_pathway" title="Mesocortical pathway">mesocortical</a> <a href="/wiki/DRD1" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD1">DRD1</a> agonists as a class), but only when used at low (therapeutic) concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cognitive_and_motivational_effects_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cognitive_and_motivational_effects-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malenka_2009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Continuum_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatively high doses of dopaminergic stimulants will result in cognitive deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-Malenka_2009_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malenka_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Continuum_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Continuum-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable unsortable" style="width: 100%; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Summary of addiction-related plasticity </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%;" rowspan="2">Form of <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_plasticity" title="Behavioral plasticity">behavioral plasticity</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%;" colspan="6">Type of <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement#Primary_reinforcers" title="Reinforcement">reinforcer</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;" rowspan="2"><small>Sources</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">Opiates </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">Psychostimulants </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;">High fat or sugar food </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise<br />(aerobic)</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15%;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_enrichment" title="Environmental enrichment">Environmental<br />enrichment</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a> expression in<br /><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> <a href="/wiki/D1-type" class="mw-redirect" title="D1-type">D1-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium spiny neurons"><abbr title="medium spiny neurons">MSNs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip medium spiny neurons</span> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8">Behavioral plasticity </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Escalation of intake </td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant<br /><a href="/wiki/Addiction#Reward_sensitization" title="Addiction">cross-sensitization</a> </td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Not applicable</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Attenuated</td> <td>Attenuated</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant<br /><a href="/wiki/Self-administration" title="Self-administration">self-administration</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Psychostimulant<br /><a href="/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference" title="Conditioned place preference">conditioned place preference</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/Reinstatement_of_drug-seeking_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior">Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior</a> </td> <td>↑</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8">Neurochemical plasticity </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/CAMP_response_element-binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP response element-binding protein"><abbr title="cAMP response element-binding protein">CREB</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein</span> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a><br />in the <span class="nowrap">nucleus accumbens</span> </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td></td> <td>↓</td> <td>↓</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Sensitized <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> response<br />in the <span class="nowrap">nucleus accumbens</span> </td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Altered <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatal</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">dopamine signaling</a> </td> <td>↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD1" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD1">DRD1</a>, ↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD1" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD1">DRD1</a>, ↓<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a>, ↑<a href="/wiki/DRD3" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD3">DRD3</a></td> <td></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/DRD2" class="mw-redirect" title="DRD2">DRD2</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Altered striatal <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid signaling</a> </td> <td>No change or<br />↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a><br />↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a></td> <td>No change</td> <td>No change</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Changes in striatal <a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">opioid peptides</a> </td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a><br />No change: <a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalin</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td>↓<a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">enkephalin</a></td> <td></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td>↑<a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">dynorphin</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways#Pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">Mesocorticolimbic</a> <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px">Number of <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a> in the <span class="nowrap">nucleus accumbens</span> </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="height: 40px"><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_spine" title="Dendritic spine">Dendritic spine</a> density in<br />the <span class="nowrap">nucleus accumbens</span> </td> <td>↓</td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td>↑</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_62-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2sh" class="mw-redirect" title="D2sh">D2 short</a> (presynaptic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dopamine_agonists" title="Category:Dopamine agonists">Category:Dopamine agonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dopamine_antagonists" title="Category:Dopamine antagonists">Category:Dopamine antagonists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Natural+rewards%2C+neuroplasticity%2C+and+non-drug+addictions&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1109-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21459101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704/table/T1/?report=objectonly">Table 1</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFehrYakushevHohmannBuchholz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fehr C, Yakushev I, Hohmann N, Buchholz HG, Landvogt C, Deckers H, et al. 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In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition. ... Earlier research has failed to distinguish whether stimulants' effects are small or whether they are nonexistent (Ilieva et al., 2013; Smith & Farah, 2011). The present findings supported generally small effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on executive function and memory. Specifically, in a set of experiments limited to high-quality designs, we found significant enhancement of several cognitive abilities. ...<br /><br /> The results of this meta-analysis cannot address the important issues of individual differences in stimulant effects or the role of motivational enhancement in helping perform academic or occupational tasks. 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This suggests that cortical networks that normally process spatial working memory become more efficient in response to the drug. ... [It] is now believed that dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin, produce the beneficial effects of stimulants on working memory. At abused (relatively high) doses, stimulants can interfere with working memory and cognitive control ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, improve the saliency of tasks. Thus, stimulants improve performance on effortful but tedious tasks ... through indirect stimulation of dopamine and norepinephrine receptors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Higher+Cognitive+Function+and+Behavioral+Control&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=318&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148127-4&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Continuum-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Continuum_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodSageShumanAnagnostaras2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880463">"Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation"</a>. <i>Pharmacol. Rev</i>. <b>66</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.112.007054">10.1124/pr.112.007054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880463">3880463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24344115">24344115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Psychostimulants+and+cognition%3A+a+continuum+of+behavioral+and+cognitive+activation&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3880463%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24344115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpr.112.007054&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sage%2C+JR&rft.au=Shuman%2C+T&rft.au=Anagnostaras%2C+SG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3880463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_receptor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201103523/http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1282">"Dopamine Receptors"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1282">the original</a> on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Dopamine+Receptors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FGPCR%2FChapterMenuForward%3FchapterID%3D1282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zimmerberg, B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williams.edu/imput/IIIB1.html">"Dopamine receptors: A representative family of metabotropic receptors</a>, Multimedia Neuroscience Education Project (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dopamine_anatomy#Dopamine_receptors">Scholarpedia article on Dopamine anatomy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dopamine_receptor_modulators745" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dopamine_receptor_modulators745" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dopamine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D1-like_receptor" title="D1-like receptor">D<sub>1</sub>-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Benzazepines</i>: <a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoldopam" title="Fenoldopam">Fenoldopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-38,393" title="SKF-38,393">SKF-38,393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77,434" title="SKF-77,434">SKF-77,434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81,297" title="SKF-81,297">SKF-81,297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepipam" title="Trepipam">Trepipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelandopam" title="Zelandopam">Zelandopam</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ergolines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY-208,243" title="CY-208,243">CY-208,243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Dihydrexidine derivatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/A-77636" title="A-77636">A-77636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-86929" title="A-86929">A-86929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrogolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrogolide">Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapsoline" title="Dinapsoline">Dinapsoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxanthrine" title="Doxanthrine">Doxanthrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Phenethylamines</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BCO-001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCO-001 (page does not exist)">BCO-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><small>L</small>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine"><small>L</small>-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/A-68930" title="A-68930">A-68930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-6649751" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6649751">PF-6649751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF_6669571&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF 6669571 (page does not exist)">PF 6669571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89,145" title="SKF-89,145">SKF-89,145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKF-89,626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKF-89,626 (page does not exist)">SKF-89,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavapadon" title="Tavapadon">Tavapadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tetrahydroisoquinolines</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DETQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DETQ (page does not exist)">DETQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DPTQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPTQ (page does not exist)">DPTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevidalen" title="Mevidalen">Mevidalen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Typical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pifluthixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pifluthixol (page does not exist)">Pifluthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norquetiapine (page does not exist)">Norquetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/Berupipam" title="Berupipam">Berupipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopipam" title="Ecopipam">Ecopipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odapipam" title="Odapipam">Odapipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-23390" title="SCH-23390">SCH-23390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D2-like_receptor" title="D2-like receptor">D<sub>2</sub>-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Adamantanes</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Aminotetralins</i>: <a href="/wiki/5-OH-DPAT" title="5-OH-DPAT">5-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-OH-DPAT" title="7-OH-DPAT">7-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-OH-PBZI" title="8-OH-PBZI">8-OH-PBZI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ergolines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanoclavine" title="Chanoclavine">Chanoclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicriptine" title="Epicriptine">Epicriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocornine" title="Ergocornine">Ergocornine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">Lergotrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Dihydrexidine derivatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/2-OH-NPA" title="2-OH-NPA">2-OH-NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Propyldihydrexidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Propyldihydrexidine (page does not exist)">N,N-Propyldihydrexidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Phenethylamines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><small>L</small>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine"><small>L</small>-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Alentemol" title="Alentemol">Alentemol (U-66444B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole/sertraline" title="Aripiprazole/sertraline">+sertraline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifeprunox" title="Bifeprunox">Bifeprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-412997" title="A-412997">A-412997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-670" title="ABT-670">ABT-670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-724" title="ABT-724">ABT-724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplindore" title="Aplindore">Aplindore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP-897" title="BP-897">BP-897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-226,269" title="CP-226,269">CP-226,269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">Mesulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxagolide" title="Naxagolide">Naxagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSU-6162" title="OSU-6162">OSU-6162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-168,077" title="PD-168,077">PD-168,077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-219,061" title="PF-219,061">PF-219,061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-592,379" title="PF-592,379">PF-592,379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukateine" title="Pukateine">Pukateine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">Quinagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinelorane" title="Quinelorane">Quinelorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinpirole" title="Quinpirole">Quinpirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-127" title="RDS-127">RDS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro10-5824" title="Ro10-5824">Ro10-5824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumanirole" title="Sumanirole">Sumanirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umespirone" title="Umespirone">Umespirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100,635" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-100,635">WAY-100,635</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Typical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">Acetophenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaperone" title="Azaperone">Azaperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaperazine" title="Butaperazine">Butaperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloracizine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloracizine">Chloracizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorproethazine" title="Chlorproethazine">Chlorproethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclindole" title="Ciclindole">Ciclindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clothixamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clothixamide (page does not exist)">Clothixamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopimozide" title="Clopimozide">Clopimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluacizine" title="Fluacizine">Fluacizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluanisone" title="Fluanisone">Fluanisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucindole" title="Flucindole">Flucindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluotracen" title="Fluotracen">Fluotracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluprothixene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluprothixene (page does not exist)">Fluprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homopipramol" title="Homopipramol">Homopipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenperone" title="Lenperone">Lenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranol" title="Naranol">Naranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perathiepin" title="Perathiepin">Perathiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Pericyazine (periciazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piflutixol (page does not exist)">Piflutixol (pifluthixol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothipendyl" title="Prothipendyl">Prothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone (spiroperidol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulforidazine" title="Sulforidazine">Sulforidazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teflutixol (page does not exist)">Teflutixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropazate" title="Thiopropazate">Thiopropazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zetidoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zetidoline (page does not exist)">Zetidoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine (clothiapine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopiprazole" title="Elopiprazole">Elopiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumezapine" title="Flumezapine">Flumezapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazapertine" title="Mazapertine">Mazapertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaperidone" title="Ocaperidone">Ocaperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacetazine" title="Piperacetazine">Piperacetazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquindone" title="Piquindone">Piquindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenilapine" title="Tenilapine">Tenilapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aceprometazine" title="Aceprometazine">Aceprometazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-8112" title="AS-8112">AS-8112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alizapride" title="Alizapride">Alizapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzquinamide" title="Benzquinamide">Benzquinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromopride" title="Bromopride">Bromopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clebopride" title="Clebopride">Clebopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deudomperidone" title="Deudomperidone">Deudomperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticlopride" title="Eticlopride">Eticlopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopimazine" title="Metopimazine">Metopimazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiethylperazine" title="Thiethylperazine">Thiethylperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazpiroben" title="Trazpiroben">Trazpiroben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethobenzamide" title="Trimethobenzamide">Trimethobenzamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antidepressants</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpiropride" title="Alpiropride">Alpiropride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapride" title="Azapride">Azapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromerguride" title="Bromerguride">Bromerguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride" title="Desmethoxyfallypride">Desmethoxyfallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallypride" title="Fallypride">Fallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fananserin" title="Fananserin">Fananserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodobenzamide" title="Iodobenzamide">Iodobenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-741,626" title="L-741,626">L-741,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-745,870" title="L-745,870">L-745,870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">Metergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylspiperone" title="N-Methylspiperone">N-Methylspiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafadotride" title="Nafadotride">Nafadotride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raclopride" title="Raclopride">Raclopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-277,011-A" title="SB-277,011-A">SB-277,011-A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seridopidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seridopidine (page does not exist)">Seridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonepiprazole" title="Sonepiprazole">Sonepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SV-293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SV-293 (page does not exist)">SV-293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators">Adrenergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox698" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" 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