CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hainan people - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b4ecf5bd-e0fe-40bf-9081-c459faed8106","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hainan_people","wgTitle":"Hainan people","wgCurRevisionId":1258113114,"wgRevisionId":1258113114,"wgArticleId":2196608,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Hainan","Hainanese people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hainan_people","wgRelevantArticleId":2196608,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5639387", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/1200px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="773"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/800px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="516"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/640px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="412"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hainan people - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_people"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_people"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hainan_people rootpage-Hainan_people skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hainan+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hainan+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hainan+people" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hainan+people" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garrison_and_Prison_Island_for_Exiles_and_Political_Criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrison_and_Prison_Island_for_Exiles_and_Political_Criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Garrison and Prison Island for Exiles and Political Criminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrison_and_Prison_Island_for_Exiles_and_Political_Criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han-minority_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han-minority_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Han-minority relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han-minority_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_the_Han_Chinese_immigrants_and_the_aboriginal_Li_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_the_Han_Chinese_immigrants_and_the_aboriginal_Li_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Relationship between the Han Chinese immigrants and the aboriginal Li peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_the_Han_Chinese_immigrants_and_the_aboriginal_Li_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imported_Miao_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_Miao_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Imported Miao tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_Miao_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Han_Chinese_genealogical_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_Chinese_genealogical_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Han Chinese genealogical traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_Chinese_genealogical_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jinshi_degree_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jinshi_degree_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Jinshi degree holders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jinshi_degree_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Famous Persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Music and Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hainan people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-l%C3%A2m-l%C3%A2ng" title="Hái-lâm-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-lâm-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Hainan" title="Suku Hainan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Hainan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanl%C4%B1lar" title="Hainanlılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hainanlılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E7%B3%BB" title="海南民系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海南民系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5639387#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hainan_people" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hainan_people" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hainan_people" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&oldid=1258113114" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hainan_people&id=1258113114&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHainan_people"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHainan_people"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hainan_people&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hainanese_people" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5639387" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natives of Hainan, China</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hái-nâm-nâng<br /><small>海南人</small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">6 million+ worldwide</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">lingua: <a href="/wiki/Hainamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainamese">Hainamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a><br />others: <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Lingao dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou dialect</a> and various other languages of the counties that they inhabit</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Hlai people</a>, etc. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hainan people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">海南人</span> <i>Hái-nâm nâng</i>), <b>Hainanese people</b>, or <b>Hainam people</b> is a term referring to the residents of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, the southernmost and smallest Chinese <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a>. The term can be used to refer to all residents and of Hainan island. <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainam Min</a> speakers often refer to their dialect as Qiongwen to distinguish themselves from other groups of Hainan such as the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Hlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> etc. </p><p>Hainan Han people, who today form the majority population of the island, trace their origins to Han immigrants and exiles from Fujian and Guangdong province.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By and large, they were not voluntary colonists, but were acting on government orders to populate the sparsely populated island.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Be_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Be language">Lingaoese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Li people">Hlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a> migrated to the island much earlier and are regarded as part of the Nanyue or Baiyue peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from the Song dynasty, Han settlers from Fujian and Guangdong began settling in the <a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a> and Hainan island, displacing Nanyue aborigines such as Hlai, who moved to mountain areas. Important areas of settlement by immigrants from Fujian include the areas in and around <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai">Qionghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a>. Relations between the Han and Hlai were tense and often erupted into bloody war, with the consequence that the imperial government deported thousands of Miao tribespeople (themselves captured and spared rebels from Guangxi and Guizhou), who were then tasked with protecting the Han colonists and acting as mediators between the Han and the Li peoples. </p><p> In the main, Haikou samples showed that Hainanese Han cluster most closely with Singapore Chinese and Taiwan Han. However, other studies show that Hainanese genetically cluster closely with Guangxi and Guangdong Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Survey_April-September_1920_(1920)_(14784285493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/220px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/330px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg/440px-The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Hainanese students playing.</figcaption></figure><p> Like <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and Guangdong provinces, Hainan has been a source for emigration. Towards the turn of the 20th century, many Hainanese migrated to various <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> nations, where they worked as cooks, restaurateurs, coffee shop owners, clothes makers, sailors and hoteliers, filling niches left unoccupied by previous groups of immigrants from China. The Hainanese were particularly successful in Thailand, where a large number of tycoons trace Hainanese origin, and in Cambodia, where they controlled the hotel and restaurant trade. They also formed a substantial proportion of Chinese communities in Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Singapore and Malaysia. The outbreak of war with Japan prompted the departures of 33,000 persons in 1936 and 44,000 in 1937 from Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overseas Hainanese have been a significant and particularly active source of remittances to China. This was done through specialized banks called "letter offices" (55 such banks were counted in 1937). The donations of overseas Hainanese helped to build schools, libraries and hospitals not just in their ancestral towns and villages, but also in Haikou, the provincial capital. Overseas Hainanese introduced rubber, pepper, pineapple, cocoa, palm oil and lemon grass to Hainan Island and ensured its commercial production there.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Main cities of Hainan island</b></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altstadt_von_Haikou_(Hainan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haikou city, photo of old Haikou"><img alt="Haikou city, photo of old Haikou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg/160px-Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg/240px-Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg/320px-Altstadt_von_Haikou_%28Hainan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Haikou city, photo of old Haikou</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wenchang city, photo of old Wenchang"><img alt="Wenchang city, photo of old Wenchang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG/160px-Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG/240px-Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG/320px-Wenchang_City_old_area_-_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Wenchang city, photo of old Wenchang</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qionghai city"><img alt="Qionghai city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg/160px-%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg/240px-%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg/320px-%E7%93%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8_20210909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Qionghai city</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanning,_Hainan_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wanning city"><img alt="Wanning city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG/160px-Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG/240px-Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG/320px-Wanning%2C_Hainan_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Wanning city</small></div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Hainanese assembly halls outside of China</b></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese assembly hall in Johor Bahru"><img alt="Hainanese assembly hall in Johor Bahru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg/90px-Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg/135px-Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg/180px-Johor_Bahru_Hainan_Association.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="2279" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese assembly hall in Johor Bahru</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese assembly hall in Malacca"><img alt="Hainanese assembly hall in Malacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg/120px-Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg/180px-Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg/240px-Melaka_Hainan_Association.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese assembly hall in Malacca</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam"><img alt="Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg/120px-Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg/180px-Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg/240px-Hainan_Assembly_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam</small></div> </li> </ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrison_and_Prison_Island_for_Exiles_and_Political_Criminals">Garrison and Prison Island for Exiles and Political Criminals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Garrison and Prison Island for Exiles and Political Criminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Su DongPo (Su Shi, Song-dynasty poet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg/220px-Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg/330px-Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg/440px-Su_D%C5%8Dngp%C5%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><small>Su Dong Po, famous essayist, statesman and calligrapher</small></figcaption></figure><p>Hainan was traditionally regarded as a malaria-infested backwater and unfit for human habitation and was therefore used as a place of exile, and not the tropical paradise it is considered to be today. It acquired a reputation as a place of exile for political prisoners and fallen ministers and literati, the most notable of whom was Su Dong Po, who made funeral preparations prior to his relocation to Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he arrived, Su Dong Po expressed dismay at the hardscrabble living conditions and dietary practices of fellow Han Chinese he found stationed on the island and is credited for introducing improvements to the lifestyle of the inhabitants. </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Kang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Li_Kang.jpg/87px-Li_Kang.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Li_Kang.jpg/131px-Li_Kang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Li_Kang.jpg/174px-Li_Kang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption><small>Li Gang, Song-dynasty chancellor</small></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg/220px-Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg/330px-Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg/440px-Five_officials_haikou_2010_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><small>Effigies of the Five Lords (famous officials who were banished to Hainan island) commemorated in Haikou</small></figcaption></figure><p>Other important figures included Li Gang, the Chancellor of the Song dynasty, who belonged to a pro-war faction of the Song court. During the political purges that followed the fall of Jingkang in 1127 AD, the factional infighting between ministerial factions came to a head, and it was during this period that Hainan acquired a reputation as a place for exiled literati and political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during this tumultuous period that Han immigration from southern mainland China to Hainan Island intensified and during which the island became known as a place for banished ministers and statesmen. </p><p>In characterizing the Hainanese, Benjamin Couch observes: "the early settlers were exiles, banished from their homelands, to which they ever hoped to return. They were not voluntary colonists, nor were they all criminals and outlaws, but the vassals of a despotic government, who obeying the orders of the emperor, left their homes in the more congenial region about Fukien [Fujian], to occupy and develop the sparsely peopled territory south of the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han-minority_relations">Han-minority relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Han-minority relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_between_the_Han_Chinese_immigrants_and_the_aboriginal_Li_peoples">Relationship between the Han Chinese immigrants and the aboriginal Li peoples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship between the Han Chinese immigrants and the aboriginal Li peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han Chinese presence on Hainan Island led to friction with Li aborigines (a Tai-Kradai group related to the Lao of Siam and Laos) from the beginning. After its incorporation into China during the Han dynasty in 110 BC, Han colonisation was fairly constant throughout the following two millennia, especially from Putian city of central <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and from of Guangdong. The Li fiercely resisted Sinicization more fiercely than the Taiwanese aborigines and they were ultimately defeated and driven into the mountainous areas of central and southwest Hainan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They subsisted by engaging in barter trade with the Han Chinese, who had settled on Hainan's coastal regions, trading in mountain produce. </p><p>The aboriginal Li women were known to practice a form of sorcery that involved keeping specters in subjection. This art was transmitted by their ancestors. It is reported that the art was so secretive that the Li witches would rather be beaten to death by magistrates than to betray one another. These specters would be used to kill enemies and had a great effect among the Li people themselves. According to Han Chinese records, these spells seemed to work only on Li but had no effect on the Han Chinese of the island whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imported_Miao_tribes">Imported Miao tribes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imported Miao tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han Chinese colonists and Han Chinese Hakka immigrants on Hainan Island faced regular attacks from Li aboriginal peoples, who resisted Sinicization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to protect the Han Chinese population on the island, Chinese kings regularly deported "successive detachments of mountaineers" from Guangxi and Guizhou known as the Miao to protect Han Chinese colonists. The Miao tribesmen were tasked with warding off attacks by Li aborigines on the Han Chinese, and to act as mediators between the Han and Li peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Han_Chinese_genealogical_traditions">Han Chinese genealogical traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Han Chinese genealogical traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genealogical studies of zupu (clan genealogies) indicate that numerous Hainanese descended from Jinshi (metropolitan scholars) and merchants and colonists from Putian city.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jinshi_degree_holders">Jinshi degree holders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jinshi degree holders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainamese can often stress their cultural achievements - during the imperial era, the island produced five times the number of elite degree holders in the Imperial examinations than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial records such as the Records of the Qiongzhou government ("琼州府志") show that the surnames or clan names producing the greatest number of jinshi holders from Hainan island are Wang (Wong, 王), Chen (Tan, 陈), and Lin (Lim, 林).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same records also pay special attention to a single family, surnamed Zhou (Chew, 周 ) from Wenshan village, that managed to produce 3 jinshi holders<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the Ming dynasty, likely the largest number from a single family in Chinese history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_Persons">Famous Persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Famous Persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other Chinese dialect groups outside of mainland China, individuals of Hainanese Han descent have also become prominent politicians, businesspersons and entertainers. </p><p>In Thailand, prominent individuals of Hainamese Han ancestry include the Thailand Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pote_Sarasin" title="Pote Sarasin">Pote Sarasin</a>, Bank of Bangkok President <a href="/wiki/Boonchu_Rojanastien" title="Boonchu Rojanastien">Boonchu Rojanastien</a>, singer <a href="/wiki/Nichkhun" title="Nichkhun">Nichkhun</a> of <a href="/wiki/2PM" title="2PM">2PM</a>, media mogul <a href="/wiki/Sondhi_Limthongkul" title="Sondhi Limthongkul">Sondhi Limthongkul</a>, the politically influential <a href="/wiki/Sarasin_family" title="Sarasin family">Sarasin family</a>, as well as two of the wealthiest business families, the <a href="/wiki/Chirathivat_family" title="Chirathivat family">Chirathivats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaleo_Yoovidhya" title="Chaleo Yoovidhya">Yoovidhyas</a>. </p><p>In Hong Kong, prominent individuals of Hainan ancestry include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Sing (page does not exist)">Chan Sing</a>, one of the "villain" movie stars that dotted the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong movie industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Fong_(actor)" title="Alex Fong (actor)">Alex Fong</a> (born Fu Li, 17 March 1963, Macau).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Laos, former deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Somsavat_Lengsavad" title="Somsavat Lengsavad">Somsavat Lengsavad</a> is also of Hainanese descent. </p><p>In Singapore, notable politicians and statesmen include the current Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a>, as well as former education minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Chiaw_Meng" title="Lee Chiaw Meng">Lee Chiaw Meng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Foo" title="Cedric Foo">Cedric Foo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chin_Harn_Tong" title="Chin Harn Tong">Chin Harn Tong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah_Bow_Tan" title="Mah Bow Tan">Mah Bow Tan</a>. In the area of entertainment, Singapore model-turned-photographer and influencer Tan Chuando, known for his good looks and extremely youthful appearance, is of Hainanese Han descent<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the bartender who invented the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sling" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Sling">Singapore Sling</a> at the renowned Singapore <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Hotel" title="Raffles Hotel">Raffles Hotel</a>, Mr. Ngiam Tong Boon. </p><p>In Malaysia, notable Hainanese Han businesspersons and philanthropists include famous Malaccan Pang Chin Hin, the founder of popular snack brand Mamee.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former PM Abdullah Badawi is of Hainanese descent, although he comes from the minority Cham-Utsul community, a non-Han ethnic group. </p><p><b><small>Politicians</small></b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prime Minister Thanom, Prime Minister of Thailand, of Hainamese Han ancestry"><img alt="Prime Minister Thanom, Prime Minister of Thailand, of Hainamese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg/94px-Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg/141px-Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg/188px-Prime_Minister_Thanom_Kittikachorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Prime Minister Thanom</a>,</b> Prime Minister of Thailand, of Hainamese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawrence Wong, Singapore PM, Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Lawrence Wong, Singapore PM, Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg/90px-Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg/135px-Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg/180px-Lawrence_Wong_20230526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b>Lawrence Wong,</b> Singapore PM, Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pote_Sarasin,_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prime Minister Pote Sarasin, of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Prime Minister Pote Sarasin, of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg/90px-Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg/135px-Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg/180px-Pote_Sarasin%2C_Ambassador_of_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Prime Minister <b>Pote Sarasin,</b> of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Badawi, of Hainan-Cham ancestry"><img alt="Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Badawi, of Hainan-Cham ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg/85px-Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg/128px-Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg/171px-Abdullah_Badawi_official_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, <b>Abdullah Badawi,</b> of Hainan-Cham ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jurin Laksanawisit, former Thai Minister of Education, of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Jurin Laksanawisit, former Thai Minister of Education, of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg/80px-Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg/120px-Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg/160px-Jurin_Laksanawisit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3413" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><small>Jurin Laksanawisit</small></b><small>, former Thai Minister of Education, of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> </ul><p><b><small>Entertainers</small></b></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HK-based actor Alex Fong Chung Sun, of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="HK-based actor Alex Fong Chung Sun, of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg/90px-Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg/135px-Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg/180px-Alex_Fong_Chung-Sun_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>HK-based actor <b>Alex Fong</b> Chung Sun, of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nichkhun_2PM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai singer Nichkhun of 2PM"><img alt="Thai singer Nichkhun of 2PM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nichkhun_2PM.jpg/74px-Nichkhun_2PM.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nichkhun_2PM.jpg/112px-Nichkhun_2PM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nichkhun_2PM.jpg/149px-Nichkhun_2PM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Thai singer <b>Nichkhun</b> of 2PM</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wang Fei Fei, famous singer and Kpop star, is of Hainanese Han origin"><img alt="Wang Fei Fei, famous singer and Kpop star, is of Hainanese Han origin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg/93px-Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg/139px-Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg/185px-Wang_Feifei_at_2014_K-Pop_Awards_red_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><sub><b>Wang Fei Fei</b>, famous singer and Kpop star, is of Hainanese Han origin</sub></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wu_Xuanyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wu Xuanyi, a famous Kpop star, is of Hainan Han origin."><img alt="Wu Xuanyi, a famous Kpop star, is of Hainan Han origin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wu_Xuanyi.jpg/80px-Wu_Xuanyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wu_Xuanyi.jpg/120px-Wu_Xuanyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wu_Xuanyi.jpg/160px-Wu_Xuanyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b>Wu Xuanyi</b>, a famous Kpop star, is of Hainan Han origin.</small></div> </li> </ul><p><b><small>Businesspersons</small></b></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sondhi Limthongkul, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Sondhi Limthongkul, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg/119px-Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg/179px-Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg/239px-Sondhi_Lim_-_Muangthai_Rai_Sapda_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b>Sondhi Limthongkul</b>, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tos Chirathivat, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Tos Chirathivat, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg/120px-%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg/180px-%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg/240px-%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b>Tos Chirathivat</b>, Thai businessperson of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_Sarasin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pong Sarasin, Thai businessperson and politician, of Hainanese Han ancestry"><img alt="Pong Sarasin, Thai businessperson and politician, of Hainanese Han ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pong_Sarasin.jpg/90px-Pong_Sarasin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pong_Sarasin.jpg/135px-Pong_Sarasin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pong_Sarasin.jpg/180px-Pong_Sarasin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><b>Pong Sarasin</b>, Thai businessperson and politician, of Hainanese Han ancestry</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boonchu Rojanastien, Thai banker and businessperson, of Hainanese Han origin"><img alt="Boonchu Rojanastien, Thai banker and businessperson, of Hainanese Han origin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg/87px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg/130px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg/174px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><small>Boonchu Rojanastien</small></b><small>,</small> <small>Thai banker and businessperson, of Hainanese Han origin</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The administration of the island was handled by Guangdong for most of its history, and investment in infrastructure was negligible during the imperial era. Hainanese are conscious of their distance from the mainland and mainstream China, and sensitive to the historical perception of the island as a remote and barbaric backwater, a place of exile for criminals and political malcontents. In reply, the Hainanese like to emphasize their cultural achievements at the highest, most elite level of the notoriously brutal Imperial examinations. There have been 105 successful Jinshi degree holders from Hainan during its 1,300 years of imperial history, a rate that is five times higher than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_dialect_map_mk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Min_dialect_map_mk.svg/220px-Min_dialect_map_mk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Min_dialect_map_mk.svg/330px-Min_dialect_map_mk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Min_dialect_map_mk.svg/440px-Min_dialect_map_mk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Min dialect map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification">Classification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hainan, the lingua franca and language of prestige is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hainamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainamese">Hainanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hainanese is a southern Min language, in the same family of Chinese languages or dialects such as Hokkien and Teochew.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Unique characteristics</b> </p><p>It has also developed unique phonological characteristics such as the use of implosives. Linguists hypothesize this characteristic resulted from the contact between Han Chinese settlers in garrison towns and their Tai-Kradai tribal neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the island's location close to SE Asia, and the close ties between local Hainanese and the Hainanese diaspora, have led to the adoption of numerous English and Malay words.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> is also the lingua franca in the island province as in the rest of China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hainan_cuisine" title="Hainan cuisine">Hainan cuisine</a></div> <p>Numerous signature dishes such as the <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_chicken" title="Wenchang chicken">Wenchang chicken</a>, Hainanese pork chop, Hainanese mutton soup, Hainanese salted fish soup and <a href="/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup" title="Beef noodle soup">beef noodle soup</a>. Hainanese chicken rice is a recognised dish throughout Southeast Asia due to the Hainanese diaspora in these areas who famed it. </p><p>All these signature dishes are served at the various eateries located along <a href="/wiki/Middle_Road,_Singapore" title="Middle Road, Singapore">Purvis Street</a>, within the Hainanese enclave; as a result, Purvis Street is often referred to as "Hainan Second Street", while <a href="/wiki/Middle_Road,_Singapore" title="Middle Road, Singapore">Middle Road</a> and Seah Street are referred to as "Hainan First Street" and "Hainan Third Street" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often labelled as Singapore's <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wenchang chicken"><img alt="Wenchang chicken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG/120px-Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG/180px-Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG/240px-Wenchang_Chicken_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Wenchang chicken</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese chicken rice"><img alt="Hainanese chicken rice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg/120px-Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg/180px-Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg/240px-Hainanese_chicken_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice"><small>Hainanese chicken rice</small></a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles,_BKK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese rice noodles"><img alt="Hainanese rice noodles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg/120px-Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg/180px-Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg/240px-Hainan-style_Rice_Noodles%2C_BKK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese rice noodles</small> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainanese_Chicken_Rice,_with_asparagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese chicken rice with a condiment tray"><img alt="Hainanese chicken rice with a condiment tray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg/120px-Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg/180px-Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg/240px-Hainanese_Chicken_Rice%2C_with_asparagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese chicken rice with a condiment tray</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese coconut soup"><img alt="Hainanese coconut soup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg/120px-Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg/180px-Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg/240px-Yeziji_Hainanese_coconut_chicken_soup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese coconut soup</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainanese architecture follows the same design plan as Han Chinese architecture with buildings aligned around a central courtyard or series of courtyards. The style for public buildings follows essentially that from the southern regions such as Fujian, with upturned eaves and ready use of colour. A well-preserved example of Hainanese architecture can actually be seen in Hoi An, Vietnam in the Hoi An Hainanese Assembly Hall as well as in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_messenger_(7619)_(14779654024).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese building in Hainan constructed with traditional Han Chinese building techniques"><img alt="Chinese building in Hainan constructed with traditional Han Chinese building techniques" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg/171px-American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg/256px-American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg/341px-American_messenger_%287619%29_%2814779654024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Chinese building in Hainan constructed with traditional Han Chinese building techniques</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou"><img alt="Garden in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg/200px-Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg/300px-Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg/400px-Garden_in_Wugong_Ci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Garden in the Memorial of the Five Lords, Haikou</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of the Five Lords, Haikou"><img alt="Temple of the Five Lords, Haikou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg/160px-%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg/320px-%E4%BA%94%E5%85%AC%E7%A5%A0_-_Five_Officials_Temple_-_2016.01_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Temple of the Five Lords, Haikou</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam"><img alt="Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG/160px-Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG/240px-Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG/320px-Hainanese_Assembly_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese assembly hall in Hoi An, Vietnam</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_Arts"><small>Music and Arts</small></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music and Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainanese opera (Qiong opera) is a passion for many Hainanese, particularly for the older generation. Enriched with local flavours, Hainanese opera is part and parcel of Hainanese culture. </p><p>In addition, Hainan has one of China's oldest musical traditions - known as the "Ba Yin" or "Eight Tone" school of music.<sup id="cite_ref-english.news.cn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.news.cn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from the mainland Chinese musical tradition and was brought over by Han settlers. Traditional Chinese instruments such as string, qin, flute, pipe, flute, gong, drum and cymbal are deployed. However, materials such as coconut shells and rosewood are employed in the crafting of instruments. Historically, almost all villages in Hainan each had their own Bayin troupe and performances were ubiquitous at weddings and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 500 musical scores from over the last 1000 years, dating to the time of the Song dynasty, have been preserved until today.<sup id="cite_ref-english.news.cn_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.news.cn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art is currently being transmitted amongst the overseas diaspora in Malaysia and Singapore. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainan_Opera_30_(4692957924).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainan opera performance"><img alt="Hainan opera performance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg/160px-Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg/240px-Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg/320px-Hainan_Opera_30_%284692957924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainan opera performance</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_(2999760644).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hainanese opera"><img alt="Hainanese opera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg/170px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg/255px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg/340px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2654_%282999760644%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Hainanese opera</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_(2999739422).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musical accompaniment to an opera performance"><img alt="Musical accompaniment to an opera performance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg/170px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg/255px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg/340px-Hainan_Opera_IMG_2608_%282999739422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Musical accompaniment to an opera performance</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv/160px--Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="160" height="120" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv/Hainan_ceremony_procession_-_01.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Ceremonial procession in Hainan</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection"><img alt="Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/146px-Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/220px-Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/293px-Vintage_Run_Li_Skirt_from_Hainan_courtesy_Wovensouls_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Vintage skirt with human figures woven by the Run Li people of Hainan, courtesy the Wovensouls collection</small></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainanese Han represent the southernmost branch of the different Han Chinese subgroups. Although there was a Han presence as early as during the Han dynasty, Han settlers began to immigrate to the island in significant numbers only after the fall of the Northern Song dynasty. At this time, the island was considered a remote garrison and a place of exile. More Han colonists migrated throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an analysis of autosomal loci using the Huaxia platinum system, the Hainanese Han grouped together with geographically close Taiwan Han, even while showing subtle differentiation from other Han populations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an article published in the <i>European Journal of Genetics</i> on 2 March 2020, the Hainanese Han<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cluster first with the Singapore Chinese and the Minnan Han population, followed by the Cantonese population. The same article states that Han at Haikou city showed a very close genetic relationship with the wider Han population with a pairwise FST of 0.002.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_wars" title="Jin–Song wars">Song-Jin wars</a> - resulted in a major wave of Han Chinese immigration to the south, including to Hainan Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gang_(Song_dynasty)" title="Li Gang (Song dynasty)">Li Gang</a> - Chinese chancellor exiled to Hainan, with a retinue of advisors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su DongPo</a> - Famous Chinese statesman, exiled to Hainan</li></ul> <p><b>Language</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Minnan topolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese dialect</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ethnic group and subgroups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putian people</a></li></ul> <p><b>Overseas diaspora</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian Chinese</a></li></ul> <p><b>Cuisine</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTim_Doling1972" class="citation book cs1">Tim Doling (1972). <i>The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Issues 3-7</i>. Philippine Chinese Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Philippine+Chinese+Historical+Association%2C+Issues+3-7&rft.pub=Philippine+Chinese+Historical+Association&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Tim+Doling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoen_De_Ridder2001" class="citation book cs1">Koen De Ridder (2001). "Weiying Gu". <i>Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)</i>. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-586-7102-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-586-7102-X"><bdi>90-586-7102-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weiying+Gu&rft.btitle=Authentic+Chinese+Christianity%3A+Preludes+to+Its+Development+%28nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%29&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-586-7102-X&rft.au=Koen+De+Ridder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch1886" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Benjamin (1886). <i>Ling-Nam; or, Interior Views of Southern China, including explorations in the hitherto untraversed island of Hainan</i>. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ling-Nam%3B+or%2C+Interior+Views+of+Southern+China%2C+including+explorations+in+the+hitherto+untraversed+island+of+Hainan&rft.pages=334&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Goodman2002" class="citation book cs1">David Goodman (2002). <i>China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/11-347-1270-7" title="Special:BookSources/11-347-1270-7"><bdi>11-347-1270-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Provinces+in+Reform%3A+Class%2C+Community+and+Political+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=11-347-1270-7&rft.au=David+Goodman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation biorxiv cs1">"A comprehensive map of genetic variation in the world's largest ethnic group - Han Chinese". <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F162982">10.1101/162982</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+map+of+genetic+variation+in+the+world%27s+largest+ethnic+group+-+Han+Chinese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F162982%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan1999" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Lynn (1999). <i>The encyclopedia of overseas Chinese</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 42–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+overseas+Chinese&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Pan (1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of Overseas Chinese</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Overseas+Chinese&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Pan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2021/01/the-land-of-exiles/">"The Land of Exiles"</a>. <i>The World of Chinese</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Chinese&rft.atitle=The+Land+of+Exiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldofchinese.com%2F2021%2F01%2Fthe-land-of-exiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitourchina.com/haikou/attraction/temple-of-five-lords.html">"Temple of Five Lords Haikou, Haikou Attraction"</a>. <i>www.visitourchina.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitourchina.com&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Five+Lords+Haikou%2C+Haikou+Attraction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitourchina.com%2Fhaikou%2Fattraction%2Ftemple-of-five-lords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2005" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Chongyi (2005). <i>Locating China: Space, Place and Popular Culture</i>. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+China%3A+Space%2C+Place+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Chongyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groot1907" class="citation book cs1">De Groot (1907). "Chapter V, Other Forms of Sorcery". <i>Religious System of China, Volume 5</i>. p. 927.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V%2C+Other+Forms+of+Sorcery&rft.btitle=Religious+System+of+China%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=927&rft.date=1907&rft.au=De+Groot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouch1886" class="citation book cs1">Couch, Benjamin (1886). <i>Ling-Nam; or Views on the Interior of southern China, including explorations in the hithereto untraversed island of Hainan</i>. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ling-Nam%3B+or+Views+on+the+Interior+of+southern+China%2C+including+explorations+in+the+hithereto+untraversed+island+of+Hainan&rft.pages=343&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptwhw.com/?post=2198">"莆田先民移民广东海南缘由初探 - 莆田文化网"</a>. <i>www.ptwhw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ptwhw.com&rft.atitle=%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E5%85%88%E6%B0%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E7%BC%98%E7%94%B1%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2+-+%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptwhw.com%2F%3Fpost%3D2198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng1997" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Chongyi (1997). <i>China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure</i>. Routledge. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+provinces+in+reform%3A+class%2C+community%2C+and+political+structure&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Chongyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF网易2022" class="citation web cs1">网易 (2022-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/H19J4DNA0552PW6L.html">"海南进士最多的姓，前三名不出意外，唐氏令人震撼，符氏也不示弱"</a>. <i>www.163.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.163.com&rft.atitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%BF%9B%E5%A3%AB%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%93%EF%BC%8C%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%89%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%87%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%94%90%E6%B0%8F%E4%BB%A4%E4%BA%BA%E9%9C%87%E6%92%BC%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%A6%E6%B0%8F%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E7%A4%BA%E5%BC%B1&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.au=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fdy%2Farticle%2FH19J4DNA0552PW6L.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2023/05/29/032606214.shtml">"海南周刊 | 南宋"翰林学士"迁琼 "秀梅公"佳话"</a>. <i>m.yunnan.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.yunnan.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%91%A8%E5%88%8A+%7C+%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%22%E7%BF%B0%E6%9E%97%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB%22%E8%BF%81%E7%90%BC+%22%E7%A7%80%E6%A2%85%E5%85%AC%22%E4%BD%B3%E8%AF%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.yunnan.cn%2Fsystem%2F2023%2F05%2F29%2F032606214.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.douban.com/movie/celebrity/1033102/#google_vignette">"Alex Fong, Douban"</a>. <i>Douban</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Douban&rft.atitle=Alex+Fong%2C+Douban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.douban.com%2Fmovie%2Fcelebrity%2F1033102%2F%23google_vignette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoey" class="citation news cs1">Boey, Dylan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/from-the-straits-times-archives-chuando-the-fashion-revolutionary">"Chuando, the fashion revolutionary"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Chuando%2C+the+fashion+revolutionary&rft.aulast=Boey&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffrom-the-straits-times-archives-chuando-the-fashion-revolutionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwackymonsteradmin2022" class="citation web cs1">wackymonsteradmin (2022-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mamee.com/opening-ceromony-sjkc-malim-basketball-court/">"Opening Ceromony of SJK (C) Malim's Basketball Court"</a>. <i>Mamee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mamee&rft.atitle=Opening+Ceromony+of+SJK+%28C%29+Malim%27s+Basketball+Court&rft.date=2022-10-09&rft.au=wackymonsteradmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmamee.com%2Fopening-ceromony-sjkc-malim-basketball-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040703/http://www.bulaien.hainanconnection.com/places-of-interest/35-wenchang/48-wenchang-city">"Wenchang City"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulaien.hainanconnection.com/places-of-interest/35-wenchang/48-wenchang-city">the original</a> on 2011-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wenchang+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulaien.hainanconnection.com%2Fplaces-of-interest%2F35-wenchang%2F48-wenchang-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenlinger1992" class="citation journal cs1">Denlinger, Paul B. (1992). Ta-an), Ho Dah-an (Ho; Hashimoto, Anne Yue; Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.; Pang-hsin, Ting (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726950">"ADVANCES IN MINNAN DIALECT STUDIES: The Role of 文/白 Distinctions in Chinese Historical Phonology"</a>. <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>40</b>: 397–420. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-9948">0254-9948</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726950">40726950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=ADVANCES+IN+MINNAN+DIALECT+STUDIES%3A+The+Role+of+%E6%96%87%2F%E7%99%BD+Distinctions+in+Chinese+Historical+Phonology&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=397-420&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0254-9948&rft.aulast=Denlinger&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Chuntao (2023-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/jpcl/2023/00000038/00000001/art00007?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf">"Social status, contact history and the implosives in the Chinese dialects of Hainan"</a>. <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 135–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.00107.liu">10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=Social+status%2C+contact+history+and+the+implosives+in+the+Chinese+dialects+of+Hainan&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-150&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.00107.liu&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Chuntao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fjbp%2Fjpcl%2F2023%2F00000038%2F00000001%2Fart00007%3Fcrawler%3Dtrue%26mimetype%3Dapplication%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>China's provinces in reform: class, community, and political structure</i>. Routledge. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+provinces+in+reform%3A+class%2C+community%2C+and+political+structure&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbigail_Ng_WY2017" class="citation web cs1">Abigail Ng WY (23 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/youth-camps-keep-hainanese-alive">"Youth camps keep Hainanese alive"</a>. The Straits Times Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Youth+camps+keep+Hainanese+alive&rft.pub=The+Straits+Times+Singapore&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.au=Abigail+Ng+WY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fyouth-camps-keep-hainanese-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugiya2010" class="citation news cs1">Kugiya, Hugo (March 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831041040/http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice/">"Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crosscut.com" title="Crosscut.com">Crosscut</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crosscut.com/2010/03/18/food/19683/Singapore-s-national-dish:-Hainan-chicken-rice/">the original</a> on 2011-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crosscut&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+national+dish%3A+Hainan+chicken+rice&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.aulast=Kugiya&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrosscut.com%2F2010%2F03%2F18%2Ffood%2F19683%2FSingapore-s-national-dish%3A-Hainan-chicken-rice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.news.cn-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english.news.cn_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.news.cn_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.news.cn/20220217/629aa1d508f84c788c0e284c78e9e29e/c.html">"Across China: In China's Hainan, 86-yr-old artist gives modern makeover to traditional music-Xinhua"</a>. <i>english.news.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.news.cn&rft.atitle=Across+China%3A+In+China%27s+Hainan%2C+86-yr-old+artist+gives+modern+makeover+to+traditional+music-Xinhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.news.cn%2F20220217%2F629aa1d508f84c788c0e284c78e9e29e%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetengcompany.com/forefathers-project">"The Forefathers Project"</a>. <i>The TENG Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+TENG+Company&rft.atitle=The+Forefathers+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetengcompany.com%2Fforefathers-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hainan/History">"Hainan - Chinese Province, Tropical Island, Maritime Silk Road | Britannica"</a>. 11 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hainan+-+Chinese+Province%2C+Tropical+Island%2C+Maritime+Silk+Road+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHainan%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWangHeJia2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Mengge; Wang, Zheng; He, Guanglin; Jia, Zhenjun; Liu, Jing; Hou, Yiping (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5799253">"Genetic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of three Chinese ethnic groups using the Huaxia Platinum System"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 2429. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.2429W">2018NatSR...8.2429W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-20871-7">10.1038/s41598-018-20871-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5799253">5799253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29403025">29403025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genetic+characteristics+and+phylogenetic+analysis+of+three+Chinese+ethnic+groups+using+the+Huaxia+Platinum+System&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2429&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5799253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29403025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-20871-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.2429W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Mengge&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zheng&rft.au=He%2C+Guanglin&rft.au=Jia%2C+Zhenjun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jing&rft.au=Hou%2C+Yiping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5799253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://foa-media.arch.hku.hk/media/upload/ZHANG-Huali.pdf">https://foa-media.arch.hku.hk/media/upload/ZHANG-Huali.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeWangGuoWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">He, Guanglin; Wang, Zheng; Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Tang, Renkuan; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Han; Li, Yingxiang; Hu, Rong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hou, Yiping (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7381617">"Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 1111–1123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41431-020-0599-7">10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7381617">7381617</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32123326">32123326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Inferring+the+population+history+of+Tai-Kadai-speaking+people+and+southernmost+Han+Chinese+on+Hainan+Island+by+genome-wide+array+genotyping&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1111-1123&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7381617%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32123326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41431-020-0599-7&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Guanglin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zheng&rft.au=Guo%2C+Jianxin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Mengge&rft.au=Zou%2C+Xing&rft.au=Tang%2C+Renkuan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Han&rft.au=Li%2C+Yingxiang&rft.au=Hu%2C+Rong&rft.au=Wei%2C+Lan-Hai&rft.au=Chen%2C+Gang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Hou%2C+Yiping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7381617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHainan+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hainanese_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hainanese people">Hainanese people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hainan_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hainan_topics" title="Template:Hainan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hainan_topics" title="Template talk:Hainan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hainan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hainan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hainan_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hainan topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Haikou_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou City">Haikou (capital)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hainan" title="Category:Hainan">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hainan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hainan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Hainan" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hainan">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hainan" title="Politics of Hainan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Hainan">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hainan" title="List of islands of Hainan">Islands of Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou_Island" title="Dazhou Island">Dazhou Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidian_Island" title="Haidian Island">Haidian Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitang_Bay" title="Haitang Bay">Haitang Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya_Bay" title="Sanya Bay">Sanya Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandu_River" title="Nandu River">Nandu River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanquan_River" title="Wanquan River">Wanquan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtao_Reservoir" title="Songtao Reservoir">Songtao Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhizhou_Island" title="Wuzhizhou Island">Wuzhizhou Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhi_Mountain" title="Wuzhi Mountain">Wuzhi Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpu_Peninsula" title="Yangpu Peninsula">Yangpu Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Island_(South_China_Sea)" title="Woody Island (South China Sea)">Yongxing Island/Woody Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_yellow_lantern_chili" title="Hainan yellow lantern chili">Hainan yellow lantern chili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_gymnure" title="Hainan gymnure">Hainan gymnure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_partridge" title="Hainan partridge">Hainan partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_peacock-pheasant" title="Hainan peacock-pheasant">Hainan peacock-pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_black_crested_gibbon" title="Hainan black crested gibbon">Hainan black crested gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_hare" title="Hainan hare">Hainan hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Television" title="Hainan Television">Hainan TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Television" title="Haikou Television">Haikou TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguo_Metropolis_Daily" title="Nanguo Metropolis Daily">Nanguo Metropolis Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Daily" title="Hainan Daily">Hainan Daily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_eastern_ring_high-speed_railway" title="Hainan eastern ring high-speed railway">Hainan Eastern Ring HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_western_ring_high-speed_railway" title="Hainan western ring high-speed railway">Hainan Western Ring HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Meilan_International_Airport" title="Haikou Meilan International Airport">Haikou Meilan International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionghai_Bo%27ao_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Qionghai Bo'ao Airport">Qionghai Bo'ao Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya_Phoenix_International_Airport" title="Sanya Phoenix International Airport">Sanya Phoenix International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuo" title="Basuo">Basuo Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_New_Port" title="Haikou New Port">Haikou New Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Xiuying_Port" title="Haikou Xiuying Port">Haikou Xiuying Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macun_Port" title="Macun Port">Macun Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Yangpu" title="Port of Yangpu">Port of Yangpu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hainan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hainan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_College_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou College of Economics">Haikou College of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Medical_University" title="Hainan Medical University">Hainan Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Normal_University" title="Hainan Normal University">Hainan Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_University" title="Hainan University">Hainan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Tropical_Ocean_University" title="Hainan Tropical Ocean University">Qiongzhou University/Hainan Tropical Ocean University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanya University">Sanya University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingao_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingao people (page does not exist)">Lingao people</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E9%AB%98%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:臨高人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainland_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainland People (page does not exist)">Mainland People</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E4%BB%94_(%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97)" class="extiw" title="zh:大陸仔 (海南)">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Beauty_Theatre" title="Crown of Beauty Theatre">Crown of Beauty Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Century_Bridge" title="Haikou Century Bridge">Haikou Century Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Haikou Great Hall of the People">Haikou Great Hall of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts">Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Exhibition_%26_Convention_Center" title="Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center">Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Library" title="Hainan Library">Hainan Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan_cuisine" title="Hainan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainan chicken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_chicken" title="Wenchang chicken">Wenchang chicken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin_of_Nanshan" title="Guanyin of Nanshan">Statue of Guanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Museum" title="Hainan Museum">Hainan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Volcanic_Cluster_Global_Geopark" title="Haikou Volcanic Cluster Global Geopark">Leiqiong/Haikou Volcanic Cluster Global Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobi_Cave" title="Luobi Cave">Luobi Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hills_Star_Trophy" title="Mission Hills Star Trophy">Mission Hills Star Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanwan_Monkey_Island" title="Nanwan Monkey Island">Nanwan Monkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshan_Temple_(Sanya)" title="Nanshan Temple (Sanya)">Nanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Island" title="Phoenix Island">Phoenix Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Five_Lords" title="Temple of the Five Lords">Temple of the Five Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianya_Haijiao" title="Tianya Haijiao">Tianya Haijiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpu_Ancient_Salt_Field" title="Yangpu Ancient Salt Field">Yangpu Ancient Salt Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalong_Bay" title="Yalong Bay">Yalong Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hainan" title="Category:Hainan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hainan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hainan">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_Chinese_subgroups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Template:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Template talk:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han Chinese subgroups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_Chinese_subgroups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese_people" title="Taishanese people">Taishanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkongers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_people" title="Macau people">Macau people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Gan Chinese-speaking people">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese</a></li> <li>Mandarin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subei_people" title="Subei people">Subei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_people" title="Shandong people">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_people" title="Sichuanese people">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese_speakers" title="Min Chinese speakers">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_maidens" title="Hui'an maidens">Hui'an maidens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Taiwanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teochew Taiwanese (page does not exist)">Teochew Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:潮州裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese-speaking_people" title="Wu Chinese-speaking people">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people" title="Shanghainese people">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou_people" title="Wenzhou people">Wenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoshan_Han" title="Gaoshan Han">Gaoshan Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Hoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_people" title="Benteng people">Benteng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakka Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:客家裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoklokeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoklokeh (page does not exist)">Hoklokeh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E4%BD%AC%E5%AE%A2" class="extiw" title="zh:福佬客">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Taiwanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teochew Taiwanese (page does not exist)">Teochew Taiwanese</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A3%94%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:潮州裔臺灣人">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Tanka" title="Fuzhou Tanka">Fuzhou Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_people" title="Taz people">Taz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunbao" title="Tunbao">Tunbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li> <li>Yunnanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">Kokang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&oldid=1258113114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&oldid=1258113114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hainan" title="Category:Hainan">Hainan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hainanese_people" title="Category:Hainanese people">Hainanese people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 05:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hainan_people&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-sqwr4","wgBackendResponseTime":235,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.646","walltime":"0.838","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3841,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":89002,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3977,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":160605,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 745.992 1 -total"," 40.73% 303.815 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.60% 131.325 2 Template:Navbox"," 15.97% 119.110 1 Template:Hainan_topics"," 15.45% 115.281 11 Template:Cite_book"," 10.46% 78.015 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.86% 51.209 12 Template:Cite_web"," 6.64% 49.539 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.43% 47.975 1 Template:Bare_URL_PDF"," 6.20% 46.236 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.356","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5943372,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-nj6ql","timestamp":"20241127133118","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hainan people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hainan_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5639387","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5639387","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-08T22:49:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T05:38:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/The_Survey_April-September_1920_%281920%29_%2814784285493%29.jpg","headline":"Chinese ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>