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Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sof"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%B2sof&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Viquipèdia (ca)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sof"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Filòsof rootpage-Filòsof skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Filòsof</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 89 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8B" title="ፈላስፋ - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈላስፋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filosofo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81" title="فيلسوف - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلسوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81" title="فيلسوف - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلسوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Filosof" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81" title="فیلسوف - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلسوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Фәлсәфәсе - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәлсәфәсе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosoph" title="Philosoph - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philosoph" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Філосаф - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філосаф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Філёзаф - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філёзаф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="दार्शनिक - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दार्शनिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="দার্শনিক - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দার্শনিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%81" title="فەیلەسووف - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەیلەسووف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filosof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosoph" title="Philosoph - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosoph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosopher" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofo" title="Filozofo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B3sofo" title="Filósofo - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filósofo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filosoof" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filosofo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81" title="فیلسوف - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلسوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filosoof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B2f" title="Filozòf - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozòf" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feallsanaiche" title="Feallsanaiche - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Feallsanaiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafalsafi" title="Mafalsafi - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mafalsafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3" title="פילוסוף - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="दार्शनिक - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दार्शनिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B2f" title="Filozòf - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filozòf" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1" title="Փիլիսոփա - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիսոփա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Փիլիսոփայ - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիլիսոփայ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="哲学者 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哲学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9nd%C5%A9_M%C5%A9go_(Philosopher)" title="Mũndũ Mũgo (Philosopher) - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mũndũ Mũgo (Philosopher)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90" title="철학자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AElozof" title="Fîlozof - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîlozof" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Filosoof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofs" title="Filozofs - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filozofs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Филозоф - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозоф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A2" title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯢ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯢ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="तत्त्वज्ञ - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlazohmatiliztlacatl" title="Tlazohmatiliztlacatl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlazohmatiliztlacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="दार्शनिक - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दार्शनिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo - nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Filosofo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filosoof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filosof" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filos%C3%B2f" title="Filosòf - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filosòf" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فلسفی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلسفی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B3sofo" title="Filósofo - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filósofo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay_wayllukuq" title="Yachay wayllukuq - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachay wayllukuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Филозоф - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Филозоф" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Философ - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Философ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sofu" title="Filòsofu - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filòsofu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sufi" title="Filòsufi - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filòsufi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosopher" title="Filosopher - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Filosopher" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1" title="فلاسافر - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلاسافر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philosopher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Филозоф - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозоф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosoph" title="Philosoph - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Philosoph" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsuf" title="Filsuf - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Filsuf" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof" title="Filosof - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filosof" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanafalsafa" title="Mwanafalsafa - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanafalsafa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்யியலாளர் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்யியலாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%84" title="Файласуф - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Файласуф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="นักปรัชญา - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักปรัชญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filozof" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Фәлсәфәче - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәлсәфәче" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Філософ - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhà triết học - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà triết học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="哲学家 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哲学家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哲學家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哲學家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4964182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Fil%C3%B2sof" rel="discussion" 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decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Symbole_travaux_marteau_et_clef.svg/38px-Symbole_travaux_marteau_et_clef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Symbole_travaux_marteau_et_clef.svg/50px-Symbole_travaux_marteau_et_clef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="638" /></span></span></span>Filòsof</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Phi-collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Phi-collage.jpg/300px-Phi-collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Phi-collage.jpg/450px-Phi-collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Phi-collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background:Moccasin">Ocupació</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Tipus d'ocupació</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professi%C3%B3" title="Professió">professió</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Sectors d'activitat</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background:Moccasin">Descripció</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Competències</th><td class="infobox-data">raonament verbal, intel·lecte, capacitat acadèmica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Educació necessària</div></th><td class="infobox-data">educació universitària (normalment de postgrau) o educació terciària equivalent (sobretot històricament)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Camp de <br />treball</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4964182?uselang=ca#P425" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <b>filòsof</b> és una persona que practica o investiga la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a>. El terme filòsof prové del <a href="/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic">grec antic</a>: φιλόσοφος, romanitzat: philosophos, que significa "amant de la saviesa". L'encunyació del terme s'ha atribuït al pensador grec <a href="/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gores" title="Pitàgores">Pitàgores</a> (segle VI aC).<sup id="cite_ref-tufts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tufts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En el sentit clàssic, un filòsof era algú que vivia d'acord amb una determinada manera de vida, centrant-se en resoldre qüestions existencials sobre la <a href="/wiki/Condici%C3%B3_humana" title="Condició humana">condició humana</a>; no era necessari que discorressin sobre teories o comentessin autors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquells que es van comprometre amb més duresa amb aquest estil de vida haurien estat considerats filòsofs. </p><p>En un sentit modern, un filòsof és un intel·lectual que contribueix a una o més branques de la filosofia, com ara l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8tica" title="Estètica">estètica</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88tica" title="Ètica">ètica</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Epistemologia" title="Epistemologia">epistemologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_ci%C3%A8ncia" title="Filosofia de la ciència">filosofia de la ciència</a>, la <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica">lògica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Metaf%C3%ADsica" title="Metafísica">metafísica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_social" title="Teoria social">teoria social</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_de_la_religi%C3%B3" title="Filosofia de la religió">filosofia de la religió</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofia política">filosofia política</a>. Un filòsof també pot ser algú que ha treballat en les <a href="/wiki/Humanitats" title="Humanitats">humanitats</a> o altres ciències que al llarg dels segles s'han separat de la filosofia, com ara les <a href="/wiki/Arts" title="Arts">arts</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria" title="Història">història</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia">psicologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística">lingüística</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Antropologia" title="Antropologia">antropologia</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologia</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política">política</a>. </p><p>Segons una font, als Estats Units, "els departaments de filosofia van emprar 6.735 professors a temps complet i parcial a la tardor de 2017".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altres filòsofs professionals podrien estar emprats en grups de reflexió o com a escriptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%B2sof&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34261971">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{width:100%;border-color:#77ccff;color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#f5f5f5;margin-bottom:1em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote{color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#101418)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote{color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#101418)}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="hatnote" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 25px; vertical-align: top;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/22px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/33px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/44px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </td> <td>Aquesta secció tracta sobre la història dels filòsofs com a ocupació. Per a una història de la filosofia en general, vegeu <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_filosofia" title="Història de la filosofia">Història de la filosofia</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La separació de la filosofia i la ciència de la teologia va començar a <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_hel%C2%B7len%C3%ADstica" title="Grècia hel·lenística">Grècia</a> durant el segle VI aC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194610-11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194610-11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tales_de_Milet" title="Tales de Milet">Tales</a>, un astrònom i matemàtic, va ser considerat per <a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B2til" title="Aristòtil">Aristòtil</a> com el primer filòsof de la tradició grega.[a] Mentre que <a href="/wiki/Pit%C3%A0gores" title="Pitàgores">Pitàgores</a> va encunyar la paraula, la primera elaboració coneguda sobre el tema va ser realitzada per <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%B3" title="Plató">Plató</a>. En el seu <a href="/wiki/Simposi_(Plat%C3%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simposi (Plató)">Simposi</a>, conclou que l'amor és allò que no té l'objecte que busca. Per tant, el filòsof és aquell que busca la <a href="/wiki/Saviesa" title="Saviesa">saviesa</a>; si assoleix la saviesa, seria un savi. Per tant, el filòsof a l'antiguitat era aquell que viu en la recerca constant de la saviesa i vivint d'acord amb aquesta saviesa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199527_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199527-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van sorgir desacords sobre què implicava viure filosòficament. Aquests desacords van donar lloc a diferents escoles hel·lenístiques de filosofia. En conseqüència, el filòsof antic pensava en una tradició.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot19955_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot19955-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mesura que el món antic es va convertir en cisma pel debat filosòfic, la competència consistia a viure d'una manera que transformés tota la seva manera de viure al món.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segons el classicista <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Pierre Hadot</a>, la concepció moderna d'un filòsof i de la filosofia es va desenvolupar principalment a través de tres canvis:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>El primer és la inclinació natural de la ment filosòfica. La filosofia és una disciplina temptadora que pot portar fàcilment l'individu en l'anàlisi de l'univers i la teoria abstracta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El segon és el canvi històric al llarg de l'època medieval. Amb l'auge del cristianisme, la forma de vida filosòfica va ser adoptada per la seva teologia. Així, la filosofia es va dividir entre una forma de vida i els materials conceptuals, lògics, físics i metafísics per justificar aquesta forma de vida. La filosofia era llavors la servidora de la teologia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>El tercer és la necessitat sociològica amb el desenvolupament de la universitat. La universitat moderna requereix professionals per ensenyar. Mantenir-se requereix ensenyar futurs professionals que substitueixin el professorat actual. Per tant, la disciplina es degrada a un llenguatge tècnic reservat als especialistes, fugint completament de la seva concepció original com a forma de vida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Molts filòsofs encara emergien de la tradició clàssica, ja que veien la seva filosofia com una forma de vida. Tanmateix, amb l'auge de la universitat, la concepció moderna de la filosofia es va fer més destacada. Molts dels filòsofs del segle XVIII i posteriors han assistit, ensenyat i desenvolupat els seus treballs a la universitat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot1995271_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot1995271-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A l'era moderna, els que obtenen títols avançats en filosofia sovint opten per mantenir-se en carreres dins del sistema educatiu com a part del procés de professionalització més ampli de la disciplina al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segons un estudi de 1993 del National Research Council (segons informa l'American Philosophical Association), el 77,1% dels 7.900 doctors en filosofia que van respondre treballaven en institucions educatives (acadèmiques). Existeixen diversos premis de filosofia; incloent el Premi Kyoto d'Arts i Filosofia, el <a href="/wiki/Premi_Rolf_Schock" title="Premi Rolf Schock">Premi Rolf Schock</a>, el Premi Avicenna i el Premi Berggruen de Filosofia. Alguns filòsofs també han guanyat el <a href="/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Premi Nobel de Literatura">Premi Nobel de Literatura</a> i el premi John W. Kluge per a l'estudi de la humanitat. Fora del món acadèmic, els filòsofs poden emprar les seves habilitats d'escriptura i raonament en altres carreres, com ara medicina, bioètica, negocis, publicacions, escriptura autònoma, mitjans de comunicació i dret.<sup id="cite_ref-APA-nonacademic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-nonacademic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%B2sof&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tufts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tufts_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=filo/sofos"><span lang="grc">φιλόσοφος</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(fil%C3%B2leg)" title="Robert Scott (filòleg)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> del <a href="/wiki/Projecte_Perseus" title="Projecte Perseus">Projecte Perseus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Pierre Hadot</a>, <i>The Inner Citadel</i>. p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dailynous.com/2020/05/18/facts-figures-philosophy-departments-united-states/">https://dailynous.com/2020/05/18/facts-figures-philosophy-departments-united-states/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell194610-11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell194610-11_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1946">Russell, 1946</a>, p. 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199527-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199527_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadot1995">Hadot, 1995</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot19955-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot19955_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadot1995">Hadot, 1995</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-2">7,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-3">7,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot199530-32_7-4">7,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadot1995">Hadot, 1995</a>, p. 30-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadot1995271-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadot1995271_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadot1995">Hadot, 1995</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Purcell</span>, Edward A. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=fac_other_pubs">The Professionalization of Philosophy</a>». <i>Reviews in American History</i>, vol. 7, 1, 1979, pàg. 51–57. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2700960">10.2307/2700960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7511">0048-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2700960">2700960</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-nonacademic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-APA-nonacademic_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">APA Committee on Non-Academic Careers. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apaonline.org/?page=nonacademic">A non-academic career?</a>».  <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a>, 01-06-1999. [Consulta: 24 maig 2014].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fil%C3%B2sof&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hadot</span>, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=RNDmvMrpr4YC"><i>Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault</i></a> (en anglès).  Wiley, 3 August 1995. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-631-18033-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-631-18033-3">ISBN 978-0-631-18033-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+as+a+Way+of+Life%3A+Spiritual+Exercises+from+Socrates+to+Foucault&rft.aulast=Hadot&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=3+August+1995&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18033-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRNDmvMrpr4YC"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Russell</span>, Bertrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernphilosoph035502mbp"><i>A History of Western Philosophy</i></a>.  Great Britain: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1946, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernphilosoph035502mbp/page/n10">11</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.date=1946&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternphilosoph035502mbp%2Fpage%2Fn10+11%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternphilosoph035502mbp"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX527440">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119331025">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4045790-4">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85100836">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572947">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117191&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/filosof-0">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filòsof&oldid=33181920">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filòsof&oldid=33181920</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Fil%C3%B2sofs" title="Categoria:Filòsofs">Filòsofs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_refer%C3%A8ncies_sense_format" title="Categoria:Articles amb referències sense format">Articles amb referències sense format</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 2 març 2024 a les 19:45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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