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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мангарай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мангарай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai_(peuple)" title="Manggarai (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manggarai (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Manggarai" title="Suku Manggarai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Manggarai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Манггараи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манггараи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarajowie" title="Mangarajowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mangarajowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Манггараи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манггараи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai" title="Manggarai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manggarai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai_(narod)" title="Manggarai (narod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manggarai (narod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மங்கரை மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்கரை மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Мангараї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><b>Manggarai people</b></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><i>Ata Manggarai</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Manggarai-familie_van_een_schoolonderwijzer_van_een_desa_TMnr_10005938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Manggarai family.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">725,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores Island</a>:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>) – 90%, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> – 10%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an ethnic group in Indonesia. For the indigenous Australian people, see <a href="/wiki/Mangarayi" title="Mangarayi">Mangarayi</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Manggarai</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> found in western <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Manggarai people are spread across three regencies in the province, namely the <a href="/wiki/West_Manggarai_Regency" title="West Manggarai Regency">West Manggarai Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Regency" title="Manggarai Regency">Manggarai Regency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Manggarai_Regency" title="East Manggarai Regency">East Manggarai Regency</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manggarai people sometimes refer to themselves as <b>Ata Manggarai</b>, which means "people of Manggarai".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements">Settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manggarai people are one of the aboriginal peoples of the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>. Manggarai settlements cover over 6,700 square kilometers, almost a third of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, in the western part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-CAD585_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAD585-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historical records, Manggarai has been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bima people">Bima people</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa Sultanate">Gowa Sultanate</a>. As of the late 20th century, there are about 500,000 Manggarai people.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early state formation in Manggarai in the 17th century was the formation of the tribal kingdom of Todo, whose first king was called Mashur of <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> descent from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Sultanate of Gowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>. In 1727, the Manggarai region was given to the <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima Sultanate</a> as a dowry when a <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassarese people">Makassarese</a> princess called Daeng Tamima was married into the Bima royalty,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded Reo on the coast. Under Bima Sultanate, the region was divided to systems of tributary kings called Kedaluan and Gelarang. Meanwhile the sultanate representatives were rulers of Reo and Pota which used the title <i>naib</i>, they ruled over smaller kedaluan called <i>dalu koe</i> (smaller kedaluan). The most powerful Kedaluans were Todo, Cibal, and Bajo, collectively called <i>dalu mese</i> (bigger kedaluan), which had origins before Bima Sultanate hegemonic rule, among these only Todo ruled over <i>dalu koe</i>, numbering thirteen hence called <i>dalu campulutelu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Daeng-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, the Western part of Flores was separated from the <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, followed by the invasion of the Dutch colonialists in the 20th century and the subsequent Christianization of Manggarai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language spoken throughout the region is called <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Tombo Manggarai</a>, a language with around 43 sub-dialects divided into 5 dialect groups which is very distinct from the languages of ethnic groups to the east and from <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5 dialect groups are Western Manggarai, Central West Manggarai, Central Manggarai, East Manggarai and Far East Manggarai. The latter, separated from other dialects by the <a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong language</a>, is distributed in the north-central part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>. It is spoken by about 300,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-CAD585_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAD585-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga language</a> (there are about 5,000 of them) living in three settlements in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Manggarai_Regency" title="East Manggarai Regency">East Manggarai Regency</a>. This language is not singled out even by most of Manggarai people themselves, because it is considered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_van_Manggarai_uit_Pongkor_TMnr_10005937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Manggarai (Todo-Pongkor) womenfolk.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 90% of the Manggarai people are <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>; the eastern Manggarai in the region of Borong are Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-TFOL49_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFOL49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some living in the coastal west profess <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a> (their number is approximately 33,898 people), the spread of Islam on the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> most likely through trading sea-route.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile the population of the central part of the island adheres of traditional beliefs and later mixed with catholicism. This is because under the agreement of 1783 between Sultan Abdulkadim of Bima and dalu of Manggarai, muslim citizens including children of mix marriages, were prohibited to live in the Kedaluan areas and only able to live in coastal area such as Reo, Pota, Bari, Gunung Tallo, and Nangalili.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Daeng-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional beliefs of settlements in the central part of the island include the cult of the supreme creator god, Mori Karaeng, a form of ancestral worship.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massive celebrations are held by the priest to sacrifice buffalos (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">ata Mbeki</i></span>), which are accompanied by ritual dances and battles between the two parties of men in military garb.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manggarai people are known to have series of ritual as a thanksgiving for the life that has been given to them to live in a certain time period. Among others are:-<sup id="cite_ref-EMDRKR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMDRKR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Penti Manggarai</i>, a ceremony of harvest thanksgiving celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Barong Lodok</i>, a ritual that invites the guardian spirit to the center of <i>Lingko</i> (middle farm).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Barong Wae</i>, a ritual to invite ancestral spirits to be a watcher over springs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Barong Compang</i>, a ceremony of summoning a village guardian spirit at night.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Wisi Loce</i>, this ceremony is conducted so that all spirits who are invited are able to wait a moment before the climax of the <i>Penti</i> ceremony.</li> <li><i>Libur Kilo</i>, a ceremony of thanksgiving for the welfare of each family in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_clothing">Traditional clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the traditional clothing consist of two pieces of fabric, reinforced in front and behind with a cord at the waist and hips. Modern clothing are of the same type as mainstream Indonesian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_arts">Fighting arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fighting arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caci_(fighting)" title="Caci (fighting)">Caci (fighting)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caci_warrior_whip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Caci_warrior_whip.jpg/170px-Caci_warrior_whip.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Caci_warrior_whip.jpg/255px-Caci_warrior_whip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Caci_warrior_whip.jpg/340px-Caci_warrior_whip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Caci</i> warrior and his whip, <a href="/wiki/Ruteng" title="Ruteng">Ruteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manggarai people also have a traditional folk sport and war dance called <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">caci</i></span>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Whip_fighting" title="Whip fighting">whip fighting</a> where fighting and parrying each other using a whip and a shield is usually performed by two young men in a large field. <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">Caci</i></span> performance usually begins with <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">danding</i></span> dance performances, before the <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">caci</i></span> warriors display their abilities to hit and parry in the competition. The dance is commonly referred to as <i>Tandak Manggarai</i>, a dance performed on stage to predict the outcome of the <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">caci</i></span> competition.<sup id="cite_ref-EMDRKR_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMDRKR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_lifestyle">Society and lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Society and lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early political system of Manggarai was clan-based <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> system, and historically they lived in villages consisted of at least two clans.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was already practiced by communities of Todo, Bajo and Cibal. Later on, the Bima Sultanate organized this system<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Daeng-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into 39 kedaluans (chiefdoms), each led by a ruler called <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">dalu</i></span>, which in turn split into smaller administrative units that are known as <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">gelarang</i></span> (dalu-helpers) and <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">beo</i></span> (village leaders), additionally Sultan's representatives called <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">naib</i></span> ruled Reo and Pota, they historically had higher ranking than dalu and were intermediaries between the dalu and Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Daeng-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the head of the <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">kedaluan</i></span> is controlled by one of the localized patriarchate clan (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">wa'u</i></span>), that ascended from the first settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family relationships are based on the patrilineal line. The Manggarai people recognizes several <a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">types of marriages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">matrilateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">cross-cousin</a> <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate marriage</a>, a marriage between the offspring of two sisters that marries the sons of two brothers, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> family are formed by Christians, and small groups among Muslims and adherents of traditional beliefs allows <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a>. The Manggarai people to this day are divided into three social groups namely, aristocrats (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">karaeng</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> community members (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">ata-leke</i></span>) and descendants of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional settlement has a circular layout, and the modern (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">beo</i></span>) is an ordinary one. In the center of the settlement is a round public space on which is a large tree; usually of the <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> genus and megalithic structures are found.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, a settlement could consist of one large house, which could hold up to 200 people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern settlements, <span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy">beo</i></span> usually has from 5 to 20 homes of round or oval shape on stilts, with a high (about 9 meters) conical roof descending to the ground. </p><p>In Manggarai settlements, free spaces are paved with huge stones. In the city of <a href="/wiki/Ende,_East_Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende, East Nusa Tenggara">Ende</a>, the dead are buried in round holes, which are closed by stones placed on the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livelihood">Livelihood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Livelihood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distribution of handicrafts are such as carving, metalworking and weaving. They also engage in manual tropical farming (they switched from <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> system to <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a> system to grow <a href="/wiki/Upland_rice" title="Upland rice">Upland rice</a>, legumes, vegetables, tobacco, coffee and corn). Animal husbandry is widespread (buffaloes are bred for socially significant animal ceremonies, horses are kept as packs transportation, pigs and chickens). Manggarai people do not hunt nor do they fish.<sup id="cite_ref-TFOL49_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFOL49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary">Dietary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dietary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main food is corn porridge with vegetables and pork (which are only consumed by non-Muslim Manggarai people), as well as <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> (<span title="Manggarai-language text"><i lang="mqy"><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">tuak</a></i></span>). Rice is served on the table only as a festive meal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbehel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbehel (page does not exist)">Mbehel</a>, a West Mangarrai <a href="/wiki/Mountain_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain tribe">mountain tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangko (page does not exist)">Rangko</a> tribe from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13504/ID">"Manggarai in Indonesia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manggarai+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F13504%2FID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_M._LeBar_&_George_N._Appell1972" class="citation book cs1">Frank M. LeBar & George N. Appell (1972). <i>Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar</i>. Human Relations Area Files Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08-753-6403-9" title="Special:BookSources/08-753-6403-9"><bdi>08-753-6403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Insular+Southeast+Asia%3A+Indonesia%2C+Andaman+Islands%2C+and+Madagascar&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Human+Relations+Area+Files+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=08-753-6403-9&rft.au=Frank+M.+LeBar+%26+George+N.+Appell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAD585-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAD585_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAD585_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrell_T._Tryon1995" class="citation book cs1">Darrell T. Tryon (1995). <i>Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 585. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/31-108-8401-1" title="Special:BookSources/31-108-8401-1"><bdi>31-108-8401-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Austronesian+Dictionary%3A+An+Introduction+to+Austronesian+Studies&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=31-108-8401-1&rft.au=Darrell+T.+Tryon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050522/Manggarai">"Manggarai"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manggarai&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9050522%2FManggarai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hitchcock1996" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hitchcock (1996). <i>Islam and identity in Eastern Indonesia</i>. University of Hull Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08-595-8646-4" title="Special:BookSources/08-595-8646-4"><bdi>08-595-8646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+identity+in+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Hull+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=08-595-8646-4&rft.au=Michael+Hitchcock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans_Daeng-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans_Daeng_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/12247-ID-manggarai-daerah-sengketa-antara-bima-dan-goa.pdf">[1]</a> Hans Daeng. 1995. <i>Manggarai daerah sengketa antara Bima dan Goa</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarel_Steenbrink2014" class="citation book cs1">Karel Steenbrink (2014). <i>Catholics in Indonesia, 1808–1942: A Documented History. Volume 2: The Spectacular Growth of a Self Confident Minority, 1903–1942</i>. BRILL. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-042-5402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-042-5402-2"><bdi>978-90-042-5402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+in+Indonesia%2C+1808%E2%80%931942%3A+A+Documented+History.+Volume+2%3A+The+Spectacular+Growth+of+a+Self+Confident+Minority%2C+1903%E2%80%931942&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-042-5402-2&rft.au=Karel+Steenbrink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mqy">Ethnologue: Manggarai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Florey2009" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Florey (2009). <i>Endangered Languages of Austronesia</i>. OUP Oxford. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-995-4454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-995-4454-7"><bdi>978-01-995-4454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Austronesia&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-01-995-4454-7&rft.au=Margaret+Florey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFOL49-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TFOL49_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TFOL49_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Fox1980" class="citation book cs1">James J. Fox, ed. (1980). "Monni Adams". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flowoflifeessays00foxj/page/49"><i>The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flowoflifeessays00foxj/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/06-743-0675-9" title="Special:BookSources/06-743-0675-9"><bdi>06-743-0675-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monni+Adams&rft.btitle=The+Flow+of+Life%3A+Essays+on+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=06-743-0675-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflowoflifeessays00foxj%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaufik_Abdullah2009" class="citation book cs1">Taufik Abdullah (2009). <i>Indonesia: Towards Democracy</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-98-123-0366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-98-123-0366-0"><bdi>978-98-123-0366-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Towards+Democracy&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-98-123-0366-0&rft.au=Taufik+Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarendra_Singh_Bisht_&_T._S._Bankoti2004" class="citation book cs1">Narendra Singh Bisht & T. S. Bankoti (2004). <i>Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography</i>. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-877-4696-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-877-4696-3"><bdi>81-877-4696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+South+East+Asian+Ethnography&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-877-4696-3&rft.au=Narendra+Singh+Bisht+%26+T.+S.+Bankoti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusée_Barbier-Mueller1999" class="citation book cs1">Musée Barbier-Mueller (1999). Douglas Newton (ed.). <i>Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller</i>. Prestel. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/37-913-2092-0" title="Special:BookSources/37-913-2092-0"><bdi>37-913-2092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+the+South+Seas%3A+island+Southeast+Asia%2C+Melanesia%2C+Polynesia%2C+Micronesia+%3B+the+collections+of+the+Mus%C3%A9e+Barbier-Mueller&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=37-913-2092-0&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+Barbier-Mueller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._J._Verheijen1991" class="citation book cs1">J. A. J. Verheijen (1991). <i>Manggarai dan Wujud Tertinggi</i>. LIPI-RUL. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/97-982-5800-2" title="Special:BookSources/97-982-5800-2"><bdi>97-982-5800-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manggarai+dan+Wujud+Tertinggi&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=LIPI-RUL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=97-982-5800-2&rft.au=J.+A.+J.+Verheijen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMDRKR-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMDRKR_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMDRKR_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.liputan6.com/read/18417/etnis-manggarai-dari-ritual-ke-ritual">"Etnis Manggarai, dari Ritual ke Ritual"</a>. 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I Made Asdhiana (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.kompas.com/read/2014/11/07/083116127/Unik.Tradisi.Poka.Kaba.di.Lembah.Kampung.Bumbu">"Unik, Tradisi "Poka Kaba" di Lembah Kampung Bumbu"</a>. Kompas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unik%2C+Tradisi+%22Poka+Kaba%22+di+Lembah+Kampung+Bumbu&rft.pub=Kompas&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.au=Markus+Makur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2014%2F11%2F07%2F083116127%2FUnik.Tradisi.Poka.Kaba.di.Lembah.Kampung.Bumbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus_Makur2016" class="citation web cs1">Markus Makur (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/multimedia/2016/05/05/clean-up-ritual-a-la-manggarai-people.html">"Clean-up ritual a la Manggarai people"</a>. The Jakarta Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clean-up+ritual+a+la+Manggarai+people&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.au=Markus+Makur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fmultimedia%2F2016%2F05%2F05%2Fclean-up-ritual-a-la-manggarai-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beritasatu.com/destinasi/66744-penti-weki-peso-beo-ritus-pembersihan-dosa-kampung-bagian-ii.html">"Penti Weki Peso Beo, Ritus Pembersihan Dosa Kampung (Bagian II)"</a>. Berita Satu. 18 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penti+Weki+Peso+Beo%2C+Ritus+Pembersihan+Dosa+Kampung+%28Bagian+II%29&rft.pub=Berita+Satu&rft.date=2012-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beritasatu.com%2Fdestinasi%2F66744-penti-weki-peso-beo-ritus-pembersihan-dosa-kampung-bagian-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Edison2012" class="citation web cs1">David Edison (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kompasiana.com/05101988/mengenal-upacara-penti-dalam-budaya-manggarai_550ee528813311842cbc67d4">"Mengenal Upacara Penti dalam Budaya Manggarai"</a>. Kompasiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mengenal+Upacara+Penti+dalam+Budaya+Manggarai&rft.pub=Kompasiana&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.au=David+Edison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompasiana.com%2F05101988%2Fmengenal-upacara-penti-dalam-budaya-manggarai_550ee528813311842cbc67d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Junus_Melalatoa1995" class="citation book cs1">M. Junus Melalatoa (1995). <i>Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z</i>. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedi+Suku+Bangsa+di+Indonesia+Jilid+L-Z&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1995&rft.au=M.+Junus+Melalatoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Fox1980" class="citation book cs1">James J. Fox, ed. (1980). "Monni Adams". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flowoflifeessays00foxj/page/54"><i>The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flowoflifeessays00foxj/page/54">54-55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/06-743-0675-9" title="Special:BookSources/06-743-0675-9"><bdi>06-743-0675-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monni+Adams&rft.btitle=The+Flow+of+Life%3A+Essays+on+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=06-743-0675-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflowoflifeessays00foxj%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Fontijne2004" class="citation book cs1">Louis Fontijne (2004). Gregory L. Forth (ed.). <i>Guardians of the Land in Kelimado: Louis Fontijne's Study of a Colonial District in Eastern Indonesia</i>. KITLV. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-671-8223-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-671-8223-0"><bdi>90-671-8223-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Land+in+Kelimado%3A+Louis+Fontijne%27s+Study+of+a+Colonial+District+in+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-671-8223-0&rft.au=Louis+Fontijne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusée_Barbier-Mueller1999" class="citation book cs1">Musée Barbier-Mueller (1999). Douglas Newton (ed.). <i>Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller</i>. Prestel. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/37-913-2092-0" title="Special:BookSources/37-913-2092-0"><bdi>37-913-2092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+the+South+Seas%3A+island+Southeast+Asia%2C+Melanesia%2C+Polynesia%2C+Micronesia+%3B+the+collections+of+the+Mus%C3%A9e+Barbier-Mueller&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=37-913-2092-0&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+Barbier-Mueller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Z._Lawang2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Z. Lawang (2004). <i>Stratifikasi sosial di Cancar, Manggarai, Flores Barat tahun 1950-an dan 1980-an</i>. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/97-995-1357-X" title="Special:BookSources/97-995-1357-X"><bdi>97-995-1357-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stratifikasi+sosial+di+Cancar%2C+Manggarai%2C+Flores+Barat+tahun+1950-an+dan+1980-an&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Fakultas+Ilmu+Sosial+dan+Ilmu+Politik%2C+Universitas+Indonesia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=97-995-1357-X&rft.au=Robert+M.+Z.+Lawang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_L._Gall_&_Jeneen_Hobby2009" class="citation book cs1">Timothy L. Gall & Jeneen Hobby, ed. (2009). <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Volume 4</i>. Gale. p. 608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-144-4892-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-144-4892-3"><bdi>978-14-144-4892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-14-144-4892-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Bender1969" class="citation book cs1">Ernest Bender, ed. (1969). <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 89, Number 3</i>. Baltimore, JAOS. p. 673. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08-753-6403-9" title="Special:BookSources/08-753-6403-9"><bdi>08-753-6403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society%2C+Volume+89%2C+Number+3&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=Baltimore%2C+JAOS&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=08-753-6403-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusyad_Adi_Suriyanto1,_Janatin_Hastuti,_Neni_Trilusiana_Rahmawati,_Koeshardjono_&_T._Jacob2008" class="citation web cs1">Rusyad Adi Suriyanto1, Janatin Hastuti, Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati, Koeshardjono & T. Jacob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/2008%203%2010%20acromiocristalis_irene_cethi_tyas.pdf">"Acromiocristalis Population of Pygmy Rampasasa (Manggarai District, Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gadjah Mada University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acromiocristalis+Population+of+Pygmy+Rampasasa+%28Manggarai+District%2C+Flores+Island%2C+Nusa+Tenggara+Timur+Province%29&rft.pub=Gadjah+Mada+University&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rusyad+Adi+Suriyanto1%2C+Janatin+Hastuti%2C+Neni+Trilusiana+Rahmawati%2C+Koeshardjono+%26+T.+Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.unair.ac.id%2FfilerPDF%2F2008%25203%252010%2520acromiocristalis_irene_cethi_tyas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenbrink2013" class="citation journal cs1">Steenbrink, Karel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-12340024">"Dutch Colonial Containment of Islam in Manggarai, West-Flores, in Favour of Catholicism, 1907–1942"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>169</b> (1): 104–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-12340024">10.1163/22134379-12340024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Dutch+Colonial+Containment+of+Islam+in+Manggarai%2C+West-Flores%2C+in+Favour+of+Catholicism%2C+1907%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-128&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-12340024&rft.aulast=Steenbrink&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-12340024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudarmadi2014" class="citation book cs1">Sudarmadi, Tular (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19884832.pdf"><i>Between colonial legacies and grassroots movements: exploring cultural heritage practice in the Ngadha and Manggarai Region of Flores</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (doctorate thesis in History, Art and Culture). University of Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+colonial+legacies+and+grassroots+movements%3A+exploring+cultural+heritage+practice+in+the+Ngadha+and+Manggarai+Region+of+Flores&rft.place=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sudarmadi&rft.aufirst=Tular&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F19884832.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidyawati2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Widyawati, Fransiska (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.stkipsantupaulus.ac.id/13/"><i>The Development of Catholicism in Eastern Indonesia: Manggarai Identity, Religion and Politics</i></a> (Doctoral thesis). Gadjah Mada University – via repository.stkipsantupaulus.ac.id.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Development+of+Catholicism+in+Eastern+Indonesia%3A+Manggarai+Identity%2C+Religion+and+Politics&rft.degree=Doctoral&rft.inst=Gadjah+Mada+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Widyawati&rft.aufirst=Fransiska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.stkipsantupaulus.ac.id%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManggarai+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manggarai_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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