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<li id="toc-Weapons_and_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Weapons and uniforms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_and_uniforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weapons and uniforms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individual_guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Individual guns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Artillery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Warships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Uniforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Status of combatants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Status of combatants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shogunate_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shogunate_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Shogunate forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shogunate_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampeitai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampeitai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sampeitai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampeitai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Other forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Imperial forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satsuma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satsuma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Satsuma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satsuma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choshu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choshu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Choshu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choshu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Imperial military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Opening conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_Edo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_Edo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Surrender of Edo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_Edo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_of_the_Northern_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_of_the_Northern_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Resistance of the Northern Coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_of_the_Northern_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokkaidō_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokkaidō_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hokkaidō campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hokkaidō_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hokkaidō campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hokkaidō_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Ezo_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Ezo_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Creation of the Ezo Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Ezo_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_losses_and_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_losses_and_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Final losses and surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_losses_and_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Japan_that_followed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Japan_that_followed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 The Japan that followed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Japan_that_followed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Later depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boshin War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حرب بوشين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب بوشين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fin_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Boşin müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boşin müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بوشین ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوشین ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="বোশিন যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোশিন যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Вайна Басін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна Басін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Война Бошин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война Бошин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Boshin" title="Brezel ar Boshin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Boshin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_Bo%C5%A1in" title="Válka Bošin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka Bošin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshinkrigen" title="Boshinkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boshinkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin-Krieg" title="Boshin-Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boshin-Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshini_s%C3%B5da" title="Boshini sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boshini sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Πόλεμος Μπόσιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος Μπόσιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Din-milito" title="Boŝin-milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boŝin-milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_Gerra" title="Boshin Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boshin Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جنگ بوشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ بوشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Boshin" title="Guerre de Boshin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Boshin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8B%A0_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="보신 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보신 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Բոշին պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոշին պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Boshin" title="Perang Boshin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Boshin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Boshin" title="Guerra de Boshin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra de Boshin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מלחמת בושין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת בושין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბოშინის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოშინის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ino_karas" title="Bošino karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bošino karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosin-h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Bosin-háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bosin-háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حرب بوشين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب بوشين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Boshin" title="Perang Boshin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Boshin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshinoorlog" title="Boshinoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boshinoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="戊辰戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戊辰戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshinkrigen" title="Boshinkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boshinkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_boshin" title="Wojna boshin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna boshin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Boshin" title="Guerra Boshin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Boshin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Война Босин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война Босин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boshin War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%A1inska_vojna" title="Bošinska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bošinska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Boshin" title="Digmaang Boshin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Boshin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สงครามโบชิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโบชิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Boshin Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boshin Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Boshin_War-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Boshin War 戊辰戦争</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:UenoSenso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/UenoSenso.jpg/300px-UenoSenso.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/UenoSenso.jpg/450px-UenoSenso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/UenoSenso.jpg/600px-UenoSenso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1033" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Battle of Ueno</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshimori_Utagawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshimori Utagawa (page does not exist)">Yoshimori Utagawa</a>, 1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>January 27, 1868 – June 27, 1869 (1 year and 5 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Imperial victory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">End of the shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Restoration of imperial rule</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1868<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto"><img alt="Imperial Court in Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial Court</a> <hr /></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tozama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tozama">Tozama</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domain</a></li></ul> </div></li><li>Other tozama <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Domain" title="Hiroshima Domain">Hiroshima Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsu_Domain" title="Tsu Domain">Tsu Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Kubota_Domain" title="Kubota Domain">Kubota Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg/15px-Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg/30px-Japanese_Crest_Nabesima_Gyouyou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/15px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/23px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/30px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgaki_Domain" title="Ōgaki Domain">Ōgaki Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/15px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/23px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/30px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /> <a href="/wiki/Yodo_Domain" title="Yodo Domain">Yodo Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/15px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/23px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/30px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain" title="Hirosaki Domain">Hirosaki Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/15px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/23px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg/30px-Japanese_crest_Tugaru_Botann.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuroishi_Domain" title="Kuroishi Domain">Kuroishi Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Domain" title="Kumamoto Domain">Kumamoto Domain</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1868<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/15px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/23px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/30px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Shogunate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain">Aizu Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg/15px-Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg/23px-Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg/30px-Mitsubaaoi_%28White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Takamatsu_Domain" title="Takamatsu Domain">Takamatsu Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuetsu_Reppan_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/31px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnai_Domain" title="Shōnai Domain">Shōnai Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/15px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/23px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/30px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="248" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctaki_Domain" title="Ōtaki Domain">Ōtaki Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsubaaoi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mitsubaaoi.svg/15px-Mitsubaaoi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mitsubaaoi.svg/23px-Mitsubaaoi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mitsubaaoi.svg/30px-Mitsubaaoi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iyo-Matsuyama_Domain" title="Iyo-Matsuyama Domain">Matsuyama Domain</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jozai_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozai Domain">Jozai Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_Domain" title="Nagaoka Domain">Nagaoka Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai_Domain" title="Sendai Domain">Sendai Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morioka_Domain" title="Morioka Domain">Morioka Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwana_Domain" title="Kuwana Domain">Kuwana Domain</a></li></ul> Defected:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tsu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsu_Domain" title="Tsu Domain">Tsu Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/15px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/23px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg/30px-Kuyo_%28inverted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgaki_Domain" title="Ōgaki Domain">Ōgaki Domain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/15px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/23px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Inaba_crest1.svg/30px-Inaba_crest1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /> <a href="/wiki/Yodo_Domain" title="Yodo Domain">Yodo Domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1869 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1869 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1868–1869<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Emperor:</li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji</a> <ul><li>Chief of General Staff:</li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/23px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/35px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/45px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Komatsu_Akihito" title="Prince Komatsu Akihito">Prince Komatsu</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/23px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/35px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg/45px-Japan_Kouzoku_Flag_16ben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arisugawa_Taruhito" title="Prince Arisugawa Taruhito">Prince Arisugawa Taruhito</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Satchōdo Army: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda Kiyotaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmura_Masujir%C5%8D" title="Ōmura Masujirō">Ōmura Masujirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Choshu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kirino_Toshiaki" title="Kirino Toshiaki">Kirino Toshiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain"><img alt="Tosa Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Tosa_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki Taisuke</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Akita Front: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubota_Domain" title="Kubota Domain"><img alt="Kubota Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg/39px-Flag_of_the_Satake_Lords_of_Akita_in_Dewa_Province_%28A%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoshitoku_Tomura" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshitoku Tomura">Tomura Daigaku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Medical Advisor: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Willis_(physician)" title="William Willis (physician)">William Willis</a><a href="#cite_note-cortazzi_1985-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1868<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Shōgun: <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate"><img alt="Tokugawa shogunate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/15px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/23px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/30px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a></li><li>Commanders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate"><img alt="Tokugawa shogunate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/15px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/23px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/30px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Katsu_Kaish%C5%AB" title="Katsu Kaishū">Katsu Kaishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate"><img alt="Tokugawa shogunate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/15px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/23px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tokugawa_family_crest.svg/30px-Tokugawa_family_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain"><img alt="Aizu Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Katamori" title="Matsudaira Katamori">Matsudaira Katamori</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain"><img alt="Aizu Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shinoda_Gisabur%C5%8D" title="Shinoda Gisaburō">Shinoda Gisaburō</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain"><img alt="Aizu Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Sadaaki" title="Matsudaira Sadaaki">Matsudaira Sadaaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain"><img alt="Aizu Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/12px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/18px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Aizu_domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Tosa" title="Tanaka Tosa">Tanaka Tosa</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/15px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/23px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg/30px-Kawari_Mitsu-ogi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="248" /> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ck%C5%8Dchi_Masatada" title="Ōkōchi Masatada">Ōkōchi Masatada</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnai_Domain" title="Shōnai Domain"><img alt="Shōnai Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/31px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Shonai_Domain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sakai_Tadazumi" title="Sakai Tadazumi">Sakai Tadazumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuetsu_Reppan_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei"><img alt="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei_or_the_Northern_Alliance_in_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Naofumi" title="Tatsumi Naofumi">Tatsumi Naofumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg/15px-Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Shinsengumi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="775" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami" title="Kondō Isami">Kondō Isami</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg/15px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg/23px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg/30px-Japanese_Crest_mitu_Tomoe_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="688" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D" title="Hijikata Toshizō">Hijikata Toshizō</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_Munemoto" title="Date Munemoto">Date Munemoto</a></li> <hr /> 1869<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsai" title="Sōsai">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo"><img alt="Republic of Ezo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li>Army: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo"><img alt="Republic of Ezo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori_Keisuke" title="Ōtori Keisuke">Ōtori Keisuke</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> Navy: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo"><img alt="Republic of Ezo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arai_Ikunosuke" title="Arai Ikunosuke">Arai Ikunosuke</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Japan_(1867%E2%80%931868)" title="French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)">Advisors</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo"><img alt="Republic of Ezo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" title="Jules Brunet">Jules Brunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo"><img alt="Republic of Ezo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/15px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/23px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Ezo.svg/30px-Seal_of_Ezo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Collache" title="Eugène Collache">Eugène Collache</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 120,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 150,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,125+ killed and wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,550+ killed, wounded and captured</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: 8,200 killed and 5,000+ wounded<a href="#cite_note-Huffman_1997-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_incident" title="Tsushima incident">Tsushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits" title="Battle of Shimonoseki Straits">1st Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Hamaguri Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="First Chōshū expedition">1st Chōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">2nd Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="Second Chōshū expedition">2nd Chōshū</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Incident" title="Kobe Incident">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">Sakai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boshin_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Boshin_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Boshin War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Boshin_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Boshin War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Boshin_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Boshin War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boshin_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boshin War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Toba–Fushimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Awa" title="Battle of Awa">Awa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Osaka_Castle" title="Fall of Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB-Katsunuma" title="Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma">Kōshū-Katsunuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utsunomiya_Castle" title="Battle of Utsunomiya Castle">Utsunomiya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edo" title="Fall of Edo">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Ueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hokuetsu" title="Battle of Hokuetsu">Hokuetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatch%C5%8Doki" title="Battle of Hatchōoki">Hatchōoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bonari_Pass" title="Battle of Bonari Pass">Bonari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aizu" title="Battle of Aizu">Aizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noheji" title="Battle of Noheji">Noheji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miyako_Bay" title="Battle of Miyako Bay">Miyako Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Hakodate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Hakodate Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boshin_war.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boshin_war.svg/330px-Boshin_war.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boshin_war.svg/495px-Boshin_war.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boshin_war.svg/660px-Boshin_war.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Campaign map of the Boshin War (1868–69). The western domains of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa (in red) joined forces to defeat the shogunate forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a>, and then progressively took control of the rest of Japan until the final stand-off in the northern island of Hokkaidō.</figcaption></figure> The Boshin War (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:戊辰">戊辰</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:戦争">戦争</a>, Boshin Sensō), sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial Court</a>. The war stemmed from dissatisfaction among many <a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">nobles</a> and young <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> with the shogunate's handling of foreigners following the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of Japan">opening of Japan</a> during the prior decade. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Western influence in the economy</a> led to a decline similar to that of other Asian countries at the time. An alliance of western samurai, particularly the domains of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa</a>, and court officials secured control of the Imperial Court and influenced the young <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a>, the sitting <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a>, realizing the futility of his situation, abdicated and handed over political power to the emperor. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Yoshinobu</a> had hoped that by doing this the House of Tokugawa could be preserved and participate in the future government. However, military movements by imperial forces, partisan violence in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, and an imperial decree promoted by Satsuma and Chōshū abolishing the House of Tokugawa led Yoshinobu to launch a military campaign to seize the emperor's court in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. The military tide rapidly turned in favour of the smaller but relatively modernized Imperial faction, and, after a series of battles culminating in the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, Yoshinobu personally surrendered. Those loyal to the Tokugawa shōgun retreated to northern <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a>, where they founded the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a>. The defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Battle of Hakodate</a> broke this last holdout and left the Emperor as the de facto supreme ruler throughout the whole of Japan, completing the military phase of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. Around 69,000 men were <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilized</a> during the conflict, and of these about 8,200 were killed. In the end, the victorious Imperial faction abandoned its objective of expelling foreigners from Japan and instead adopted a policy of continued modernization with an eye to the eventual renegotiation of the unequal treaties with the Western powers. Due to the persistence of <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, a prominent leader of the Imperial faction, the Tokugawa loyalists were shown <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a>, and many former shogunate leaders and samurai were later given positions of responsibility under the new government. When the Boshin War began, Japan was already modernizing, following the same course of advancement as that of the industrialized Western nations. Since Western nations, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, were deeply involved in the country's politics, the installation of Imperial power added more turbulence to the conflict. Over time, the war was romanticized as a "bloodless revolution", as the number of casualties was small relative to the size of Japan's population. However, conflicts soon emerged between the western samurai and the modernists in the Imperial faction, which led to the bloodier <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> nine years later. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Boshin (戊辰) is the designation for the <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle#Sexagenary_years" title="Sexagenary cycle">fifth year of a sexagenary cycle</a> in traditional East Asian calendars.<a href="#cite_note-boshin_defined_ntt_goo-3">[3]</a> Although the war lasted for over a year, Boshin refers to the year that the war started in. The characters 戊辰 can also be read as tsuchinoe-tatsu in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, literally "Elder Brother of Earth-Dragon".<a href="#cite_note-boshin_defined_ntt_goo-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, it translates as "<a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yang</a> Earth Dragon", which is associated with that particular year in the sexagenary cycle. The war started in the fourth year of the <a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nussbaum_505-4">[4]</a> which also became the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji era</a> in October of that year, and ended in the second year of the Meiji era.<a href="#cite_note-nussbaum_624-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background">Political background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_discontent_against_the_shogunate">Early discontent against the shogunate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early discontent against the shogunate">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Tokugawa_shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Tokugawa shogunate">Late Tokugawa shogunate</a></div> For the two centuries prior to 1854, Japan had a strict policy of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">isolationism</a>, restricting all interactions with foreign powers, with the notable exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> via <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> through the trading post of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> In 1854, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">expedition</a> <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of Japan">opened Japan to global commerce</a> through the implied threat of force, thus initiating rapid development of foreign trade and <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>. In large part due to the humiliating terms of the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>, as agreements like those negotiated by Perry are called, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> soon faced internal dissent, which coalesced into a radical movement, the <a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">sonnō jōi</a> (meaning "revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians").<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_34-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanrinmaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/220px-Kanrinmaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/330px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kanrinmaru.jpg/440px-Kanrinmaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The shogunate's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Kanrin_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a>, Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1855. The shogunate pursued modernization, but was faced by growing internal discontent against the harm to national sovereignty brought on by contact with Westerners.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> agreed with such sentiments and, breaking with centuries of Imperial tradition, began to take an active role in matters of state: as opportunities arose, he vehemently protested against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession. His efforts culminated in March 1863 with his "<a href="/wiki/Order_to_expel_barbarians" title="Order to expel barbarians">order to expel barbarians</a>". Although the shogunate had no intention of enforcing it, the order nevertheless inspired attacks against the shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan: the most famous incident was that of the English trader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox_Richardson" title="Charles Lennox Richardson">Charles Lennox Richardson</a>, for whose death the Tokugawa government had to pay an <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> of one hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">British pounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_314-315-12">[11]</a> Other attacks included the shelling of foreign shipping in the port of <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_35-13">[12]</a> During 1864, these actions were successfully countered by armed retaliations by foreign powers, such as the British <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">bombardment of Kagoshima</a> and the multinational <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki campaign</a>. At the same time, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domain</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a>, raised the <a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Hamaguri rebellion</a> trying to seize the city of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, where the Emperor's court was, but were repelled by shogunate forces under the future <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a>. The shogunate further ordered a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against Chōshū, the <a href="/wiki/First_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="First Chōshū expedition">First Chōshū expedition</a>, and obtained Chōshū's submission without actual fighting. At this point the initial resistance among the leadership in Chōshū and the Imperial Court subsided, but over the next year the Tokugawa proved unable to reassert full control over the country as most <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a> began to ignore orders and questions from the Tokugawa seat of power in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_303-305-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_military_assistance">Foreign military assistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign military assistance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Japan_(1867%E2%80%9368)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Japan (1867–68)">French military mission to Japan (1867–68)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG/220px-BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG/330px-BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG/440px-BakufuTroopsIn1867.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">Bakufu</a> troops near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> in 1867. The painting by French officer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" title="Jules Brunet">Jules Brunet</a> shows an eclectic combination of Western and Japanese equipment.</figcaption></figure> The Shogun had sought French assistance for training and weaponry since 1865. Léon Roches, French consul to Japan, supported the Shogunal military reform efforts to promote French influence, hoping to make Japan into a dependent client state. This caused the British to send their own military mission to compete with the French.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Despite the bombardment of Kagoshima, the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> had become closer to the British and was pursuing the modernization of its army and navy with their support.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_34-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_35-13">[12]</a> The Scottish merchant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blake_Glover" title="Thomas Blake Glover">Thomas Blake Glover</a> sold quantities of warships and guns to the southern domains.<a href="#cite_note-Glover_gun_sales-17">[b]</a> American and British military experts, usually former officers, may have been directly involved in this military effort.<a href="#cite_note-Brunet_claim-20">[c]</a> The British ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Harry Smith Parkes</a>, supported the anti-shogunate forces in a drive to establish a legitimate, unified Imperial rule in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and to counter French influence with the shogunate. During that period, southern Japanese leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> of Satsuma, or <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue Kaoru</a> of Chōshū cultivated personal connections with British diplomats, notably <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mason_Satow" title="Ernest Mason Satow">Ernest Mason Satow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saigo_description-22">[d]</a> Satsuma domain received British assistance for their naval modernisation, and they became the second largest purchaser of western ships after the Shogunate itself, of which nearly all were British-built. As Satsuma samurai became dominant in the Imperial navy after the war, the navy frequently sought assistance from the British.<a href="#cite_note-henny_p173-174-23">[19]</a> In preparation for future conflict, the shogunate also modernized its forces. In line with Parkes's strategy, the British, previously the shogunate's primary foreign partner, proved reluctant to provide assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Alcock_request-25">[e]</a> The Tokugawa thus came to rely mainly on French expertise, comforted by the military prestige of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> at that time, acquired through his successes in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roches_arrangement-26">[f]</a> The shogunate took major steps towards the construction of a modern and powerful military: a navy with a core of eight steam warships had been built over several years and was already the strongest in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shogunate_navy_presentation-28">[g]</a> In 1865, Japan's first modern naval <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a> by the French engineer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Verny" title="Léonce Verny">Léonce Verny</a>. In January 1867, a French military mission arrived to reorganize the shogunate army and create the <a href="/wiki/Densh%C5%ABtai" title="Denshūtai">Denshūtai</a> elite force, and an order was placed with the US to buy the French-built <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">CSS Stonewall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-css_stonewall_1865-29">[22]</a> which had been built for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Due to the Western powers' declared neutrality, the US refused to release the ship, but once neutrality was lifted, the imperial faction obtained the vessel and employed it in engagements in Hakodate under the name Kōtetsu ("Ironclad").<a href="#cite_note-keene_165-166-30">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coups_d'état">Coups d'état</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coups d'état">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png/220px-Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png/330px-Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png/440px-Modern_Costumes_of_Japanese_Officers_Shogunate_Army_1866.png 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Samurai in Western clothing</figcaption></figure> Following a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> within Chōshū which returned to power the extremist factions opposed to the shogunate, the shogunate announced its intention to lead a <a href="/wiki/Second_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="Second Chōshū expedition">Second Chōshū expedition</a> to punish the renegade domain. This, in turn, prompted Chōshū to form a secret alliance with Satsuma. In the summer of 1866, the shogunate was defeated by Chōshū, leading to a considerable loss of authority. In late 1866, however, first shōgun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemochi" title="Tokugawa Iemochi">Tokugawa Iemochi</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a> died, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> respectively. These events, in the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Marius Jansen</a>, "made a truce inevitable".<a href="#cite_note-jansen_307-31">[24]</a> On November 9, 1867, a secret order was created by Satsuma and Chōshū in the name of Emperor Meiji commanding the "slaughtering of the traitorous subject Yoshinobu".<a href="#cite_note-order_authenticity-33">[h]</a> Just prior to this, however—and following a proposal from the daimyō of the <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Domain" title="Tosa Domain">Tosa Domain</a>—Yoshinobu resigned his post and authority to the emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders.<a href="#cite_note-satow_282-34">[26]</a> This ended the Tokugawa shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-keene_116-35">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-jansen_310-311-36">[28]</a> While Yoshinobu's resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the shogunate government, the Tokugawa family in particular, remained a prominent force in the evolving political order and retained many executive powers.<a href="#cite_note-keene_120-121-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-satow_283-38">[30]</a> Satow speculated that Yoshinobu had agreed to an assembly of daimyōs on the hope that such a body would restore him,<a href="#cite_note-satow_285-39">[31]</a> a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable.<a href="#cite_note-satow_286-40">[32]</a> Events came to a head on January 3, 1868, when these elements seized the imperial palace in Kyoto, and the following day had the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power. Although the majority of the imperial consultative assembly representing all the domains was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the imperial court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa (under the concept of "just government" (公議政体, kōgiseitai)), <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> threatened the assembly into abolishing the title "shōgun" and ordering the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands.<a href="#cite_note-Saigo_dagger_quote-43">[i]</a> Although he initially agreed to these demands, on January 17, 1868, Yoshinobu declared that he would not be bound by the Restoration proclamation and called for its repeal.<a href="#cite_note-keene_124-44">[35]</a> On January 24, he decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, which was occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces. This decision was prompted by his learning of a series of arsons in Edo, starting with the burning of the outer works of <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a>, the main Tokugawa residence. This was blamed on Satsuma rōnin, who on that day attacked a government office. The next day shogunate forces responded by attacking the Edo residence of the daimyō of Satsuma, where many opponents of the shogunate, under Saigo's direction, had been hiding and creating trouble. The residence was burned down, and many opponents killed or later executed.<a href="#cite_note-keene_125-45">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_uniforms">Weapons and uniforms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Weapons and uniforms">edit</a>]</div> The forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were fully modernized with <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Gun">Armstrong Guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifles</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_23-34-46">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-esposito_40-41-47">[38]</a> The shogunate forces had been slightly lagging in terms of equipment, although the French military mission had recently trained a core elite force.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_23-34-46">[37]</a> The shōgun also relied on troops supplied by allied domains, which were not necessarily as advanced in terms of military equipment and methods, composing an army that had both modern and outdated elements.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_23-34-46">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ravina_last_samurai_2005_149-160-48">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_guns">Individual guns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Individual guns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg/220px-Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg/330px-Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg/440px-Weapons_of_the_Boshin_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Guns of the Boshin War, from top to bottom: a <a href="/wiki/Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Starr_carbine" title="Starr carbine">Starr</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifle</a></figcaption></figure> Numerous types of more or less modern <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> were imported, from countries as varied as <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and coexisted with traditional types such as the <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)">tanegashima matchlock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_40-41-47">[38]</a> Most shogunate troops used smoothbore muskets, about 200,000 of which had been imported or domestically produced over the years since around 1600.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_40-41-47">[38]</a> The first modern firearms were initially imported about 1840 from the Netherlands by the pro-Western reformist <a href="/wiki/Takashima_Sh%C5%ABhan" title="Takashima Shūhan">Takashima Shūhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_40-41-47">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-jansen_288-49">[40]</a> The daimyō of <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_Domain" title="Nagaoka Domain">Nagaoka Domain</a>, however, an ally of the shōgun, possessed two Gatling guns and several thousand modern rifles.<a href="#cite_note-vaporis_samurai_35-50">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-esposito_10-51">[42]</a> The shogunate is known to have placed an order for 30,000 modern <a href="/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun" title="Dreyse needle gun">Dreyse needle guns</a> in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> provided Yoshinobu with 2,000 state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Chassepot" title="Chassepot">Chassepot</a> rifles, which he used to equip his personal guard. Antiquated tanegashima matchlocks are also known to have been used by the shogunate, however.<a href="#cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">[44]</a> Imperial troops mainly used Minié rifles, which were much more accurate, lethal, and had a much longer range than the imported smoothbore muskets, although, being also muzzle-loading, they were similarly limited to two shots per minute. Improved breech-loading mechanisms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Snider</a>, developing a rate of about ten shots a minute, are known to have been used by Chōshū troops against the shogunate's <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgitai" title="Shōgitai">Shōgitai</a> regiment at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Battle of Ueno</a> in July 1868. In the second half of the conflict, in the northeast theater, Tosa troops are known to have used American-made <a href="/wiki/Spencer_repeating_rifle" title="Spencer repeating rifle">Spencer repeating rifles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">[44]</a> American-made handguns were also popular, such as the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_No._2_Army" title="Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army">Smith & Wesson Army No 2</a>, which was imported to Japan by Glover and used by Satsuma forces.<a href="#cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Minie_rifle(Mirror).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_Minie_rifle%28Mirror%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>A British-made <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifle</a> used in the Boshin War</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Artillery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boshin_War_mortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Boshin_War_mortar.jpg/220px-Boshin_War_mortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Boshin_War_mortar.jpg/330px-Boshin_War_mortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Boshin_War_mortar.jpg/440px-Boshin_War_mortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Mortar with <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a>, Boshin War (1868–1869), Japan</figcaption></figure> For artillery, <a href="/wiki/Wooden_cannon" title="Wooden cannon">wooden cannons</a>, only able to fire 3 or 4 shots before bursting, coexisted with state-of-the-art <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_gun" title="Armstrong gun">Armstrong guns</a> using explosive <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>. Armstrong guns were efficiently used by Satsuma and <a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga</a> troops throughout the war. The Shogunate as well as the Imperial side also used native Japanese cannons, with Japan making cannons domestically as far back as 1575.<a href="#cite_note-perrin_19-54">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warships">Warships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Warships">edit</a>]</div> In the area of warships also, some of the most recent ironclads such as the <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōtetsu">Kōtetsu</a> coexisted with older types of steamboats and even traditional sailboats.<a href="#cite_note-shogunate_navy_freett-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-keene_165-166-30">[23]</a> The shogunate initially had the edge in warships, and it had the vision to buy the Kōtetsu. The ship was blocked from delivery by foreign powers on grounds of neutrality once the conflict had started, and was ultimately delivered to the Imperial faction shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keene_165-166-30">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uniforms">edit</a>]</div> Uniforms were Western-style for modernized troops (usually dark, with variations in the shape of the helmet: tall conical for Satsuma, flat conical for Chōshū, rounded for the shogunate).<a href="#cite_note-esposito_uniforms-55">[46]</a> Officers of the shogunate often wore French and British uniforms. Traditional troops however retained their <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> clothes.<a href="#cite_note-esposito_uniforms-55">[46]</a> Some of the Imperial troops wore peculiar headgear, involving the use of long, colored, "bear" hair. The "red bear" (赤熊, <a href="/wiki/Shaguma" title="Shaguma">shaguma</a>) wigs indicated officers from Tosa, the "white bear" (白熊, haguma) wigs officers from Chōshū, and the "black bear" (黒熊, koguma) wigs officers from Satsuma.<a href="#cite_note-gonick_25-56">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_combatants">Status of combatants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status of combatants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shogunate_forces">Shogunate forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shogunate forces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampeitai">Sampeitai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sampeitai">edit</a>]</div> The Sampeitai formed a more extensive attempt at modernisation with it being introduced in 1862 by graduates of 2 Samurai academies. The attempt called for the raising of a standing army from the Shogun's personal lands (Tenryo) and the Daimyo under their feudal obligations to provide troops to the Shogun. The army known as the Sampeitai or alternatively the Shinei jobigun was supposed to number 13,625 men with 8,300 infantry (2,000 with rifles) 1,068 cavalry (900 with rifles) 4,890 artillerymen with 48 8 lb field guns and 52 16 lb siege guns and 1,406 officers. The force was to contain half seishi (richer samurai) and half Kashi (poorer Samurai). The recruitment was to be men between 17 and 45 with service terms of 5 years with battalions of 600 companies of 120 and platoons of 40. The daimyo were allowed to substitute manpower with money to purchase firearms and rice to feed the soldiers something the Shoguate desperately needed both of. However, the plan immediately ran into issues as resistance to providing men and money to purchase firearms was met by the shogun. Ironically, the largest provider of men under the new system was the Satsuma domain providing 4,800 infantry, 100 cavalry and 8 guns with 100 men. In 1863 the Shogun allowed the recruitment of commoners but by 1867 this force had only reached 5,900 infantry. In order to augment this force the Shogun raised 5 battalions of Yugekitai. The Shogun also disbanded the city and legation guard units and added them to the Sampeitai adding at least 1,500 men to the army.<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_forces">Other forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other forces">edit</a>]</div> The Shogunate, aiming to modernise its forces, hired 17 French officers in 1867. These 17 officers trained 900 men who formed the elite <a href="/wiki/Densh%C5%ABtai" title="Denshūtai">Denshutai</a>. The French officers brought with them 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Chassepot" title="Chassepot">Chassepot rifles</a> and 12 artillery pieces. Three separate military schools were constructed for the infantry, artillery and cavalry with limited engineer instruction, they also introduced carbine and lance cavalry to the force. It was intended for the 900 men of the Denshutai to be dispersed amongst the myriad of Shogunate armies to train and re-organise them though this did not occur due to the outbreak of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[49]</a> The Shogun additionally possessed 302 Shinsengumi police forces who were intensely loyal to the Shogunate. The Shogunate navy also contained 3,000 sailors who acted as infantry on Hokkaido towards the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_forces">Imperial forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Imperial forces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satsuma">Satsuma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Satsuma">edit</a>]</div> The Satsuma domain in 1840 contained 25,000 samurai and being more open to the world at large underwent a more rapid process of modernisation than the Shogunate. In 1854 a foundry was already founded for firearms production, soon joined by an artillery foundry and three ammunition plants. The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Anglo-Satsuma war of 1863</a> gave the Satsuma officials a further incentive for more extensive military reforms due to the poor military performance of its forces. The Daimyo therefore hired several French officers and began enrolling peasants into the military.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choshu">Choshu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Choshu">edit</a>]</div> The Choshu domain in 1840 contained 11,000 samurai and was also more amenable to reform, and more ambitious than Satsuma in reform and the recruitment of peasantry with the formation of the 300 strong Kihetai, a mixed formation of samurai, townsmen, and peasants, with ronin officers with tough discipline and western uniforms. A second and third company was raised increasing its strength to 900 men. The usage of gunboat diplomacy brought in many volunteers and another 980 men were formed in several shotai or auxiliary militia, with 60 units in total by 1865. These shotai were added to the Choshu military and given modern weaponry by 1868.<a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[50]</a> By 1868 there were 150 shotai and they were regularised and when added to the regular domain army contained a total of 36 infantry battalions amounting to 14,400 men which formed the core of the Pro-Imperial Army when war broke out.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_military">Imperial military</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imperial military">edit</a>]</div> In April 1868 Emperor Meiji himself called for the dispatch of 60 men per 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">koku</a> (150 kg of rice, the amount needed for a man for one year) produced in his domain, of the 60 man drafts one-sixth were to be sent to Kyoto to form an Imperial army and the remaining 50 to garrison the Daimyo's domain.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_conflicts">Opening conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Opening conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Awa" title="Battle of Awa">Battle of Awa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Osaka_Castle" title="Fall of Osaka Castle">Fall of Osaka Castle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg/495px-Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg/660px-Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of artillery being used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg/330px-TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg/495px-TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg/660px-TobaFushimiBattle2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a>. Shogunate forces are on the left, including battalions from <a href="/wiki/Aizu" title="Aizu">Aizu</a>. On the right are forces from Chōshū and Tosa. These are modernized battalions, but some of the forces were also traditional samurai (especially on the shogunate side).</figcaption></figure> On January 27, 1868, shogunate forces attacked the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma, clashing near Toba and <a href="/wiki/Fushimi,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Fushimi, Kyoto">Fushimi</a>, at the southern entrance to <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi" title="Battle of Toba–Fushimi">Battle of Toba–Fushimi</a>. Some parts of the 15,000-strong shogunate forces had been trained by French military advisers. Among their numbers during this battle were the noted <a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vaporis_samurai_33-61">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">[44]</a> The forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were outnumbered 3:1 but fully modernized with Armstrong howitzers, Minié rifles and a few Gatling guns.<a href="#cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">[44]</a> After an inconclusive start,<a href="#cite_note-Saigo_planned_evacuation-63">[j]</a> an Imperial banner was presented to the defending troops on the second day, and a relative of the Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Komatsu_Akihito" title="Prince Komatsu Akihito">Ninnajinomiya Yoshiaki</a>, was named nominal <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a>, making the forces officially an imperial army (官軍, kangun).<a href="#cite_note-red_and_white_pennant-65">[k]</a> Moreover, convinced by courtiers, several local daimyōs, up to this point faithful to the shōgun, started to defect to the side of the Imperial Court. These included the daimyōs of <a href="/wiki/Yodo_Domain" title="Yodo Domain">Yodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsu_Domain" title="Tsu Domain">Tsu</a> in February, tilting the military balance in favour of the Imperial side.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_42-42">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png/220px-Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png/330px-Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png/440px-Sakai_Incident_Tosa_Domain_1868_Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9.png 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>The killing of French sailors by Tosa soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">Sakai incident</a>, March 8, 1868, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Illustr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Illustré">Le Monde Illustré</a></figcaption></figure> After the defections, Yoshinobu, apparently distressed by the imperial approval given to the actions of Satsuma and Chōshū, fled <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> aboard the Japanese battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_frigate_Kaiy%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese frigate Kaiyō Maru">Kaiyō Maru</a>, withdrawing to Edo. Demoralized by his flight and by the betrayal by Yodo and Tsu, shogunate forces retreated, resulting in an Imperial victory, although it is often considered the shogunate forces should have won the encounter.<a href="#cite_note-Tokugawa_military_superiority-67">[l]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> was soon <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">invested</a> on March 1 (February 8 in the <a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D_calendar" title="Tenpō calendar">Tenpō calendar</a>), putting an end to the battle.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_43-45-68">[56]</a> The day after the battle of Toba–Fushimi commenced, the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Awa" title="Battle of Awa">Battle of Awa</a> took place between the shogunate and elements of the Satsuma navy in Awa Bay near Osaka. This was Japan's second engagement between two modern navies.<a href="#cite_note-togo_1993-19">[17]</a> The battle, although small in scale, ended with a victory for the shogunate.<a href="#cite_note-tucker_274-69">[57]</a> On the diplomatic front, the ministers of foreign nations, gathered in the open harbour of Hyōgo (present day <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>) in early February, issued a declaration according to which the shogunate was still considered the only rightful government in Japan, giving hope to Tokugawa Yoshinobu that foreign nations (especially France) might consider an intervention in his favour. A few days later however an Imperial delegation visited the ministers declaring that the shogunate was abolished, that harbours would be open in accordance with International treaties, and that foreigners would be protected. The ministers finally decided to recognize the new government.<a href="#cite_note-polak_75-70">[58]</a> The rise of anti-foreign sentiment nonetheless led to several attacks on foreigners in the following months. Eleven French sailors from the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/FS_Dupleix_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Dupleix (1861)">Dupleix</a> were killed by samurai of <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Province" title="Tosa Province">Tosa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">Sakai incident</a> on March 8, 1868. Fifteen days later, Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Harry Parkes</a>, the British ambassador, was attacked by a group of samurai in a street of Kyoto.<a href="#cite_note-sommaire_1868-71">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_of_Edo">Surrender of Edo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surrender of Edo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB-Katsunuma" title="Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma">Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Battle of Ueno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Edo" title="Fall of Edo">Fall of Edo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoshuKatsunuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KoshuKatsunuma.jpg/260px-KoshuKatsunuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KoshuKatsunuma.jpg/390px-KoshuKatsunuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KoshuKatsunuma.jpg/520px-KoshuKatsunuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kond%C5%8D_Isami" title="Kondō Isami">Kondō Isami</a>, leader of the pro-shogunate <a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a>, facing soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Province" title="Tosa Province">Tosa</a> (distinctive "Red bear" (赤熊, Shaguma) wigs of the officers) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB-Katsunuma" title="Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma">Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma</a> </figcaption></figure> Beginning in February, with the help of the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Roches" title="Léon Roches">Léon Roches</a>, a plan was formulated to stop the Imperial Court's advance at <a href="/wiki/Odawara" title="Odawara">Odawara</a>, the last strategic entry point to Edo, but Yoshinobu decided against the plan. Shocked, Léon Roches resigned from his position. In early March, under the influence of the British minister <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Harry Parkes</a>, foreign nations signed a strict neutrality agreement, according to which they could not intervene or provide military supplies to either side until the resolution of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-polak_77-72">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> led the victorious imperial forces north and east through Japan, winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB-Katsunuma" title="Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma">Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma</a>. He eventually surrounded <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> in May 1868, leading to its unconditional defeat after <a href="/wiki/Katsu_Kaish%C5%AB" title="Katsu Kaishū">Katsu Kaishū</a>, the shōgun's Army Minister, negotiated the surrender.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_46-73">[61]</a> Some groups continued to resist after this surrender but were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ueno" title="Battle of Ueno">Battle of Ueno</a> on July 4, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-ravina_last_samurai_2005_149-160-48">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-japan_at_war_p.32-74">[62]</a> Meanwhile, the leader of the shōgun's navy, <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a>, refused to surrender all his ships. He remitted just four ships, among them the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Fujiyama" title="Japanese warship Fujiyama">Fujiyama</a>, but he then escaped north with the remnants of the shōgun's navy (eight steam warships: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Kaiten" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Kaiten">Kaiten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Banry%C5%AB" title="Japanese warship Banryū">Banryū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_gunboat_Chiyodagata" title="Japanese gunboat Chiyodagata">Chiyodagata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Ch%C5%8Dgei" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Chōgei">Chōgei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kaiy%C5%8D_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese battleship Kaiyō Maru">Kaiyō Maru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Kanrin_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese warship Kanrin Maru">Kanrin Maru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Mikaho" title="Japanese warship Mikaho">Mikaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Shinsoku" title="Japanese warship Shinsoku">Shinsoku</a>), and 2,000 personnel, in the hope of staging a counter-attack together with the northern daimyōs. He was accompanied by a handful of French military advisers, notably <a href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" title="Jules Brunet">Jules Brunet</a>, who had formally resigned from the French Army to accompany the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-polak_81-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_of_the_Northern_Coalition">Resistance of the Northern Coalition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Resistance of the Northern Coalition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuetsu_Reppan_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei">Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SendaiTroops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SendaiTroops.jpg/260px-SendaiTroops.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SendaiTroops.jpg/390px-SendaiTroops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/SendaiTroops.jpg/520px-SendaiTroops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Troops from <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, following their mobilization in April, joined a northern alliance against Imperial troops in May 1868.</figcaption></figure> After Yoshinobu's surrender, he was placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, and stripped of all titles, land and power. He was later released, when he demonstrated no further interest and ambition in national affairs. He retired to <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a>, the place to which his ancestor <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> had also retired. Most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule, but a core of domains in the North, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Aizu" title="Aizu">Aizu</a> clan, continued the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-bolitho_246-75">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-black_214-76">[64]</a> In May, several northern <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a> formed an Alliance to fight Imperial troops, the <a href="/wiki/Ouetsu_Reppan_Domei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouetsu Reppan Domei">coalition of northern domains</a> composed primarily of forces from the domains of <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Domain" title="Sendai Domain">Sendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yonezawa_Domain" title="Yonezawa Domain">Yonezawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain">Aizu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnai_Domain" title="Shōnai Domain">Shōnai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_Domain" title="Nagaoka Domain">Nagaoka Domain</a>, with a total of 50,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-polak_79-91-77">[65]</a> Apart from those core domains, most of the northern domains were part of the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-polak_79-91-77">[65]</a> In May 1868, the daimyō of Nagaoka inflicted high losses on the Imperial troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hokuetsu" title="Battle of Hokuetsu">Battle of Hokuetsu</a>, but his castle ultimately fell on May 19. Imperial troops continued to progress north, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bonari_Pass" title="Battle of Bonari Pass">Battle of Bonari Pass</a>, which opened the way for their attack on the castle of <a href="/wiki/Aizuwakamatsu" title="Aizuwakamatsu">Aizuwakamatsu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aizu" title="Battle of Aizu">Battle of Aizu</a> in October 1868, thus making the position in Sendai untenable.<a href="#cite_note-turnbull_153-158-78">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sendai1868Cannons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sendai1868Cannons.JPG/220px-Sendai1868Cannons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sendai1868Cannons.JPG/330px-Sendai1868Cannons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sendai1868Cannons.JPG/440px-Sendai1868Cannons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wooden_cannon" title="Wooden cannon">Wooden cannons</a> used by the Sendai fief during the Boshin War, <a href="/wiki/Sendai_City_Museum" title="Sendai City Museum">Sendai City Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Enomoto's fleet reached <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a> harbour on August 26. Although the Northern Coalition was numerous, it was poorly equipped, and relied on traditional fighting methods. Modern armament was scarce, and last-minute efforts were made to build <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> made of wood and reinforced with roping, firing stone projectiles. Such cannons, installed on defensive structures, could only fire four or five projectiles before bursting.<a href="#cite_note-Sendai_City_Museum-80">[m]</a> On the other hand, the daimyō of Nagaoka managed to procure two of the three <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a> in Japan and 2,000 modern French rifles from the German weapons dealer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Schnell">Henry Schnell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vaporis_samurai_35-50">[41]</a> The coalition crumbled, and on October 12, 1868, the fleet left Sendai for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a>, after having acquired two more ships (Oe and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_H%C5%8D%C5%8D_Maru" title="Japanese warship Hōō Maru">Hōō</a>, previously borrowed by Sendai from the shogunate), and about 1,000 more troops: remaining shogunate troops under <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori_Keisuke" title="Ōtori Keisuke">Ōtori Keisuke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a> troops under <a href="/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D" title="Hijikata Toshizō">Hijikata Toshizō</a>, the guerilla corps (yugekitai) under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitomi_Katsutar%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitomi Katsutarō (page does not exist)">Hitomi Katsutarō</a>, as well as several more French advisers (Fortant, Garde, Marlin, Bouffier).<a href="#cite_note-polak_81-18">[16]</a> On October 26, Edo was renamed <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> officially started. Aizu was besieged starting that month, leading to the mass suicide of the <a href="/wiki/Byakkotai" title="Byakkotai">Byakkotai</a> (White Tiger Corps) young warriors.<a href="#cite_note-watanabe_2002-81">[68]</a> After a protracted month-long battle, <a href="/wiki/Aizu" title="Aizu">Aizu</a> finally admitted defeat on November 6.<a href="#cite_note-turnbull_11-82">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hokkaidō_campaign">Hokkaidō campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hokkaidō campaign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_Ezo_Republic">Creation of the Ezo Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Creation of the Ezo Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a></div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png/225px-French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png/338px-French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png/450px-French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1128" usemap="#ImageMap_3405dec19b5f7607" resource="/wiki/File:French_Military_Advisors_Jules_Brunet_and_Japanese_Allies_Boshin_War_1868-1869.png" /><map name="ImageMap_3405dec19b5f7607"><area href="#Victuallers" shape="poly" coords="0,54,3,52,7,48,7,47,6,47,3,43,3,38,6,34,10,32,11,30,10,26,10,21,14,20,17,23,16,31,21,34,23,35,24,44,22,57,18,60,10,60,8,66,8,71,2,70" alt="Hosoya Yasutaro" title="Hosoya Yasutaro" /><area href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" shape="poly" coords="34,85,23,62,26,54,29,45,28,36,33,34,34,31,32,25,35,22,38,22,41,24,42,26,44,26,42,28,42,33,47,34,50,44,50,54,51,60,52,66,50,69,52,81,47,85" alt="Captain Jules Brunet" title="Captain Jules Brunet" /><area href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Taro" shape="poly" coords="50,86,55,80,53,60,52,58,51,53,53,46,57,41,60,35,63,34,62,31,62,28,60,28,61,27,61,25,67,23,70,24,71,26,71,31,72,34,76,37,78,39,79,47,80,51,76,60,73,86" alt="Commander in chief Matsudaira Taro" title="Commander in chief Matsudaira Taro" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="poly" coords="84,57,82,50,81,44,81,37,84,35,88,33,86,29,86,27,85,27,85,23,86,21,89,20,91,20,94,24,93,25,94,29,94,33,99,35,104,40,109,46,103,56,102,59,101,59,102,61,103,69,110,77,110,79,101,70,100,82,81,82" alt="Tajima Kintaro" title="Tajima Kintaro" /><area href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cazeneuve" shape="poly" coords="25,56,23,36,17,28,18,22,21,16,25,14,27,12,26,8,26,5,27,4,30,4,32,5,33,6,33,7,32,8,32,11,33,13,35,14,39,16,40,22,30,56" alt="Captain Cazeneuve" title="Captain Cazeneuve" /><area href="/wiki/Jean_Marlin" shape="poly" coords="41,35,41,23,42,21,46,20,45,16,44,14,45,10,47,9,49,9,51,11,52,12,53,12,53,14,52,15,52,16,51,19,55,21,56,21,58,23,60,27,61,35,55,38,57,47,48,56" alt="Sargeant Jean Marlin" title="Sargeant Jean Marlin" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="poly" coords="58,34,59,26,62,23,62,21,61,18,62,18,61,15,63,13,68,15,69,16,69,17,68,18,68,20,68,22,71,26" alt="Fukushima Tokinosuke" title="Fukushima Tokinosuke" /><area href="/wiki/Arthur_Fortant" shape="poly" coords="70,25,71,19,73,16,77,14,78,13,77,11,76,7,75,3,80,3,83,6,83,7,82,11,82,12,84,14,87,15,89,16,96,28,96,32,84,47,89,74,72,76" alt="Sergeant Arthur Fortant" title="Sergeant Arthur Fortant" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="rect" coords="0,0,109,86" alt="Use button to enlarge or cursor to investigate" title="Use button to enlarge or cursor to investigate" /></map><figcaption>The Japanese and their French military advisers in Hokkaido</figcaption></figure> Following defeat on <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> with the remnants of the navy and his handful of French advisers. Together they organized a government, with the objective of establishing an independent island nation dedicated to the development of Hokkaidō. They formally established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ezo" title="Republic of Ezo">Republic of Ezo</a> on the American model, Japan's only ever republic, and Enomoto was elected as president, with a large majority. The republic tried to reach out to foreign legations present in Hakodate, such as the Americans, French, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a>, but was not able to garner any international recognition or support. Enomoto offered to confer the territory to the Tokugawa shōgun under Imperial rule, but his proposal was declined by the Imperial Governing Council.<a href="#cite_note-Enomoto_letter-84">[n]</a> During the winter, they fortified their defenses around the southern peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, with the new fortress of <a href="/wiki/Gory%C5%8Dkaku" title="Goryōkaku">Goryōkaku</a> at the center. The troops were organized under a Franco-Japanese command, the commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori_Keisuke" title="Ōtori Keisuke">Ōtori Keisuke</a> being seconded by the French captain <a href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" title="Jules Brunet">Jules Brunet</a>, and divided between four <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>. Each of these was commanded by a French non-commissioned officer (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fortant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fortant">Fortant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marlin" title="Jean Marlin">Marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cazeneuve" title="André Cazeneuve">Cazeneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouffier" title="François Bouffier">Bouffier</a>), and were themselves divided into eight half-brigades, each under Japanese command.<a href="#cite_note-polack_85-89-85">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_losses_and_surrender">Final losses and surrender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Final losses and surrender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miyako_Bay" title="Battle of Miyako Bay">Battle of Miyako Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Battle of Hakodate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate">Naval Battle of Hakodate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/220px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/330px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg/440px-Stonewall-Kotetsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a>'s French-built ironclad <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kotetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese battleship Kotetsu">Kotetsu</a> (the former CSS Stonewall)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Goryokaku_(by_the_Ezo_rebels)_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png/220px-Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png/330px-Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png/440px-Surrender_of_Goryokaku_%28by_the_Ezo_rebels%29_by_Hayakawa_Shozan_1877.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Surrender of Goryokaku (by the Ezo rebels) by Hayakawa Shozan 1877</figcaption></figure> The Imperial Navy reached the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Miyako,_Iwate" title="Miyako, Iwate">Miyako</a> on March 20, but anticipating the arrival of the Imperial ships, the Ezo rebels organized a daring plan to seize the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kotetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese battleship Kotetsu">Kōtetsu</a>. Led by Shinsengumi commander <a href="/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D" title="Hijikata Toshizō">Hijikata Toshizō</a>, three warships were dispatched for a surprise attack, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miyako_Bay" title="Battle of Miyako Bay">Battle of Miyako Bay</a>. The battle ended in failure for the Tokugawa side, owing to bad weather, engine trouble and the decisive use of a <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a> by Imperial troops against samurai boarding parties.<a href="#cite_note-Collache_story-87">[o]</a> Imperial forces soon consolidated their hold on mainland Japan, and, in April 1869, dispatched a fleet and an infantry force of 7,000 to Ezo, starting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hakodate" title="Battle of Hakodate">Battle of Hakodate</a>. The Imperial forces progressed swiftly and won the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Hakodate_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay">naval engagement at Hakodate Bay</a>, Japan's first large-scale naval battle between modern navies, and the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Gory%C5%8Dkaku" title="Goryōkaku">Goryōkaku</a> was surrounded. Seeing the situation had become desperate, the French advisers escaped to a French ship stationed in Hakodate Bay – <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%ABtlogon,_C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Coëtlogon, Côtes-d'Armor">Coëtlogon</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abel-Nicolas_Bergasse_du_Petit-Thouars" title="Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars">Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars</a> – from where they were shipped back to <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> and then France. The Japanese requested that the French advisers be given judgement in France; however, due to popular support in France for their actions, the former French advisers were not punished for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-collache_1874-86">[72]</a> Invited to surrender, Enomoto at first refused, and sent the Naval Codes he had brought back from Holland to the general of the Imperial troops, <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda Kiyotaka</a>, to prevent their loss. <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori_Keisuke" title="Ōtori Keisuke">Ōtori Keisuke</a> convinced him to surrender, telling him that deciding to live through defeat is the truly courageous way: "Dying is easy; you can do that anytime."<a href="#cite_note-perez_84-88">[73]</a> Enomoto surrendered on June 27, 1869, accepting <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>'s rule, and the Ezo Republic ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-onodera_196-89">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeijiJoukyou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MeijiJoukyou.jpg/220px-MeijiJoukyou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MeijiJoukyou.jpg/330px-MeijiJoukyou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MeijiJoukyou.jpg/440px-MeijiJoukyou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>The 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>, moving from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, end of 1868</figcaption></figure> Of the approximately 120,000 men mobilized over the course of the conflict, about 8,200 were killed and more than 5,000 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Huffman_1997-2">[2]</a> Following victory, the new government proceeded with unifying the country under a single, legitimate and powerful rule by the Imperial Court. The emperor's residence was effectively transferred from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to Edo at the end of 1868, and the city renamed to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The military and political power of the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">domains was progressively eliminated</a>, and the domains themselves were transformed in 1871 into <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>, whose governors were appointed by the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-gordon_64-65-90">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daimyos_appointed_as_governors-92">[p]</a> A major reform was the effective expropriation and abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai class</a>, allowing many samurai to change into administrative or entrepreneurial positions, but forcing many others into poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Legal_distinctions_abolished-93">[q]</a> The southern domains of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa, having played a decisive role in the victory, occupied most of the key posts in government for several decades following the conflict, a situation sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a>" and formalized with the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">genrō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-From_Satsuma-94">[r]</a> In 1869, the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> in Tokyo was built in honor of the victims of the Boshin War.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_20060815-95">[77]</a> Some leading partisans of the former shōgun were imprisoned, but narrowly escaped execution. This clemency derives from the insistence of Saigō Takamori and <a href="/wiki/Iwakura_Tomomi" title="Iwakura Tomomi">Iwakura Tomomi</a>, although much weight was placed on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Parkes</a>, the British envoy. He had urged Saigō, in the words of Ernest Satow, "that severity towards Keiki [Yoshinobu] or his supporters, especially in the way of personal punishment, would injure the reputation of the new government in the opinion of European Powers".<a href="#cite_note-keene_143-96">[78]</a> After two or three years of imprisonment, most of them were called to serve the new government, and several pursued brilliant careers. <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto Takeaki</a>, for instance, would later serve as an envoy to Russia and China and as the education minister.<a href="#cite_note-polak_81-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-mext_historical_list-97">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-iguro_559-98">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-keene-99">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png/220px-Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png/330px-Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png/440px-Emperor_Meiji_Inaugurating_Yokosuka_Arsenal_Jan_1_1872.png 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a> arsenal with foreign engineers in 1872</figcaption></figure> The Imperial side did not pursue its objective of expelling foreign interests from Japan, but instead shifted to a more progressive policy aiming at the continued modernization of the country and the renegotiation of <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a> with foreign powers, later under the <a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">"rich country, strong army"</a> (富国強兵, fukoku kyōhei) motto.<a href="#cite_note-keene_206-209-100">[82]</a> The shift in stance towards foreigners came during the early days of the civil war: on April 8, 1868, new signboards were erected in Kyoto (and later throughout the country) that specifically repudiated violence against foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-keene_142-101">[83]</a> During the course of the conflict, Emperor Meiji personally received European envoys, first in Kyoto, then later in Osaka and Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-keene_143-144_165-102">[84]</a> Also unprecedented was Emperor Meiji's reception of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh_Alfred" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Edinburgh Alfred">Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, in Tokyo, "as his equal in point of blood".<a href="#cite_note-keene_183-187-103">[85]</a> Although the early Meiji era witnessed a warming of relations between the Imperial Court and foreign powers, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Japanese_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Japanese relations">relations with France</a> temporarily soured due to the initial support by France for the shōgun. Soon, however, a <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Japan_(1872%E2%80%9380)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Japan (1872–80)">second military mission</a> was invited to Japan in 1874, and <a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Japan_(1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Military Mission to Japan (1884)">a third one</a> in 1884. A high level of interaction resumed around 1886, when France helped build the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s first large-scale modern fleet, under the direction of naval engineer <a href="/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin" title="Louis-Émile Bertin">Louis-Émile Bertin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evans_peattie_15-104">[86]</a> The modernization of the country had started during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Tokugawa_shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Tokugawa shogunate">last years of the shogunate</a>, and the Meiji government ultimately adopted the same policy.<a href="#cite_note-takada_1990-105">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-furukawa_1995-106">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg/220px-MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg/330px-MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg/440px-MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Reception by the Meiji Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Japan_(1872%E2%80%9380)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Japan (1872–80)">second French military mission to Japan</a>, 1872</figcaption></figure> Upon his coronation, Meiji issued his <a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a>, calling for deliberative assemblies, promising increased opportunities for the common people, abolishing the "evil customs of the past", and seeking knowledge throughout the world "to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule".<a href="#cite_note-jansen_338-107">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jansen_and_Keene_discussions-110">[s]</a> The reforms culminated in the 1889 issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>. However, despite the support given to the Imperial Court by samurai, many of the early Meiji reforms were seen as detrimental to their interests. The creation of a conscript army made of commoners, as well as the loss of hereditary prestige and stipends, antagonized many former samurai.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_367-368-111">[92]</a> Tensions ran particularly high in the south, leading to the 1874 <a href="/wiki/Saga_Rebellion" title="Saga Rebellion">Saga Rebellion</a>, and a rebellion in Chōshū in 1876. Former samurai in Satsuma, led by Saigō Takamori, who had left government over foreign policy differences, started the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> in 1877. Fighting for the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class and a more virtuous government, their slogan was "new government, high morality" (新政厚徳, shinsei kōtoku). It ended with a heroic but total defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama" title="Battle of Shiroyama">Battle of Shiroyama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_94-120-112">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saigo_loyalty_professions-114">[t]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Japan_that_followed">The Japan that followed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Japan that followed">edit</a>]</div> On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–05), those in the political and military leadership were individuals who had fought in the Boshin War. Well aware of what happened to <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Katamori" title="Matsudaira Katamori">Matsudaira Katamori</a>—in other words, the fate that awaits a defeated nation—they were considering peace negotiations even before the war began. They chose U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> as a mediator between Japan and Russia and sent <a href="/wiki/Kaneko_Kentaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaneko Kentaro">Kaneko Kentaro</a> to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-115">[95]</a> On the other hand, the politicians and military leaders on the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–45) were individuals with no knowledge of the Boshin War (except for <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>). When faced with the <a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>, they believed war was inevitable and launched the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> without considering the long-term consequences, ultimately leading to a devastating defeat. The difference in caliber between leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Showa_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Showa era">Showa</a> eras is often mentioned in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Shiba" title="Ryōtarō Shiba">Ryōtarō Shiba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_depictions">Later depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Later depictions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Boshin_War_and_Satsuma_Rebellion_films" title="List of Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion films">List of Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png/220px-Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png/330px-Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png/440px-Battle_of_Hakodate_Nishiki-e_by_Nagashima_Mosai.png 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>A romanticized rendition of the Battle of Hakodate (函館戦争の図), painted circa 1880. The cavalry charge, with a sinking sailship in the background, is led by the leaders of the rebellion in anachronistic samurai attire.<a href="#cite_note-Shogunate_leaders,_left_to_right-117">[u]</a> French soldiers are shown behind the cavalry charge in white trousers. With a modern steam warship visible in the background, imperial troops with modern uniforms are on the right.<a href="#cite_note-Wigs_used_in_the_war-118">[v]</a></figcaption></figure> In modern summaries, the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> is often described as a "bloodless revolution" leading to the sudden modernization of Japan. The facts of the Boshin War, however, clearly show that the conflict was quite violent: about 120,000 troops were mobilized altogether with roughly 3,500 known casualties during open hostilities but much more during terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_50-119">[97]</a> Although traditional weapons and techniques were used, both sides employed some of the most modern armaments and fighting techniques of the period, including the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a>, and fighting techniques learned from Western military advisers. Such Japanese depictions include numerous dramatizations, spanning many genres. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Asada" title="Jirō Asada">Jirō Asada</a> wrote a four-volume novel of the account, Mibu Gishi-den.<a href="#cite_note-galloway_2012-120">[98]</a> A film adaptation of Asada's work, directed by <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Djir%C5%8D_Takita" title="Yōjirō Takita">Yōjirō Takita</a>, is known as <a href="/wiki/When_the_Last_Sword_Is_Drawn" title="When the Last Sword Is Drawn">When the Last Sword Is Drawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galloway_2012-120">[98]</a> A ten-hour 2002 television <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">jidaigeki</a> based on the same novel starred <a href="/wiki/Ken_Watanabe" title="Ken Watanabe">Ken Watanabe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-watanabe_jidaigeki-121">[99]</a> A Japanese Manga Series, <a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Watsuki" title="Nobuhiro Watsuki">Nobuhiro Watsuki</a>, notably sets place in the war, and the aftermath. Western interpretations include the 2003 American film <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a>, which combines into a single narrative historical situations belonging both to the Boshin War, the 1877 <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a>, and other similar uprisings of ex-samurai during the early Meiji period.<a href="#cite_note-warhist_mclaughlin_2016-122">[100]</a> The elements of the movie pertaining to the early modernization of Japan's military forces as well as the direct involvement of foreign (mostly French) forces relate to the Boshin War and the few years leading to it.<a href="#cite_note-warhist_mclaughlin_2016-122">[100]</a> However, the suicidal stand of traditionalist samurai forces led by <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> against the modernized Imperial army relate to the much later Satsuma Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-ravina_2010-123">[101]</a> The main campaign in the 2012 expansion to <a href="/wiki/Creative_Assembly" title="Creative Assembly">Creative Assembly</a>'s game <a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Shogun_2:_Fall_of_the_Samurai" title="Total War: Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai">Total War: Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai</a> depicts the Boshin War.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_fall_of_samurai_review-124">[102]</a> Players can choose from various historical clans, such as the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> or the shogunate <a href="/wiki/Aizu_Domain" title="Aizu Domain">Aizu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_fall_of_samurai_review-124">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Japan_relations_(19th_century)" title="France–Japan relations (19th century)">France–Japan relations (19th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Japan–United Kingdom relations</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Thanks to the interaction with the Dutch, the study of Western science continued during this period under the name of <a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a>, allowing Japan to study and follow most of the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Jansen discusses the vibrancy of Edo period rangaku,<a href="#cite_note-jansen_210-215-6">[6]</a> and notes the competition in the early Meiji period for foreign experts and rangaku scholars.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_346-7">[7]</a> Timon Screech discusses this in two of his papers.<a href="#cite_note-screech_1998-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-screech_2006-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover_gun_sales-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Glover_gun_sales_17-0">^</a> As early as 1865, Thomas Blake Glover sold 7,500 <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifles</a> to the Chōshū clan, allowing it to become totally modernized. Nakaoka Shintaro a few months later remarked that "in every way the forces of the han have been renewed; only companies of rifle and cannon exist, and the rifles are Minies, the cannon breech loaders using shells."<a href="#cite_note-brown_1993-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunet_claim-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Brunet_claim_20-0">^</a> This is a claim made by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Brunet" title="Jules Brunet">Jules Brunet</a> in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>: "I must signal to the Emperor the presence of numerous American and British officers, retired or on leave, in this party [of the southern daimyōs] which is hostile to French interests. The presence of Western leaders among our enemies may jeopardize my success from a political standpoint, but nobody can stop me from reporting from this campaign information Your Majesty will without a doubt find interesting." Original quotation (French): "Je dois signaler à l'Empereur la présence de nombreux officers américains et anglais, hors cadre et en congé, dans ce parti hostile aux intérêts français. La présence de ces chefs occidentaux chez nos adversaires peut m'empêcher peut-être de réussir au point de vue politique, mais nul ne pourra m'empêcher de rapporter de cette campagne des renseignements que Votre Majesté trouvera sans doute intéressants."<a href="#cite_note-polak_81-18">[16]</a> As an example, the English Lieutenant Horse is known to have been a gunnery instructor for the <a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga domain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-togo_1993-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saigo_description-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Saigo_description_22-0">^</a> These encounters are described in Satow's 1869 A Diplomat in Japan, where he describes Saigō as a man with "an eye that sparkled like a big black diamond".<a href="#cite_note-satow_181-21">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcock_request-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Alcock_request_25-0">^</a> For example, An 1864 request to Sir <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Alcock" title="Rutherford Alcock">Rutherford Alcock</a> to supply British military experts from the 1,500 men stationed at <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> went unanswered, and when Takenaka Shibata visited the United Kingdom and France, in September 1865, requesting assistance, only the latter was forthcoming.<a href="#cite_note-polack_53-55-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roches_arrangement-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Roches_arrangement_26-0">^</a> Following the deal with France, the French ambassador in Japan <a href="/wiki/Leon_Roches" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Roches">Leon Roches</a>, trying not to alienate the United Kingdom, arranged for the shōgun to ask for a British navy mission which arrived sometime after the French military mission of 1867.<a href="#cite_note-polack_53-55-24">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-shogunate_navy_presentation-28"><a href="#cite_ref-shogunate_navy_presentation_28-0">^</a> A detailed presentation of the shogunate navy on the former site for the tabletop roleplaying game The Storms of the Meiji Restoration (維新の嵐, Ishin no Arashi).<a href="#cite_note-shogunate_navy_freett-27">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-order_authenticity-33"><a href="#cite_ref-order_authenticity_33-0">^</a> There is debate as to the authenticity of the order, due to its violent language and the fact that, despite using the imperial pronoun (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:朕">朕</a>, chin), it did not bear Meiji's signature.<a href="#cite_note-keen_115-116-32">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saigo_dagger_quote-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Saigo_dagger_quote_43-0">^</a> During a recess, Saigō, who had his troops outside, "remarked that it would take only one short sword to settle the discussion".<a href="#cite_note-keene_122-41">[33]</a> Original quotation Japanese was "短刀一本あればかたづくことだ".<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_42-42">[34]</a> The specific word used for "<a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>" was "<a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a>".<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_42-42">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saigo_planned_evacuation-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Saigo_planned_evacuation_63-0">^</a> Saigō, while excited at the beginning of combat, had planned for the evacuation of the emperor from Kyoto if the situation demanded it.<a href="#cite_note-keene_125-126-62">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-red_and_white_pennant-65"><a href="#cite_ref-red_and_white_pennant_65-0">^</a> The red and white pennant had been conceived and designed by <a href="/wiki/Okubo_Toshimichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okubo Toshimichi">Okubo Toshimichi</a> and Iwakura Tomomi, among others. It was in effect a forgery, as was the imperial order to deploy it among the defending troops. Prince Yoshiaki, was also given a special sword and appointed "great general, conqueror of the east", and the shogunal forces opposing Yoshiaki were branded "enemies of the court".<a href="#cite_note-keene_126-127-64">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokugawa_military_superiority-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Tokugawa_military_superiority_67-0">^</a> "Militarily, the Tokugawa were vastly superior. They had between three to five times more soldiers and held Osaka Castle as a base, they could count on the forces from Edo modernized by the French, and they had the most powerful fleet of East Asia at hand in Osaka Bay. In a regular fight, the Imperial side had to lose. Saigō Takamori too, anticipating defeat had planned to move the Emperor to the Chūgoku mountains and was preparing for guerilla warfare."<a href="#cite_note-hagiwara_43_translation-66">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sendai_City_Museum-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Sendai_City_Museum_80-0">^</a> A detailed presentation of artifacts from that phase of the war is visible at the <a href="/wiki/Sendai_City_Museum" title="Sendai City Museum">Sendai City Museum</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sendai_museum-79">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enomoto_letter-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Enomoto_letter_84-0">^</a> In a letter of Enomoto to the Imperial Governing Council: "We pray that this portion of the Empire may be conferred upon our late lord, Tokugawa Kamenosuke; and in that case, we shall repay your beneficence by our faithful guardianship of the northern gate."<a href="#cite_note-balck_240-241-83">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collache_story-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Collache_story_87-0">^</a> Collache was on board one of the ships that participated to the attack. He had to wreck his ship and flee overland, until he surrendered with his colleagues and was transferred to a prison in Tokyo. He ultimately returned to France safely to tell his story.<a href="#cite_note-collache_1874-86">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daimyos_appointed_as_governors-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Daimyos_appointed_as_governors_92-0">^</a> Many daimyōs were appointed as the first governors, and subsequently given <a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">peerages</a> and large pensions. Over the following years, the three hundred domains were reduced to fifty prefectures.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_348-349-91">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legal_distinctions_abolished-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Legal_distinctions_abolished_93-0">^</a> Most legal distinctions between samurai and ordinary subjects were soon abolished, and the traditional rice stipends paid to samurai were first converted into cash stipends, and these were later converted at a steep discount to government bonds.<a href="#cite_note-gordon_64-65-90">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Satsuma-94"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Satsuma_94-0">^</a> For example <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okubo_Toshimichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okubo Toshimichi">Okubo Toshimichi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Tōgō Heihachirō</a> all came from Satsuma.<a href="#cite_note-togo_1993-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansen_and_Keene_discussions-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Jansen_and_Keene_discussions_110-0">^</a> Jansen discusses political developments during and relating to the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_337-343-108">[90]</a> Keene discusses the Charter Oath and signboard decrees.<a href="#cite_note-keene_138-142-109">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saigo_loyalty_professions-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Saigo_loyalty_professions_114-0">^</a> Saigō himself professed continued loyalty to Meiji and wore his Imperial Army uniform throughout the conflict. He committed suicide before the final charge of the rebellion, and was posthumously pardoned by the emperor in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-jansen_369-370-113">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shogunate_leaders,_left_to_right-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Shogunate_leaders,_left_to_right_117-0">^</a> The shogunate leaders are labeled from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki" title="Enomoto Takeaki">Enomoto (Kinjirō) Takeaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctori_Keisuke" title="Ōtori Keisuke">Ōtori Keisuke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Tar%C5%8D" title="Matsudaira Tarō">Matsudaira Tarō</a>. The samurai in yellow garment is <a href="/wiki/Hijikata_Toshiz%C5%8D" title="Hijikata Toshizō">Hijikata Toshizō</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigs_used_in_the_war-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Wigs_used_in_the_war_118-0">^</a> The "Red bear" (赤熊, Shaguma) wigs indicate soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Tosa_Province" title="Tosa Province">Tosa</a>, the "White bear" (白熊, Haguma) wigs for <a href="/wiki/Nagato_Province" title="Nagato Province">Chōshū</a>, and the "Black bear" (黒熊, Koguma) wigs for <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Province" title="Satsuma Province">Satsuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gonick_25-56">[47]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cortazzi_1985-1"><a href="#cite_ref-cortazzi_1985_1-0">^</a> Cortazzi (1985) </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffman_1997-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_1997_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_1997_2-1">b</a> Huffman (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-boshin_defined_ntt_goo-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boshin_defined_ntt_goo_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boshin_defined_ntt_goo_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0/#jn-204037"><bdi lang="ja">戊辰（ぼしん）の意味</bdi></a> [Boshin (Boshin) definition] (in Japanese). NTT Resonant, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501185525/https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0%EF%BC%88%E3%81%BC%E3%81%97%E3%82%93%EF%BC%89+%E3%81%AE%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3&rft.pub=NTT+Resonant%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%2588%258A%25E8%25BE%25B0%2F%23jn-204037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum_505-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum_505_4-0">^</a> Nussbaum, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-nussbaum_624-5"><a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum_624_5-0">^</a> Nussbaum, p. 624. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_210-215-6"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_210-215_6-0">^</a> Jansen, pp. 210–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_346-7"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_346_7-0">^</a> Jansen, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-screech_1998-8"><a href="#cite_ref-screech_1998_8-0">^</a> Screech (1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-screech_2006-9"><a href="#cite_ref-screech_2006_9-0">^</a> Screech (2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_34-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_34_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_34_11-1">b</a> Hagiwara, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_314-315-12"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_314-315_12-0">^</a> Jansen, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_35-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_35_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_35_13-1">b</a> Hagiwara, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_303-305-14"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_303-305_14-0">^</a> Jansen, pp. 303–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Ravina2017" class="citation book cs1">Mark Ravina (2017). To Stand with the Nations of the World: Japan's Meiji Restoration in World History. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-us-cs/csa-sh/csash-sz/stonewll.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSS+Stonewall+%281865%29&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=2003-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fphotos%2Fsh-us-cs%2Fcsa-sh%2Fcsash-sz%2Fstonewll.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_165-166-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keene_165-166_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_165-166_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-keene_165-166_30-2">c</a> Keene, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_307-31"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_307_31-0">^</a> Jansen, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-keen_115-116-32"><a href="#cite_ref-keen_115-116_32-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-satow_282-34"><a href="#cite_ref-satow_282_34-0">^</a> Satow, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_116-35"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_116_35-0">^</a> Keene, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_310-311-36"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_310-311_36-0">^</a> Jansen, pp. 310–311. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_120-121-37"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_120-121_37-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-satow_283-38"><a href="#cite_ref-satow_283_38-0">^</a> Satow, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-satow_285-39"><a href="#cite_ref-satow_285_39-0">^</a> Satow, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-satow_286-40"><a href="#cite_ref-satow_286_40-0">^</a> Satow, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_122-41"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_122_41-0">^</a> Keene, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_42-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_42_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_42_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_42_42-2">c</a> Hagiwara, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_124-44"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_124_44-0">^</a> Keene, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_125-45"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_125_45-0">^</a> Keene, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito_23-34-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_23-34_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_23-34_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_23-34_46-2">c</a> Esposito, pp. 23–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito_40-41-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_40-41_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_40-41_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_40-41_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_40-41_47-3">d</a> Esposito, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-ravina_last_samurai_2005_149-160-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ravina_last_samurai_2005_149-160_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravina_last_samurai_2005_149-160_48-1">b</a> Ravina (2005), pp. 149–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_288-49"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_288_49-0">^</a> Jansen, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-vaporis_samurai_35-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vaporis_samurai_35_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaporis_samurai_35_50-1">b</a> Vaporis, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito_10-51"><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_10_51-0">^</a> Esposito, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuss2020" class="citation book cs1">Feuss, Harald (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xufWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">The Meiji Restoration</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108478052" title="Special:BookSources/9781108478052"><bdi>9781108478052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meiji+Restoration&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108478052&rft.aulast=Feuss&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxufWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryozen_Museum_of_History_exhibit_53-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryozen_Museum_of_History" title="Ryozen Museum of History">Ryozen Museum of History</a> exhibit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-perrin_19-54"><a href="#cite_ref-perrin_19_54-0">^</a> Perrin, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito_uniforms-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_uniforms_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_uniforms_55-1">b</a> Esposito, pp. 17–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-gonick_25-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gonick_25_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonick_25_56-1">b</a> Gonick, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">Japanese Armies 1868–1877 : the Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion</a>. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. pp. 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3706-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">1130012340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868%E2%80%931877+%3A+the+Boshin+War+%26+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=42-45&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130012340&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3706-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1130012340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">Japanese Armies 1868-1877 : the Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion</a>. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. pp. 51–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3706-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">1130012340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868-1877+%3A+the+Boshin+War+%26+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=51-55&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130012340&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3706-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1130012340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">Japanese Armies 1868-1877 : the Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion</a>. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. pp. 46–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3706-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">1130012340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868-1877+%3A+the+Boshin+War+%26+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130012340&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3706-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1130012340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">Japanese Armies 1868–1877 : the Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion</a>. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3706-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">1130012340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868%E2%80%931877+%3A+the+Boshin+War+%26+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54-56&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130012340&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3706-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1130012340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-vaporis_samurai_33-61"><a href="#cite_ref-vaporis_samurai_33_61-0">^</a> Vaporis, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_125-126-62"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_125-126_62-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_126-127-64"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_126-127_64-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_43_translation-66"><a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_43_translation_66-0">^</a> Hagiwara, p. 43. Translation from the Japanese original. </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_43-45-68"><a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_43-45_68-0">^</a> Hagiwara, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-tucker_274-69"><a href="#cite_ref-tucker_274_69-0">^</a> Tucker, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-polak_75-70"><a href="#cite_ref-polak_75_70-0">^</a> Polak, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-sommaire_1868-71"><a href="#cite_ref-sommaire_1868_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62191945.item">"Sommaire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9" title="Le Monde illustré">Le Monde illustré</a> (in French). No. 583. 13 June 1868. p. 1. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+illustr%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Sommaire&rft.issue=583&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1868-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62191945.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-polak_77-72"><a href="#cite_ref-polak_77_72-0">^</a> Polak, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_46-73"><a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_46_73-0">^</a> Hagiwara, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-japan_at_war_p.32-74"><a href="#cite_ref-japan_at_war_p.32_74-0">^</a> Perez, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-bolitho_246-75"><a href="#cite_ref-bolitho_246_75-0">^</a> Bolitho, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-black_214-76"><a href="#cite_ref-black_214_76-0">^</a> Black, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-polak_79-91-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-polak_79-91_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-polak_79-91_77-1">b</a> Polak, pp. 79–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-turnbull_153-158-78"><a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_153-158_78-0">^</a> Turnbull, pp. 153–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-sendai_museum-79"><a href="#cite_ref-sendai_museum_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.sendai.jp/museum/tenji/josetsuten/natsu.html"><bdi lang="ja">「旬の常設展2020夏」のご案内</bdi></a> [Up-to-date Permanent Exhibits Summer 2020 Information] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Sendai_City_Museum" title="Sendai City Museum">Sendai City Museum</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%97%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%B8%B8%E8%A8%AD%E5%B1%952020%E5%A4%8F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E3%81%94%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85&rft.pub=Sendai+City+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.sendai.jp%2Fmuseum%2Ftenji%2Fjosetsuten%2Fnatsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-watanabe_2002-81"><a href="#cite_ref-watanabe_2002_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2002" class="citation web cs1">Watanabe, Minako (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206055143/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/minako/watanabe/byakkoeng.htm">"The Byakkotai and the Boshin War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.jp/asahi/minako/watanabe/byakkoeng.htm">the original</a> on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Byakkotai+and+the+Boshin+War&rft.date=2002-10&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Minako&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.jp%2Fasahi%2Fminako%2Fwatanabe%2Fbyakkoeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnbull_11-82"><a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_11_82-0">^</a> Turnbull, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-balck_240-241-83"><a href="#cite_ref-balck_240-241_83-0">^</a> Black, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-polack_85-89-85"><a href="#cite_ref-polack_85-89_85-0">^</a> Polak, pp. 85–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-collache_1874-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collache_1874_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collache_1874_86-1">b</a> Collache (1874). </li> <li id="cite_note-perez_84-88"><a href="#cite_ref-perez_84_88-0">^</a> Perez, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-onodera_196-89"><a href="#cite_ref-onodera_196_89-0">^</a> Onodera, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-gordon_64-65-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordon_64-65_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordon_64-65_90-1">b</a> Gordon, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen_348-349-91"><a href="#cite_ref-jansen_348-349_91-0">^</a> Jansen, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_20060815-95"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_20060815_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4789905.stm">"Koizumi shrine visit stokes anger"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Koizumi+shrine+visit+stokes+anger&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4789905.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_143-96"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_143_96-0">^</a> Keene, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-mext_historical_list-97"><a href="#cite_ref-mext_historical_list_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/soshiki/rekidai/daijin.htm"><bdi lang="ja">歴代文部科学大臣</bdi></a> [Historical list of Ministers of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910164626/https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/soshiki/rekidai/daijin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fb_menu%2Fsoshiki%2Frekidai%2Fdaijin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iguro_559-98"><a href="#cite_ref-iguro_559_98-0">^</a> Iguro, p. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene-99"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_99-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 204, 399, 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_206-209-100"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_206-209_100-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 206–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_142-101"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_142_101-0">^</a> Keene, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_143-144_165-102"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_143-144_165_102-0">^</a> Keene, pp. 143–144, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-keene_183-187-103"><a href="#cite_ref-keene_183-187_103-0">^</a> Parkes, quoted in Keene, pp. 183–187. 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President. 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The Matsushita Institute of Government and Management. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%BC%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E%E6%B0%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E8%A6%B3%E3%81%AF%E3%80%81%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%82%92%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AB%E3%80%81%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%82%92%E5%90%A6%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AB%E6%8D%89%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8C%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B4&rft.pub=The+Matsushita+Institute+of+Government+and+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mskj.or.jp%2Fthesis%2F9340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hagiwara_50-119"><a href="#cite_ref-hagiwara_50_119-0">^</a> Hagiwara, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-galloway_2012-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galloway_2012_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-galloway_2012_120-1">b</a> Galloway (2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-watanabe_jidaigeki-121"><a href="#cite_ref-watanabe_jidaigeki_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/broad_bstvtokyo/program/detail/201810/25161_201810040853.html"><bdi lang="ja">時代劇☆壬生義士伝</bdi></a> [Jidaigeki: Mibu Gishiden] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325025013/https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/broad_bstvtokyo/program/detail/201810/25161_201810040853.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8A%87%E2%98%86%E5%A3%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%BE%A9%E5%A3%AB%E4%BC%9D&rft.pub=TV+Tokyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv-tokyo.co.jp%2Fbroad_bstvtokyo%2Fprogram%2Fdetail%2F201810%2F25161_201810040853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warhist_mclaughlin_2016-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warhist_mclaughlin_2016_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warhist_mclaughlin_2016_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMclaughlin2016" class="citation web cs1">Mclaughlin, William (11 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/true-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html">"The Last Samurai: The True History Behind The Film"</a>. War History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325022241/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/true-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Samurai%3A+The+True+History+Behind+The+Film&rft.pub=War+History+Online&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Mclaughlin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Finstant-articles%2Ftrue-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ravina_2010-123"><a href="#cite_ref-ravina_2010_123-0">^</a> Ravina (2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-pcgamer_fall_of_samurai_review-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcgamer_fall_of_samurai_review_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcgamer_fall_of_samurai_review_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2012" class="citation web cs1">Senior, Tom (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/shogun-2-fall-of-the-samurai-review/">"Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325021443/https://www.pcgamer.com/shogun-2-fall-of-the-samurai-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shogun+2%3A+Fall+of+the+Samurai+review&rft.pub=PC+Gamer&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fshogun-2-fall-of-the-samurai-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanno2014" class="citation book cs1">Banno, Junji (2014). Japan's Modern History, 1857–1937: A New Political Narrative. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies. London/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138775176" title="Special:BookSources/9781138775176"><bdi>9781138775176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Modern+History%2C+1857%E2%80%931937%3A+A+New+Political+Narrative&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781138775176&rft.aulast=Banno&rft.aufirst=Junji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolitho1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bolitho" title="Harold Bolitho">Bolitho, Harold</a> (1974). Treasures among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01655-0"><bdi>978-0-300-01655-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185685588">185685588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+among+Men%3A+The+Fudai+Daimyo+in+Tokugawa+Japan&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185685588&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01655-0&rft.aulast=Bolitho&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1881" class="citation book cs1">Black, John R. (1881). Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo, Vol. II. London: Trubner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Japan%3A+Yokohama+and+Yedo%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trubner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Sidney DeVere (Summer 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721005922/http://www.uwosh.edu/home_pages/faculty_staff/earns/meiji.html">"Nagasaki in the Meiji Restoration: Choshu loyalists and British arms merchants"</a>. Crossroads: A Journal of Nagasaki History and Culture (1): 1–18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwosh.edu/home_pages/faculty_staff/earns/meiji.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads%3A+A+Journal+of+Nagasaki+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Nagasaki+in+the+Meiji+Restoration%3A+Choshu+loyalists+and+British+arms+merchants&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sidney+DeVere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwosh.edu%2Fhome_pages%2Ffaculty_staff%2Fearns%2Fmeiji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollache1874" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Collache" title="Eugène Collache">Collache, Eugène</a> (1874). "Une aventure au Japon". Le Tour du Monde (in French). No. 77. pp. 49–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Tour+du+Monde&rft.atitle=Une+aventure+au+Japon&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=49-64&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Collache&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortazzi1985" class="citation book cs1">Cortazzi, Hugh (1985). Dr. Willis in Japan, 1862–1877: A British Medical Pioneer (1st ed.). London: Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780485112641" title="Special:BookSources/9780485112641"><bdi>9780485112641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Willis+in+Japan%2C+1862%E2%80%931877%3A+A+British+Medical+Pioneer&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=London%3A+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780485112641&rft.aulast=Cortazzi&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). Japanese Armies 1868–1877: The Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3708-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-3708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868%E2%80%931877%3A+The+Boshin+War+and+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3708-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansMark_Peattie1997" class="citation book cs1">Evans, David; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Peattie" title="Mark Peattie">Mark Peattie</a> (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7"><bdi>0-87021-192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1887%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87021-192-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Mark+Peattie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurukawa1995" class="citation journal cs1">Furukawa, Hisao (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/33/3/33_KJ00000131881/_pdf">"Meiji Japan's Encounter with Modernization"</a> (PDF). Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 33 (3). Kyoto, Japan: Center for Southeast Asian Studies: 497–518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Meiji+Japan%27s+Encounter+with+Modernization&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-518&rft.date=1995-12&rft.aulast=Furukawa&rft.aufirst=Hisao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Ftak%2F33%2F3%2F33_KJ00000131881%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2012" class="citation book cs1">Galloway, Patrick (2012). Berra, John (ed.). Directory of World Cinema: Japan 2. Bristol, England: Intellect Books. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841505510" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841505510"><bdi>978-1841505510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+World+Cinema%3A+Japan+2&rft.place=Bristol%2C+England&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1841505510&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonick2002" class="citation book cs1">Gonick, Gloria (2002). Matsuri! Japanese Festival Arts. University of California Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0930741919" title="Special:BookSources/0930741919"><bdi>0930741919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matsuri%21+Japanese+Festival+Arts&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0930741919&rft.aulast=Gonick&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Andrew (2003). A Modern History of Japan. New York: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9"><bdi>0-19-511060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-511060-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagiwara2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hagiwara, Kōichi (2004). <bdi lang="ja">図説西郷隆盛と大久保利通</bdi> [Illustrated life of <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckubo_Toshimichi" title="Ōkubo Toshimichi">Ōkubo Toshimichi</a>] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Kawade_Shob%C5%8D_Shinsha" title="Kawade Shobō Shinsha">Kawade Shobō Shinsha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-309-76041-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-309-76041-4"><bdi>4-309-76041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC+%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%B7%E9%9A%86%E7%9B%9B%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A&rft.pub=Kawade+Shob%C5%8D+Shinsha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4-309-76041-4&rft.aulast=Hagiwara&rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennyLehmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Henny, Sue; Lehmann, Jean-Pierre (2013). Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History: Essays in Memory of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Storry" title="Richard Storry">Richard Storry</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780939711" title="Special:BookSources/9781780939711"><bdi>9781780939711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themes+and+Theories+in+Modern+Japanese+History%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Richard+Storry&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780939711&rft.aulast=Henny&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman1997" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, James L. (1997). Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815325253" title="Special:BookSources/9780815325253"><bdi>9780815325253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Nationalism&rft.series=Garland+Reference+Library+of+the+Humanities&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780815325253&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIguro1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iguro, Yatarō (1968). <bdi lang="ja">榎本武揚伝</bdi> [The Biography of Enomoto Takeaki] (in Japanese). ゆまに書房.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%A6%E6%8F%9A%E4%BC%9D&rft.pub=%E3%82%86%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AB%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Iguro&rft.aufirst=Yatar%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (2002). The Making of Modern Japan. Harvard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00334-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600">44090600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44090600&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00334-7&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a> (2005). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12340-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12340-X"><bdi>0-231-12340-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46731178">46731178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+His+World%2C+1852%E2%80%931912&rft.pub=Columbia&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46731178&rft.isbn=0-231-12340-X&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2005" class="citation book cs1">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Belknap Press / <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674017536" title="Special:BookSources/0674017536"><bdi>0674017536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+%2F+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0674017536&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkadaTanakaPolakKonno1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Okada, Shin'ichi; Tanaka, Akira; <a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak, Christian</a>; Konno, Tetsuya; Tsunabuchi, Kenjō (1988). <bdi lang="ja">函館の幕末・維新</bdi> [End of the Bakufu and Restoration in Hakodate] (in Japanese). 中央公論社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-12-001699-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-12-001699-4"><bdi>4-12-001699-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%87%BD%E9%A4%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB%E3%83%BB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=4-12-001699-4&rft.aulast=Okada&rft.aufirst=Shin%27ichi&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Akira&rft.au=Polak%2C+Christian&rft.au=Konno%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Tsunabuchi%2C+Kenj%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnodera2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Onodera, Eikō (December 2004). <bdi lang="ja">戊辰南北戦争と東北政権</bdi> [The Boshin Civil War and Tōhoko Political Power] (in Japanese). Kitanosha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4907726256" title="Special:BookSources/978-4907726256"><bdi>978-4907726256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%88%8A%E8%BE%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%81%A8%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9&rft.pub=Kitanosha&rft.date=2004-12&rft.isbn=978-4907726256&rft.aulast=Onodera&rft.aufirst=Eik%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2013" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Louis G., ed. (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-741-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-741-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012030062">2012030062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+at+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012030062&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-741-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolak2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak, Christian</a> (2001). <bdi lang="ja">絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代)</bdi> [Silk and Light: 100-year history of unconscious French-Japanese cultural exchange (Edo Period – 1950)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujin_Gah%C5%8Dsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fujin Gahōsha (page does not exist)">Fujin Gahōsha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-573-06210-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-573-06210-6"><bdi>4-573-06210-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50875162">50875162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B5%B9%E3%81%A8%E5%85%89%3A+%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%96%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E4%BB%8F%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81100%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2+%28%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3-1950%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Hachette+%2F+Fujin+Gah%C5%8Dsha&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50875162&rft.isbn=4-573-06210-6&rft.aulast=Polak&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavina2005" class="citation book cs1">Ravina, Mark (2005). The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-70537-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-70537-3"><bdi>0-471-70537-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Samurai%3A+The+Life+and+Battles+of+Saig%C5%8D+Takamori&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-471-70537-3&rft.aulast=Ravina&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavina2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ravina, Mark J. (August 2010). "The Apocryphal Suicide of Saigō Takamori: Samurai, "Seppuku", and the Politics of Legend". The Journal of Asian Studies. 69 (3): 691–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810001518">10.1017/S0021911810001518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929189">40929189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155001706">155001706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Apocryphal+Suicide+of+Saig%C5%8D+Takamori%3A+Samurai%2C+%22Seppuku%22%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Legend&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=691-721&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155001706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40929189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911810001518&rft.aulast=Ravina&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatow1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Satow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Satow">Satow, Ernest</a> (1968) [1921]. A Diplomat in Japan. Tokyo: Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomat+in+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Satow&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScreech1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Screech, Timon (1998). <bdi lang="ja">江戸の思想空間</bdi> [The Intellectual World of Edo] (in Japanese). Translated by Murayama, Kazuhiro. Seidosha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7917-5690-8" title="Special:BookSources/4-7917-5690-8"><bdi>4-7917-5690-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&rft.pub=Seidosha&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=4-7917-5690-8&rft.aulast=Screech&rft.aufirst=Timon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScreech2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Screech, Timon (2006). "The Technology of Edo". In Suzuki, Kazuyoshi (ed.). <bdi lang="ja">見て楽しむ江戸のテクノロジー</bdi> [The Enjoyable Observance of Edo Technology] (in Japanese). Suken Shuppan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-410-13886-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-410-13886-3"><bdi>4-410-13886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Technology+of+Edo&rft.btitle=%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A6%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%82%80%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC&rft.pub=Suken+Shuppan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=4-410-13886-3&rft.aulast=Screech&rft.aufirst=Timon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakada1990" class="citation book cs1">Takada, Makoto (1990). "The development of Japanese society and the modernization of Japanese during the Meiji Restoration". In Coulmas, Florian (ed.). Language Adaptation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521362555" title="Special:BookSources/0521362555"><bdi>0521362555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+Japanese+society+and+the+modernization+of+Japanese+during+the+Meiji+Restoration&rft.btitle=Language+Adaptation&rft.pages=104-115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0521362555&rft.aulast=Takada&rft.aufirst=Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTogo1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Togo, Heihachirō (March 1993). <bdi lang="ja">図説東郷平八郎、目で見る明治の海軍</bdi> [Togo Heihachirō in Images: Illustrated Meiji Navy] (in Japanese). 東郷神社・東郷会. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/JPNO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JPNO (identifier)">JPNO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/en/openurl?cs=api_openurl&f-ndl_jpno=94056122">94056122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%B3%E8%AA%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E%E3%80%81%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%A7%E8%A6%8B%E3%82%8B%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D&rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%B7%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E3%83%BB%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%B7%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1993-03&rft.aulast=Togo&rft.aufirst=Heihachir%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2017" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrP5DQAAQBAJ">The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4294-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-4294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+and+Consequences+of+Civil+Wars+and+Revolutions%3A+Conflicts+that+Changed+World+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4294-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrP5DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2008" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2008). The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War. Clarendon, Vermont: <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4805309568" title="Special:BookSources/978-4805309568"><bdi>978-4805309568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Swordsman%3A+Master+of+War&rft.place=Clarendon%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-4805309568&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaporis2019" class="citation book cs1">Vaporis, Constantine Nomikos (2019). Samurai: An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440842702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440842702"><bdi>978-1440842702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Japan%27s+Cultured+Warriors&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1440842702&rft.aulast=Vaporis&rft.aufirst=Constantine+Nomikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jansen, Marius B. (1999). "Chapter 5: The Meiji Restoration". The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65728-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65728-8"><bdi>0-521-65728-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Meiji+Restoration&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65728-8&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoshin+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshin_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boshin_war" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boshin war">Boshin War</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107021553/http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~chushingura/p_nihonsi/episodo/151_200/167_03.htm">The Boshin War</a> (in Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304071130/http://homepage3.nifty.com/naitouhougyoku/sub55.htm">The Battle of Ezo</a> (in Japanese)</li> <li>National Archives of Japan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403185831/http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/kouseisai/category/emaki/boshin_e.html">Boshinshoyo Kinki oyobi Gunki Shinzu, precise reproduction of Imperial Standard and the colors used by Government Army during Boshin War (1868)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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