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id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Alternations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lithuanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elfdalian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elfdalian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elfdalian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elfdalian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstructed_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructed_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reconstructed language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructed_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Computing codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84_(lizherenn)" title="Ą (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ą (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ą" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Latin letter A with ogonek; used in Polish and Lithuanian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/A_with_ogonek_(Cyrillic)" title="A with ogonek (Cyrillic)">A with ogonek (Cyrillic)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C4%84" title="Special:EditPage/Ą">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C4%84%22">"Ą"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C4%84%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C4%84%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C4%84%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C4%84%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C4%84%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg/250px-Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg/330px-Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg/440px-Latin_letter_A_with_ogonek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Latin A with ogonek.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ą</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a>: <i>ą</i>) is a letter in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek language">Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hocąk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero language">Mescalero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> alphabets. It is formed from the letter <i>a</i> and an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> ("little tail") and usually, except in modern Lithuanian and Polish, denotes a nasal <i>a</i> sound. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish">Polish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Polish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>, <i>ą</i> comes after <i>a</i>, but never appears at the beginning of a word. Originally, <i>ą</i> used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a> <i>a</i> sound, but in modern times, its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal <i>o</i> sound. The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronunciation of <i>ą</i> depending on its position </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Position </th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th> <th colspan="3">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Phonemic </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Pronunciation <p>(phonemic) </p> </th> <th>Pronunciation <p>(phonetic) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>f</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>sz</i>, <i>ż</i>, <i>rz</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>ch</i>; word-finally </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔw̃]</span> </td> <td><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-s%C4%85.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-s%C4%85.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"s\u0105"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-s\u0105.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-s%C4%85.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-s%C4%85.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">są</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Poemat-s%C4%85.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-są.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span> ('they are') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɔŋ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɔw̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>k</i>, <i>g</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔŋ]</span> </td> <td><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/Pl-m%C4%85ka.ogg\/Pl-m%C4%85ka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"m\u0105ka"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-m\u0105ka.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Pl-m%C4%85ka.ogg/Pl-m%C4%85ka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">mąka</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-m%C4%85ka.ogg" title="File:Pl-mąka.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> ('flour') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɔŋka/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɔŋka]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>dz</i>, <i>cz</i>, <i>dż</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔn/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔn̪]</span> </td> <td><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f4\/Pl-b%C5%82%C4%85d.ogg\/Pl-b%C5%82%C4%85d.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"b\u0142\u0105d"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-b\u0142\u0105d.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Pl-b%C5%82%C4%85d.ogg/Pl-b%C5%82%C4%85d.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">błąd</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-b%C5%82%C4%85d.ogg" title="File:Pl-błąd.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> ('error') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bwɔnt/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bwɔn̪t̪]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>p</i>, <i>b</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔm/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔm]</span> </td> <td><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ac\/Pl-z%C4%85b.ogg\/Pl-z%C4%85b.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"z\u0105b"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-z\u0105b.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Pl-z%C4%85b.ogg/Pl-z%C4%85b.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ząb</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-z%C4%85b.ogg" title="File:Pl-ząb.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> ('tooth') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zɔmp/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zɔmp]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>ś</i>, <i>ź</i>, <i>ć</i>, <i>dź</i>, <i>si</i>, <i>zi</i>, <i>ci</i>, <i>dzi</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɲ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔj̃]</span> </td> <td><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Pl-b%C4%85d%C5%BA.ogg\/Pl-b%C4%85d%C5%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"b\u0105d\u017a"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-b\u0105d\u017a.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Pl-b%C4%85d%C5%BA.ogg/Pl-b%C4%85d%C5%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">bądź</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-b%C4%85d%C5%BA.ogg" title="File:Pl-bądź.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> ('be') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɔɲt͡ɕ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔj̃t͡ɕ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ą</i> + <i>l</i>, <i>ł</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td> <td>wziął ('he took') </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vʑɔw/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vʑɔw]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some dialects, word-final <i>ą</i> is also pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔm/</span>; thus, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">robią</i></span> is occasionally pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrɔbjɔm]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polish <i>ą</i> sound evolved from a long nasal <i>a</i> sound of medieval Polish into a short nasal <i>o</i> sound in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *<i>ę</i> and *<i>ǫ</i> of Late <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Evolution </caption> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><b>Early Proto-Slavic</b> </td> <td align="center">*em/*en/*im/*in and *am/*an/*um/*un </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Late Proto-Slavic</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/õ/</span>, transcribed <span class="nowrap">⟨ę⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ǫ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Medieval Polish</b> </td> <td align="center">short and long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span>, sometimes written approx. <span class="nowrap">⟨ø⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>Modern Polish</b> </td> <td align="center">short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛn/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛm/</span>…, written <span class="nowrap">⟨ę⟩</span><br /> <p>long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔn/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔm/</span>…, written <span class="nowrap">⟨ą⟩</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech-style orthography of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> to write Polish at the turn of the 16th century. In Poland-Lithuania, Latin still dominated in writing in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>-based vernacular of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> had been in official use in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> since the 13th century. In pronunciation, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cyrillic Alphabet">Church Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Big_yus" class="mw-redirect" title="Big yus">big yus</a> (Ѫ ѫ) corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish <i>ą</i>. However, it is <a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">little yus</a> (Ѧ ѧ), which is phonetically similar to <i>ę</i> and, more importantly, shares visual resemblances with the Latin alphabet initial letter (A, a) plus an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, that some believe led to ogonek's introduction. This, according to proponents of the theory, resulted in the letter <i>ą</i> for denoting the nasal <i>o</i>, when it logically should have been <i>ǫ</i> rather than <i>ą</i>. When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels, it was appended to <i>e</i>, resulting in <i>ę</i> for nasal <i>e</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternations">Alternations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter often alternates with <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">ę</a></i></span>. </p> <ul><li>'tooth': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ząb</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">zęby</i></span> ('teeth'),</li> <li>'snake': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">wąż</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">węże</i></span> ('snakes')</li> <li>'husband' in <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">mąż</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">z mężem</i></span> ('with husband', in <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a>)</li> <li>'weight': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ciężar</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ciążyć</i></span> ('to weigh down, to be a burden'),</li> <li>'month': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miesiąc</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">miesięczny</i></span> ('monthly'),</li> <li>'judge': <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">sędzia</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">sądzić</i></span> ('to judge, think')</li> <li>'row' in <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rząd</i></span> → <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">cztery razy z rzędu</i></span> ('four times in a row', <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>)</li></ul> <p>However, in words derived from <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rząd</i></span> ('government'), the vowel does not change. Thus, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rządu</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> of <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rząd</i></span>) retains the <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">ą</i></span>, e.g., <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">rozporządzenie rządu</i></span> ('government's ordinance'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithuanian">Lithuanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lithuanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, it is no longer nasal and is now pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> <i>a</i>. It is the second letter of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">Lithuanian alphabet</a> called <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">a nosinė</i></span> (nasal <i>a</i>). </p><p>The letter is most often found at the end of the noun to construct an ending of <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">aslą</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aːslaː]</span>, the accusative of <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">asla</i></span> (ground, floor); both <i>a</i> and <i>ą</i> in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">aslą</i></span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> (a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> <i>a</i>). Thus, <i>ą</i> is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> cases of the noun <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">asla</i></span>. </p><p>It is also used when converting <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> into <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>, e.g., (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">matąs</i></span> (somebody who is seeing (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">matyti</i></span>) right now). </p><p>Nasal <i>an</i> forms are now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">sąrašas</i></span> (list) and <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">san-grąža</i></span> (turnover, return). </p><p>In most cases if a nasal vowel, such as ą, ę, į, ų, appear in the root of an infinitive verb it becomes nasalized, as in kąsti - kanda, kęsti - kenčia, įlįsti - įlindo, skųsti - skundžią. </p><p>In some cases, <i>ą</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">ę</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AE" title="Į">į</a></i> (but never <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%96" title="Ė">ė</a></i>) may be used in different forms, as in <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tąsa</i></span> (extension) – <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tęsia</i></span> (extends) – <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">tįsoti</i></span> (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have it in the middle of a word but only in the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, e.g., (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">bąla</i></span> (is getting white), but not <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">pabalo</i></span> (has become white).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter can also be found at the beginning of several words, e.g., <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">ąsotis</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aːsoːtis]</span> (jug). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg/220px-Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg/330px-Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg/440px-Ogonek-european-natamerican.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="58" /></a><figcaption>The ogonek in European languages is attached to the right leg of A.<br /> Sometimes, in Native American languages, it is under the middle of A.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some indigenous languages of the Americas, the letter denotes a nasal <i>a</i> sound: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek language">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hochunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero language">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li> <li>Assiniboine/Nakoda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elfdalian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a> alphabet contains the letters that occur in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish alphabet</a> as well as various letters with <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> to denote nasality. <i>Ą</i> and <i>ą</i> denote a nasal <i>a</i> sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructed_language">Reconstructed language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reconstructed language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars who have reconstructed the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> (the ancestor of all modern <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, spoken c. 500 BC – AD 500) use the letter <i>ą</i> to denote a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_codes">Computing codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computing codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ą</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ą </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273787049">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;font-family:monospace;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;font-family:monospace;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>260</td> <td>U+0104</td> <td>261</td> <td>U+0105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>196 132</td> <td>C4 84</td> <td>196 133</td> <td>C4 85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#260;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x104;<wbr /></td> <td>&#261;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x105;<wbr /> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">Named character reference</a></td> <td colspan="2">&Aogon;</td> <td colspan="2">&aogon; </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">Ę</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ogonek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">Kashubian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian alphabet">Lithuanian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian_alphabet" title="Elfdalian alphabet">Elfdalian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Yus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Additional Latin letters</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ æ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ ɑ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Ʌ ʌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Ꞵ ꞵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eth (letter)">Ð ð</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">Ǝ ə</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Ɣ ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Ɩ ɩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Turned_h" title="Turned h">Ɥ ɥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(Latin_letter)" title="Lambda (Latin letter)">λ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">Ŋ ŋ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ œ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ ɔ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ɤ">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Kra_(letter)" title="Kra (letter)">Kʼ ĸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">Ʀ ʀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ ß</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Ʃ ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%9C" title="Ɯ">Ɯ ɯ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊ ʊ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Ꞷ ꞷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ ʋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ ƿ </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Ȝ ȝ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">ϴ θ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">Ʒ ʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ ƹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ þ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">Ȣ ȣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Ꭓ ꭓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Ɂ ʔ ɂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ˀ">ˀ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Ꞌ ꞌ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟲ (page does not exist)">ꟲ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꟳ (page does not exist)">ꟳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%CA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜣ">Ꜣ ꜣ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜥ">Ꜥ ꜥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/3_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (letter)">3</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">Ꜫ ꜫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">Ꜭ ꜭ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/7_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (letter)">7</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⁷">⁷</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letter A with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Áá</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">Àà</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%82" title="Ă">Ăă</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ắ">Ắắ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ằ">Ằằ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẵ">Ẵẵ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẳ">Ẳẳ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Ââ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ấ">Ấấ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ầ">Ầầ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẫ">Ẫẫ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẩ">Ẩẩ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǎ">Ǎǎ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Åå</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǻ">Ǻǻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ää</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǟ">Ǟǟ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">Ãã</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%A6" title="Ȧ">Ȧȧ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǡ">Ǡǡ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ąą</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84%CC%81" title="Ą́">Ą́ą́</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%84%CC%83" title="Ą̃">Ą̃ą̃</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Āā</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%CC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ā̀">Ā̀ā̀</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A2" title="Ả">Ảả</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȁ">Ȁȁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/A%CC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="A̋">A̋a̋</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȃ">Ȃȃ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ạ">Ạạ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ặ">Ặặ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ậ">Ậậ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḁ">Ḁḁ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⱥ">Ⱥⱥ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꞻ">Ꞻꞻ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶏ">ᶏ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/A%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Aʾ">ẚ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̨ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ąą </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ą́ą́ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">Ęę </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%AE" title="Į">Į į </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">Ǫǫ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B2" title="Ų">Ųų </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%84&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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The big Central European history of a little tail (ogonek). <i>New Eastern Europe</i>. 12 Dec.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://algdas.blogas.lt/1140-1140.html">"39a. 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