CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"95b5e0fd-b8f2-43e2-9614-dc5951fdd456","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic","wgTitle":"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic","wgCurRevisionId":1274329821,"wgRevisionId":1274329821,"wgArticleId":1810963,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2015","Accuracy disputes from August 2023","All accuracy disputes","Articles needing additional references from August 2023","All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles containing Slovak-language text", "Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Czechoslovak Socialist Republic","History of Czechoslovakia by period","Communism in Czechoslovakia","Communist states","Former socialist republics","Former republics","Eastern Bloc","Soviet satellite states","Atheist states","Communism in the Czech Republic","Communism in Slovakia","1940s in Czechoslovakia","1950s in Czechoslovakia","1960s in Czechoslovakia","1970s in Czechoslovakia","1980s in Czechoslovakia","1948 establishments in Czechoslovakia","1990 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia","1948 establishments in Europe","1990 disestablishments in Europe","Politics of Czechoslovakia","States and territories established in 1948","States and territories disestablished in 1990"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic","wgRelevantArticleId":1810963, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":50.083333333333336,"lon":14.416666666666666},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q853348","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic rootpage-Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovak_Republic_(1948–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovak_Republic_(1948–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovak_Republic_(1948–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1968–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Communist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_of_the_Communist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Leaders of the Communist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_of_the_Communist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resource_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Resource base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Society_and_social_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_social_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Society and social groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_social_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health,_social_welfare_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health,_social_welfare_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Health, social welfare and housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health,_social_welfare_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mass media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschechoslowakische_Sozialistische_Republik" title="Tschechoslowakische Sozialistische Republik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschechoslowakische Sozialistische Republik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية تشيكوسلوفاكيا الاشتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية تشيكوسلوفاكيا الاشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چک ایسلواکی شوروی سوسیالیست جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چک ایسلواکی شوروی سوسیالیست جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чэхаславацкая сацыялістычная рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэхаславацкая сацыялістычная рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословашка социалистическа република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чехословашка социалистическа република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Txecoslovaca" title="República Socialista Txecoslovaca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Socialista Txecoslovaca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Československá socialistická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Československá socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhoslovakkia_Sotsialistlik_Vabariik" title="Tšehhoslovakkia Sotsialistlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhoslovakkia Sotsialistlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσεχοσλοβακική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεχοσλοβακική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Checoslovaca" title="República Socialista Checoslovaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Socialista Checoslovaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5oslovaka_socialisma_respubliko" title="Ĉeĥoslovaka socialisma respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĥoslovaka socialisma respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txekoslovakiako_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Txekoslovakiako Errepublika Sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txekoslovakiako Errepublika Sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی چکسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری سوسیالیستی چکسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_tch%C3%A9coslovaque" title="République socialiste tchécoslovaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République socialiste tchécoslovaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Checoslovaca" title="República Socialista Checoslovaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Socialista Checoslovaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="체코슬로바키아 사회주의 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코슬로바키아 사회주의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Čehoslovačka Socijalistička Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čehoslovačka Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Cekoslowakia" title="Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_Cecoslovacca" title="Repubblica Socialista Cecoslovacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista Cecoslovacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית הצ'כוסלובקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסוציאליסטית הצ'כוסלובקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslov%C4%81kijas_Soci%C4%81listisk%C4%81_Republika" title="Čehoslovākijas Sociālistiskā Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehoslovākijas Sociālistiskā Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословачка Социјалистичка Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чехословачка Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Czechoslovakia" title="Republik Sosialis Czechoslovakia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Sosialis Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချက်ကိုဆလိုဗားကီးယား ဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချက်ကိုဆလိုဗားကီးယား ဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjecho-Slowaakse_Socialistische_Republiek" title="Tsjecho-Slowaakse Socialistische Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjecho-Slowaakse Socialistische Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="チェコスロバキア社会主義共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコスロバキア社会主義共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословакин Социалистийн Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чехословакин Социалистийн Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tsjekkoslovakiske_sosialistrepublikk" title="Den tsjekkoslovakiske sosialistrepublikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den tsjekkoslovakiske sosialistrepublikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechos%C5%82owacka_Republika_Socjalistyczna" title="Czechosłowacka Republika Socjalistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czechosłowacka Republika Socjalistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_da_Checoslov%C3%A1quia" title="República Socialista da Checoslováquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista da Checoslováquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialist%C4%83_Cehoslovac%C4%83" title="Republica Socialistă Cehoslovacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Socialistă Cehoslovacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословацкая Социалистическая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чехословацкая Социалистическая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Socialiste_%C3%87ekosllovake" title="Republika Socialiste Çekosllovake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Socialiste Çekosllovake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Československá socialistická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Československá socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословачка Социјалистичка Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чехословачка Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dka_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Čehoslovačka Socijalistička Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čehoslovačka Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ekkoslovakian_sosialistinen_tasavalta" title="Tšekkoslovakian sosialistinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšekkoslovakian sosialistinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistiska_republiken_Tjeckoslovakien" title="Socialistiska republiken Tjeckoslovakien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialistiska republiken Tjeckoslovakien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมเชโกสโลวัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมเชโกสโลวัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Чехословакия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Сотсиалистии Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekoslovakya_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti" title="Çekoslovakya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekoslovakya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чехословацька Соціалістична Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чехословацька Соціалістична Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Ti%E1%BB%87p_Kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Tiệp Khắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Tiệp Khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q853348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&oldid=1274329821" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&id=1274329821&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCzechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCzechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q853348" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&params=50_05_N_14_25_E_region:CZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.083°N 14.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.083; 14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Socialist republic in Central Europe (1948–1989)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Talk:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic#Disputed" title="Talk:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22">"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Czechoslovak+Socialist+Republic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><b>Czechoslovak Republic</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–1960)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Československá republika</i></span></span><hr /><b>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1960–1990)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Československá socialistická republika</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1948–1990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Flag of Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Czechoslovakia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1960%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1960–1990) of Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Coat of arms (1960–1990) of Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia"> Coat of arms <br />(1960–1990)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Truth_prevails" title="Truth prevails"><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Pravda vítězí</i></span> / <span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">Pravda víťazí</i></span></a><br />"Truth prevails"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Czech-language text"><span lang="cs" style="font-style: normal;">’<a href="/wiki/Kde_domov_m%C5%AFj" title="Kde domov můj">Kde domov můj</a>’</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Czech)</span><br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;">’Where my home is’</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Czech_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Czech_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Czech_anthem.ogg/Czech_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская ‪(be)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sah&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sah" label="саха тыла ‪(sah)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=yi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yi" label="ייִדיש ‪(yi)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACzech_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div><br /> <span title="Slovak-language text"><span lang="sk" style="font-style: normal;">’<a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Nad Tatrou sa blýska</a>’</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Slovak)</span><br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;">’Lightning Over the Tatras’</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg/Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg&lang=tok&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tok" label="toki pona ‪(tok)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1989"><img alt="The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg/250px-Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg/375px-Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg/500px-Czechoslovakia_1956%E2%80%931990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1989</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&params=50_05_N_14_25_E_region:CZ_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.083°N 14.417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.083; 14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Religion in Czechoslovakia">Roman Catholicism</a> <i>(de facto)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> <i>(de jure)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovaks" title="Czechoslovaks">Czechoslovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovaks" title="Czechoslovaks">Czechoslovakian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Czechoslovakia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a><br />(1948–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><br />(1960–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><br />(1969–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a><br />(1989–1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968–1969 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1969–1987 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1987–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Adamec" title="Ladislav Adamec">Ladislav Adamec</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Czechoslovakia#Presidents_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918–1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1953 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Z%C3%A1potock%C3%BD" title="Antonín Zápotocký">Antonín Zápotocký</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_%C4%8Calfa" title="Marián Čalfa">Marián Čalfa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Communist_Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)">National Assembly</a><br />(1948–1969)<br /><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Federal Assembly</a><br />(1969–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'etat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1960_Constitution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia">CSSR established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_on_the_Czechoslovak_Federation" title="Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation">Federation law</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Constitutional amendment</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of the Government of National Understanding </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">127,900 km<sup>2</sup> (49,400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Demographics of Czechoslovakia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1986 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,600,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.931<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_koruna" title="Czechoslovak koruna">Czechoslovak koruna</a> (Kčs)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">42</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cs" title=".cs">.cs</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="inforefa"></span>a. <b><a href="#infoa">^</a></b> All permanent non-Soviet members of the Warsaw Pact, <a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="De-satellization of Communist Romania">except Romania</a>, were "European colonies".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1960%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div><hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">History</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia">Politics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Economy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Industry of Communist Czechoslovakia">Industry</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of Communist Czechoslovakia">Agriculture</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Foreign trade of Communist Czechoslovakia">Foreign trade</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Transport in Czechoslovakia">Transport</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Education in Czechoslovakia">Education</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Demographics of Czechoslovakia">Demographics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Government_structure_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia">Government structure</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Health_and_social_welfare_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia">Health and social welfare</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Resource_base_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia">Resource base</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia">Religion</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Society of Communist Czechoslovakia">Society</a><br /> </p> <hr /></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Template:Communist Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Template talk:Communist Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i>Československá socialistická republika</i>, ČSSR) known from 1948 to 1960 as the <b>Czechoslovak Republic</b> (<i>Československá republika)</i>, <b>Fourth Czechoslovak Republic</b>, or simply <b>Czechoslovakia</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist state">communist rule</a>, and was regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphere of interest">sphere of interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état of February 1948</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> seized power with the support of the Soviet Union, the country was declared a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> became effective. The traditional name <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Československá republika</i></span> (<i>Czechoslovak Republic</i>), along with several other state symbols, were changed on 11 July 1960 following the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Constitution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia">1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia</a> as a symbol of the "final victory of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>" in the country. </p><p>In April 1990, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">November 1989</a>, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a>. On 10 December 1989, the National Government of Understanding was established with <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_%C4%8Calfa" title="Marián Čalfa">Marián Čalfa</a> as Prime Minister, replacing a <a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Adamec" title="Ladislav Adamec">Ladislav Adamec</a> led communist government, with a cabinet in which the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> held 10 of 21 seats, compared with the 15 of 20 seats they had held in the previous cabinet. The Communist Party continued to hold a strong plurality in government until democratic elections in June 1990 where the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a> claimed victory, and a new government was formed on 27 June by Prime Minister Čalfa which led the government until its end. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official name of the country was the <i>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</i>. The name also means "Land of the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>" while <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> from the country's original name – "the Czechoslovak Nation"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – upon independence in 1918, from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> endonym <i>Češi</i> – via its <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> orthography<sup id="cite_ref-Czech_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Czech" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> endonym <i>Češi</i> via <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Czech_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the archaic Czech <i>Čechové</i>, originally the name of the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic tribe</a> whose <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> subdued its neighbors in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> around AD 900. Its further etymology is disputed. The <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">traditional etymology</a> derives it from an eponymous leader <a href="/wiki/Forefather_%C4%8Cech" class="mw-redirect" title="Forefather Čech">Čech</a> who led the tribe into <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. Modern theories consider it an obscure derivative, e.g. from <i>četa</i>, a medieval military unit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the name "Slovak" was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>. During the state's existence, it was simply referred to "Czechoslovakia", or sometimes the "ČSSR" and "ČSR" for short. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelia-Finland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–1956)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1948)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Offensive">Prague Offensive</a> in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>, the Czechoslovak leader, agreed to Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s demands for unconditional agreement with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Soviet foreign policy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig45_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig45-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Beneš was not a Moscow cadre and several domestic reforms of other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries were not part of Beneš's plan, Stalin did not object because the plan included property expropriation and he was satisfied with the relative strength of communists in Czechoslovakia compared to other Eastern Bloc countries.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig45_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig45-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1945, the Third Republic was formed, led by a <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a> of six parties. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party</a>'s strength and Beneš's loyalty, unlike in other <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern European</a> countries, USSR did not require <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a> or "reliable" cadres in Czechoslovak power positions, and the executive and legislative branches retained their traditional structures.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig86_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig86-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communists were the big winners in the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946">1946 elections</a>, taking a total of 114 seats (they ran a separate list in Slovakia). Thereafter, the Soviet Union was disappointed that the government failed to eliminate "bourgeois" influence in the army, expropriate industrialists and large landowners and eliminate parties outside of the "National Front".<sup id="cite_ref-wettig152_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hope in Moscow was waning for a Communist victory in the 1948 elections following a May 1947 Kremlin report concluding that "reactionary elements" praising Western democracy had strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Czechoslovakia's brief consideration of taking <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> funds,<sup id="cite_ref-wettig138_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the subsequent scolding of Communist parties by the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> at <a href="/wiki/Szklarska_Por%C4%99ba" title="Szklarska Poręba">Szklarska Poręba</a> in September 1947, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> with a plan for the final seizure of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Grogin,_p._134_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogin,_p._134-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Soviet Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Zorin" title="Valerian Zorin">Valerian Zorin</a> arranged a <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">communist coup d'état</a>, followed by the occupation of non-Communist ministers' ministries, while the army was confined to barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agitace-1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Agitace-1947.jpg/220px-Agitace-1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Agitace-1947.jpg/330px-Agitace-1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Agitace-1947.jpg/440px-Agitace-1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Communist demonstrations before the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 February 1948, Beneš, fearful of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> and Soviet intervention, capitulated and appointed a Communist-dominated government who was sworn in two days later. Although members of the other National Front parties still nominally figured, this was, for all intents and purposes, the start of out-and-out Communist rule in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a>, the only prominent Minister still left who was not either a Communist or <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow traveler">fellow traveler</a>, was found dead two weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-Grogin,_p._135_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogin,_p._135-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 May, a single list of candidates from the National Front, which became an organization dominated by the Communist Party, was elected to the National Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovak_Republic_(1948–1960)"><span id="Czechoslovak_Republic_.281948.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After passage of the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> on 9 June 1948, the country became a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">People's Republic</a> until 1960. Although it was not a completely Communist document, it was close enough to the Soviet model that Beneš refused to sign it. He had resigned a week before it was finally ratified, and died in September. The Ninth-of-May Constitution confirmed that the KSČ possessed absolute power, as other Communist parties had in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. On 11 July 1960, the <a href="/wiki/1960_Constitution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia">1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia</a> was promulgated, changing the name of the country from the "<i>Czechoslovak Republic</i>" to the "<i>Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968–1990"><span id="1968.E2.80.931990"></span>1968–1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1968–1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Normalization (Czechoslovakia)">Normalization (Czechoslovakia)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)</a></div> <p>In 20–21 August 1968 the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. The invasion stopped <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s Prague Spring liberalisation reforms and strengthened the authoritarian wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). </p><p>Except the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> in the late-1960s, Czechoslovakia was characterized by the absence of democracy and competitiveness of its Western European counterparts as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In 1969, the country became a federative republic comprising the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the country were largely eliminated. Several ministries, such as Education, were formally transferred to the two republics. The <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralized</a> political control of the Communist Party severely limited the effects of <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalization of Czechoslovakia">federalization</a>. </p><p>The 1970s saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Czechoslovak_dissidents" title="Category:Czechoslovak dissidents">dissident movement in Czechoslovakia</a>, represented (among others) by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, making itself felt by limits on work activities (up to a ban on any professional employment and refusal of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> to the dissident's children), police harassment and even prison time. </p><p>In late 1989, the country became a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> again through the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia">Federal Assembly</a> decided it would <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakup of Czechoslovakia">break up</a> the country into the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> on 1 January 1993. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was bounded on the west by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, on the north by Poland, on the east by the Soviet Union (via the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>) and on the south by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a> and Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia">Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> (KSČ) led initially by First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a>, held a monopoly on politics. Following the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>, increased party purges occurred throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, including a purge of 550,000 party members of the KSČ, 30% of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton262_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton262-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bideleux476_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bideleux476-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of the resulting harshness of purges in Czechoslovakia, like much of its history after 1948, was a function of the late takeover by the communists, with many of the purges focusing on the sizable numbers of party members with prior memberships in other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton270_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton270-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purges accompanied various <a href="/wiki/Show_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Show trials">show trials</a>, including those of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Clementis" title="Vladimír Clementis">Vladimír Clementis</a>, Ladislav Novomeský and <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> (Clementis was later executed).<sup id="cite_ref-crampton262_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton262-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slánský and eleven others were convicted together of being "Trotskyist-zionist-titoist-bourgeois-nationalist traitors" in one series of <a href="/wiki/Show_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Show trials">show trials</a>, after which they were executed and their ashes were mixed with material being used to fill roads on the outskirts of Prague.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton262_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton262-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a> served as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">First Secretary</a> of the KSČ from 1953 to 1968. <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> was elected first secretary of KSČ in 1969 (changed to <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">General Secretary</a> in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under the umbrella of National Front of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed. </p><p>In terms of political appointments, the KSČ maintained <i>cadre</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a></i> lists, with the latter containing every post that was important to the smooth application of party policy, including military posts, administrative positions, directors of local enterprises, social organization administrators, newspapers, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton249_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton249-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KSČ's <i>nomenklatura</i> lists were thought to contain 100,000 post listings.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton249_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton249-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of those that the party considered to be trustworthy enough to secure a <i>nomenklatura</i> post were compiled on the <i>cadre</i> list.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton249_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton249-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_of_the_Communist_Party">Leaders of the Communist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leaders of the Communist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of presidents of Czechoslovakia">List of presidents of Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Czechoslovakia" title="List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia">List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_KSC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_the_KSC.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_KSC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_the_KSC.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_KSC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_the_KSC.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_KSC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>. After February 1948, the Communist Party became the only autonomous political entity in the country.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_(1960%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Czechoslovakia_%281960%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Presidential standard of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990),</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Photo </th> <th>Title </th> <th>In office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg/120px-Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg/180px-Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg/239px-Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2474" /></a></span> </td> <td>First Secretary </td> <td>14 March 1953 – 5 January 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_(Fortepan_138485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg/127px-Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg/191px-Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg/255px-Dub%C4%8Dek_in_1990_%28Fortepan_138485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2815" /></a></span> </td> <td>First Secretary </td> <td>5 January 1968 – 17 April 1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Gustáv Husák wearing a suit, tie and spectacles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG/120px-Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG/180px-Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG/240px-Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k_-_o%C5%99%C3%ADznuto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="651" /></a></span> </td> <td>First Secretary / <p>General Secretary </p> </td> <td>17 April 1969 – 17 December 1987<br /> <p><small>as First Secretary 1969–1971</small><br /> <small>as General Secretary 1971–1987</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Milos Jakes wearing a hat, tie and coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG/119px-M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG/179px-M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG/239px-M_Jake%C5%A1_Praha_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>General Secretary </td> <td>17 December 1987 – 24 November 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>General Secretary </td> <td>24 November 1989 – 20 December 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Adamec" title="Ladislav Adamec">Ladislav Adamec</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Chairman </td> <td>21 December 1989 – 1 September 1990 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communist-controlled Czechoslovakia was an active participant in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (<a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> and its specialized agencies, and <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>; it was a signatory of <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia">Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/220px-Czechoslovakia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/330px-Czechoslovakia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/440px-Czechoslovakia.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovakia in 1969</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1960–1992: 10 regions (<a href="/wiki/Kraj" title="Kraj">kraje</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and (since 1970) <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>; divided in 109–114 districts (<a href="/wiki/Okres" title="Okres">okresy</a>); the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many functions since 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the two internal republics, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a>, were established in 1969.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Eastern Bloc economies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg/220px-100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg/330px-100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg/440px-100_K%C4%8Ds_1989_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Obverse of the 100 <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Czechoslovak_koruna_(1953)" title="Banknotes of the Czechoslovak koruna (1953)">Kčs banknote</a> of the State Bank of Czechoslovakia dated 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>The CSSR's economy was a <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally planned</a> <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> with links controlled by the communist party, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. It had a large <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical industry">metallurgical industry</a>, but was dependent on imports for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and nonferrous ores. Like the rest of the Eastern Bloc, <a href="/wiki/Producer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Producer goods">producer goods</a> were favored over <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a>, and as a result consumer goods were lacking in quantity and quality. This resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dale85_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale85-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bideleux474_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bideleux474-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic growth rates lagged well behind Czechoslovakia's western European counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-hardt17_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardt17-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investments made in industry did not yield the results expected, and consumption of energy and raw materials was excessive. Czechoslovak leaders themselves decried the economy's failure to modernize with sufficient speed. </p><p>In the 1950s, Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Industry: extractive and manufacturing industries dominated this sector. Major branches included <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textiles</a>. Industry was wasteful of energy, materials, and labor and slow to upgrade technology, but was a source of high-quality machinery and <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms</a> for other <a href="/wiki/Communist_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist countries">communist countries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of Communist Czechoslovakia">Agriculture</a>: minor sector but supplied bulk of domestic food needs. Dependent on large imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather. Meat production constrained by shortage of feed, but high per capita consumption of meat.</li> <li>Foreign Trade: exports estimated at US$17.8 billion in 1985, of which 55% was machinery, 14% fuels and materials, and 16% manufactured consumer goods. Imports at estimated US$17.9 billion in 1985, of which 41% was fuels and materials, 33% machinery, and 12% agricultural and forestry products. In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with communist countries.</li> <li>Exchange Rate: the official, or commercial, rate was Kcs 5.4 per US$1 in 1987, whereas the tourist, or noncommercial, rate was Kcs 10.5 per US$1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> was around Kcs 30 per US$1, and this rate would become official once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.</li> <li>Fiscal Year: calendar year.</li> <li>Fiscal Policy: state almost exclusive owner of means of production. Revenues from state enterprises primary source of revenues followed by <a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">turnover tax</a>. Large budget expenditures on social programs, subsidies, and investments. Budget usually balanced or small surplus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_base">Resource base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resource base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_base_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia">Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>After World War II, the country was short on energy, relying on imported <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> from the Soviet Union, domestic <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">brown coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric energy">hydroelectric energy</a>. Energy constraints were a major factor in 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_social_groups">Society and social groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and social groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Society of Communist Czechoslovakia">Society of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>Homosexuality was decriminalized in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia">Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>Religion was oppressed and attacked in communist-era Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, 46.4% of Czechoslovaks were Roman Catholics, 29.5% were atheists, 5.3% were Evangelical Lutherans, and 16.7% were n/a, but there were huge differences between the 2 constituent republics – see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health,_social_welfare_and_housing"><span id="Health.2C_social_welfare_and_housing"></span>Health, social welfare and housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health, social welfare and housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Welfare_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Social Welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia">Health and Social Welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p>After World War II, free health care was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized preventive medicine; factory and local health-care centers supplemented hospitals and other inpatient institutions. Substantial improvement in rural health care occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mass media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a></div> <p>The mass media in Czechoslovakia was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> (KSČ). Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this informational monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">reviewed</a> by the government's <i>Office for Press and Information.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_People%27s_Army" title="Czechoslovak People's Army">Czechoslovak People's Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:History of Czechoslovakia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of <span class="fn org label">Czechoslovakia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918-1938_and_1945-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Origins of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918–1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>/<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">Post-revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Federative Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1990–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1992</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template talk:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_structure_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia">Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_base_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia">Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Society of Communist Czechoslovakia">Society of Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_social_welfare_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia">Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1989_en_complete_nostats.pdf">"Human Development Report 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Development Reports</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F219%2Fhdr_1989_en_complete_nostats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7pQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">Vladimir Tismaneanu, Marius Stan, Cambridge University Press, 17 May, 2018, <i>Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice</i>, p. 132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, B. V. (2006), <i>History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002</i>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Masaryk,_Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Masaryk, Tomáš">Masaryk, Tomáš</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="s:Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence">Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence</a>. 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Czech-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czech_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czech_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/czech">Czech</a>. CollinsDictionary.com. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i> – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 6 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online Etymology Dictionary. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/czech">Czech</a>". Retrieved 11 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig45-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wettig45_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettig45_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig86-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig86_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig152-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig152_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig110_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig138-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig138_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogin,_p._134-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogin,_p._134_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrogin2001">Grogin 2001</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenville2005">Grenville 2005</a>, p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenville2005">Grenville 2005</a>, pp. 370–371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrogin2001">Grogin 2001</a>, pp. 134–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonberg2001">Saxonberg 2001</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogin,_p._135-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogin,_p._135_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrogin2001">Grogin 2001</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crampton262-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crampton262_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crampton262_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crampton262_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bideleux476-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bideleux476_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crampton270-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crampton270_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crampton249-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crampton249_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crampton249_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crampton249_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dale85-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dale85_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale2005">Dale 2005</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bideleux474-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bideleux474_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardt17-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardt17_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardtKaufman1995">Hardt & Kaufman 1995</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Harman, <i>A People's History of the World</i>, 1999, p 625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio.cz/fr/rubrique/histoire/vers-la-decriminalisation-de-lhomosexualite-sous-le-communisme">"Vers la décriminalisation de l'homosexualité sous le communisme"</a>. February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vers+la+d%C3%A9criminalisation+de+l%27homosexualit%C3%A9+sous+le+communisme&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.cz%2Ffr%2Frubrique%2Fhistoire%2Fvers-la-decriminalisation-de-lhomosexualite-sous-le-communisme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicworldreport.com/2017/05/19/catholics-in-communist-czechoslovakia-a-story-of-persecution-and-perseverance/">Catholics in Communist Czechoslovakia: A Story of Persecution and Perseverance</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation cs2">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36626-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36626-7"><bdi>978-0-415-36626-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36626-7&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackEnglishHelmreichMcAdams2000" class="citation cs2">Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), <i>Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II</i>, Westview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3664-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3664-3"><bdi>0-8133-3664-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth%3A+A+Political+History+of+Europe+since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8133-3664-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Cyril+E.&rft.au=English%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Helmreich%2C+Jonathan+E.&rft.au=McAdams%2C+James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1997" class="citation cs2">Crampton, R. J. (1997), <i>Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2"><bdi>0-415-16422-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century+and+after&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-16422-2&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2005" class="citation cs2">Dale, Gareth (2005), <i>Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5408-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-5408-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+in+East+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%931989%3A+Judgements+on+the+Street&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5408-9&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2003" class="citation cs2">Frucht, Richard C. (2003), <i>Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism</i>, Taylor & Francis Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-80109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-80109-1"><bdi>0-203-80109-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+From+the+Congress+of+Vienna+to+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-203-80109-1&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2005" class="citation cs2">Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), <i>A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28954-8"><bdi>0-415-28954-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+from+the+20th+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-28954-8&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+Ashley+Soames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001" class="citation cs2">Grenville, John Ashley Soames; Wasserstein, Bernard (2001), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majorinternation0000gren_v2f5"><i>The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts</i></a></span>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23798-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23798-X"><bdi>0-415-23798-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+International+Treaties+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+History+and+Guide+with+Texts&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-23798-X&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+Ashley+Soames&rft.au=Wasserstein%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajorinternation0000gren_v2f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogin2001" class="citation cs2">Grogin, Robert C. (2001), <i>Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991</i>, Lexington Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0160-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0160-9"><bdi>0-7391-0160-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Enemies%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+Cold+War%2C+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7391-0160-9&rft.aulast=Grogin&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardtKaufman1995" class="citation cs2">Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), <i>East-Central European Economies in Transition</i>, M.E. Sharpe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-612-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-612-0"><bdi>1-56324-612-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-Central+European+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56324-612-0&rft.aulast=Hardt&rft.aufirst=John+Pearce&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxonberg2001" class="citation cs2">Saxonberg, Steven (2001), <i>The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5823-097-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-5823-097-X"><bdi>90-5823-097-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+End+of+Communism+in+Czechoslovakia%2C+East+Germany%2C+Hungary+and+Poland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-5823-097-X&rft.aulast=Saxonberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation cs2">Wettig, Gerhard (2008), <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzechoslovak+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/jDen7Y1B">RFE/RL Czechoslovak Unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a>, Budapest.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Pre-1918</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:24%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Pact Logo"><img alt="Warsaw Pact Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/90px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czech_Republic_articles666" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech Republic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czech_Republic_articles666" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526–1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867–1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geography of the Czech Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphological_division_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Geomorphological division of the Czech Republic">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Protected areas of the Czech Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Czech Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Czech Republic">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law enforcement in the Czech Republic">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Czech Republic">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Czech Republic">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Koruna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_deposits_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic">Oil and gas deposits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Stock_Exchange" title="Prague Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Tourism in the Czech Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Rail transport in the Czech Republic">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Czech Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Demographics of the Czech Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Healthcare in the Czech Republic">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Irreligion in the Czech Republic">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Czech Republic">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prostitution in the Czech Republic">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_art" title="Czech art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_architecture" title="Czech architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rondocubism" title="Rondocubism">Rondocubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel%C3%A1k" title="Panelák"><i>Panelák</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(architectural style)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Sport in the Czech Republic">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Television in the Czech Republic">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Outline of the Czech Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Czech_Republic%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Czech Republic–related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czech_Republic" title="Category:Czech Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slovakia_articles423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slovakia_topics" title="Template:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slovakia_topics" title="Template talk:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slovakia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slovakia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slovakia_articles423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Slovakia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Limes" title="Danubian Limes">Danubian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Laugaricio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerulata" title="Gerulata">Gerulata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celemantia" title="Celemantia">Celemantia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Medieval Slavic states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mojm%C3%ADr" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mojmír">House of Mojmír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk the Great</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaton_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton Principality">Balaton Principality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> (895–1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1000–1301)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew III Csák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1301–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> (1541–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Province of Budin</a> (1541–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> (1570–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (1804–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (1526–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1867–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Uprising 1848–49">Slovak Uprising</a> (1848–1849) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council_(1848%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak National Council (1848–49)">Slovak National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demands_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Demands of the Slovak Nation">Demands of the Slovak Nation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1918–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Betrayal</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Land_of_Slovakia" title="Autonomous Land of Slovakia">Autonomous Land of Slovakia</a> (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> (1938–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">(First) Slovak Republic</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup d'état</a> (1948)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fourth Czechoslovak Republic</a> (1948–1960)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1960–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (1969–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovak Republic</a> (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Velvet Divorce</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Slovakia" title="Geography of Slovakia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Slovakia" title="List of castles in Slovakia">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of cities and towns in Slovakia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Slovakia" title="Districts of Slovakia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Slovakia" title="List of islands of Slovakia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_towns_in_Slovakia" title="List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Slovakia" title="List of national parks of Slovakia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovakia" title="Protected areas of Slovakia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Slovakia" title="Regions of Slovakia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Slovakia" title="List of rivers of Slovakia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourism_regions_of_Slovakia" title="List of tourism regions of Slovakia">Tourism regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_regions_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional regions of Slovakia">Traditional regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Biota of Slovakia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia">World Heritage Sites (UNESCO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Slovakia" title="National symbols of Slovakia">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia" title="Coat of arms of Slovakia">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovakia" title="Government of Slovakia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Slovakia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Slovakia" title="Law enforcement in Slovakia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Slovakia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">National Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovakia" title="List of political parties in Slovakia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Government_Flying_Service" title="Slovak Government Flying Service">Slovak Government Flying Service</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Slovakia" title="List of banks in Slovakia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Slovakia" title="Privatization in Slovakia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava_Stock_Exchange" title="Bratislava Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatra_Tiger" title="Tatra Tiger">Tatra Tiger</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Slovakia" title="Tourism in Slovakia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovakia" title="Transport in Slovakia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovakia" title="Rail transport in Slovakia">Rail</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Society of Slovakia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Slovakia" title="Crime in Slovakia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_mafia" title="Slovak mafia">Mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovakia" title="Demographics of Slovakia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovaks" title="List of Slovaks">List of Slovaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovakia" title="Healthcare in Slovakia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_identity_card" title="Slovak identity card">Identity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_passport" title="Slovak passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Slovakia" title="Public holidays in Slovakia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_days_in_Slovakia" title="Remembrance days in Slovakia">Remembrance days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Slovakia" title="Architecture of Slovakia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Slovakia" title="Beer in Slovakia">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature" title="Slovak literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_axe" title="Shepherd's axe">Shepherd's axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Slovakia" title="Sport in Slovakia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Slovakia" title="Mass media in Slovakia">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Slovakia" title="List of newspapers in Slovakia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovakia" title="List of radio stations in Slovakia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Slovakia" title="Television in Slovakia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slovakia" title="Outline of Slovakia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slovakia" title="Category:Slovakia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata703" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata703" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124946369">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxdvY973MpXhTFV4RtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032769">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987013002920305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&oldid=1274329821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&oldid=1274329821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Category:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Czechoslovakia_by_period" title="Category:History of Czechoslovakia by period">History of Czechoslovakia by period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Communism in Czechoslovakia">Communism in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_states" title="Category:Communist states">Communist states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_socialist_republics" title="Category:Former socialist republics">Former socialist republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_republics" title="Category:Former republics">Former republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Bloc" title="Category:Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_satellite_states" title="Category:Soviet satellite states">Soviet satellite states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atheist_states" title="Category:Atheist states">Atheist states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Communism in the Czech Republic">Communism in the Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Slovakia" title="Category:Communism in Slovakia">Communism in Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1940s in Czechoslovakia">1940s in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1950s in Czechoslovakia">1950s in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1960s in Czechoslovakia">1960s in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1970s in Czechoslovakia">1970s in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1980s in Czechoslovakia">1980s in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_establishments_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1948 establishments in Czechoslovakia">1948 establishments in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_disestablishments_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:1990 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia">1990 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_establishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1948 establishments in Europe">1948 establishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1990 disestablishments in Europe">1990 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Politics of Czechoslovakia">Politics of Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1948" title="Category:States and territories established in 1948">States and territories established in 1948</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1990" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1990">States and territories disestablished in 1990</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015">Use dmy dates from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_August_2023" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from August 2023">Accuracy disputes from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2023">Articles needing additional references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovak-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovak-language text">Articles containing Slovak-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 18:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>45 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-bqm7f","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.183","walltime":"1.587","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8764,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":454806,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":134703,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":76,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":171715,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1293.779 1 -total"," 32.59% 421.639 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 20.46% 264.753 1 Template:Navboxes"," 13.00% 168.222 2 Template:Country_topics"," 10.86% 140.464 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.86% 101.753 3 Template:Sidebar"," 6.95% 89.940 1 Template:Czech_Republic_topics"," 6.85% 88.687 5 Template:Lang"," 6.85% 88.584 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.84% 88.478 1 Template:Communist_Czechoslovakia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.679","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21722285,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackEnglishHelmreichMcAdams2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrucht2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenville2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenvilleWasserstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrogin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardtKaufman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxonberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"inforefa\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Communist Czechoslovakia\"] = 1,\n [\"Communist Eastern and Central Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Czech Republic topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Czechoslovakia timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Bloc\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Bloc sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"History of Czechoslovakia\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Raise\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slovakia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Socialist states\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-62rdk","timestamp":"20250216210420","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q853348","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q853348","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-28T17:29:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T18:46:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg","headline":"republic in Central\/Eastern Europe between 1960 and 1990"}</script> </body> </html>