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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subtypes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A1_adenosine_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A1_adenosine_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>A<sub>1</sub> adenosine receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A1_adenosine_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonism_and_agonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonism_and_agonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Antagonism and agonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonism_and_agonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>In the heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_neonatal_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_neonatal_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>In neonatal medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_neonatal_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_homeostasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_homeostasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Bone homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_homeostasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A2A_adenosine_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A2A_adenosine_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A2A_adenosine_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agonists_and_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists_and_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Agonists and antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists_and_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_homeostasis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Bone homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A2B_adenosine_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A2B_adenosine_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>A<sub>2B</sub> adenosine receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A2B_adenosine_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_homeostasis_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Bone homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A3_adenosine_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A3_adenosine_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A3_adenosine_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_homeostasis_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Bone homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_homeostasis_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligand_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligand_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ligand affinities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ligand_affinities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ligand affinities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ligand_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adenosine_receptor_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adenosine_receptor_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adenosine receptor agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adenosine_receptor_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adenosine_receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adenosine_receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Adenosine receptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adenosine_receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adenosine receptor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مستقبلات الأدينوزين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبلات الأدينوزين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Аденозинов рецептор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аденозинов рецептор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosinov%C3%BD_receptor" title="Adenosinový receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adenosinový receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosinrezeptoren" title="Adenosinrezeptoren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adenosinrezeptoren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گیرنده آدنوزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده آدنوزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_de_l%27ad%C3%A9nosine" title="Récepteur de l'adénosine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur de l'adénosine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettori_per_l%27adenosina" title="Recettori per l'adenosina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettori per l'adenosina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="アデノシン受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アデノシン受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_de_adenosina" title="Receptor de adenosina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor de adenosina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozinski_receptor" title="Adenozinski receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Adenozinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozinski_receptor" title="Adenozinski receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adenozinski receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ตัวรับอะดีโนซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวรับอะดีโนซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94" title="腺苷受體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腺苷受體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q356147#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Purinergic_signalling" title="Category:Purinergic signalling">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#7B88BF;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_signalling" title="Purinergic signalling"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Purinergic signalling</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purinergic_signalling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Purinergic_signalling.jpg/200px-Purinergic_signalling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Purinergic_signalling.jpg/300px-Purinergic_signalling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Purinergic_signalling.jpg/400px-Purinergic_signalling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="484" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Simplified illustration of extracellular purinergic signalling</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#7B88BF;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_signalling" title="Purinergic signalling">Purinergic signalling</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Receptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannexin" title="Pannexin">Pannexins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectonucleotidase" title="Ectonucleotidase">Ectonucleotidases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Metabolism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#7B88BF;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Membrane transporters</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_transporter" title="Nucleoside transporter">Nucleoside transporters</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentrative_nucleoside_transporter" title="Concentrative nucleoside transporter">Concentrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrative_nucleoside_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporter">Equilibrative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purinergic_signalling" title="Template:Purinergic signalling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Purinergic_signalling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Purinergic signalling (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purinergic_signalling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purinergic signalling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>adenosine receptors</b> (or <b>P1 receptors</b><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9133776_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9133776-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are a class of <a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">purinergic</a> <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11734617_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11734617-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four known types of adenosine receptors in humans: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A<sub>2A</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A<sub>2B</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A<sub>3</sub></a>; each is encoded by a different <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. </p><p>The adenosine receptors are commonly known for their antagonists <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a>, whose action on the receptors produces the stimulating effects of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg/220px-10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg/330px-10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg/440px-10_caffeine_knowing-neurons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17874974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17874974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, both A<sub>1</sub> receptors and A<sub>2A</sub> play roles in the heart, regulating <a href="/wiki/Myocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> oxygen consumption and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary</a> blood flow, while the A<sub>2A</sub> receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18160539_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18160539-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two receptors also have important roles in the brain,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16806272_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16806272-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regulating the release of other <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17572452_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17572452-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17646043_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17646043-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18537674_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18537674-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the A<sub>2B</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. </p><p>Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist <a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a> being used in hospitals as treatment for severe <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> (rapid heart beat),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17408751_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17408751-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine receptors in heart tissue,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17999026_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17999026-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as producing a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> effect through action on A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in the brain. <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a> derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> act as non-selective <a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (pharmacology)">antagonists</a> at A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> effect and rapid heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18088379_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18088379-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These compounds also act as <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a>, which produces additional <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> effects, and makes them medically useful for the treatment of conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, but less suitable for use in scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17373584_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17373584-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newer adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists are much more potent and subtype-selective, and have allowed extensive research into the effects of blocking or stimulating the individual adenosine receptor subtypes, which is now resulting in a new generation of more selective drugs with many potential medical uses. Some of these compounds are still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine receptor ligands that are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide range of possible directions for future research.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18181659_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18181659-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18537675_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18537675-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adenosine receptors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Receptor</th> <th>Gene</th> <th>Mechanism <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Effects</th> <th>Agonists</th> <th>Antagonists </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub></a></b> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=ADORA1">ADORA1</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i/o</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>↑/↓ <ul><li>Inhibition <ul><li>↓ vesicle release</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">Bronchoconstriction</a></li> <li>Afferent arteriolar constriction in Kidney</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Decreased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N6-Cyclopentyladenosine" title="N6-Cyclopentyladenosine">N6-Cyclopentyladenosine</a></li> <li>N6-3-methoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl adenine riboside (B2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCPA_(biochemistry)" title="CCPA (biochemistry)">CCPA</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li>2'-MeCCPA</li> <li>GR 79236</li> <li>SDZ WAG 994</li> <li>Benzyloxy-cyclopentyladenosine (BnOCPA)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine</a> (CPX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine">8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine</a> (DPCPX)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (page does not exist)">8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine</a></li> <li>PSB 36</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A<sub>2A</sub></a></b> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=ADORA2A">ADORA2A</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>↑</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary artery</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasodilatation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilatation">vasodilatation</a></li> <li>Decreased dopaminergic activity in CNS</li> <li>Inhibition of central neuron excitation.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>N6-3-methoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl adenine riboside (B2)</li> <li>ATL-146e</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regadenoson" title="Regadenoson">Regadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-442,416" title="SCH-442,416">SCH-442,416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-241,385" title="ZM-241,385">ZM-241,385</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A<sub>2B</sub></a></b> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=ADORA2B">ADORA2B</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>↑ <p>Also recently discovered A<sub>2B</sub> has Gq → <a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">DAG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate">IP3</a> → Release calcium → activate calmodulin → activate <a href="/wiki/Myosin_light_chain_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Myosin light chain kinase">myosin light chain kinase</a> → phosphorylate myosin light chain → myosin light chain plus actin → bronchoconstriction<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">Bronchospasm</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY_60%E2%80%936583" title="BAY 60–6583">BAY 60–6583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li>LUF-5835</li> <li>LUF-5845</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVT-6883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVT-6883 (page does not exist)">CVT-6883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1706" title="MRS-1706">MRS-1706</a></li> <li>MRS-1754</li> <li>PSB-603</li> <li>PSB-0788</li> <li>PSB-1115</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A<sub>3</sub></a></b> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=ADORA3">ADORA3</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">G<sub>i/o</sub></a> → ↓cAMP</td> <td> <ul><li>Cardiac muscle relaxation</li> <li>Smooth muscle contraction</li> <li>Cardioprotective in <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac ischemia">cardiac ischemia</a></li> <li>Inhibition of neutrophil <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">degranulation</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine</li> <li>CF-101 (IB-MECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li>2-Cl-IB-MECA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-532,903" title="CP-532,903">CP-532,903</a></li> <li>MRS-3558</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li>MRS-1191</li> <li>MRS-1220</li> <li>MRS-1334</li> <li>MRS-1523</li> <li>MRS-3777</li> <li>MRE3008F20</li> <li>PSB-10</li> <li>PSB-11</li> <li>VUF-5574</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A1_adenosine_receptor">A<sub>1</sub> adenosine receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A1 adenosine receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">Adenosine A1 receptor</a></div> <p>The adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it is expressed. In the brain, it slows metabolic activity by a combination of actions. Presynaptically, it reduces <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicle</a> release while post synaptically it has been found to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">magnesium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a><sup>source?</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antagonism_and_agonism">Antagonism and agonism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antagonism and agonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor_agonist" title="Adenosine receptor agonist">Adenosine receptor agonist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor_antagonist" title="Adenosine receptor antagonist">Adenosine receptor antagonist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a></div> <p>Specific A<sub>1</sub> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> include <a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine">8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl xanthine</a> (DPCPX), and <a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">cyclopentyltheophylline</a> (CPT) or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipropylxanthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipropylxanthine (page does not exist)">dipropylxanthine</a> (CPX), while specific agonists include 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (<a href="/wiki/CCPA_(biochemistry)" title="CCPA (biochemistry)">CCPA</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecadenoson (page does not exist)">Tecadenoson</a> is an effective A<sub>1</sub> adenosine agonist, as is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selodenoson (page does not exist)">selodenoson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_heart">In the heart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A<sub>1</sub>, together with A<sub>2A</sub> receptors of endogenous adenosine play a role in regulating <a href="/wiki/Myocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. Stimulation of the A<sub>1</sub> receptor has a myocardial depressant effect by decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses and suppressing <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker</a> cell function, resulting in a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>. This makes adenosine a useful medication for treating and diagnosing <i><a href="/wiki/Tachyarrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachyarrhythmia">tachyarrhythmias</a></i>, or excessively fast heart rates. This effect on the A<sub>1</sub> receptor also explains why there is a brief moment of cardiac standstill when adenosine is administered as a rapid <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">IV</a> push during <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resuscitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac resuscitation">cardiac resuscitation</a>. The rapid infusion causes a momentary myocardial stunning effect. </p><p>In normal physiological states, this serves as a protective mechanism. However, in altered cardiac function, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoperfusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoperfusion">hypoperfusion</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> caused by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonperfusing_bradycardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonperfusing bradycardia (page does not exist)">nonperfusing bradycardias</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulseless_ventricular_tachycardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulseless ventricular tachycardia">pulseless ventricular tachycardia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ong2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), adenosine has a negative effect on physiological functioning by preventing necessary compensatory increases in heart rate and blood pressure that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_neonatal_medicine">In neonatal medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In neonatal medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine antagonists are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal medicine">neonatal medicine</a>; </p><p>A reduction in A<sub>1</sub> expression appears to prevent hypoxia-induced <a href="/wiki/Ventriculomegaly" title="Ventriculomegaly">ventriculomegaly</a> and loss of white matter, which raises the possibility that pharmacological blockade of A<sub>1</sub> may have clinical utility. </p><p>Theophylline and caffeine are nonselective adenosine antagonists that are used to stimulate respiration in premature infants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_homeostasis">Bone homeostasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bone homeostasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenosine receptors play a key role in the homeostasis of bone. The A<sub>1</sub> receptor has been shown to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclast</a> differentiation and function.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have found that blockade of the A<sub>1</sub> Receptor suppresses the osteoclast function, leading to increased bone density.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A2A_adenosine_receptor">A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A2A adenosine receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">Adenosine A2A receptor</a></div> <p>As with the A<sub>1</sub>, the A<sub>2A</sub> receptors are believed to play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanism_2">Mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The activity of A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor family member, is mediated by G proteins that activate <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a>. It is abundant in basal ganglia, vasculature and platelets and it is a major target of caffeine.<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Function">Function</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The A<sub>2A</sub> receptor is responsible for regulating myocardial blood flow by <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary arteries</a>, which increases blood flow to the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, but may lead to hypotension. Just as in A1 receptors, this normally serves as a protective mechanism, but may be destructive in altered cardiac function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agonists_and_antagonists">Agonists and antagonists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agonists and antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific antagonists include <a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">istradefylline</a> (KW-6002) and <a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a>, while specific agonists include <a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a> and ATL-146e.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16518376_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16518376-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_homeostasis_2">Bone homeostasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bone homeostasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of A2A receptor opposes that of A1 in that it inhibits osteoclast differentiation and activates <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown it to be effective in decreasing inflammatory osteolysis in inflamed bone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This role could potentiate new therapeutic treatment in aid of bone regeneration and increasing bone volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A2B_adenosine_receptor">A<sub>2B</sub> adenosine receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: A2B adenosine receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">Adenosine A2B receptor</a></div> <p>This integral membrane protein stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of adenosine. This protein also interacts with <a href="/wiki/Netrin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Netrin-1">netrin-1</a>, which is involved in axon elongation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_homeostasis_3">Bone homeostasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bone homeostasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to A2A receptor, the A2B receptor promotes osteoblast differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The osteoblast cell is derived from the Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) which can also differentiate into a chondrocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1017/erm.2013.2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1017/erm.2013.2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cell signalling involved in the stimulation of the A2B receptor directs the route of differentiation to osteoblast, rather than chondrocyte via the Runx2 gene expression.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1017/erm.2013.2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1017/erm.2013.2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential therapeutic application in aiding bone degenerative diseases, age related changes as well as injury repair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A3_adenosine_receptor">A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: A3 adenosine receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">Adenosine A3 receptor</a></div> <p>It has been shown in studies to inhibit some specific signal pathways of adenosine. It allows for the inhibition of growth in human melanoma cells. Specific antagonists include <i>MRS1191</i>, <i>MRS1523</i> and <i>MRE3008F20</i>, while specific agonists include <a href="/wiki/Cl-IB-MECA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cl-IB-MECA">Cl-IB-MECA</a> and MRS3558.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16518376_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16518376-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_homeostasis_4">Bone homeostasis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bone homeostasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of A3 receptor is less defined in this field. Studies have shown that it plays a role in the downregulation of <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its function in regards to osteoblasts remains ambiguous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligand_affinities">Ligand affinities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ligand affinities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adenosine_receptor_agonists">Adenosine receptor agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adenosine receptor agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>, nM) of notable adenosine receptor agonists<sup id="cite_ref-KhayatHanifGeldenhuys2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhayatHanifGeldenhuys2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th><a href="/wiki/A1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A2A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A2A receptor">A<sub>2A</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A2B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A2B receptor">A<sub>2B</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A3_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A3 receptor">A<sub>3</sub></a></th> <th>Selectivity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></td> <td>~100 (h)<br />73 (r)</td> <td>310 (h)<br />150 (r)</td> <td>15,000 (h)<br />5100 (r)</td> <td>290 (h)<br />6500 (r)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Chloroadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Chloroadenosine (page does not exist)">2-Chloroadenosine</a></td> <td>6.7 (r)</td> <td>76 (r)</td> <td>24,000 (h)</td> <td>1890 (r)</td> <td>A<sub>1</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=CV-1808&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CV-1808 (page does not exist)">CV-1808</a></td> <td>400 (r)</td> <td>100 (r)</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine" title="5′-(N-Ethylcarboxamido)adenosine">NECA</a></td> <td>14 (h)<br />5.1 (r)</td> <td>20 (h)<br />9.7 (r)</td> <td>140 (h)<br />1890 (h)<br />1900 (m)</td> <td>25 (h)<br />113 (r)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a></td> <td>289 (h)<br />1800 (r)<br />120 (rb)</td> <td>27 (h)<br />19 (r)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)<br />>10,000 (r)</td> <td>67 (h)<br />584 (r)<br />673 (rb)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=HENECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HENECA (page does not exist)">HENECA</a></td> <td>60 (h)</td> <td>6.4 (h)</td> <td>6100</td> <td>2.4 (h)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAY_60-6583" class="mw-redirect" title="BAY 60-6583">BAY 60-6583</a></td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>3–10 (h)<br />330 (m)<br />750 (d)<br />340 (rb)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>A<sub>2B</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><b>Notes:</b> Values are in nanomolar (nM) units. The smaller the value, the more avidly the compound binds to the site. The parentheses after values indicate the species: h = human, r = rat, m = mouse, rb = rabbit, d = dog. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adenosine_receptor_antagonists">Adenosine receptor antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adenosine receptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>, nM) of notable adenosine receptor antagonists<sup id="cite_ref-KhayatHanifGeldenhuys2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhayatHanifGeldenhuys2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th><a href="/wiki/A1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A2A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A2A receptor">A<sub>2A</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A2B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A2B receptor">A<sub>2B</sub></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A3_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="A3 receptor">A<sub>3</sub></a></th> <th>Selectivity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></td> <td>10,700 (h)<br />44,900 (h)<br />41,000 (r)<br />44,000 (r)<br />47,000 (gp)<br />44,000 (c)</td> <td>23,400 (h)<br />9560 (h)<br />45,000 (r)<br />32,500 (r)<br />48,000 (r)</td> <td>33,800 (h)<br />10,400 (h)<br />20,500 (h)<br />30,000 (r)<br />13,000 (m)</td> <td>13,300 (h)<br />>100,000 (r)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></td> <td>6770 (h)<br />14,000 (r)<br />8740 (r)<br />7060 (gp)<br />4710 (rb)<br />9050 (s)<br />6330 (c)</td> <td>1710 (h)<br />6700 (h)<br />22,000 (r)<br />25300 (r)</td> <td>9070 (h)<br />74,000 (h)<br />15,100 (r)<br />5630 (m)<br />11,000 (gp)<br />17,700 (rb)<br />38,700 (d)</td> <td>22,300 (h)<br />86,400 (h)<br />>100,000 (r)<br />85,000 (r)<br />>100,000 (d)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></td> <td>105,000 (r)<br />83,400 (r)</td> <td>>250,000 (r)<br />187,000 (r)</td> <td>130,000 (h)</td> <td>>100,000 (r)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></td> <td>21,000 (r)</td> <td>32,000 (r)</td> <td>4,500 (h)</td> <td>>100,000 (r)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine" title="3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine">3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine</a> (CSC)</td> <td>28,000 (r)</td> <td>54 (r)</td> <td>8200</td> <td>>10,000 (r)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MSX-2" title="MSX-2">MSX-2</a></td> <td>900 (r)<br />2500 (h)</td> <td>8.04 (r)<br />5.38 (h)<br />14.5 (h)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a> (KW-6002)</td> <td>841 (h)<br />230 (r)</td> <td>12 (h)<br />91.2 (h)<br />2.2 (r)<br />4.46 (r)</td> <td>>10,000 (h)</td> <td>4470 (h)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></td> <td>3.5 (h)</td> <td>1.2 (h)</td> <td>32.4 (h)</td> <td>35 (h)</td> <td>Non-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></td> <td>725 (h)</td> <td>5.0 (h)</td> <td>1110 (h)</td> <td>1200 (h)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZM-241,385" title="ZM-241,385">ZM-241385</a></td> <td>255</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>50</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preladenant" title="Preladenant">Preladenant</a> (SCH-420814)</td> <td>>1000 (h)</td> <td>0.9 (h)</td> <td>>1000 (h)</td> <td>>1000 (h)</td> <td>A<sub>2A</sub>-selective </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><b>Notes:</b> Values are in nanomolar (nM) units. The smaller the value, the more avidly the compound binds to the site. The parentheses after values indicate the species: h = human, r = rat, m = mouse, gp = guinea pig, rb = rabbit, c = calf or cow, s = sheep. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid9133776-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9133776_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFredholmAbbracchioBurnstockDubyak1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Dubyak GR, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Schwabe U, Williams M (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460977">"Towards a revised nomenclature for P1 and P2 receptors"</a>. <i>Trends Pharmacol. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adenosine+Receptors+and+Drug+Discovery+in+the+Cardiovascular+System&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+Cardiovascular+Drug+Discovery%3A+Volume+4&rft.series=Frontiers+in+Cardiovascular+Drug+Discovery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+Kdp&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-68108-400-8&rft.aulast=Khayat&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Hanif%2C+A&rft.au=Geldenhuys%2C+WJ&rft.au=Nayeem%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6SXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüllerJacobson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Müller CE, Jacobson KA (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437328">"Recent developments in adenosine receptor ligands and their potential as novel drugs"</a>. <i>Biochim Biophys Acta</i>. <b>1808</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1290–</span>1308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2010.12.017">10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437328">3437328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21185259">21185259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochim+Biophys+Acta&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+in+adenosine+receptor+ligands+and+their+potential+as+novel+drugs&rft.volume=1808&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1290-%3C%2Fspan%3E1308&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21185259&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2010.12.017&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüllerJacobson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Müller CE, Jacobson KA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882893">"Xanthines as adenosine receptor antagonists"</a>. <i>Handb Exp Pharmacol</i> (200): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-13443-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3882893">3882893</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20859796">20859796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handb+Exp+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=Xanthines+as+adenosine+receptor+antagonists&rft.issue=200&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3882893%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20859796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-13443-2_6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+KA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3882893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdenosine+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_receptor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 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International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1273">the original</a> on 2016-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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