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class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Bixler Heiser</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg/220px-Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg/330px-Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg/440px-Charles_Bixler_Heiser_-_American_botanist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="872" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Heiser, circa 1990</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-10-05</span>)</span>October 5, 1920<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cynthiana,_Indiana" title="Cynthiana, Indiana">Cynthiana, Indiana</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 11, 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-06-11)</span> (aged 89)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Biosystematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosystematics">Plant biosystematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Louis_Mason" title="Herbert Louis Mason">Herbert Louis Mason</a><sup id="cite_ref-EvolutionTree_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvolutionTree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Hardy_Eshbaugh" title="W. Hardy Eshbaugh">W. Hardy Eshbaugh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pickersgill" title="Barbara Pickersgill">Barbara Pickersgill</a><sup id="cite_ref-EvolutionTree_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvolutionTree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Heiser</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Bixler Heiser Jr.</b> (1920–2010) was a professor of botany, known as a leading expert on the sunflower genus <i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">Helianthus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PickersgillAnderson2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickersgillAnderson2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IU_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also noteworthy as the author of a "series of popular books that did much to promote botany to the general public."<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Belleville_High_School-West" title="Belleville High School-West">Belleville Township High School, Illinois</a>, where he was the senior class president, Heiser attended <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. There he was mentored by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Everard_Woodson" title="Robert Everard Woodson">Robert Everard Woodson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a> and graduated with A.B. in 1943 and M.A. in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944 and the first part of 1945, Heiser was an instructor in the botany department at Washington University in St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 he began study for his Ph.D. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where he worked with <a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> on the genetics of sunflowers, although Louis Mason was Heiser's official doctoral advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947 Heiser received his Ph.D. and an edited version of his doctoral dissertation was published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Evolution_(journal)" title="Evolution (journal)"><i>Evolution</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the academic year 1947–1948 he had a teaching position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> he was from 1947 to 1951 an assistant professor, from 1951 to 1957 an associate professor, from 1957 to 1979 a (full) professor, and from 1979 to 1986 a distinguished professor, retiring in 1986 as distinguished professor emeritus.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supervised 29 doctoral students and remained scientifically active in retirement, including at the Indiana University/Deam Herbarium.<sup id="cite_ref-IU_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, as a Guggenheim Fellow, he went on sabbatical leave in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> to study chili peppers and learn about the local flora. At the <i>Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura</i> in <a href="/wiki/Turrialba,_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Turrialba, Costa Rica">Turrialba, Costa Rica</a>, he met two students from <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: Jorge Soria and Jaime Díaz. They were important in helping him on his two sabbatical years, 1962 and 1969, in Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heiser, working with Soria,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a nematode-resistant hybrid between naranjilla cultivated in Ecuador and <a href="/wiki/Cocona" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocona">cocona</a> cultivated in Amazonia. The hybrid became commercially significant and widely cultivated in Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944 Heiser married Dorothy Gaebler (1921–2015), who was a graduate student in the botany department of Washington University in St. Louis. Upon his death in 2010 he was survived by his widow, two daughters, a son, and seven grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-IU_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IU-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969 on a flight to Ecuador, Heiser, his wife, and two children were hijacked to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_over_the_origin_of_the_domesticated_sunflower">Controversy over the origin of the domesticated sunflower</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy over the origin of the domesticated sunflower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heiser and several other ethnobotanists claimed that the domesticated sunflower originated in pre-Columbian North America and not in pre-Columbian Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other experts have disputed the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1967: President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Plant_Taxonomists" title="American Society of Plant Taxonomists">American Society of Plant Taxonomists</a></li> <li>1969: Gleason Award of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a></li> <li>1972: Merit Award of the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America" title="Botanical Society of America">Botanical Society of America</a></li> <li>1974: President of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Evolution" title="Society for the Study of Evolution">Society for the Study of Evolution</a></li> <li>1978: President of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Economic_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Economic Botany">Society for Economic Botany</a></li> <li>1980: President of the Botanical Society of America<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: Distinguished Economic Botanist Award of the Society for Economic Botany</li> <li>1985: Pustovoit Award of the International Sunflower Association</li> <li>1987: Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li>1988: Asa Gray Award of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists</li> <li>1996: Honorary member of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales in Ecuador</li> <li>1997: Distinguished Scholar Award of the New York Botanical Garden</li> <li>2002: Raven Outreach Award of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists</li> <li>2004: Garden Globe Award for the book <i>Weeds in my Garden</i> (2003)</li> <li>2007: Centennial Award of the Botanical Society of America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">edward eugene Schilling, charles bixler Heiser</span>. 1981. <i>Infrageneric classification of Helianthus (Compositae)</i>. publ. International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature. 11 pp.</li> <li>1980. <i>Peppers of the Americas: at the National Arboretum</i>. 9 pp.</li> <li>1961. <i>Morphological and cytological variation in Helianthus petiolaris with notes on related species</i>. publ. Society for the Study of Evolution. 12 pp.</li> <li>1951. <i>The sunflower among the North American Indians</i>. publ. American Philosophical Soc. 17 pp.</li> <li>1944. <i>Monograph of psilostrophe</i>. publ. Washington Univ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2003. <i>Weeds in my garden: observations on some misunderstood plants</i>. publ. Timber Press. 247 pp. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881925624" title="Special:BookSources/0881925624">0881925624</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1ohECdSC8C">online</a> (not a guide to weed identification)</li> <li>1993. <i>The Gourd Book</i>. publ. University of Oklahoma Press. 248 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806125721" title="Special:BookSources/0806125721">0806125721</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26gqQPjHbm4C">online</a></li> <li>1992. <i>Of Plants and People</i>. publ. University of Oklahoma Press. 237 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806124105" title="Special:BookSources/0806124105">0806124105</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOkrIDhCcMcC">online</a></li> <li>1990. <i>Seed to civilization: the story of food</i>. publ. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 228 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674796810" title="Special:BookSources/0674796810">0674796810</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cutler1974_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutler1974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987. <i>The fascinating world of the nightshades: tobacco, mandrake, potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, etc.</i> publ. Dover Publ. 200 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486253805" title="Special:BookSources/0486253805">0486253805</a></li> <li>1981. <i>The Sunflower</i>. publ. University of Oklahoma Press. 198 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806117435" title="Special:BookSources/0806117435">0806117435</a></li> <li>1969. <i>Nightshades: the paradoxical plants</i>. Series of books in biology. publ. W. H. Freeman. 200 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716706725" title="Special:BookSources/0716706725">0716706725</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marderosian1970_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marderosian1970-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969. <i>The North American sunflowers (<a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">Helianthus</a>)</i>, Volume 22, Nº 3 Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. publ. Club by the Seeman Printery. 218 pp.</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps">charles bixler Heiser, carl Sharsmith, kenton lee Chambers, roxana Stinchfield Ferris, john hunter Thomas, ira loren Wiggins, lawrence Beane</span>. 1955. <i>Notes on western North American sunflowers. Volume 4, Part 8 of Contributions from the Dudley Herbarium. 360 pp.</i></li> <li>1949. <i>Study in the evolution of the sunflower species <a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Helianthus annuus</a> and H. bolanderi</i>, Volume 23, Nº 4 University of California publications in botany. 52 pp.</li> <li>1947. <i>Variability and hybridization in the sunflower species Helianthus annuus and H. bolanderi in California</i>. publ. University of California. 254 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EvolutionTree-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EvolutionTree_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EvolutionTree_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/evolution/peopleinfo.php?pid=36230">"Charles B. Heiser, Ph.D."</a> <i>Evolution Tree, academictree.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evolution+Tree%2C+academictree.org&rft.atitle=Charles+B.+Heiser%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademictree.org%2Fevolution%2Fpeopleinfo.php%3Fpid%3D36230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAS_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickersgill,_BarbaraAnderson,_Gregory_J.2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pickersgill" title="Barbara Pickersgill">Pickersgill, Barbara</a>; Anderson, Gregory J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/heiser-charles.pdf">"Charles Bixler Heiser Jr. 1920–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biographical Memoirs</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs&rft.atitle=Charles+Bixler+Heiser+Jr.+1920%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Pickersgill%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Gregory+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fheiser-charles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PickersgillAnderson2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PickersgillAnderson2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickersgillAnderson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pickersgill, Barbara; Anderson, Gregory J. (2010). "Travels with Charley—sunflowers and beyond: an appreciation of the life and work of Charles B. Heiser, Jr. (1920-2010)". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 281–286. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EcBot..64..281P">2010EcBot..64..281P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-010-9131-2">10.1007/s12231-010-9131-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001">0013-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5636887">5636887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Travels+with+Charley%E2%80%94sunflowers+and+beyond%3A+an+appreciation+of+the+life+and+work+of+Charles+B.+Heiser%2C+Jr.+%281920-2010%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-286&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-010-9131-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5636887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EcBot..64..281P&rft.aulast=Pickersgill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Gregory+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IU-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IU_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IU_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IU_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biology.indiana.edu/about/history/emeriti-faculty/memorials/heiser-charles.html">"Charles Bixler Heiser Jr. (1920—2010)"</a>. <i>Biology Department, Indiana University Bloomington</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+Department%2C+Indiana+University+Bloomington&rft.atitle=Charles+Bixler+Heiser+Jr.+%281920%E2%80%942010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiology.indiana.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Femeriti-faculty%2Fmemorials%2Fheiser-charles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span> The Indiana University website gives incorrect years for Heiser's A.B. and M.A. — the years should be 1943 and 1944, respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser,_C._B.1945" class="citation journal cs1">Heiser, C. B. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/16358">"A revision of the genus <i>Schkuhria</i>"</a>. <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 265–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2394374">10.2307/2394374</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2394374">2394374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=A+revision+of+the+genus+Schkuhria&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-278&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2394374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2394374%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Heiser%2C+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F16358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser1947" class="citation journal cs1">Heiser, Charles B. (1947). "Hybridization Between the Sunflower Species Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 249–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2405326">10.2307/2405326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3820">0014-3820</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2405326">2405326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Hybridization+Between+the+Sunflower+Species+Helianthus+annuus+and+H.+petiolaris&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=249-262&rft.date=1947&rft.issn=0014-3820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2405326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2405326&rft.aulast=Heiser&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Gregory_J." class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Gregory J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://botany.org/PlantScienceBulletin/PSB-2010-56-3.pdf">"Charles B. Heiser, 1920–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Plant Science Bulletin</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 115–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Charles+B.+Heiser%2C+1920%E2%80%932010&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-117&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbotany.org%2FPlantScienceBulletin%2FPSB-2010-56-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690906-4">"Date: Saturday 6 September 1969, Operator: TAME Ecuador"</a>. <i>Flight Safety Foundation (aviation-safety.net)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+Safety+Foundation+%28aviation-safety.net%29&rft.atitle=Date%3A+Saturday+6+September+1969%2C+Operator%3A+TAME+Ecuador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19690906-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser_Jr,_Charles_B.1955" class="citation journal cs1">Heiser Jr, Charles B. (1955). "The origin and development of the cultivated sunflower". <i>The American Biology Teacher</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 161–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4438706">10.2307/4438706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4438706">4438706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Biology+Teacher&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+development+of+the+cultivated+sunflower&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=161-167&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4438706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4438706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Heiser+Jr%2C+Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiesebergSeiler1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rieseberg, Loren H.; Seiler, Gerald J. (1990). "Molecular Evidence and the Origin and Development of the Domesticated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae)". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 79–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990EcBot..44S..79R">1990EcBot..44S..79R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02860477">10.1007/BF02860477</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255273">4255273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41230570">41230570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Molecular+Evidence+and+the+Origin+and+Development+of+the+Domesticated+Sunflower+%28Helianthus+annuus%2C+Asteraceae%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-91&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02860477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41230570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4255273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990EcBot..44S..79R&rft.aulast=Rieseberg&rft.aufirst=Loren+H.&rft.au=Seiler%2C+Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C. H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492503">"A lack of linguistic evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>105</b> (30): E47, author reply E49-50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105E..47B">2008PNAS..105E..47B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0804505105">10.1073/pnas.0804505105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492503">2492503</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18645175">18645175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+lack+of+linguistic+evidence+for+domesticated+sunflower+in+pre-Columbian+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=E47%2C+author+reply+E49-50&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492503%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105E..47B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18645175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0804505105&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Bruce D. (2014). "The domestication of Helianthus annuus L. (Sunflower)". <i>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 57–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014VegHA..23...57S">2014VegHA..23...57S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-013-0393-3">10.1007/s00334-013-0393-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85867704">85867704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=The+domestication+of+Helianthus+annuus+L.+%28Sunflower%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-74&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85867704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-013-0393-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014VegHA..23...57S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentzPohlBye2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lentz, D. L.; Pohl, M. D.; Bye, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492516">"Reply to Rieseberg and Burke, Heiser, Brown, and Smith: Molecular, linguistic, and archaeological evidence for domesticated sunflower in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>105</b> (30): E49–E50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105E..49L">2008PNAS..105E..49L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0805347105">10.1073/pnas.0805347105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492516">2492516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161325027">161325027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Reply+to+Rieseberg+and+Burke%2C+Heiser%2C+Brown%2C+and+Smith%3A+Molecular%2C+linguistic%2C+and+archaeological+evidence+for+domesticated+sunflower+in+pre-Columbian+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=E49-E50&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161325027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0805347105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105E..49L&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Pohl%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Bye%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.botany.org/home/about/current-officers/bsa-presidents.html">"BSA Presidents"</a>. <i>Botanical Society of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=BSA+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.botany.org%2Fhome%2Fabout%2Fcurrent-officers%2Fbsa-presidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler1974-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cutler1974_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carson_Cutler" title="Hugh Carson Cutler">Cutler, Hugh C.</a> (1974). "Review of <i>Seed to Civilization. The Story of Man's Food</i> by Charles B. Heiser, Jr". <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 279–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F408156">10.1086/408156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5770">0033-5770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Seed+to+Civilization.+The+Story+of+Man%27s+Food+by+Charles+B.+Heiser%2C+Jr.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-280&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F408156&rft.issn=0033-5770&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Hugh+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marderosian1970-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marderosian1970_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarderosian1970" class="citation journal cs1">Marderosian, Ara der (1970). "Review of <i>Nightshades: The Paradoxical Plants</i> by Charles B. Heiser, Jr". <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F406617">10.1086/406617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5770">0033-5770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Review+of+Nightshades%3A+The+Paradoxical+Plants+by+Charles+B.+Heiser%2C+Jr.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F406617&rft.issn=0033-5770&rft.aulast=Marderosian&rft.aufirst=Ara+der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bixler_Heiser" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Charles Bixler Heiser">Charles Bixler Heiser</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?doc.view=entire_text&docId=InU-Ar-VAD2651">"Charles B. Heiser papers"</a>. <i>Archives Online at Indiana University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Online+at+Indiana+University&rft.atitle=Charles+B.+Heiser+papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebapp1.dlib.indiana.edu%2Ffindingaids%2Fview%3Fdoc.view%3Dentire_text%26docId%3DInU-Ar-VAD2651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsofiowa.com/BDI_collector_bios_2.html">"Biographies of people who contributed plants to the Putnam Museum Herbarium, Collectors G - M"</a>. <i>plantsofiowa.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plantsofiowa.com&rft.atitle=Biographies+of+people+who+contributed+plants+to+the+Putnam+Museum+Herbarium%2C+Collectors+G+-+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsofiowa.com%2FBDI_collector_bios_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Bixler+Heiser" class="Z3988"></span> (online links to several articles by Charles B. Heiser Jr.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975697#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081643139">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/91708870">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxcWXTrvbYJCD7gfyGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/135691974">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028520">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125631743">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125631743">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00468167">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35185217">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011210128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p08618587X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90526292">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279086105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14031600">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01910430?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Heiser">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/856187">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/115230947">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h99wb7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&oldid=1246866015">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Bixler_Heiser&oldid=1246866015</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births">1920 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010_deaths" 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