CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>International Computers Limited - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a34e1f6d-906c-4bb8-8f41-c9ac40043f8b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"International_Computers_Limited","wgTitle":"International Computers Limited","wgCurRevisionId":1240989281,"wgRevisionId":1240989281,"wgArticleId":515789,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010", "Articles needing additional references from July 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014","Commons category link from Wikidata","British companies established in 1968","Computer companies established in 1968","Computer companies disestablished in 2002","Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom","English Electric","Defunct companies based in London","Defunct computer hardware companies","Defunct computer systems companies","Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom","Former defence companies of the United Kingdom","History of the London Borough of Wandsworth","International Computers Limited","Manufacturing companies based in London","Putney","1968 establishments in England","2002 disestablishments in England"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"International_Computers_Limited","wgRelevantArticleId":515789,"wgIsProbablyEditable" :true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1413338","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/1200px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/800px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/640px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="International Computers Limited - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-International_Computers_Limited rootpage-International_Computers_Limited skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Computers+Limited" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Computers+Limited" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+Computers+Limited" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+Computers+Limited" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Computers_and_Tabulators_(ICT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Computers_and_Tabulators_(ICT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>International Computers and Tabulators (ICT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Computers_and_Tabulators_(ICT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Electric_LEO_Marconi_(EELM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Electric_LEO_Marconi_(EELM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>English Electric LEO Marconi (EELM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Electric_LEO_Marconi_(EELM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Leo computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elliott_Automation_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elliott_Automation_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elliott Automation computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elliott_Automation_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_products:_1900_Series_and_System_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_products:_1900_Series_and_System_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early products: 1900 Series and System 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_products:_1900_Series_and_System_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_range:_2900_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_range:_2900_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New range: 2900 Series</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_range:_2900_Series-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New range: 2900 Series subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_range:_2900_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Series_39" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_39"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Series 39</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_39-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Operating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superstructure_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstructure_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Superstructure software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstructure_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2903_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2903_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>2903 range</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2903_range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2903 range subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2903_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_systems_and_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems_and_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Operating systems and software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems_and_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TME_(Transaction_Machine_Environment)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TME_(Transaction_Machine_Environment)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>TME (Transaction Machine Environment)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TME_(Transaction_Machine_Environment)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departmental_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departmental_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Departmental systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departmental_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OEM_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OEM_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>OEM products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OEM_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Subsidiaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsidiaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsidiaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dataskil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dataskil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Dataskil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dataskil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900_Filan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_Filan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>1900 Filan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_Filan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_Barclays_Bank:_BARIC_Computing_Services_Ltd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Barclays_Bank:_BARIC_Computing_Services_Ltd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>With Barclays Bank: BARIC Computing Services Ltd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Barclays_Bank:_BARIC_Computing_Services_Ltd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India:_ICIM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India:_ICIM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>India: ICIM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India:_ICIM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence:_DESC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence:_DESC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Defence: DESC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence:_DESC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking:_iBANK_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking:_iBANK_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Banking: iBANK Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking:_iBANK_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICL_Pathway_and_the_Horizon_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICL_Pathway_and_the_Horizon_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>ICL Pathway and the Horizon system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICL_Pathway_and_the_Horizon_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Corporate history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singer_Business_Machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singer_Business_Machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Singer Business Machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singer_Business_Machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>1981 crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>STC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datachecker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datachecker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Datachecker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datachecker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regnecentralen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regnecentralen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Regnecentralen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regnecentralen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_Consoles_Inc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_Consoles_Inc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Computer Consoles Inc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_Consoles_Inc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nokia_Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nokia_Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Nokia Data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nokia_Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICL_KME-CS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICL_KME-CS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>ICL KME-CS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICL_KME-CS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fujitsu_relationship_and_eventual_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fujitsu_relationship_and_eventual_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Fujitsu relationship and eventual acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fujitsu_relationship_and_eventual_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fujitsu_Siemens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fujitsu_Siemens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.10</span> <span>Fujitsu Siemens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fujitsu_Siemens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PC_Interworks_Ltd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PC_Interworks_Ltd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.11</span> <span>PC Interworks Ltd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PC_Interworks_Ltd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_ICL_trademark_to_International_Computer_Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_ICL_trademark_to_International_Computer_Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.12</span> <span>Transfer of ICL trademark to International Computer Logistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_ICL_trademark_to_International_Computer_Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICL_Fellowship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICL_Fellowship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>ICL Fellowship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICL_Fellowship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Computers Limited</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Ltd." title="International Computers Ltd. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="International Computers Ltd." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICL" title="ICL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ICL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="International Computers Limited" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1413338#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Computers_Limited" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/International_Computers_Limited" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/International_Computers_Limited" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&oldid=1240989281" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=International_Computers_Limited&id=1240989281&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Computers_Limited"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_Computers_Limited"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=International_Computers_Limited&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Computers_Limited" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1413338" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British computer company (1968-2002)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Computers Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL_logo_(1988).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/220px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/330px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg/440px-ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo circa 1988</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a>, computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zensar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zensar">Zensar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer services">Computer services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">33,000 (1980),<br />20,000 (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-mck-1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck-1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>International Computers Limited</b> (<b>ICL</b>) was a British <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer services">computer services</a> company that operated from 1968 until 2002. It was formed through a merger of <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_and_Tabulators" title="International Computers and Tabulators">International Computers and Tabulators</a> (ICT), <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Computers">English Electric Computers</a> (EEC) and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Automation">Elliott Automation</a> in 1968. The company's most successful product line was the <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2900 Series</a> range of mainframe computers. </p><p>In later years, ICL diversified its product line but the bulk of its profits always came from its mainframe customers. New ventures included marketing a range of powerful IBM clones made by <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, various minicomputer and personal computer ranges and (more successfully) a range of retail <a href="/wiki/Point-of-sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-of-sale">point-of-sale</a> equipment and back-office software. Although it had significant sales overseas, ICL's mainframe business was dominated by large contracts from the UK public sector, including <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office Ltd">Post Office Ltd</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue" title="Inland Revenue">Inland Revenue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>. It also had a strong market share with UK local authorities and (at that time) nationalised utilities including the water, electricity, and gas boards. </p><p>The company had an increasingly close relationship with Fujitsu from the early 1980s, culminating in Fujitsu becoming sole shareholder in 1998. ICL was rebranded as Fujitsu in April 2002. Fujitsu (UK) as the hardware and software supplier has been implicated in the <a href="/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal" title="British Post Office scandal">British Post Office scandal</a>, which has extended from the 1990s to the 2020s </p><p>The ICL brand is still used by the former Russian joint-venture of the company, founded in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-icl-_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icl--2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL-Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ICL-Building.jpg/280px-ICL-Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ICL-Building.jpg/420px-ICL-Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ICL-Building.jpg/560px-ICL-Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Former ICL offices at Amsinckstraße 45, Hamburg, Germany. In 2013 the building was converted into a hotel.</figcaption></figure> <p>International Computers Limited was formed in 1968 as a part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Expansion_Act_1968&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial Expansion Act 1968 (page does not exist)">Industrial Expansion Act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Government. ICL was an initiative of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, the Minister of Technology, to create a British computer industry that could compete with major world manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>; the formation of the company was the last in a series of mergers that had taken place in the industry since the late 1950s. </p><p>The main portions of ICL were formed by merging <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_and_Tabulators" title="International Computers and Tabulators">International Computers and Tabulators</a> (ICT) with English Electric Computers, the latter a recent merger of <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Automation</a> with English Electric Leo Marconi computers, which itself had been a merger of the computer divisions of <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEO_(computer)" title="LEO (computer)">LEO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its creation, the British government held a 10% stake in the company and provided a $32.4 million research-and-development grant spread across four years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Computers_and_Tabulators_(ICT)"><span id="International_Computers_and_Tabulators_.28ICT.29"></span>International Computers and Tabulators (ICT)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International Computers and Tabulators (ICT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_and_Tabulators" title="International Computers and Tabulators">International Computers and Tabulators</a></div> <p>ICT was itself the result of a merger of two UK companies that had competed with each other throughout the 1930s and 1940s during the <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> era: <a href="/wiki/British_Tabulating_Machine_Company" title="British Tabulating Machine Company">British Tabulating Machine Company</a> (BTM) and <a href="/wiki/Powers-Samas" title="Powers-Samas">Powers-Samas</a>. ICT had thus emerged with equipment that would process data encoded on punched cards with 40, 80 or 160 columns, compared to the 64 or 80 columns used by IBM and its predecessors. </p><p>In 1962, ICT delivered the first <a href="/wiki/ICT_1301" title="ICT 1301">ICT 1300 series computer</a>, its first transistor machine and also the first to use <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a>. A small team from Ferranti's Canadian subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Ferranti-Packard" title="Ferranti-Packard">Ferranti-Packard</a>, visited the various Ferranti computer labs and saw their work on a next-generation machine. On their return home they quickly produced the <a href="/wiki/Ferranti-Packard_6000" title="Ferranti-Packard 6000">Ferranti-Packard 6000</a>, developing the machine, <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (before these were common) and putting it on the market by 1963. A feature of the Executive operating system was its ability to <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitask</a>, using dynamic memory allocation enabled with a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic drum">magnetic drum</a> as an intermediate random access device. The machine went on to have some success and sold in small numbers in Canada (<a href="/wiki/SaskPower" title="SaskPower">Saskatchewan Power Corporation</a> retired serial number 0004 in early 1982) and the United States. </p><p>In 1964, ICT purchased the computer division of <a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a> in another government-forced merger. Ferranti had been building a small number of scientific machines based on various university designs since the 1950s. None of these could be considered commercially successful, however, and Ferranti always seemed to be slow bringing its designs to market. </p><p>Meanwhile, ICT management in England was looking to rejuvenate their line-up; their latest developments, the ones used to develop the FP 6000, were still not on the market. Management looked at the FP 6000 as well as licensing the RCA Spectra 70. In the end it was decided to go with the FP 6000 as the basis for a small line of small-to-midrange machines. The result was the <a href="/wiki/ICT_1900_series" title="ICT 1900 series">ICT 1900 series</a>, which would eventually go on to sell into the thousands. </p><p>The 1900 Series, which derived from the Canadian Ferranti-Packard 6000, competed successfully in the UK with the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> range from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s. The design was based on a 24-bit word, divided up into 6-bit characters. Lower case and control characters were provided for by "shift" characters. The early machines (1904/1905 with hardware floating point) had only 15-bit addressing. Later machines (1904E, 1905E, 1906A) had extended addressing modes, up to 22 bits. </p><p>The operating systems (Executives) were </p> <ul><li>E4BM – the original for the FP 6000 (known internally as the FP1)</li> <li>E4RM – a significantly rewritten version of E4BM, with parts of the operating system overlaid to save space.</li> <li>E6BM – a rewritten version of E4BM for the later machines with 22 bit addressing.</li> <li>E6RM – a rewritten version of E4RM overlay software for the later machines with 22 bit addressing.</li></ul> <p>A later development was <a href="/wiki/GEORGE_(operating_system)" title="GEORGE (operating system)">GEORGE3</a>, remembered with great affection by a generation of British programmers. </p><p>A series of smaller machines were developed by the ICL Stevenage operation, consisting initially of the 1901 / 1902 / 1903 systems running E3 series executives (e.g. E3RM) and versions of the GEORGE operating system (initially GEORGE1). Later developments were the 1901A / 1902A / 1903A with their own Executives and GEORGE2. </p><p>At a time (in the 1960s and 1970s) when IBM/360 series programs had to be recompiled to run in different machine and/or operating system environments, one significant feature of the 1900 series was that programs would function unaltered on any 1900 system, without the need for recompilation. Unfortunately ICT, and later ICL, were unable to capitalise on this advantage to make significant inroads into IBM's customer base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Electric_LEO_Marconi_(EELM)"><span id="English_Electric_LEO_Marconi_.28EELM.29"></span>English Electric LEO Marconi (EELM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English Electric LEO Marconi (EELM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"J (operating system)" redirects here. For the PC OS formerly known as J Operating System, see <a href="/wiki/TempleOS" title="TempleOS">TempleOS</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL_system_4,_ZIPO,_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_(I197505).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg/220px-ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg/330px-ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg/440px-ICL_system_4%2C_ZIPO%2C_Tr%C3%B3jmiasto-Przymorze_%28I197505%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>A System 4 system in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>During the same period, LEO was struggling to produce its own machines that would be able to compete with IBM. Its parent company, <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">J. Lyons and Co.</a>, did not have the financial might to develop a new line of machines. Not wanting to see its work go to waste, it sold its computer division to <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>. </p><p>English Electric had developed a series of machines over the years, notably the famous <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">KDF9</a> and the commercially oriented <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF8" title="English Electric KDF8">KDF8</a>, but never had much commercial success. </p><p>Now with serious financial backing at its disposal, the new company nevertheless decided not to come up with its own design, and instead licensed the RCA Spectra 70 (the design ICT rejected). The result was the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4</a> series. While there were a number of models in the range, the smaller 4/10 and 4/30 were seen as underpowered, and the more successful variants were the larger 4/50 and 4/70 models. A model 4/75 was also supplied to the EELM (later Baric) Bureau subsidiary and installed at <a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a>, Cheshire as the hardware for a bureau-developed commercial system for interactive use by bureau customers. Although several multi-user commercial packages (e.g. sales and purchase ledger systems) were developed and tried with customers, this was not commercially successful, and the service was soon withdrawn. </p><p>The System 4 series ran the J (for Job) operating system. This was a batch operating system, although there was a variant that allowed interactive access called MultiJob. Under a framework called Driver, J was a successful operating environment for high volume commercial real time systems. Programming languages used were assembler and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> (an Algol 60 compiler was provided but not used much, if at all). The system was controlled from a console composed of a mechanical printer and keyboard – very like a Teletype. The assembly language (known as Usercode) non-privileged instruction set was identical to <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System 360</a> Assembly Language; in privileged mode there were a few extras. </p><p>System 4's compatibility with the IBM 360 made it particularly attractive to customers in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, as the sale and installation of IBM computers (and other American technologies) there was politically sensitive and commercially restricted during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_computers">Leo computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leo computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LEO_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="LEO computer">LEO computer</a> Leo 3 – origins in <a href="/wiki/J._Lyons_and_Co." title="J. Lyons and Co.">J. Lyons and Co.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elliott_Automation_computers">Elliott Automation computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elliott Automation computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elliott 4100 – a joint development with <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a>. Transferred to ICL but sales and development ended soon after the formation of ICL.</li></ul> <p>The following remained with Elliott Automation and were never included in the formation of ICL: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_503" title="Elliott 503">Elliott 503</a> – extensively used for academic and scientific work in British universities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_803" title="Elliott 803">Elliott 803</a></li> <li>Elliott 901 / 920A</li> <li>Elliott 903 / 920B</li> <li>Elliott 905 / 920C</li> <li>Elliott 920ATC</li></ul> <p>The 900 series were 18 bit binary computers. The 90x series were commercial machines. The 920x series were built to military specifications and used in military aircraft, mobile field deployed air defence systems and tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL_Bracknell,_hala_(I197706).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg/220px-ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg/330px-ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg/440px-ICL_Bracknell%2C_hala_%28I197706%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Part of the computer hall at Bracknell in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>ICL was concentrated in the United Kingdom, with its corporate headquarters in Putney in the London borough of Wandsworth. </p><p>At the time of the original merger, the company inherited extensive engineering and manufacturing facilities in <a href="/wiki/West_Gorton" class="mw-redirect" title="West Gorton">West Gorton</a>, Manchester; Castlereagh in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> from ICT, and from English Electric in <a href="/wiki/Kidsgrove" title="Kidsgrove">Kidsgrove</a>, Staffordshire and <a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a>, Cheshire. Manufacture and assembly also took place at several factories in <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a> (the original home of the British Tabulating Company) and <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>. </p><p>The company had a large research, operating system and software development and support centre in <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a>, another smaller one at <a href="/wiki/Dalkeith_Palace" title="Dalkeith Palace">Dalkeith in Scotland</a> and a software development centre in Adelaide, South Australia, between 1970 and 1973, application development in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, and training centres at Moor Hall (<a href="/wiki/Cookham" title="Cookham">Cookham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_College" title="Beaumont College">Beaumont College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Windsor" title="Old Windsor">Old Windsor</a>) (sales, support and software) and Letchworth (Hertfordshire) (manufacturing & field engineering). </p><p>The company also had manufacturing facilities in Park Road Mill, <a href="/wiki/Dukinfield" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a>; later replaced by a purpose-built factory at <a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a>.Ashton under-Lyne's team was noted for working on numerous mechanical innovations in the field of computer engineering. A state of the art printed circuit board plant was built in Plymouth Grove, Manchester in 1979, however financial troubles within the company forced its closure in 1981. Other offices included a facility at Bridgford House in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> which was the headquarters of Rushcliffe Borough Council, but has since been converted into apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some years ICL maintained a training and presentation facility for senior management at <a href="/wiki/Hedsor_House" title="Hedsor House">Hedsor House</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Taplow" title="Taplow">Taplow</a>, Berkshire. </p><p>Outside the UK, ICL's offices around the world were mainly sales and marketing operations, with some application development for the local market. The exceptions were development and manufacturing sites arising from acquisitions, such as Utica, New York in the United States from the Singer merger, and a variety of former <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Data">Nokia Data</a> sites in Sweden and Finland. </p><p>ICL and its customers often referred to these locations by the Site Code, especially where multiple sites might exist in a town, for instance with the Putney headquarters building (now <a href="/wiki/Putney_Wharf_Tower" title="Putney Wharf Tower">Putney Wharf Tower</a>) being LON11 (London 11), the training college at Beaumont being WSR01 (Windsor 01) and the southern System Support Centre (SCC) at Bracknell, Berkshire being BRA01 (Bracknell 01). BRA05 was the new headquarters of ICL (UK) Ltd, the company's UK sales and customer service division which moved from its original base at Putney Bridge House (LON13) in Fulham, London to a new building in Bracknell in the late 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_products:_1900_Series_and_System_4">Early products: 1900 Series and System 4</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early products: 1900 Series and System 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On its formation, the company inherited two main product lines: from ICT the <a href="/wiki/ICL_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 1900">1900 Series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframes</a>, and from English Electric Computers (EEC) the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4</a>, a range of <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>-compatible mainframe clones, based on the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Spectra_70" title="RCA Spectra 70">RCA Spectra 70</a>. </p><p>As of 1971<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the United Kingdom was unusual in Europe for IBM not having more than 50% of the computer market, although an observer stated that the company constrained the size of its British subsidiary to keep ICL alive. Although still the largest European computer company, in 1971 ICL had a poor reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-forest19711215_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest19711215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the companies were first merged the EEC order books were full, while ICT (which had twice as many employees) was struggling, perhaps because it was already obvious that the 1900 series was incompatible with the rest of the industry, with an architecture based on a 24-bit word and 6-bit character rather than the 8-bit byte that was becoming the industry norm. </p><p>The new board decided that the 1900 should be phased out in favour of the System 4, but shortly afterwards reversed their decision. It is probable that this was due to union and political pressure from the Wilson government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In any event, most of the original EEC board resigned over the interference as they believed that the 1900 series was doomed from the outset, being incompatible with the rest of the marketplace. ICL initially thrived, but relied almost wholly on supplying the UK public sector with computers. The 1900s were sold in several countries worldwide, but the largest slice of the market was always in the UK, and the largest part of that in government, local authorities, and nationalised industries. </p><p>Until the 1970s launch of the <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2900 Series</a>, the UK government had a single-tender preferential purchase agreement wherever ICL could meet the requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-nsci-19720413_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsci-19720413-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_range:_2900_Series">New range: 2900 Series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New range: 2900 Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2900 Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">ICL VME</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg/220px-ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg/330px-ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg/440px-ICL_2966.TNMOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>ICL 2966 at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Computing">National Museum of Computing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even before the merger that created ICL was complete, a working party had recommended that the new company should develop a new range of machines offering "acceptable compatibility with the current ranges of both companies". This was also seen as a way to help "achieve company unity" for the newly formed organization. The resulting 2900 Series was launched on 9 October 1974. Its design drew on many sources, one being the Manchester University <a href="/wiki/Manchester_computers" title="Manchester computers">MU5</a>. </p><p>It ran the <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, and supported emulation of both the earlier architectures (1900 Series and System 4), either standalone (DME, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Machine_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Machine Environment">Direct Machine Environment</a>) or concurrently with <a href="/wiki/Native-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Native-mode">native-mode</a> operation (CME, Concurrent Machine Environment). In the early 1980s ICL struck a deal to acquire semiconductor technology from Fujitsu, on whom they became increasingly dependent as the years progressed. </p><p> The term "New Range" was used during development for the product line that was eventually launched as the <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2900 Series</a>, the operating system being known initially as VME/B and later simply as <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a>. Models included:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style></p><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <ul><li>2950</li> <li>2955</li> <li>2956</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <ul><li>2960</li> <li>2966</li> <li>2970</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <ul><li>2972</li> <li>2976</li> <li>2980</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <ul><li>2982</li> <li>2988</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>These ran the <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_Machine_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Machine Environment">DME</a> (emulation) operating systems, and were available in both single and multi-processor configurations, the later being known as Duals and SuperDuals (2966 and 2988 only). The company also developed: </p> <ul><li>A Content Addressable File Store (<a href="/wiki/Content_Addressable_File_Store" title="Content Addressable File Store">CAFS</a>) that could be exploited by the <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a> file system and ICL 2900 <a href="/wiki/IDMS" title="IDMS">IDMS</a></li> <li>The world's first commercially available <a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively parallel computer">massively parallel computer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ICL_Distributed_Array_Processor" title="ICL Distributed Array Processor">Distributed Array Processor</a> (<b>DAP</b>), that first ran as an attached processor to the <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2980</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_39">Series 39</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Series 39"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">ICL Series 39</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Series 39</a> followed the same essential architecture as 2900 series, but was a dramatic step forward in hardware technology. It was the first commercial mainframe to exploit optical fibres for central interconnect, and also introduced a multi-CPU (multinode) architecture transparent to the applications. </p><p>The series included: </p> <ul><li>Level 30</li> <li>Level 50</li> <li>Level 60</li> <li>Level 80</li></ul> <p>The training video for the Series 39 featured the comedy duo <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a>. </p><p>ICL received the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Award for Enterprise">Queen's Award for Technological Achievement</a> for the Series 39 in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the inception of New Range development, two operating systems were planned: <a href="/wiki/System_B_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="System B (operating system)">System B</a> for the large processors, and <a href="/wiki/System_D_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="System D (operating system)">System D</a> for the mid-range. System B was subsequently renamed <a href="/wiki/VME/B" class="mw-redirect" title="VME/B">VME/B</a>. A third operating system, <a href="/wiki/System_T_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="System T (operating system)">System T</a>, was subsequently targeted at small machines. System D was dropped in order to focus efforts on VME/B and System T, renamed to <a href="/wiki/VME/K" class="mw-redirect" title="VME/K">VME/K</a> (Confusingly, VME/B was developed in <a href="/wiki/Kidsgrove" title="Kidsgrove">Kidsgrove</a>, VME/K in <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a>.) The first large machines (the 2980 and 2970) were launched with VME/B. VME/K first saw service on the 2960. </p><p>The chief architect of VME/B was <a href="/wiki/Brian_Warboys" title="Brian Warboys">Brian Warboys</a>, who subsequently became professor of software engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. VME/B was developed using the pioneering software engineering system <a href="/wiki/CADES" title="CADES">CADES</a> as the development environment. The architect of <a href="/wiki/CADES" title="CADES">CADES</a> was David Pearson (computer scientist). </p><p>VME/K development continued independently for several reasons. Early VME/B customers suffered significant performance and reliability problems, and the existence of an alternative product provided a safety net. Perhaps more significantly, VME/K was the brainchild of Ed Mack, who had been brought in by managing director Geoff Cross as ICL's head of research and development. Despite his wide responsibilities, Mack took a detailed personal interest in every aspect of VME/K design. To quote historian Martin Campbell-Kelly, "Mack had a good deal more autonomy than was good for the company." Not only was too much resource going into VME/K at the expense of the VME/B system that ICL's biggest customers were actually using, but the development of mainframe systems was also diverting expenditure from small business systems such as the 2903, whose sales were growing much more rapidly. </p><p>ICL's finances deteriorated during the late 1970s, leading to the appointment of a new management team led by Robb Wilmot and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bonfield" title="Peter Bonfield">Peter Bonfield</a>. One of their first actions was to end VME/K development. This happened just at the time that VME/K had finally reached a level of performance and reliability that made it saleable; however, the customer base was very small, and by this time VME/B (which was renamed VME 2900) had also matured sufficiently to give confidence that it would meet the future requirements for the entire mainframe range. </p><p>VME 2900 subsequently became simply VME and then <a href="/wiki/Open_VME" class="mw-redirect" title="Open VME">Open VME</a>, and continued to evolve. In 1980 it was marketed as "Your system for the 80s", and indeed that decade proved to be its heyday. It continued to give service to many loyal and demanding users, but has attracted few new users since 1990 or so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superstructure_software">Superstructure software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Superstructure software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICL used the term <i>superstructure</i> to refer to the compilers, data management tools, and transaction processing software sitting above the operating system but below the user application – a category now often labelled <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b>IDMS(X)</b> </td> <td width="85%">Integrated Database Management System – a <a href="/wiki/Codasyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Codasyl">Codasyl</a> database, ported and extended from the <a href="/wiki/IDMS" title="IDMS">IDMS</a> system developed by Cullinane (later <a href="/wiki/Cullinet" title="Cullinet">Cullinet</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>TPMS(X)</b> </td> <td>Transaction Processing Management System – a transaction processing monitor </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>DDS (X)</b> </td> <td>Data Dictionary System </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>QuickBuild</b> </td> <td>A package of tools for building applications for <a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Series 39</a> mainframes built around the Data Dictionary System (DDS).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>Querymaster</b> </td> <td>An interactive command-based query language for IDMS databases and indexed-sequential files, offering a relational view of the underlying data sources. Querymaster was based on a PhD research project undertaken by Andrew Hutt of ICL during a secondment to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton University">Southampton University</a> in 1976. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Languages">Languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b>PLAN</b> </td> <td width="85%">The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> for the ICL 1900 series and short for Programming LAnguage Nineteen-hundred<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Programming LAnguage of the Nineteen hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/S3_(programming_language)" title="S3 (programming language)">S3</a></b> </td> <td width="85%">a <a href="/wiki/System_programming_language" title="System programming language">system programming language</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, but with data types and operators aligned to those offered by the 2900 Primitive Level Interface (that is, the order code). This was used to write the VME/B operating system and much of the superstructure, such as compilers and utilities. S3 was not generally used for application-level programming. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME#SCL" title="ICL VME">SCL</a></b> </td> <td>System Control Language, VME's equivalent of a job control or shell scripting language </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></b> </td> <td>There were two VME ALGOL 60 compilers. One was developed in-house in Kidsgrove while the other was ported to VME from the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Multiple_Access_System" title="Edinburgh Multiple Access System">Edinburgh Multiple Access System</a> by its author, Peter Stevens. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></b> </td> <td>The VME ALGOL 68 compiler was written at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Computing_Services" title="Oxford University Computing Services">Oxford University Computing Services</a> and the University of Bath using the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Signals and Radar Establishment">Royal Signals and Radar Establishment</a> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68RS" title="ALGOL 68RS">ALGOL 68RS</a> portable front-end. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></b> </td> <td>for most business applications. COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used English-like expressions as instructions. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="15%"><b><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></b> </td> <td>FORmula TRANslation. A language for mathematical applications. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></b> </td> <td>The VME Pascal compiler was written at the Computer Science Departments of the Universities of Southampton and Glasgow, and was based on the 1900 Series compiler written at the Universities of Belfast and Glasgow. Like 1900 Pascal, it had a powerful symbolic diagnostics feature inspired by that implemented in <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALGOL W (programming language)">ALGOL W</a> by Richard Sites. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b>SFL</b> </td> <td>System Function Language – an assembly language. Used to write VME/K and the kernel of 2900 IDMS. SFL was originally named MAPLE, for Macro Assembly Programming Language. It presented the 2900 Series Primitive Level Interface along with a set of useful macros. However, assembly language programming was positively discouraged by ICL Sales & Marketing, so the tool was renamed to be more in accord with the branding of the 2900 Series as a high level language architecture. SFL was not available to customers as a standard product, though it could be obtained if there were good reasons. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></b> </td> <td>C compilers only became available on VME in the mid-1980s, being needed to port relational database products such as <a href="/wiki/Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a>. Portability of C applications suffered from the assumptions made by many C programmers that characters would be encoded in ASCII and that short integers would always be 16 bits long (the 2900 architecture allows 32-bit, 64-bit, and 128-bit arithmetic, but 16-bit arithmetic has to be implemented in software and is therefore inefficient). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Application Master</b> (AM) </td> <td valign="top">Batch and TP application generation from the Data Dictionary System </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2903_range">2903 range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2903 range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2903 range was a rapid development to produce a small business computer to replace the 1901A. As far as possible it was developed from existing hardware and software, but configured for an office environment without underfloor cabling.<sup id="cite_ref-design-197312_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design-197312-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was urgently needed to generate a cashflow that would support continuing 2900 development. The hardware was based on the 2900 DFC (Disk File Controller), and used the MICOS engine. The 2903/4 system cabinet housed the MICOS engine, Drico FEDS disk storage and a punched card reader.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wing attached at 45 degrees carried the operator's console which was a visual display unit (<a href="/wiki/Block-oriented_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block-oriented terminal">VDU</a>): for 1900 users who were accustomed to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Westrex</a> <a href="/wiki/ASR-33_Teletype" class="mw-redirect" title="ASR-33 Teletype">teletype</a> as console, this was a major advance. The printers abutted to the wing and were initially integrated; they were soon replaced by the CPI shuttle printer and PBS<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Unknown acronym (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The printers ran at 300 or 600 lines per minute, selected by a hidden link. </p><p>The 2903 used microcode to emulate 1900 hardware. The operating system was George 1* (a modification of George 1S batch operating system) running on top of the UDAS Executive. In consequence, the 1900 compilers and utilities ran on the 290x range without any changes or recompilation. For some sites a microcode floppy was available that would make the system work as an IBM 360 running the IBM operating system, although this entailed changing the removable hard drives as the formats were completely different. </p><p>A new feature provided on this range was <a href="/wiki/Keypunch#Transition_to_direct_data_entry" title="Keypunch">Direct Data Entry</a>, a system with up to eight dedicated VDU data entry stations, with which card image files could be created; these could be assigned to a program's card reader and processed accordingly. </p><p>There were three models in the range: </p> <ul><li>2903</li> <li>2904</li> <li>2905 (limited production, replaced by the 2950)</li></ul> <p>290x computers would run in an office environment, still quite an innovation for this class of machine, and were a runaway success. Roughly 3,000 systems were sold, ten times as many as ICL had anticipated. </p> <ul><li>ME29</li></ul> <p>The smaller machines in the 290x family were replaced in 1980 by the ME29 system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems_and_software">Operating systems and software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operating systems and software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive">Executive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 290x operating system, known as 'Executive', allowed the machines to be operated 'manually' via a video console. GEORGE1* ran on top of Executive to control batch processes by means of JCL (Job Control Language), which was based very closely upon the macro language of the 1900 GEORGE1S operating system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TME_(Transaction_Machine_Environment)"><span id="TME_.28Transaction_Machine_Environment.29"></span>TME (Transaction Machine Environment)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: TME (Transaction Machine Environment)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TME was the operating system on the ME29 and required CL (Control Language) to run jobs – 'manual' operation being discouraged. </p><p>Practically all the software packages available on the 1900 range ran on the 290x and ME29 systems. </p><p>In about 1982, a new Transaction Processing System TME-TP was introduced for the ME29, with a subset of the facilities of TPMS (cf 2900 software). </p><p>TME came bundled with a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_database_model" title="Hierarchical database model">hierarchical database</a> management system called RAPID (Record Access Program Independent of Data). This was built around 1900 IDMS, and consisted of a set of user interfaces which provided a "user friendly" graphical <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> design and configuration environment, and an RML COBOL-based programming environment. Everything was compiled into the equivalent 1900 IDMS objects for use at run time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amidst the broader appearance of personal computers in the early 1980s, ICL introduced the DRS 20 – a multi-user system equipped with multiple <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> processors and supporting multiple clients – complemented by the DRS 20 Model 10 (or DRS 10) as a client machine, accessing the DRS 20 system's resources over an ICL network. In this context, ICL's commitment to the emerging microcomputer market was questioned by industry commentators who regarded the DRS 10 as a missed opportunity, producing a machine whose £2,250 price was elevated substantially by a £1,000 network card that could have been replaced with a disk controller to deliver a competitive standalone, but network-ready, <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198112_icl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personalcomputerworld198112_icl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICL later added support for running CP/M under the DRX operating system, permitting CP/M applications to be used on DRS 10 machines.<sup id="cite_ref-yourcomputer198212_drs20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yourcomputer198212_drs20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICL launched its Personal Computer range in 1982, licensing technology from Rair and effectively adopting the established Rair Black Box product as its own, an approach described as "a prime example of badge engineering" in one assessment of the range. In common with the DRS 20 models, the Rair design also used the 8085 processor, and the Personal Computer range consisted of the low-level Model 10 with 64 KB of RAM, dual floppy drives and two serial ports; the Model 30 as an upgraded Model 10, replacing one floppy drive with a hard drive; the Model 31 as an upgraded Model 30 with 128 KB of RAM and four serial ports; and the Model 32, upgrading the Model 31 to 256 KB of RAM and eight serial ports. The Model 31 and 32 were categorised as multi-user systems. CP/M and <a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a> were offered as operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-apc198209_iclpc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apc198209_iclpc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, ICL followed up with more designs licensed from Rair, also using the 8085, and running CP/M and MP/M.<sup id="cite_ref-practicalcomputing198304_icl_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practicalcomputing198304_icl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Models 15, 25, 26 and 35 broadly superseded the earlier models, utilising a faster 8085A processor that could be upgraded to the 8088 processor. They supported RAM expansion up to 512 KB, increased the base provision of serial ports to four and permitted eight on any model, increased the floppy and hard drive storage capacity, and introduced disk caching and <a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a> functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-bitsandbytes198303_icl_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitsandbytes198303_icl-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Model 36 followed in 1984 at the top of the range, fitted with an 8088 processor as standard and supporting <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M">Concurrent CP/M</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bitsandbytes198407_icl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitsandbytes198407_icl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1985 saw another Rair-derived product, the ICL Quattro, a multi-user system employing a single <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> processor and <a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> floating-point coprocessor, running Concurrent CP/M, and supporting multiple serial terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198512_quattro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personalcomputerworld198512_quattro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICL licensed other external designs, adopting the basic design of the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL" title="Sinclair QL">Sinclair QL</a> for its <a href="/wiki/One_Per_Desk" title="One Per Desk">One Per Desk</a> (1984), whose interoperability with contemporary systems rested largely on the bundled <a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a> Xchange software.<sup id="cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198412_opd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personalcomputerworld198412_opd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICL also supplied <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> with various models in its Merlin range of electronic office products, starting in 1983 with the M2226 small business computer, M1100 terminal, and M3300 communicating word processor, all offering connectivity features.<sup id="cite_ref-btjournal198307_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btjournal198307-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M2200 series was augmented with the low-end M2215 in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-btjournal198404_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btjournal198404-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, the One Per Desk joined these models in the BT Merlin portfolio as the Merlin Tonto.<sup id="cite_ref-bteng198504_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bteng198504-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departmental_systems">Departmental systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Departmental systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">ICL DRS</a></div> <p>For many years ICL marketed departmental computers under the DRS brand, standing originally for Distributed Resource System. During the mid-1980s, separate Office Systems business units had produced a disparate range of products including IBM-compatible PCs such as the PWS (an <a href="/wiki/PC_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="PC AT">AT</a> clone), small servers branded DRS, and a range of larger Unix servers sold under the Clan name. A re-branding in late 1988 pulled these together under the DRS brand, with a consistent grey and green livery. </p><p>In the mid-1980s ICL developed the DRS 300 in <a href="/wiki/Kidsgrove" title="Kidsgrove">Kidsgrove</a>, and ran down <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>. </p><p>In 1994 the DRS range was superseded by the SuperServer and TeamServer ranges of SPARC and Intel-based machines, running Unix or Microsoft operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OEM_products">OEM products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: OEM products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s, ICL signed an <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> agreement with the Canadian company, <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Computers">Consolidated Computers Ltd</a> (later Consolidated Computer Inc.) to distribute CCL's key-to-disk <a href="/wiki/Data_entry" title="Data entry">data entry</a> product, Key-Edit, in the British Commonwealth of countries as well as in western and eastern Europe. Models included Key Edit 100, 50, 59, 1000, and 2000. In the mid-1980s a version of the Key Edit 59 operating system was ported (in emulation mode) to the DRS 20 series and marketed as Data Entry 20. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dataskil">Dataskil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dataskil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dataskil Ltd or ICL Dataskil was a software house, formed from an internal department known as the User Programming Service (UPS),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that developed commercial programs and some utility software for the ICL marketplace. Dataskil also provided consultants and project teams to work on ICL's or direct clients' 1900 and 2900 projects. There were several divisions within Dataskil, including Consultancy Services, Transition Services, Project Management Services (PMS), etc. </p><p>Dataskil software products included: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>For 1900 series </th> <th>For 2900 series </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900 Datadrive<br />1900 Datafeed<br />1900 Dataview<br />1900 IDMS<br />1900 Filan </td> <td>2900 IDH (Interactive Data Handler)<br />2900 LP (Linear Programming)<br />2900 OMAC<br />2900 <a href="/wiki/Program_Evaluation_and_Review_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Evaluation and Review Technique">PERT</a><br />Applications Manager </td> <td>Wordskil </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900_Filan">1900 Filan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1900 Filan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ICL 1900 Filan manual (1st edition January 1973) describes Filan as: </p> <blockquote><p>"a totally integrated system for the analysis of large quantities of complex data such as that collected in censuses and other surveys".</p></blockquote> <p>It was used to process the 1971 Indonesian Population Census.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, Filan was used during the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Population_Censuses_and_Surveys" title="Office of Population Censuses and Surveys">Office of Population Censuses and Surveys</a> to process the <a href="/wiki/General_Household_Survey" title="General Household Survey">General Household Survey</a> data. As there was only a small user community, ICL decided not to convert the software to run on its 2900 range of computers in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Barclays_Bank:_BARIC_Computing_Services_Ltd">With Barclays Bank: BARIC Computing Services Ltd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: With Barclays Bank: BARIC Computing Services Ltd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/International_Computers_Limited" title="Special:EditPage/International Computers Limited">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>This was a joint venture of International Computer Services Ltd (ICSL), a division of ICL, and <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>, that provided computer services. In the early days of computing many organizations avoided the capital costs of purchasing their own equipment and the recruitment of technical specialists by putting their work out to service companies, such as BARIC, which were known as <a href="/wiki/Computer_bureau" title="Computer bureau">computer bureaux</a>. BARIC also ran special groups such as the Advanced <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a> team, which investigated how new technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> could be leveraged. </p><p>This company operated two <a href="/wiki/ICL_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 1900">ICL 1900</a> mainframes (1904E and 1905S, in manual and GEORGE II operating system modes) from its head office in <a href="/wiki/Newman_Street" title="Newman Street">Newman Street</a>, London. This site housed management, sales and support staff and a large programming team (site closed late 1975). Sales and support offices were in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Gate" title="Forest Gate">Forest Gate</a>, Hartree House <a href="/wiki/Queensway,_London" title="Queensway, London">Queensway</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a> (ICL headquarters) and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The Queensway site was above <a href="/wiki/Whiteleys" title="Whiteleys">Whiteleys</a> department store, and had been used in the 1950s and 1960s by the <a href="/wiki/LEO_(computer)" title="LEO (computer)">LEO</a> arm of food company <a href="/wiki/J_Lyons_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="J Lyons & Co">J. Lyons</a> to run data processing and an early bureau service.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Gent" title="Chris Gent">Chris Gent</a> was the managing director from 1979 to 1985, when he left to lead <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>. In 1985 most of BARIC's bureau business was acquired by <a href="/wiki/CMG_(company)" title="CMG (company)">CMG (Computer Management Group)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India:_ICIM">India: ICIM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India: ICIM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICL had established a presence in India in its earliest days, through International Computers Indian Manufacture Ltd (ICIM), a partly owned subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-computerweekly19800313_icim_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerweekly19800313_icim-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name implies, ICIM took on some of the manufacturing of ICL-designed equipment, generally for overseas markets. In later years ICIM, from its offices in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, started to establish a presence in the market for offshore software development and eventually <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> of the operation of computer services. ICIM subsequently became a joint operation with Fujitsu, establishing links to Japan that were as strong as its traditional links to the UK. Reflecting the shift in its business, the company was renamed ICIL (International Computers India Limited), and again in 2000 to <a href="/wiki/Zensar_Technologies" title="Zensar Technologies">Zensar Technologies</a>, a publicly traded company which has <a href="/wiki/RPG_Group" title="RPG Group">RPG Group</a> as its largest shareholder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence:_DESC">Defence: DESC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Defence: DESC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DESC Ltd (subsequently ICL DESC Ltd.) was a subsidiary focused on defence systems spun out from ICL at the time of the Fujitsu takeover, to avoid concerns over defence systems ownership by the Japanese firm, as it was involved with battlefield systems which might be unconstitutional in Japan. These qualms were overcome and eventually it was merged back into the parent company.<sup id="cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivesit-20190308-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking:_iBANK_Systems">Banking: iBANK Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Banking: iBANK Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>iBANK Systems was a joint venture with Xcelsoft, Inc. of Canada to develop a Unix-based integrated retail banking system capable of distributed operation. Supported platforms included the DRS-6000 and DRS-3000, and the product was written in <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> with some 'glue' written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. The international team was based in Greenville SC, US. </p><p>The venture lasted from 1992 through 1995 when the two companies dissolved the relationship and each went forward independently, thereby forking the project. The ICL branch was renamed Fujitsu-ICL International Banking Products, and continued operations until 2000 when ICL withdrew completely from operations in North America. Customers of iBANK Systems included Moscow Savings Bank (Russia), Suprimex (Russia), Chelindbank (Russia, project cancelled at the try-test phase), Mineral Bank (Bulgaria), Romanian Bank for Development (Romania), PTC (Zimbabwe), People's Own Savings Bank (Zimbabwe), Mutual Bank of the Caribbean (Barbados), National Commercial Bank (Jamaica), and Caisse Populaire (Canada). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICL_Pathway_and_the_Horizon_system"><span class="anchor" id="ICL_Pathway"></span>ICL Pathway and the Horizon system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: ICL Pathway and the Horizon system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal" title="British Post Office scandal">British Post Office scandal</a></div> <p>In May 1996, ICL Pathway Limited (later Fujitsu Services (Pathway) Limited) was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Private_finance_initiative" title="Private finance initiative">private finance initiative</a> contract to develop the <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Horizon_IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office Horizon IT">Horizon IT system</a> to modernize <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Limited" title="Post Office Limited">Post Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benefits_Agency" title="Benefits Agency">Benefits Agency</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project encountered a number of delays and setbacks during development, causing the Benefits Agency to abandon it in 1999, which led to a £180 million write-off at ICL and £571 million at the Post Office.<sup id="cite_ref-cw-20240110_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-20240110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project in large part led to reputational damage to the ICL brand, causing the renaming of the company to Fujitsu Services in April 2002, and later to just Fujitsu.<sup id="cite_ref-cw-20240110_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-20240110-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horizon provided both a replacement for the Post Office's paper-based in-branch accounting, and <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point-of-sale</a> functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETechnical20195_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETechnical20195-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Fujitsu described Horizon as "Europe's largest non-military IT contract".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETechnical20196_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETechnical20196-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Christou, who was chief executive from 2000 to 2004, later stated he led the original commercial negotiations on the Pathway project, and over the following 25 years it had been ICL and Fujitsu UK's "most profitable" project.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20240108_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20240108-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivesit-20190308-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from Horizon was later used to prosecute more than 900 sub-postmasters over unexplained losses,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was found by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> in 2019 that "bugs, errors and defects" within the system could have caused the shortfalls.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, offers of compensation totalled more than £120 million and a public enquiry into the matter is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_history">Corporate history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Corporate history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section describes the various takeovers of and by ICL that followed its formation in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singer_Business_Machines">Singer Business Machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Singer Business Machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1976, ICL acquired the international (that is, non-US) part of <a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer</a> Business Machines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Singer group, a holding company which had diversified by adding many divisions, the most well-known of which was its early roots in sewing machines, and others such as the Business Machine division which was acquired by purchasing Friden, a San Leandro computer company, whose flagship product was the <a href="/wiki/Singer_System_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer System 10">System Ten</a>, a small business minicomputer. SBM had also acquired <a href="/wiki/Cogar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogar Corporation">Cogar Corporation</a>, a manufacturer of desktop intelligent terminals in Utica, New York, which after the ICL acquisition became the development and manufacturing plant for both minicomputers and terminals. The acquisition shifted the geographical balance of ICL's sales away from the UK, and also gave a presence in industry markets such as retail and manufacturing. ICL subsequently developed the System Ten into the System 25, and used the product to spearhead the growth of its Retail Systems business during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-icltj-198111_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icltj-198111-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981_crisis">1981 crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1981 crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICL was in financial difficulty in 1981, with weak export performance against American and Japanese competition, and a takeover by an American manufacturer seemed likely. Christophor Laidlaw, deputy chairman of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, was appointed as chairman and achieved a financial reconstruction, supported by loan guarantees from the government; he also oversaw the start of a technology agreement with Japan's <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Laidlaw was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Michael_Edwardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Michael Edwardes">Sir Michael Edwardes</a>, previously chairman of motor manufacturer <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STC">STC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: STC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 July 1984 a £400 million takeover bid for ICL arrived from Sir <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Corfield" title="Kenneth Corfield">Kenneth Corfield</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Telephones_and_Cables" title="Standard Telephones and Cables">Standard Telephones and Cables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated rationale was the predicted convergence of computers and telecommunications. The ICL board recommended acceptance of the bid, and the takeover was completed on 10 September. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Michael_Edwardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Michael Edwardes">Sir Michael Edwardes</a>, who had been chairman for just six months, resigned, and Laidlaw returned briefly as chairman. Robb Wilmot, who had arrived as managing director in 1981 (at the age of 36) remained, along with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bonfield" title="Peter Bonfield">Peter Bonfield</a> as marketing director. </p><p>The takeover caused losses at STC, leading in 1985 to a <a href="/wiki/Rights_issue" title="Rights issue">rights issue</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Corfield's replacement by Lord Keith as STC chairman, with Arthur Walsh as chief executive. Wilmot resigned, and Bonfield was appointed chairman and managing director of ICL. Within a few years ICL was contributing 60% of the profits and turnover of the combined group. Bonfield was appointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> for his role in turning the company around. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datachecker">Datachecker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Datachecker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988 STC acquired US retail systems specialist Datachecker Systems from National Semiconductor Corporation. At the time this was the second largest supplier in the US retail market, and greatly expanded ICL's US presence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Regnecentralen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, ICL acquired <a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a> of Denmark, a company with a distinguished history and reputation in that country, but which was best known internationally for its front-end communications handling equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_Consoles_Inc">Computer Consoles Inc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Computer Consoles Inc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also in 1989 STC acquired <a href="/wiki/Computer_Consoles_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Consoles Inc.">CCI</a>, suppliers of ICL's Clan 5, 6 and 7 ranges (later DRS 500) and originator of OfficePower. By 1990 CCI's Computer Products Division in Irvine, California, and Office Products Centre in Reston, Virginia, had been transferred to ICL.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nokia_Data">Nokia Data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nokia Data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991 ICL acquired Nokia Data, part of <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-computerworld19910603_icl_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerworld19910603_icl-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nokia Data was itself the result of Nokia's mid-1980s acquisition of Ericsson Information Systems, whose origins lay in the purchase by <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> of the computer business of <a href="/wiki/Saab_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Group">Saab</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Datasaab" title="Datasaab">Datasaab</a>. Financed with £30 million in cash, £180 million in preferred stock, and the assumption of £100 million of Nokia Data's debt, ICL's acquisition added 7,000 employees to the company (bringing the group's total workforce to 21,000) and, with £700 million in revenue, effectively gave ICL a turnover of £2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-unigramx19910603_nokiadata_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unigramx19910603_nokiadata-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquisition brought with it a <a href="/wiki/Personal_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Computer">PC</a> manufacturing capability, a suite of desktop software products, and more importantly a strong presence in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> market and an awareness of the high-volume end of the IT market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICL_KME-CS">ICL KME-CS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: ICL KME-CS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July, 1991 ICL acquired more than half of the Russian company KME-CS (Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise of Computer Systems, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, Russia). The agreement was signed between <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bonfield" title="Peter Bonfield">Peter Bonfield</a> (President of ICL) and <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> (President of the Tatarstan Republic). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fujitsu_relationship_and_eventual_acquisition">Fujitsu relationship and eventual acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Fujitsu relationship and eventual acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICL's relationship with Fujitsu started in 1981, when ICL needed a cheaper source of technology to develop lower-end machines in the 2900 range to compete with the <a href="/wiki/IBM_4300_series" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4300 series">IBM 4300 series</a>. At this stage ICL was developing its own <a href="/wiki/Large_scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large scale integration">large scale integration</a> (LSI) technology for use in the higher-end machines, designed as a successor to the highly successful 2966 processor (known internally as S3). ICL had visited a number of companies during 1980, including Fujitsu and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, to identify potential suppliers. </p><p>As part of the 1981 restructuring, Robb Wilmot – an electronics engineer and former head of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>' British-based calculator operation – arrived as CEO in May 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-moralee-1981_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moralee-1981-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cancelled in-house LSI technology development, and negotiated an agreement that gave access to Fujitsu's LSI and packaging technologies, which, when combined with ICL's in-house CAD capability, enabled ICL to design and manufacture the DM1 and Estriel machines, later marketed profitably as Series 39 level 30 and 80. </p><p>Initially the collaboration with Fujitsu was presented as being an arm's length one, to avoid diluting ICL's credentials as a European and British company. However, Fujitsu's involvement with ICL at both the financial and the technical level steadily increased over the subsequent two decades, and in 1990 Fujitsu acquired 80% of ICL plc from its parent STC plc, paying US$1.29 billion. In 1998 Fujitsu became ICL's sole shareholder<sup id="cite_ref-thereg-20010621_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereg-20010621-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ICL brand was dropped in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long term chief executive Keith Todd, in place for 13 years, planned to float ICL on the stock exchange, but due to on and off financial difficulties from some units of the company and the realisation that the parts of ICL sold separately were worth a lot more on the market than ICL as a whole, this was abandoned in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-citywire-20000802_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citywire-20000802-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Todd resigned and was replaced by Richard Christou, who dismantled the complicated matrix management structure, rationalised the balance sheet and sold some smaller units. One of ICL's past acquisitions, CFM (Computer Facilities Management), was a key profitable outsourcing unit which originated from local government and managed both ICL and other manufacturer large customer installations. Christou expanded this unit moving the company further into services and away from being a computer supplier. Christou later said "big outsourcing contracts, despite all their problems, actually were, and still are, the profit drivers in ICL".<sup id="cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivesit-20190308-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-techmonitor-19930317_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techmonitor-19930317-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zdnet-19970121_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-19970121-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fujitsu_Siemens">Fujitsu Siemens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fujitsu Siemens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the acquisition of Nokia Data in 1991, personal computers and servers were marketed under the ICL brand. This changed when <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Siemens_Computers" title="Fujitsu Siemens Computers">Fujitsu Siemens Computers</a> was formed in 1999 as a joint venture between Fujitsu and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>. The joint venture absorbed all ICL's hardware business with the exception of VME mainframes, and all the business of <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Nixdorf" title="Siemens Nixdorf">Siemens Nixdorf</a> with the exception of its banking and retail systems. Fujitsu Siemens was merged back into Fujitsu in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PC_Interworks_Ltd">PC Interworks Ltd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: PC Interworks Ltd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PC Interworks was incorporated in October 1995. It was created as a sales company, selling personal computer and other IT equipment to the employees of large organisations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The company, which evolved from a concept developed within ICL, began business with a contract from ICL to provide computer related products to its staff, as a part of its Employee Benefit Programme. PC Interworks was subsequently absorbed by International Computer Logistics Limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_ICL_trademark_to_International_Computer_Logistics">Transfer of ICL trademark to International Computer Logistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transfer of ICL trademark to International Computer Logistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International Computer Logistics, a British company specialising in IT repair and data recovery, secured the intellectual property rights to the ICL brand in 2014. It is based in <a href="/wiki/Kidsgrove" title="Kidsgrove">Kidsgrove</a>, North Staffordshire and was formed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICL_Fellowship">ICL Fellowship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: ICL Fellowship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ICL_Fellows" title="ICL Fellows">ICL Fellows</a></div> <p>ICL Engineers responsible for pioneering achievements in the field of Computing could be recognised through the ICL Fellowship, established in 1990 by then-CEO <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bonfield" title="Peter Bonfield">Sir Peter Bonfield</a>. The Fellows represented the peak of technological expertise within ICL and directly advised the company leadership on technology matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odra_(computer)" title="Odra (computer)">Odra (computer)</a> – the Polish Odra 1300 series computers used ICL software</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mck-1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mck-1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1995" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netaffair.org/documents/1995-kelly-campbell-icl-and-the-uk-mainframe.pdf">"ICL and the British Mainframe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Journal" title="The Computer Journal">The Computer Journal</a></i>. <b>38</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F38.5.400">10.1093/comjnl/38.5.400</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=ICL+and+the+British+Mainframe&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F38.5.400&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetaffair.org%2Fdocuments%2F1995-kelly-campbell-icl-and-the-uk-mainframe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icl--2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icl-_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icl.ru/eng/company/history/">"History ICL"</a>. Russia: ICL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+ICL&rft.place=Russia&rft.pub=ICL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icl.ru%2Feng%2Fcompany%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107365">Oral history interview with Arthur L.C. Humphreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, John M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/12/archives/britain-to-finance-computer-merger-britain-will-aid-computer-linkup.html">"Britain to Finance Computer Merger"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 12 June 1968. Page 61. Retrieved 16 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandeman2017" class="citation web cs1">Sandeman, Kit (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottinghampost.com/news/local-news/plans-revealed-13m-development-bridgford-424666">"Plans revealed for £13m development of Bridgford House"</a>. <i>NottinghamshireLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NottinghamshireLive&rft.atitle=Plans+revealed+for+%C2%A313m+development+of+Bridgford+House&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.aulast=Sandeman&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nottinghampost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fplans-revealed-13m-development-bridgford-424666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forest19711215-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forest19711215_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForest1971" class="citation magazine cs1">Forest, Robert B. (15 December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_datamation_14170580/page/n27">"Close Cooperation: Europe's Best Hope"</a>. <i>Datamation</i>. pp. 26–33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Datamation&rft.atitle=Close+Cooperation%3A+Europe%27s+Best+Hope&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1971-12-15&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_datamation_14170580%2Fpage%2Fn27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsci-19720413-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsci-19720413_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulmTeTu23SMC&pg=PA72">"New deal for ICL: more aid, but preference ends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. 13 April 1972. p. 72<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+deal+for+ICL%3A+more+aid%2C+but+preference+ends&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1972-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulmTeTu23SMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/50086/quickbuild">"Definition of:QuickBuild"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PCMag" title="PCMag">PCMag</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCMag&rft.atitle=Definition+of%3AQuickBuild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fterm%2F50086%2Fquickbuild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl1900.co.uk/preserve/proglang.html">ICL 1900 Series Preservation – Programming Languages – PLAN</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl1900.co.uk/techpub/tpl1900t.html">ICL Technical Publications – 1900 Series Training</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl1900.co.uk/techpub/t2335-1a.djvu">T2335 – PLAN coding – page 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl1900.co.uk/techpub/tpl1900t.html">ICL Technical Publications – 1900 Series Training</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icl1900.co.uk/techpub/t213.djvu">T213 – 1900 Language Linking – page 1 (5th page of PDF)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-design-197312-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-design-197312_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillichamp1973" class="citation journal cs1">Millichamp, David (December 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/DIAD/id/10856">"Part of the Furniture"</a>. <i>Design Journal</i> (300): 60–63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Journal&rft.atitle=Part+of+the+Furniture&rft.issue=300&rft.pages=60-63&rft.date=1973-12&rft.aulast=Millichamp&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vads.ac.uk%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FDIAD%2Fid%2F10856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael1996" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Hamish (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.fujitsu.com/pensioner/localData/pdf/icl_anthology.pdf"><i>An ICL Anthology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Laidlaw Hicks. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9527389-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9527389-0-2"><bdi>0-9527389-0-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>In the 2903, all the mechanics of the peripherals were controlled by programming in the central processor rather than by their own electronics. Of particular note was the pair of instructions to switch the card reader's 'picker' solenoid on and off. The solenoid was rated for dissipating heat on the basis of only being 'on' for extremely short periods. This led to the famous software failure known as 'select card reader and catch fire'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ICL+Anthology&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Laidlaw+Hicks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-9527389-0-2&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.fujitsu.com%2Fpensioner%2FlocalData%2Fpdf%2Ficl_anthology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-personalcomputerworld198112_icl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198112_icl_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKewney1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Kewney, Guy (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1981-12/page/60/mode/1up">"Not the ICL micro"</a>. <i>Personal Computer World</i>. p. 60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Computer+World&rft.atitle=Not+the+ICL+micro&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1981-12&rft.aulast=Kewney&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPersonalComputerWorld1981-12%2Fpage%2F60%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yourcomputer198212_drs20-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yourcomputer198212_drs20_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1982.12-portable-computers/page/18/mode/1up">"DRS20 gets CP/M"</a>. <i>Your Computer</i>. December 1982. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0725-3931">0725-3931</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Your+Computer&rft.atitle=DRS20+gets+CP%2FM&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1982-12&rft.issn=0725-3931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1982.12-portable-computers%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apc198209_iclpc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apc198209_iclpc_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Withers, Stephen (September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apc_1982_09/page/18/mode/2up">"ICL Personal Computer"</a>. <i>Australian Personal Computer</i>. pp. 18–19, 90<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Personal+Computer&rft.atitle=ICL+Personal+Computer&rft.pages=18-19%2C+90&rft.date=1982-09&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapc_1982_09%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-practicalcomputing198304_icl-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-practicalcomputing198304_icl_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PracticalComputing1983April04/page/n24/mode/1up">"ICL plumps for the Intel 8085"</a>. <i>Practical Computing</i>. April 1983. p. 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Practical+Computing&rft.atitle=ICL+plumps+for+the+Intel+8085&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1983-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPracticalComputing1983April04%2Fpage%2Fn24%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitsandbytes198303_icl-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bitsandbytes198303_icl_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nzbitsandbytes-1-06/page/n5/mode/1up">"ICL..."</a> <i>Bits & Bytes</i>. March 1983. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bits+%26+Bytes&rft.atitle=ICL....&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1983-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnzbitsandbytes-1-06%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitsandbytes198407_icl-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bitsandbytes198407_icl_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nzbitsandbytes-2-10/page/n21/mode/2up">"A truly business machine"</a>. <i>Bits & Bytes</i>. July 1984. pp. 20–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bits+%26+Bytes&rft.atitle=A+truly+business+machine&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnzbitsandbytes-2-10%2Fpage%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-personalcomputerworld198512_quattro-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198512_quattro_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Walker, Nick (December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1985-12/page/176/mode/2up">"ICL Quattro"</a>. <i>Personal Computer World</i>. pp. 176–178, 180, 182<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Computer+World&rft.atitle=ICL+Quattro&rft.pages=176-178%2C+180%2C+182&rft.date=1985-12&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPersonalComputerWorld1985-12%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-personalcomputerworld198412_opd-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-personalcomputerworld198412_opd_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebbutt1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Tebbutt, David (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1984-12/1984-12/page/120/mode/2up">"ICL OPD"</a>. <i>Personal Computer World</i>. pp. 120–124<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Computer+World&rft.atitle=ICL+OPD&rft.pages=120-124&rft.date=1984-12&rft.aulast=Tebbutt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPersonalComputerWorld1984-12%2F1984-12%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span> Via Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btjournal198307-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-btjournal198307_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/btj-198307/page/n67/mode/2up">"Computer wizardry!"</a>. <i>British Telecom Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 34–35. July 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Telecom+Journal&rft.atitle=Computer+wizardry%21&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbtj-198307%2Fpage%2Fn67%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-btjournal198404-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-btjournal198404_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/btj-198404/page/n61/mode/2up">"Merlin spells success"</a>. <i>British Telecom Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 32–34. April 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Telecom+Journal&rft.atitle=Merlin+spells+success&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-34&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbtj-198404%2Fpage%2Fn61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bteng198504-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bteng198504_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bte-198504/page/n58/mode/1up">"British Telecom Press Notices"</a>. <i>British Telecommunications Engineering</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 57. April 1984<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Telecommunications+Engineering&rft.atitle=British+Telecom+Press+Notices&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbte-198504%2Fpage%2Fn58%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia._Central_Bureau_of_Statistic1976" class="citation journal cs1">Indonesia. Central Bureau of Statistic (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disc.wisc.edu/INDO/indo_report.html">"Population Census of Indonesia, 1971: .38% sample (3.8% sample for Jakarta and Jogjakarta)"</a>. <i>Surveys</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35013%2F3jtd-ct91">10.35013/3jtd-ct91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surveys&rft.atitle=Population+Census+of+Indonesia%2C+1971%3A+.38%25+sample+%283.8%25+sample+for+Jakarta+and+Jogjakarta%29&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35013%2F3jtd-ct91&rft.au=Indonesia.+Central+Bureau+of+Statistic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disc.wisc.edu%2FINDO%2Findo_report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leo-computers.org.uk/photos-of-leo-iii/">Photos of LEO III computers</a> going into Hartree House above Whiteleys department store, Queensway, London W2, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerweekly19800313_icim-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerweekly19800313_icim_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Palmer, Tim (13 March 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ComputerWeeklySupplement1980UKEnglish/Mar%2013%201980%2C%20Computer%20Weekly%20Supplement%2C%20%23697%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/page/n8/mode/1up">"ICIM emerges from the chrysalis of ICL India"</a>. <i>Computer Weekly</i>. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=ICIM+emerges+from+the+chrysalis+of+ICL+India&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1980-03-13&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FComputerWeeklySupplement1980UKEnglish%2FMar%252013%25201980%252C%2520Computer%2520Weekly%2520Supplement%252C%2520%2523697%252C%2520UK%2520%2528en%2529%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archivesit-20190308-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivesit-20190308_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesit.org.uk/interviews/richard-christou/">"Interview with Richard Christou"</a>. <i>Archives of IT</i>. Interviewed by Sharpe, Richard. 8 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Richard is most proud of his involvement in the Pathway project which saw the automation of Post Office counters and the role that he negotiated for ICL at that time. He says: "I did that, nobody else did and it was not a legal issue, this was negotiation. They still have the contract, twenty-five years later, and it's been their most profitable."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+IT&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Richard+Christou&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesit.org.uk%2Finterviews%2Frichard-christou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926041640/http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Pathway-and-the-Post-Office-the-lessons-learned">"Pathway and the Post Office: the lessons learned"</a>. <i>Computer Weekly</i>. November 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Pathway-and-the-Post-Office-the-lessons-learned">the original</a> on 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=Pathway+and+the+Post+Office%3A+the+lessons+learned&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Ffeature%2FPathway-and-the-Post-Office-the-lessons-learned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1999" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Michael (10 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/icl-stumbles-on-pathway-to-hell-1092947.html">"ICL stumbles on Pathway to hell"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=ICL+stumbles+on+Pathway+to+hell&rft.date=1999-05-10&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Ficl-stumbles-on-pathway-to-hell-1092947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cw-20240110-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cw-20240110_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cw-20240110_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick2024" class="citation news cs1">Glick, Bryan (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366565720/How-Fujitsu-became-a-central-part-of-the-Post-Office-scandal">"How Fujitsu became a central part of the Post Office scandal"</a>. <i>Computer Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=How+Fujitsu+became+a+central+part+of+the+Post+Office+scandal&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fnews%2F366565720%2FHow-Fujitsu-became-a-central-part-of-the-Post-Office-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETechnical20195-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETechnical20195_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTechnical2019">Technical 2019</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETechnical20196-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETechnical20196_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTechnical2019">Technical 2019</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20240108-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20240108_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonSomervillePinkstone2024" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Neil; Somerville, Ewan; Pinkstone, Joe (8 January 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/08/post-office-horizon-scandal-bosses/">"The Post Office bosses who presided over biggest miscarriage of justice in legal history"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Post+Office+bosses+who+presided+over+biggest+miscarriage+of+justice+in+legal+history&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Somerville%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Pinkstone%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2F01%2F08%2Fpost-office-horizon-scandal-bosses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2021" class="citation web cs1">Weaver, Matthew (22 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/mar/22/former-subpostmasters-begin-court-appeal-to-clear-their-names">"Former subpostmasters begin court appeal to clear their names"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Former+subpostmasters+begin+court+appeal+to+clear+their+names&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2Fmar%2F22%2Fformer-subpostmasters-begin-court-appeal-to-clear-their-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-67358541">"Post Office scandal: Lawyer sorry for prosecuting Huyton victim"</a>. <i>BBC News: Liverpool</i>. 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News%3A+Liverpool&rft.atitle=Post+Office+scandal%3A+Lawyer+sorry+for+prosecuting+Huyton+victim&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-merseyside-67358541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2023" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Lindsay (17 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2023/07/17/post_office_horizon_inquiry/">"Post Office Horizon Inquiry calls for compensation to be brought forward"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Post+Office+Horizon+Inquiry+calls+for+compensation+to+be+brought+forward&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F07%2F17%2Fpost_office_horizon_inquiry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/CCS/res/pdfs/res47.pdf">"The Seizing of Singer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Computer Resurrection</i> (49). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Resurrection&rft.atitle=The+Seizing+of+Singer&rft.issue=49&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.manchester.ac.uk%2FCCS%2Fres%2Fpdfs%2Fres47.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icltj-198111-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icltj-198111_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton1981" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, A. (November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204719/https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/Images/ICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf">"Architecture of the ICL System 25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICL Technical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/Images/ICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICL+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+the+ICL+System+25&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1981-11&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fuk%2FImages%2FICL-Technical-Journal-v02i04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computermuseum.org.uk/machines/icl_system25.html">The Jim Austin Computer Collection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/finance-obituaries/8197816/Sir-Christophor-Laidlaw.html">"Obituary: Sir Christophor Laidlaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 12 December 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Sir+Christophor+Laidlaw&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Ffinance-obituaries%2F8197816%2FSir-Christophor-Laidlaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12145082/Sir-Kenneth-Corfield-businessman-obituary.html">"Sir Kenneth Corfield, businessman – obituary"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 7 February 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Kenneth+Corfield%2C+businessman+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F12145082%2FSir-Kenneth-Corfield-businessman-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Irvine signs on</i>, STC Gazette February 1990, STC PLC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerworld19910603_icl-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerworld19910603_icl_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadoli1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Radoli, Don (3 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerworld2522unse/page/137/mode/1up">"ICL scoops Nokia Data for $391M"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. p. 137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=ICL+scoops+Nokia+Data+for+%24391M&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1991-06-03&rft.aulast=Radoli&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerworld2522unse%2Fpage%2F137%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unigramx19910603_nokiadata-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unigramx19910603_nokiadata_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UnigramX1991314-365/page/n138/mode/1up">"ICL Grows to £2,000m with Acquisition of Nokia Data"</a>. <i>Unigram/X</i>. 3 June 1991. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unigram%2FX&rft.atitle=ICL+Grows+to+%C2%A32%2C000m+with+Acquisition+of+Nokia+Data&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUnigramX1991314-365%2Fpage%2Fn138%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moralee-1981-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moralee-1981_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoralee1981" class="citation journal cs1">Moralee, Dennis (November–December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/associates/companies/wilmot.htm">"Robb Wilmot: The ICL Story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Engineering & Technology">Electronics & Power</a></i>. <b>27</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fep.1981.0360">10.1049/ep.1981.0360</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics+%26+Power&rft.atitle=Robb+Wilmot%3A+The+ICL+Story&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1981-11%2F1981-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fep.1981.0360&rft.aulast=Moralee&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Facl%2Fassociates%2Fcompanies%2Fwilmot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acd/sus/perq_history/part_3/c15.htm">"PERQ History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PERQ+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Facd%2Fsus%2Fperq_history%2Fpart_3%2Fc15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thereg-20010621-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thereg-20010621_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Leyden2001" class="citation news cs1">John Leyden (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/21/icl_brand_put/">"ICL brand put to the sword"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=ICL+brand+put+to+the+sword&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.au=John+Leyden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2001%2F06%2F21%2Ficl_brand_put%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdshead2002" class="citation web cs1">Adshead, Antony (7 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240044109/ICL-will-become-Fujitsu-in-April">"ICL will become Fujitsu in April"</a>. <i>ComputerWeekly.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerWeekly.com&rft.atitle=ICL+will+become+Fujitsu+in+April&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft.aulast=Adshead&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Fnews%2F2240044109%2FICL-will-become-Fujitsu-in-April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge2002" class="citation web cs1">Judge, Peter (6 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/historic-icl-name-to-go-in-april/">"Historic ICL name to go in April"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Historic+ICL+name+to+go+in+April&rft.date=2002-02-06&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fhistoric-icl-name-to-go-in-april%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsherwood2002" class="citation web cs1">Isherwood, Steve (4 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/making-rebranding-reality/140631">"Making rebranding a reality"</a>. <i>Campaign</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaign&rft.atitle=Making+rebranding+a+reality&rft.date=2002-04-04&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.campaignlive.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmaking-rebranding-reality%2F140631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citywire-20000802-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citywire-20000802_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2000" class="citation news cs1">Hobson, Rodney (2 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citywire.com/new-model-adviser/news/icl-hate-to-say-i-told-you-so/a210806">"ICL: Hate to say I told you so"</a>. <i>Citywire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citywire&rft.atitle=ICL%3A+Hate+to+say+I+told+you+so&rft.date=2000-08-02&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitywire.com%2Fnew-model-adviser%2Fnews%2Ficl-hate-to-say-i-told-you-so%2Fa210806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techmonitor-19930317-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techmonitor-19930317_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techmonitor.ai/technology/icl_shows_how_to_manage_the_transition_from_mainframes_and_make_it_painless">"ICL shows how to manage the transition from mainframes and make it painless"</a>. <i>Tech Monitor</i>. 17 March 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tech+Monitor&rft.atitle=ICL+shows+how+to+manage+the+transition+from+mainframes+and+make+it+painless&rft.date=1993-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechmonitor.ai%2Ftechnology%2Ficl_shows_how_to_manage_the_transition_from_mainframes_and_make_it_painless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zdnet-19970121-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zdnet-19970121_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1997" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Marc Ambasna (21 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/icl-reorganises-services-divisions/">"ICL reorganises services divisions"</a>. <i>ZDNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNET&rft.atitle=ICL+reorganises+services+divisions&rft.date=1997-01-21&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Marc+Ambasna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Ficl-reorganises-services-divisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2014" class="citation news cs1">King, Ann (2 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121912/http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/International-Logistics-Kidsgrove-secures-ICL/story-21314643-detail/story.html">"International Computer Logistics in Kidsgrove secures ICL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke Sentinel">Stoke Sentinel</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/International-Logistics-Kidsgrove-secures-ICL/story-21314643-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stoke+Sentinel&rft.atitle=International+Computer+Logistics+in+Kidsgrove+secures+ICL&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stokesentinel.co.uk%2FInternational-Logistics-Kidsgrove-secures-ICL%2Fstory-21314643-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/bates-v-post-office-appendix-1-1.pdf">"Technical Appendix to Judgment (No.6) "Horizon Issues"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>judiciary.uk</i>. 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=judiciary.uk&rft.atitle=Technical+Appendix+to+Judgment+%28No.6%29+%22Horizon+Issues%22&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F07%2Fbates-v-post-office-appendix-1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Computers+Limited" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ICL: A Business and Technical History. Martin Campbell-Kelly, Clarendon Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-853918-5">0-19-853918-5</a></li> <li>ICL and Europe. Virgilio Pasquali. In <i>Resurrection</i>, the Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society, Summer 2005</li> <li>Trojan Horses and National Champions: A History of the European Computing and Telecommunications Industry. Paul Gannon. Apt-Amatic Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9530284-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9530284-0-2">0-9530284-0-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Computers_Limited" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International Computers Limited">International Computers Limited</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041009192959/http://www.fcs.eu.com/index.html">ICL 1900 Series Computers</a> at fsu.eu.com (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sw.ccs.bcs.org/iclarch/">The ICL Archive</a> – an on-line directory of ICL archive material maintained by the Computer Conservation Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintage-icl-computers.com/">The ICL Computer Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Computers_Limited_(ICL)_1968-2002" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ICL_hardware" title="Template:ICL hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ICL_hardware" title="Template talk:ICL hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ICL_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ICL hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Computers_Limited_(ICL)_1968-2002" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Computers Limited</a> (ICL) 1968-2002</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessor <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(computer)" title="LEO (computer)">LEO I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICT_1301" title="ICT 1301">ICT 1301</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICT_1501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICT 1501 (page does not exist)">ICT 1501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_803" title="Elliott 803">Elliott 803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF8" title="English Electric KDF8">KDF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">KDF9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">English Electric System 4 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_System_4" title="English Electric System 4">System 4/75</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ICT_1900_series" title="ICT 1900 series">ICT 1900 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901</li> <li>1901A</li> <li>1901S</li> <li>1901T</li> <li>1902</li> <li>1902A</li> <li>1902S</li> <li>1902T</li> <li>1903</li> <li>1903A</li> <li>1903S</li> <li>1903T</li> <li>1904</li> <li>1904A</li> <li>1904E</li> <li>1904F</li> <li>1904S</li> <li>1905</li> <li>1905E</li> <li>1905F</li> <li>1906</li> <li>1906A</li> <li>1906E</li> <li>1906F</li> <li>1906S</li> <li>1907</li> <li>1907E</li> <li>1907F</li> <li>1908</li> <li>1909</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2900 Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">2988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_Addressable_File_Store" title="Content Addressable File Store">CAFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Distributed_Array_Processor" title="ICL Distributed Array Processor">DAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_code_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order code processor">OCP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">ICL Series 39</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Level 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Level 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Level 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Series_39" title="ICL Series 39">Level 80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputers</a><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ICL_minicomputers" title="Category:ICL minicomputers">category</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2903" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 2903">2903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2904" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 2904">2904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_2905" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 2905">2905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_ME29" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL ME29">ME29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="System Ten">System Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_25" class="mw-redirect" title="System 25">System 25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstations</a><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ICL_workstations" title="Category:ICL workstations">category</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICL_7500_series" title="ICL 7500 series">7502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_7500_series" title="ICL 7500 series">7503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_7500_series" title="ICL 7500 series">7561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_DRS" title="ICL DRS">DRS 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PERQ" title="PERQ">PERQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Per_Desk" title="One Per Desk">One Per Desk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ICL_operating_systems" title="Category:ICL operating systems">category</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">OpenVME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME/B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME/K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperNova (operating system)">superNova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_CME" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL CME">CME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Direct_Machine_Environment" title="ICL Direct Machine Environment">DME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_Transaction_Machine_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL Transaction Machine Environment">TME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive (operating system)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEORGE_(operating_system)" title="GEORGE (operating system)">GEORGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXIMOP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXIMOP">MAXIMOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIMOP" title="MINIMOP">MINIMOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="J (operating system)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiJob" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiJob">MultiJob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ICL_programming_languages" title="Category:ICL programming languages">category</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLAN_(computer_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="PLAN (computer language)">PLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> 60</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_BASIC_System" title="Southampton BASIC System">SOBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEAN" title="JEAN">JEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_(programming_language)" title="S3 (programming language)">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCL_(job_control_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="SCL (job control language)">SCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="SFL (programming language)">SFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME#Quickbuild" title="ICL VME">ApplicationMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReportMaster" class="mw-redirect" title="ReportMaster">ReportMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAP_FORTRAN" title="DAP FORTRAN">DAP FORTRAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413338#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122947340">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147335131">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50055045">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440540705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02654072X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&oldid=1240989281">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&oldid=1240989281</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1968" title="Category:British companies established in 1968">British companies established in 1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_established_in_1968" title="Category:Computer companies established in 1968">Computer companies established in 1968</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_disestablished_in_2002" title="Category:Computer companies disestablished in 2002">Computer companies disestablished in 2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_computer_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom">Defunct computer companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Electric" title="Category:English Electric">English Electric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_based_in_London" title="Category:Defunct companies based in London">Defunct companies based in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_computer_hardware_companies" title="Category:Defunct computer hardware companies">Defunct computer hardware companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_computer_systems_companies" title="Category:Defunct computer systems companies">Defunct computer systems companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_manufacturing_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom">Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_defence_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom">Former defence companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_London_Borough_of_Wandsworth" title="Category:History of the London Borough of Wandsworth">History of the London Borough of Wandsworth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_Computers_Limited" title="Category:International Computers Limited">International Computers Limited</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_London" title="Category:Manufacturing companies based in London">Manufacturing companies based in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Putney" title="Category:Putney">Putney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1968 establishments in England">1968 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_disestablishments_in_England" title="Category:2002 disestablishments in England">2002 disestablishments in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_before_1990" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990">Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 August 2024, at 17:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Computers_Limited&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7zkrf","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.776","walltime":"1.061","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5972,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":132362,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6184,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":191541,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 909.320 1 -total"," 31.24% 284.096 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.34% 103.160 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.30% 93.656 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 9.67% 87.907 1 Template:ICL_hardware"," 9.30% 84.538 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.22% 83.802 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.73% 70.325 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.64% 51.248 3 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.62% 51.084 12 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.458","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9330501,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdshead2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForest1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlick2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndonesia._Central_Bureau_of_Statistic1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsherwood2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Leyden2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstonSomervillePinkstone2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKewney1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillichamp1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoralee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadoli1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandeman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebbutt1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTechnical2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithers1982\"] = 1,\n [\"ICL_Pathway\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-4\"] = 4,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 7,\n [\"ICL hardware\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-htkr2","timestamp":"20241122140744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"International Computers Limited","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Computers_Limited","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1413338","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1413338","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-09T19:17:16Z","dateModified":"2024-08-18T17:54:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/ICL_logo_%281988%29.svg","headline":"defunct British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company"}</script> </body> </html>