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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>James Madison's papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Madison's_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Project history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Project_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Project history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Project_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digital 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>The Papers of James Madison</b> project was established in 1956 to collect and publish in a comprehensive letterpress edition the correspondence and other writings of <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. </p><p>The volumes provide accurate texts of Madison's incoming and outgoing correspondence, newspaper essays, speeches, and pamphlets. The texts are accompanied by informative annotation and made accessible through comprehensive indexes. They are valuable research tools for students of Madison's life and those interested in the general history of the period in which Madison lived (1751–1836). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editors_in_chief">Editors in chief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Editors in chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal (1956–1971)</li> <li>Robert A. Rutland (1971–1986)</li> <li>John C. A. Stagg (1987–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="James_Madison's_papers"><span id="James_Madison.27s_papers"></span>James Madison's papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: James Madison's papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison,_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison from the front, as depicted in a volume of his papers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg/220px-James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg/330px-James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg/440px-James_Madison%2C_Fourth_President_of_the_United_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>James Madison, Fourth President of the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the large volume of personal documents surviving his compatriots George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, comparatively few papers exist to chronicle James Madison's personal life. Madison appears to have destroyed many of his own letters and plantation records, which he did not feel were of historical importance. Those that survived were mostly scattered among friends, family, and autograph collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Madison did retain, collect, and organize many of his public papers, particularly during his retirement when he presumably had more time to attend to the task. Recognizing the historical importance of these documents, he arranged and edited them "with a view to their appearance in print after his death." He chose for this publication "his notes on the debates of the 1780s and many of his letters and other papers bearing upon public affairs during that decade," including his notes on the proceedings of the Federal Convention of 1787. Madison expected the posthumous publication of his papers to both benefit history and to provide for his wife, <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Payne_Todd_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolley Payne Todd Madison">Dolley Payne Todd Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837, a year after Madison's death, Dolley sold to Congress his notes from the Constitutional Convention of 1787, as well as those he had taken on the debates "in the Congress of the Confederations in 1782, '83, & '87."<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were published in 1840 in <a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Henry Gilpin</a>'s three-volume edition <i>The Papers of James Madison, Purchased by Order of Congress; Being His Correspondence and Reports of Debates during the Congress of the Confederation and His Reports of Debates in the Federal Convention</i> [. . .] .<sup id="cite_ref-Gilpin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilpin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Dolley ultimately sold the remainder of Madison's papers to Congress in 1848, she apparently did not realize that her son, <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a>, had retained for himself many of the more valuable manuscripts from that collection. These he sold periodically to various creditors until his death in 1851, gaining funds to pay his gambling and liquor debts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, collections of Madison's papers have repeatedly sold at auction, and even today some still circulate in this manner. By these means, Madison's papers became widely scattered over time. A fuller detailed history of the papers is provided in the introduction to the first <i>PJM Congressional Series</i> volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_history">Project history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Project history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Papers_of_James_Madison,_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/220px-The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/330px-The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg/440px-The_Papers_of_James_Madison%2C_at_the_University_of_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>The Papers of James Madison, at the University of Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>Although three collections of Madison's papers had been published before 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilpin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilpin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earlier editions were not complete and were also not entirely accurate. A new edition, <b>The Papers of James Madison</b> (PJM), was therefore conceived in 1956 to provide a definitive, comprehensive, and accurate representation of Madison's life. </p><p>The PJM editors determined that it was critical to include both incoming and outgoing correspondence in the new edition of Madison's papers. Previous editions had only published selections from Madison's outgoing correspondence. With the omission of incoming correspondence, readers were deprived of the background necessary to understand Madison's own writings. Incoming letters can provide clues to the existence of other as-yet-undiscovered Madison correspondence and papers, and also reflect the wide range of concerns Madison dealt with in his public and private life. </p><p>Earlier editions also omitted many of Madison's writings because they were illegible, inaccessible, and/or written in code. The PJM project provides a better understanding of all of Madison's writings by methodically collecting, transcribing, and interpreting even the most difficult of his papers. Additionally, the PJM project publishes some important third-party materials that are known to have passed through Madison's hands and that demonstrably informed his conduct in significant ways. </p><p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the project has collected nearly 29,000 copies of documents relating to Madison's life, including letters, essays, notes, diaries, account books, ledgers, wills, legal papers, and inventories. Since 1962, thirty-three PJM volumes have been published. Initially a joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, the PJM project was located in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, until 1971, at which time it moved to <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>. The first ten PJM volumes were published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> between 1962 and 1977. Since 1977, all volumes have been produced by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_editions">Digital editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2010, the PJM project went digital when the first seventeen PJM volumes were made available to readers online. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, all published PJM volumes are a part of the <i>American Founding Era</i> collection published by R<small>OTUNDA</small>, the digital publishing branch of the University of Virginia Press.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotunda_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotunda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Readers can now access the published volumes online via libraries and other institutions that subscribe to R<small>OTUNDA.</small> </p><p>In October 2010, the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a> announced their intention to create <a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a>, a website devoted to the papers of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, encompassing the papers of Madison as well as six other founders. The website went online in October 2013, providing free access to the complete record of all of Madison’s political writings, his public actions and speeches, and his public and private correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Founders Online project also includes the annotated writings and correspondence of <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. The site's searchable database will eventually include around 200,000 individual documents that have been drawn from the letterpress editions of the founders' papers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PJM_Volumes,_Four_Series.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG/220px-PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG/330px-PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG/440px-PJM_Volumes%2C_Four_Series.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption><i>The Papers of James Madison</i> volumes: four series</figcaption></figure><p><b>The Papers of James Madison</b> project publishes Madison's correspondence in four series. The projected 53-volume collection is anticipated to be complete by 2030. </p><ul><li>The <b>Congressional Series</b> covers the years 1751 to 1801, recording Madison's contributions to the creation of the American republic. This series includes correspondence regarding his service in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_of_1787" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention of 1787">Constitutional Convention of 1787</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a> of 1788, and the first four Federal <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">Congresses</a>. <i>There are seventeen Congressional volumes and this series is complete.</i></li> <li>The <b>Secretary of State Series</b> documents Madison's diplomatic and political career during the two presidential terms of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, 1801-9. As U.S. <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, Madison oversaw negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and the integration of those territories into the United States. He was also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent Office">U.S. Patent Office</a>, issued all federal commissions, oversaw the printing of the public laws, and served as official liaison between the president and the governors of the U.S. states and territories. This series contains a wealth of international correspondence between Madison and five ministers, a dozen commissioners, and more than fifty consuls worldwide. <i>There are twelve Secretary of State volumes published to date, of a projected seventeen.</i></li> <li>The <b>Presidential Series</b> covers early 1809 to early 1817, centering largely on Madison's record as commander-in-chief during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the first full-scale conflict to be waged under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_1787" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitution of 1787">Federal Constitution of 1787</a>. As president, Madison corresponded on national politics, international diplomacy and war, Indian affairs, and the development of the nation's capital, while also responding to ordinary citizens who sent petitions for charity and mercy. <i>There are eleven Presidential volumes and this series is complete.</i></li> <li>The <b>Retirement Series</b> records Madison's life after leaving public office in 1817 until his death in 1836. Correspondence illuminates his occupations at his <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a> home in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange County, Virginia</a>, and documents his significant role in the founding of the University of Virginia. This series also contains many of Madison's own reflections on the past history and future prospects of the United States. <i>There are four Retirement volumes published to date, of a projected seven.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting_the_papers">Collecting the papers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collecting the papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, the PJM editors began to inventory and collect the writings of James Madison. The project does not hold any original documents. Instead, the editors work with copies provided by repositories and private owners worldwide. These may be photocopies or reproductions on microfilm, fiche, or card, electronic scans or print copies from journals and newspapers of the period. A file is created for each document, including supporting notes and correspondence to assist in annotation. </p><p>When copies are not sufficient for accurate transcription, PJM staff may travel to the repositories to view the originals of Madison's papers. Many originals are held by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Archives">National Archives of the United States</a>. The Library of Congress makes digital images of their collection available free for online public viewing via <a href="/wiki/American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Memory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Memory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resource allows interested scholars to become familiar with the evolution of Madison's style over his lifetime, and also gives them the opportunity to see the varieties of penmanship and languages Madison had to decipher. Interpreting some of these more complex documents, particularly those from non-native English speakers and from correspondents with limited formal education, is one of the more interesting challenges the PJM staff deals with on a regular basis. </p><p>Madison's papers are also held by private and public libraries as well as in museum and historical society collections worldwide. Conveniently for the PJM staff, the University of Virginia <a href="/wiki/Albert_and_Shirley_Small_Special_Collections_Library" title="Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library">Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-Small_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds a large collection of original Madison documents. As a founding member of the University's Board of Visitors, and its second rector after Jefferson's death in 1826, Madison corresponded on a multitude of topics related to the early years of the University. Small Library holds not only these official documents, but also a significant number of Madison papers donated over the years in acknowledgement of the key place Madison holds in the University's history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Madison signature"><img alt="James Madison signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/James_Madison_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="36" /></a><figcaption>James Madison signature</figcaption></figure> <p>Still other Madison documents are owned by private individuals, many bought and sold by autograph collectors, and others passed down through generations of families, including Madison's own. These individuals, as well as institutional holders of Madison documents, are acknowledged in the PJM volumes for providing permission to publish annotated, print editions of their letters. </p><p>Every so often previously undiscovered Madison documents are located. PJM staff find them in print and online auction catalogs, and occasionally receive a phone call, email, or letter about a newly unearthed document in a repository or private hands. The project is always grateful to add another Madison document to its collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_editing_process">The editing process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The editing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson,_10_November_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg/220px-James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg/330px-James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg/440px-James_Madison_to_Thomas_Jefferson%2C_10_November_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 10 November 1821</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of editing the Papers of James Madison is complex. The first step is to verify authenticity of the documents. The PJM editors then decide how to represent each document. While some bureaucratic and routine correspondence may be omitted or mentioned in footnotes, the majority of Madison's papers are printed or abstracted in full, to illuminate his thinking and his public and personal life. </p><p>After transcribing and proofreading each letter to ensure document accuracy, PJM staff members research and annotate the letters, identifying people, places, and events so readers have much the same information Madison had when he received or wrote the correspondence. Considerable effort is made to render the printed texts as literal, faithful copies of the original manuscripts. Misspellings, not uncommon at the time, are retained so readers can see what Madison saw. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_case_documents">Special case documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special case documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some documents are more complicated than others. For example, those that are badly defaced, torn, undated, misdated, or unsigned require additional research in order to accurately present them to readers. Those that are written in code pose particular problems. To learn more about the extensive process of preparing Madison's letters for publication, and the special case of coded documents, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjm.as.virginia.edu/what-we-do">click here.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_documents">Sample documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sample documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>You can see more examples of documents in Madison's own hand <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjm.as.virginia.edu/documents">by clicking here</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_future_of_the_project">The future of the project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The future of the project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PJM staff will continue to produce print editions of the <i>Papers of James Madison</i> until all series are complete. In addition, PJM staff will continue to consult as needed on a project that provides web access to Madison's as-yet-unpublished papers that are not already available through R<small>OTUNDA</small>'s <i>Founders Early Access</i>. </p><p>This endeavor, <a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Founders_Online_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Founders_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a partnership begun in September 2011 between the U.S. National Archives and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Humanities" title="Virginia Humanities">Virginia Humanities</a>, formerly the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, a U.Va. affiliate. <a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a> makes available online Madison's unpublished secretary of state and presidential papers, along with unpublished correspondence from other <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>—<a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. </p><p>Free access to these documents is available on a website administered by the National Archives. The project is managed by Documents Compass, a non-profit program of the Virginia Humanities whose focus is to bring documentary editions into the digital age.<sup id="cite_ref-DCompass_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCompass-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a> gives scholars and the general public access to these primary source materials before they appear in the official print editions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_funding">Project funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Project funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The Papers of James Madison,</b> a non-profit project, is funded in part by contributions from private individuals, and by: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-neh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Publications_and_Records_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Publications and Records Commission">National Historical Publications and Records Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhprc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhprc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>, and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_reviews">Selected reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjm.as.virginia.edu/reviews">Reviews of <i>The Papers of James Madison</i> print editions</a></li> <li>Review of the digital edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA253387030&v=2.1&u=viva_uva&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w">K. Potts, "<i>The Papers of James Madison Digital Edition,</i>" <i>CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries,</i> 48.8 (April 2011): 1461</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="The Papers of Abraham Lincoln">The Papers of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papers_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Papers of Martin Van Buren">Papers of Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStagg" class="citation web cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=JSMN-print-01-01-01-0007">"Introduction, <i>The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series,</i> 1:xv"</a></span>. <i>The Papers of James Madison, Digital Edition</i>. ROTUNDA, University of Virginia Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+James+Madison%2C+Digital+Edition&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+The+Papers+of+James+Madison%2C+Congressional+Series%2C+1%3Axv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunda.upress.virginia.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdefault.xqy%3Fkeys%3DJSMN-print-01-01-01-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg" class="citation web cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=JSMN-print-01-01-01-0007">"<i>PJM, Congressional Series,</i> 1:xv-xvi"</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PJM%2C+Congressional+Series%2C+1%3Axv-xvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunda.upress.virginia.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdefault.xqy%3Fkeys%3DJSMN-print-01-01-01-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg" class="citation web cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=JSMN-print-01-01-01-0007">"<i>PJM, Congressional Series,</i> 1:xvii"</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PJM%2C+Congressional+Series%2C+1%3Axvii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunda.upress.virginia.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdefault.xqy%3Fkeys%3DJSMN-print-01-01-01-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilpin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilpin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilpin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009833199">"Henry D. Gilpin, ed., <i>The Papers of James Madison,</i> 1840"</a>. <i>Collections</i>. Hathi Trust Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections&rft.atitle=Henry+D.+Gilpin%2C+ed.%2C+The+Papers+of+James+Madison%2C+1840&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009833199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg" class="citation web cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=JSMN-print-01-01-01-0007">"<i>PJM, Congressional Series,</i> 1:xxi-xxii"</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PJM%2C+Congressional+Series%2C+1%3Axxi-xxii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunda.upress.virginia.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdefault.xqy%3Fkeys%3DJSMN-print-01-01-01-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagg" class="citation web cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=JSMN-print-01-01-01-0007">"<i>PJM, Congressional Series,</i> 1:xv-xxvii"</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PJM%2C+Congressional+Series%2C+1%3Axv-xxvii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotunda.upress.virginia.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdefault.xqy%3Fkeys%3DJSMN-print-01-01-01-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congress_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000366134">"<i>Letters and Other Writings of James Madison . . . Published by Order of Congress,</i> 1865"</a>. <i>Collections</i>. Hathi Trust Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections&rft.atitle=Letters+and+Other+Writings+of+James+Madison+.+.+.+Published+by+Order+of+Congress%2C+1865&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000366134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008728130">"Gaillard Hunt, ed., <i>The Writings of James Madison,</i> 1900-10"</a>. <i>Collections</i>. Hathi Trust Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections&rft.atitle=Gaillard+Hunt%2C+ed.%2C+The+Writings+of+James+Madison%2C+1900-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008728130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotunda-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotunda_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/">"Rotunda"</a>. <i>New Digital Scholarship</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archives.gov&rft.atitle=About+Founders+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Memory-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Memory_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/madison_papers/">"The James Madison Papers"</a>. <i>The Library of Congress American Memory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress+American+Memory&rft.atitle=The+James+Madison+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fmadison_papers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Small-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Small_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/small/">"The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"</a>. <i>University of Virginia Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Virginia+Library&rft.atitle=The+Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lib.virginia.edu%2Fsmall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Founders_Online-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Founders_Online_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/">"Founders Online"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Founders+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCompass-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCompass_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documentscompass.org/">"Documents Compass"</a>. <i>Virginia Humanities</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Humanities&rft.atitle=Documents+Compass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocumentscompass.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neh-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neh_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/news/presidential-papers">"Presidential Papers"</a>. 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National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historical+Publications+and+Records+Commission&rft.atitle=Virginia+Grants%2C+Publications+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fnhprc%2Fprojects%2Fstates-territories%2Fva.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pjm.as.virginia.edu/">"The Papers of James Madison"</a>. The Papers of James Madison at the University of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+James+Madison&rft.pub=The+Papers+of+James+Madison+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpjm.as.virginia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Papers+of+James+Madison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.edu/pjm/">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginia.edu/">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.virginia.edu/">University of Virginia Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/">National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/">National Historical Publications and Records Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montpelier.org/">James Madison's Montpelier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiahumanities.org/">Virginia Humanities</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&oldid=1163078954">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Papers_of_James_Madison&oldid=1163078954</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_philosophy_literature" title="Category:American political philosophy literature">American political philosophy literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_documents" title="Category:United States documents">United States documents</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 July 2023, at 20:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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