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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Food standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Economic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorandum_of_Understanding_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorandum_of_Understanding_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Memorandum of Understanding 1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorandum_of_Understanding_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Defence and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Tasman_crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Tasman_crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trans-Tasman crossing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trans-Tasman_crossing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trans-Tasman crossing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trans-Tasman_crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>By sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>By flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Tasman_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Tasman_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trans-Tasman migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Tasman_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Tasman_travel_bubble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Tasman_travel_bubble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trans-Tasman travel bubble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Tasman_travel_bubble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Tasman_legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Tasman_legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trans-Tasman legal proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Tasman_legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Tasman_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Tasman_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trans-Tasman sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trans-Tasman_sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trans-Tasman sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trans-Tasman_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sporting competitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adjective used to signify the relationship between Australia and New Zealand</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Trans-Tasman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasman_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Tasman Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tasman_Sea.jpg/256px-Tasman_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tasman_Sea.jpg/384px-Tasman_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tasman_Sea.jpg/512px-Tasman_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="642" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Trans-Tasman region including South East Australia to the West and New Zealand to the East</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region">Western Pacific Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trans-Tasman&params=40_S_160_E_scale:10000000_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°S</span> <span class="longitude">160°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40°S 160°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-40; 160</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (island)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Benches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Rise" title="Lord Howe Rise">Lord Howe Rise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wollongong,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollongong, New South Wales">Wollongong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trans-Tasman</b> is an adjective used primarily to signify <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">the relationship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The term refers to the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>, which lies between the two countries. For example, <i>trans-Tasman commerce</i> refers to commerce between these two countries. </p> <ul><li>A trans-Tasman flight is a flight between Australia and New Zealand.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement</a> is an agreement between Australia and New Zealand allowing their citizens free movement between the two countries.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Trophy" title="Trans-Tasman Trophy">Trans-Tasman Trophy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> trophy.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_and_New_Zealand_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/220px-Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/330px-Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/440px-Australia_and_New_Zealand_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Australia and New Zealand highlighted in green, in the southern hemisphere of the Earth</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_events">Trans-Tasman events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>18 February 1876 - The first trans-Tasman <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cable</a> is completed, allowing <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph</a> communications with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 February 1908 - first trans-Tasman <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmission">radio transmission</a> (via <a href="/wiki/HMS_Powerful_(1895)" title="HMS Powerful (1895)">HMS <i>Powerful</i></a> in Tasman Sea).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10 January 1928 - <a href="/wiki/Moncrieff_and_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncrieff and Hood">Moncrieff and Hood</a> vanish without trace during the first trans-Tasman flight attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10 September 1928 - Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith" title="Charles Kingsford Smith">Charles Kingsford Smith</a> and his three-man crew complete the first successful trans-Tasman flight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 January 1931 – <a href="/wiki/Guy_Menzies" title="Guy Menzies">Guy Menzies</a> flies the first solo non-stop trans-Tasman flight (from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>) in 11 hours and 45 minutes, crash-landing on New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Westland_District" title="Westland District">west coast</a>.</li> <li>30 April 1940 – <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Empire_Airways_Limited" title="Tasman Empire Airways Limited">Tasman Empire Airways Limited</a> (TEAL) begins commercial trans-Tasman flights between Auckland and Sydney using <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short S.30</a> flying boats.</li> <li>11 April 1965 – <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> begins commercial trans-Tasman jet service, between Christchurch and Sydney using <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Anders_Svedlund" title="Anders Svedlund">Anders Svedlund</a> attempted a Crossing from New Zealand to Australia; however, he was over-turned five days after leaving from <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland's</a> <a href="/wiki/Manukau_Harbour" title="Manukau Harbour">Manukau Harbour</a> and returned to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977 – Colin Quincey, an England-born New Zealander, made the first successful human-powered trans-Tasman crossing. He took 63 days 7 hours to row his Yorkshire Dory row-boat from <a href="/wiki/Hokianga" title="Hokianga">Hokianga</a>, New Zealand to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Beach,_Queensland" title="Marcus Beach, Queensland">Marcus Beach</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a> of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 February 2000 – <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Smith (entrepreneur)">Dick Smith</a> crossed the Tasman Sea in a hot air balloon. The flight was from <a href="/wiki/Kaitaia" title="Kaitaia">Kaitaia</a> on the northern tip of New Zealand to Ten Mile Beach in northern <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia. 2167 km were covered in a 55-hour and 12-minute flight.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>30 December 2007 – Four Australians, led by Steven Gates, departed from <a href="/wiki/Hokianga" title="Hokianga">Hokianga</a>, New Zealand on 29 November. They rowed to and arrived in Sydney Harbour on 30 December at 8:15 am, having taken 31 days to make the crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 January 2008 - crossing of the Tasman by kayak completed by Justin Jones and James Castrission; expedition named <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Ditch" title="Crossing the Ditch">Crossing the Ditch</a>.</li> <li>March 2010 - Shaun Quincey completed the solo row from Australia to New Zealand in March 2010. Shaun is the son of Colin Quincey, who completed the reverse journey in 1977.</li> <li>July 2018 - Scott Donaldson completes the first kayak solo row from <a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a>, Australia to <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a>, New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_relations">Trans-Tasman relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trans-Tasman relations refers to the <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> relations between countries within the Trans-Tasman region, namely Australia and New Zealand. The two nations share joint histories and similar cultures, such that there are significant numbers of both populations who embody a transnational identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Findlay1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findlay1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Köllner2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köllner2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynch2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markey_&_Taylor_2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey_&_Taylor_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_community">Union community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Union community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a shift in the largest union communities <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Federation_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Federation of Labour">New Zealand Federation of Labour</a> towards a global solidarity. This shift can be seen through the cultural recognition of a Trans-Tasman world of work.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural relations in the Trans-Tasman support a cooperative relationship with the sharing of art between Australian and New Zealand galleries. However, the two become competitors when seeking to secure international blockbuster exhibitions and audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_standards">Food standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The harmonization of trans-Tasman food standards led to lower compliance costs for industry, fewer regulatory barriers, and more consumer choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Zealand and Australian economies are deeply enmeshed as both nation's economic traffic receive flow from a single economic market.<sup id="cite_ref-James2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister Fraser from Australia and Prime Minister Muldoon from New Zealand committed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> themselves to a liberalisation of the economy for goods from both countries and proposed tax reductions. Since then, future prime ministers have reflected this trade liberalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thakur_&_Gold_1982_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thakur_&_Gold_1982-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement signed in 1983 has been used to guide trade between Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two nations have an economic power imbalance however, as Australia plays a more important role in the New Zealand economy than New Zealand does for Australia. Australia in comparison will conduct more trade with North and East Asia. As such their bilateral relationship can be uneven and relies on the consulting and weighing of concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorandum_of_Understanding_1992">Memorandum of Understanding 1992</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Memorandum of Understanding 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Australia and New Zealand agreed to create a single market for air transport that was distinct from the previous agreements which were more restrictive. Some notable changes that affect Trans-Tasman travel include allowing Australia and New Zealand to operate in each other's domestic markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was followed by an endorsement of the open skies agreement under the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> in 2007 which further allowed Australia and New Zealand's international flights to operate in each other's domains beyond to third countries without restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_and_security">Defence and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defence and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two countries defence forces are complementary, and co-operate closely on the international scale, and in maintaining Trans-Tasman security. The equipment is often shared to defend the borders of the nations in the south pacific given the common security purpose of the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-James2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_crossing">Trans-Tasman crossing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman crossing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modes of transport for crossing the Trans-Tasman Sea include by sea and by flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_sea">By sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Trans-Tasman crossing can be undertaken by sailing ships, passenger liners and smaller vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Prickett2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prickett2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a range of cruise ships including those from companies <a href="/wiki/Princess_Cruises" title="Princess Cruises">Princess Cruises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Group" title="Royal Caribbean Group">Royal Caribbean Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland America">Holland America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silversea" class="mw-redirect" title="Silversea">Silversea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Cruises" title="Oceania Cruises">Oceania Cruises</a>. Private vessels are also allowed to cross this Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_flight">By flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flights across the Tasman have been made by a range of aircraft including winged aircraft, airships, and balloons.<sup id="cite_ref-Findlay1996_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findlay1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight are available with airlines Qantas, Air New Zealand, Jetstar and Virgin Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png/220px-AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png/330px-AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png/440px-AirNZTranstasmanRoutes.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Air New Zealand Trans-Tasman Flight Routes</figcaption></figure> <p>The aviation market in the Trans-Tasman region has experienced growth since the introduction of low-cost carriers, specifically <a href="/wiki/Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a>. Low fares are an important factor for the patronage of flights, alongside check in procedures and airport features. Air transport can significantly affect the economy of the Trans-Tasman through its impact on the tourism, logistics and high value-added manufacturing sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_Tsui_Li_et_al_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_migration">Trans-Tasman migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been significant migration between New Zealand and Australia since the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch2009_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic and social history between the two countries during early colonial time was influenced by the sealing and whaling industry which saw Trans-Tasman migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Prickett2008_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prickett2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century the movement is enabled by the Trans-Tasman travel arrangement which governs the regulatory frameworks and supports high international mobility across the Tasman.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a cyclical movement between the two countries, but a strong net movement towards Australia since the late 1960s. Many migrants between the countries have reported a sense of transnationalism where they are able to feel at home in both Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Power_Jang_2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Power_Jang_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This migration is attributable to economic development driven by globalisation, technological change, business cycles, demographic dynamics, and perceptions. Migration specifically from New Zealand to Australia can be attributable to dissatisfaction and desire for change or a sense of newness. However, 15% of people have stated their migration to Australia was because of temporary travel, and then a decision to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Power_Jang_2008_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Power_Jang_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are differences in culture, strategic outlook and governance between the nations that contribute to the distinct differences of the two nations and play a role in migration. Evident differences include topography and geography, both of which influence culture, seasonality, and trade. Australia's population size and proximity to Asia contribute to its greater presence in international trade whilst New Zealand's landscape and natural surroundings have contributed to the nation's political and governance decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-James2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_travel_bubble">Trans-Tasman travel bubble</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman travel bubble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_(1900)_(18288648358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Australia%2C_New_Zealand%2C_Cook_%26_Friendly_Islands_%281900%29_%2818288648358%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5872" data-file-height="4336" /></a><figcaption>Map of Australia, New Zealand, Cook & Pacific islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Trans-Tasman bubble refers to the proposed quarantine free travel bubble for the Trans-Tasman region during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. It is also known as the COVID-safe travel zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Köllner2020_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köllner2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The travel bubble allows entry across the other country's borders. During 2020, there were also plans to extend Australia and NZ's planned COVID-safe travel zone to Pacific island countries to mediate the effects of the pandemic on the economy of the Pacific island countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Köllner2020_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köllner2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, the Marine Industry has also raised the potential for a sea bubble for superyachts and cruises to travel across the Tasman.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_legal_proceedings">Trans-Tasman legal proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman legal proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been historically a legal connection between the case law of the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch2009_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act 2010 was created to streamline the process of managing both civil and criminal proceedings with elements spanning across Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_&_Taylor_2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey_&_Taylor_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act has provisions regarding service of Australian documents in New Zealand, the granting of interim relief for civil proceedings commencing in the other country, the service of subpoenas, remote appearances, and enforcement of judgments in the other country. This Act concerns largely administrative law and governs the procedural practice across these two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problem solving courts within this region are evolving to better capture Trans-Tasman relations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Tasman_sports">Trans-Tasman sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trans-Tasman sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports is popular across both Australia and New Zealand, and both countries participate together in a range of sporting competitions. The nations share an interest in sports law and the governing rules of leagues for sports they compete together on, and those which they compete in separately. Legislators across the nations have taken to addressing legal concerns cooperatively and independently.<sup id="cite_ref-James2009_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An instance of influence across the Trans-Tasman for sports law is New Zealand's adoption of anti-doping regulations similar to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-James2009_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sporting contacts between Australia and New Zealand began shortly before the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. These contacts embodied a shared sporting culture influenced by Trans-Tasman migration, the induction of Trans-Tasman governing bodies and the sharing of sportsmen for competing in international competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Thakur_&_Gold_1982_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thakur_&_Gold_1982-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of sport has influenced the relationship between the two nations, and history has seen poor sportsmanship have a dampening effect in the Trans-Tasman space. An instance is the 1981 cricket series between Australia and New Zealand where the under-arm bowling incident struck controversy between the nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Thakur_&_Gold_1982_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thakur_&_Gold_1982-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sport holds a particular importance for New Zealand, and is described by academics as one of their greatest soft powers in the context of politics and diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Gilbert_McLay_2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Gilbert_McLay_2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a considerable influence across the Trans-Tasman for its function at the intersection of culture, tourism, economics and health.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Gilbert_McLay_2016_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Gilbert_McLay_2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_competitions">Sporting competitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sporting competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia-New Zealand Sports rivalries exist across a range of sports, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup" title="Bledisloe Cup">Bledisloe Cup</a> is a Rugby Union competition which has particular notoriety for sparking Trans-Tasman rivalry. Other major sporting trophies between the countries include the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Trophy" title="Trans-Tasman Trophy">Trans-Tasman Trophy</a> in test cricket, the <a href="/wiki/Chappell-Hadlee_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chappell-Hadlee Trophy">Chappell-Hadlee Trophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> cricket, the <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC Test">ANZAC Test</a> in rugby league and the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Cup" title="Constellation Cup">Constellation Cup</a> in netball. The two nationals also share a <a href="/wiki/Australia-New_Zealand_soccer_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia-New Zealand soccer rivalry">strong soccer rivalry</a> and formerly played for the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Cup" title="Trans-Tasman Cup">Trans-Tasman Cup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia–New Zealand relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_ditch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crossing the ditch (disambiguation)">crossing the ditch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NEM18760219.1.2">"Completion of the cable"</a>. 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"Passengers and Low Cost Flights". <i>Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 15–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ073v19n01_02">10.1300/J073v19n01_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153336693">153336693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Travel+%26+Tourism+Marketing&rft.atitle=Passengers+and+Low+Cost+Flights&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-27&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ073v19n01_02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153336693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Birks%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrans-Tasman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Paul W. 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relations">Australia–New Zealand relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Commission_of_Australia,_Wellington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Commission of Australia, Wellington (page does not exist)">High Commission of Australia, Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_Australia_to_New_Zealand" title="List of high commissioners of Australia to New Zealand">High commissioners of Australia to New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_General_of_New_Zealand,_Melbourne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consulate General of New Zealand, Melbourne (page does not exist)">Consulate General of New Zealand, Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_General_of_New_Zealand,_Sydney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consulate General of New Zealand, Sydney (page does not exist)">Consulate General of New Zealand, Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_New_Zealand_to_Australia" title="List of high commissioners of New Zealand to Australia">High commissioners of New Zealand to Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_General_of_Australia,_Auckland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consulate General of Australia, Auckland (page does not exist)">Consulate General of Australia, Auckland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trans-Tasman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Pact" title="Canberra Pact">Canberra Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru_Island_Agreement" title="Nauru Island Agreement">Nauru Island Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underarm_bowling_incident_of_1981" title="Underarm bowling incident of 1981">Underarm bowling incident of 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%E2%80%93Peters_scandal" title="Carr–Peters scandal">Carr–Peters scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty</a> (ANZUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_Force" title="N Force">N Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Memorial,_Canberra" title="New Zealand Memorial, Canberra">New Zealand Memorial, Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Economic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Australia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Australia">Exclusive economic zone of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Union" title="Pacific Union">Pacific Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_Maritime_Treaty" title="Australia–New Zealand Maritime Treaty">Australia–New Zealand Maritime Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Visa" title="Special Category Visa">Special Category Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_sports_rivalries" title="Australia–New Zealand sports rivalries">Australia–New Zealand sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Trophy" title="Trans-Tasman Trophy">Trans-Tasman Trophy</a> (Test cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappell%E2%80%93Hadlee_Trophy" title="Chappell–Hadlee Trophy">Chappell–Hadlee Trophy</a> (ODI/T20 cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_series" title="Rose Bowl series">Rose Bowl series</a> (women's ODI crikcet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_O%27Reilly_Cup" title="Laurie O'Reilly Cup">Laurie O'Reilly Cup</a> (netball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_vs_New_Zealand_in_rugby_league" title="Australia vs New Zealand in rugby league">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Test" title="Anzac Test">Anzac Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand">Rugby union (men's)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup" title="Bledisloe Cup">Bledisloe Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women%27s_rugby_union_matches_between_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="History of women's rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand">rugby union (women's)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Cup" title="Constellation Cup">Constellation Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_soccer_rivalry" title="Australia–New Zealand soccer rivalry">Soccer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_Ashes" title="Soccer Ashes">Soccer Ashes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup_final" title="2015 Cricket World Cup final">2015 Cricket World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australasia at the Olympics">Australasia at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Ditch" title="Crossing the Ditch">Crossing the Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="2015 Rugby World Cup final">2015 Rugby World Cup final</a></li> <li>Rugby League World Cup finals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final" title="2000 Rugby League World Cup final">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final" title="2008 Rugby League World Cup final">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup_final" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup final">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_New_Zealand" title="Australian rules football in New Zealand">Australian rules football in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Pacific_Cable_System" title="Commonwealth Pacific Cable System">Commonwealth Pacific Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Cable" title="Southern Cross Cable">Southern Cross Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PacRimWest" title="PacRimWest">PacRimWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Global_Access" title="Tasman Global Access">Tasman Global Access</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Brains" title="Patriot Brains">Patriot Brains</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_Australia_Movement_Party" title="Join Australia Movement Party">Join Australia Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_new_Australian_states" title="Proposals for new Australian states">Proposals for new Australian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_voting_rights_in_Australia" title="Māori voting rights in Australia">Māori voting rights in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Category:Australia–New Zealand relations">Category:Australia–New Zealand relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&oldid=1240725370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Tasman&oldid=1240725370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Category:Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia–New Zealand relations</a></li><li><a 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