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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_exchange_(IX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Information exchange (IX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_exchange_(IX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cameras</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cameras subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-APS_SLR_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APS_SLR_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>APS SLR cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APS_SLR_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_APS" title="Format APS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format APS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%B0%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8F%AC%ED%86%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="어드밴스트 포토 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어드밴스트 포토 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="アドバンストフォトシステム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドバンストフォトシステム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Усовершенствованная фотосистема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Усовершенствованная фотосистема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Advanced Photo System" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%80%B2%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="先進攝影系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="先進攝影系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Still image film format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the film format. For the related digital image sensor format named after it, see <a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Special:EditPage/Advanced Photo System">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22">"Advanced Photo System"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Advanced+Photo+System%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg/260px-Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg/390px-Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg/520px-Advanced_Photo_System_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Advanced Photo System logo</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Advanced Photo System</b> (<b>APS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film format</a> for consumer still <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> first marketed in 1996 and discontinued in 2011. It was sold by various manufacturers under several brand names, including <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> (<b>Advantix</b>), <a href="/wiki/FujiFilm" class="mw-redirect" title="FujiFilm">FujiFilm</a> (<b>Nexia</b>), <a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">Agfa</a> (<b>Futura</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a> (<b>Centuria</b>). Development was led by Kodak starting in the mid-1980s. </p><p>Like prior attempts to displace <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135 film</a> from the amateur photography market, including <a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">126 film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Instamatic" title="Instamatic">Instamatic</a>), <a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">110</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disc_film" title="Disc film">disc</a>, APS used a film cartridge to reduce loading errors. APS also could reduce camera and lens size and weight by using a smaller image format; unlike the older amateur formats, image quality would be maintained by using newly-developed films, featuring emulsions with finer grain size and a flatter base material. The other major innovation delivered by APS was the "information exchange" process in which the camera recorded data directly on the film; this would simplify cropping prints to a desired aspect ratio and potentially could provide photofinishers with exposure data to optimize print quality. However, by the time APS was released in 1996, the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> had appeared, providing many of the same benefits with the additional convenience and economy of eliminating the developing process. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG/220px-Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG/330px-Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG/440px-Nikon_Nuvis_160i_camera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Nikon Nuvis 160i, an APS camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Kodak began developing "Project Orion" in the mid-1980s and solicited partners starting in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-PMI-98_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMI-98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Canon, Fujifilm, Kodak, Minolta, and Nikon formed a consortium to complete the new photographic system.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial testing of APS film cartridges with 40-exposure rolls started in 1994; details about the magnetic-stripe information encoding<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formats were provided later that year, although the prototype "Standard" frame size, at that time, was narrower than the final APS-C frame, with a 7:5 aspect ratio, 23.4×16.7 mm (0.92×0.66 in).<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9410_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APS was announced to the photofinishing market in October 1995 and officially launched at the <a href="/wiki/Photo_Marketing_Association" title="Photo Marketing Association">Photo Marketing Association</a> show in Las Vegas in February 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Kodak CEO <a href="/wiki/George_M._C._Fisher" title="George M. C. Fisher">George M. C. Fisher</a> announced that US$500 million had been invested in the new system to date, and an equal expense would be required going forward.<sup id="cite_ref-PMI-98_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMI-98-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg/220px-Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg/330px-Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg/440px-Canon_IXUS_APS_20080813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canon_ELPH_(series)" title="Canon ELPH (series)">Canon ELPH</a> aka IXUS (Europe) or IXY (Japan)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Advanced Photo System was an attempt at a major upgrade of photographic technology for amateurs, resulting in a new film cartridge to facilitate automation of film loading and rewinding;<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9601_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9601-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Kodak, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> of all film that it received for processing showed some defects attributable to loading error.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9504_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9504-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> In addition, the smaller film size potentially could result in APS point-and-shoot cameras with greater zoom ranges in the same size as existing 35 mm compact cameras,<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9504_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9504-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> or more compact altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> Accessories were made to facilitate digitization of APS film for use with computers, including a slideshow device for televisions and film scanner.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39, 40">: 39, 40 </span></sup> At launch, all five manufacturers announced point-and-shoot APS cameras;<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Canon_ELPH_(series)" title="Canon ELPH (series)">Canon ELPH</a> (IXY/IXUS) drew particular attention and demand for its compact size and stylish all-metal body.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the APS cameras sold were to the consumer <a href="/wiki/Point_and_shoot_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Point and shoot camera">point and shoot camera</a> market, but within five years of the format's launch, sales had dropped significantly, as the increasing quality, falling prices, and improved convenience of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a> made it a viable alternative to film, especially for the point-and-shoot market. In addition, auto-loading 35mm cameras could be made almost as compact, as convenient, and as inexpensive as APS-format cameras, preventing APS from attaining greater popularity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2009)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the potential benefits, APS never really caught on with professional photographers because of the significantly smaller film area (58% of <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135 film</a>) and narrow selection of film types. In controlled testing, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Photography" title="Popular Photography">Popular Photography</a></i> found that prints from one new emulsion developed for APS were significantly sharper than an equivalently-sized prints using a legacy 135 film emulsion, despite having to enlarge the APS frame by a greater magnification ratio. However, the new emulsion also could be (and later was) used for 35 mm film, eliminating the advantage of the smaller format.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film selection also hindered adoption of APS.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> Initially, only <a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">color print film</a> was available, with a limited selection of film speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9611_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9611-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">slide film</a>, popular with professional photographers, proved unpopular in APS format and was soon discontinued, although <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromogenic">chromogenic</a> black-and-white IX240 film continued to be produced. </p><p>In January 2004, Kodak announced it was ceasing APS camera production.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Fuji and Kodak, the last two manufacturers of APS film, discontinued production in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film is 24 mm wide, and has three selectable image formats: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"> <caption>APS image formats<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9410_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9410-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Frame size</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio</a></th> <th>Print</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">Crop factor</a><br />(vs. 36×24 <a href="/wiki/Full_frame_(cinematography)" title="Full frame (cinematography)">full frame</a>) </th> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the APS-H, APS-C, and APS-P film frame sizes, in comparison to the standard 35 mm frame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg/260px-APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg/390px-APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg/520px-APS_Film_Frame_Sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="363" /></a></span><br /><span style="color:#f00;">APS-H</span>, <span style="color:#080;">APS-C</span>, and <span style="color:#00f;">APS-P</span> film frame sizes, compared to the standard 35 mm frame </td></tr> <tr> <th>H </th> <td>High Definition </td> <td>30.2×16.7 mm (1.2×0.7 in)</td> <td>16:9</td> <td>4×7" </td> <td>1.25 </td></tr> <tr> <th>C </th> <td>Classic </td> <td>25.1×16.7 mm (1.0×0.7 in)</td> <td>3:2</td> <td>4×6" </td> <td>1.44 </td></tr> <tr> <th>P </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">Panoramic</a> </td> <td>30.2×9.5 mm (1.2×0.4 in)</td> <td>3:1</td> <td>4×11" </td> <td>1.37 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "C" and "P" formats are formed by cropping the 30.2 × 16.7 mm "High Definition" image, which uses the same 16:9 aspect ratio as <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>. The "C" format has the same 3:2 aspect ratio as a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135 film</a> image. Most APS cameras (with the exception of some <a href="/wiki/Disposable_camera" title="Disposable camera">disposable cameras</a>) can record all three formats. </p><p>The entire "H" frame is recorded on the film for each exposure, and information is recorded on the film to instruct the photofinsher to print the format selected by the photographer; an image recorded in one aspect ratio can be reprinted in another. In addition to the frame format, the <i>information exchange</i> (IX) standard included with APS identifies the film cartridge with a unique six-digit serial number. Some cameras can use IX to record additional <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, including exposure information, onto the film, either optically or magnetically. </p><p>The format selection is indicated on the film by a series of exposed squares alongside the image area (optical recording) or in a thin, transparent <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> coating (magentic recording), depending on the camera. In the absence of an operator-specified format, the machine printing an APS roll will use these indicators to determine the output format of each print.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Updated_usage">Updated usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Updated usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presently the format names APS-C and APS-H are most often used in reference to various makes of digital SLR that contain imaging sensors that have approximately the same <a href="/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">crop factor</a> as those formats, albeit with different actual dimensions, as APS-H digital sensors have a 3:2 aspect ratio, not the 16:9 aspect ratio of the APS-H film frame. Some of the lenses originally released with the APS SLRs have survived and are now marketed towards use on "APS" digital SLRs for the same reason. In reference to digital cameras, <i>APS</i> may also mean <a href="/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Active pixel sensor">active pixel sensor</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_cartridge">Film and cartridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Film and cartridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg/260px-KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg/390px-KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg/520px-KODAK_Advantix_APS_Film.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>KODAK Advantix APS film cartridge</figcaption></figure> <p>The film is on a <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_naphthalate" title="Polyethylene naphthalate">polyethylene naphthalate</a> (PEN) base,<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9601_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9601-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is wound on a single spool, housed in a <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> cartridge 39 mm (1.5 in) long. The PEN base is both thinner and lies flatter than traditional film base.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9611_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9611-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cross section, the cartridge resembles a <a href="/wiki/Squircle" title="Squircle">squircle</a> with varying corner radii. The basic diameter across one diagonal is 21 mm, while the basic diameter across the opposite diagonal measures 30 mm, including the corner slot where the film exits.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slot is protected by a lightproof door. It is available in 40, 25 and 15 exposure lengths. </p><p>The film includes a transparent magnetic coating over the entire rear surface; information is recorded on narrow tracks near the edge of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-FAQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each frame has four tracks: two below the frame, reserved for the camera, and two above the frame, reserved for the photofinishing equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some APS cameras use this coating to record exposure information via the IX system. </p><p>APS simplifies film handling by allowing the camera to wind the film automatically when loaded, and similarly by rewinding automatically after all the exposures have been taken; some cameras also can rewind partially exposed film cartridges, allowing them to be removed and used later. Numbered symbols (called 'visual indicators') on the cartridge end indicate the status of the film cartridge:<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IX240_Indicators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IX240_Indicators.jpg/220px-IX240_Indicators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IX240_Indicators.jpg/330px-IX240_Indicators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/IX240_Indicators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Visual indicators on an APS cartridge; this cartridge is in state 4 (fully exposed and developed)</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Full circle: Unexposed</li> <li>Half circle: Partly exposed</li> <li>Cross sign: Fully exposed but not processed</li> <li>Rectangle: Processed</li></ol> <p>Additionally, a tab on one end of the cartridge indicates that the cartridge has been processed. On the end opposite the visual indicators, a reflective bar code-like system is used to indicate precise film speed (at release, coded from ISO 25 to 1600), type (reversal or negative), and number of exposures; for simpler cameras, a mechanical notch indicates if the film speed is greater than or less than ISO 200.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9603-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p><p>Kodak initially released its APS color print films under the Advantix brand, in ISO 100, 200, and 400 speeds;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in July 1996, Kodak introduced ADVANTIX 200 Professional.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-FAQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2000, Kodak had introduced a monochrome print film.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Fujifilm offered color print and slide film under the established Fujichrome (ISO 100) and Fujicolor brands (ISO 100, 200, and 400) along with a new "SmartFilm" brand;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2002, Fujifilm had dropped the reversal film and was branding its APS color print film as Fujicolor Nexia, extending the range to ISO 800.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_exchange_(IX)"><span id="Information_exchange_.28IX.29"></span>Information exchange (IX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Information exchange (IX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major distinction of APS film is the ability to record information other than the image. This <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> information is most commonly used for print aspect ratio, but can also be used to record the date and time that the photograph was taken, store a caption, and record <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> data such as <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> setting. This information can be read by the photo printing equipment to determine the print aspect ratio, print information on the back (or, rarely, the front) of the photograph, or to improve print quality. The system was invented by four engineers at Kodak, who were awarded patents in 1992 and 1993 and who jointly were named the National Inventor of the Year in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two methods for storing information on the film are employed: "magnetic IX" and "optical IX". Optical IX is employed by less expensive cameras and disposable cameras, and employs a light source to expose a small section of the film, outside of the image negative area. This method is limited to determining the print aspect ratio of the finished print.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9603-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p><p>Magnetic IX is used in the more expensive cameras and allows for more information exchange. Most cameras with magnetic IX automatically record the exposure date and time on tracks in the magnetic layer, outside the visible area, with more advanced models allowing the user to specify a predetermined caption to be printed on the photo or record the exposure settings, as well as determine print aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9603-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Kodak claimed that a 40-exposure roll could record more than 80 KB of data.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnetic IX reportedly caused some problems for photo processors, who found their magnetic reading heads had to be cleaned frequently, or that their equipment's ability to print this information was limited, but Kodak's testing indicated magnetic deposits were not a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-FAQ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IX240_Cartridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/IX240_Cartridge.jpg/220px-IX240_Cartridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/IX240_Cartridge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Fujifilm APS cartridge, assigned FID code 708-759</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Film_developing" class="mw-redirect" title="Film developing">film developing</a> process, APS film is stored in the original cartridge, unlike 135 film. For identification, every cartridge is assigned a unique nine-digit cartridge identification (CID) code and the associated strip of APS film is assigned an identical filmstrip identification (FID) code; while the CID code has nine digits, the FID code has six human-readable digits and nine machine-readable digits.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six-digit FID code is printed on the cartridge label, at both ends of the processed negative, and also is stored magnetically (as a nine-digit code) in the IX layer. This FID is usually printed on the index print as well as the back of every individual print.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9603-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> The CID/FID system was designed to be an additional convenience both for the photoprocessor, who can easily match each processed film strip and prints with its cartridge, and each cartridge to a particular customer's order, and for the consumer, who can easily locate the correct cartridge if reprints are desired. </p><p>To facilitate automatic processing of film, a unique <a href="/wiki/DX_number" title="DX number">DX number</a> is assigned to the different types of film. </p><p>APS film is typically processed by using a small machine to transfer the exposed APS film from the original cartridge to a reloadable one, then re-attached to the original cartridge and rewound using another machine after processing. After support for APS was withdrawn in 2011, many film processors dispose of the APS cartridge and return the exposed film strip bare. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IX240_Negative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/IX240_Negative.jpg" decoding="async" width="544" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="73" /></a><figcaption>An IX240 negative strip; note printed FID (708-759) preceding first frame</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cameras">Cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg/220px-Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg/330px-Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg/440px-Kodak_Advantix_F300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>A typical low-end, fixed-focus<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APS compact camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The format was introduced in 1996 by Kodak, <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a> and others. APS was mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Point_and_shoot_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Point and shoot camera">point and shoot</a> <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> cameras,<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-ps_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-ps-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the cameras at launch shared a common design, including the Fujifilm Endeavor 100 / Minolta Vectis UC / Nikon Nuvis Mini and Kodak Advantix 5600MRX / Minolta Vectis 40.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28, 30">: 28, 30 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38, 39">: 38, 39 </span></sup> The Canon ELPH drew attention for its stainless steel body and compact dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>Camera manufacturers and their branded lines of APS point-and-shoot cameras included: </p> <ul><li>Canon (<a href="/wiki/Canon_ELPH_(series)" title="Canon ELPH (series)">ELPH (Americas) / IXUS (Europe) / IXY (Japan)</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fujifilm (Endeavor,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nexia)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kodak (Advantix)</li> <li>Konica (Revio)</li> <li>Minolta (Vectis)</li> <li>Nikon (Nuvis)</li> <li>Olympus (iSnap, iZoom, Newpic)</li> <li>Pentax (efina)</li> <li>Samsung (Impax)</li> <li>Yashica (Acclaim)</li></ul> <p>Three <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a> systems with interchangeable lenses also were released. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APS_SLR_cameras">APS SLR cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: APS SLR cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">APS SLRs</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_EOS_IX_(283183733).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canon EOS IX"><img alt="Canon EOS IX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg/200px-Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg/300px-Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg/400px-Canon_EOS_IX_%28283183733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_IX" title="Canon EOS IX">Canon EOS IX</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minolta Vectis S-1 with complete lens lineup"><img alt="Minolta Vectis S-1 with complete lens lineup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg/200px-Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg/300px-Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg/400px-Minolta_Vectis_Lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minolta_Vectis_S_series" title="Minolta Vectis S series">Minolta Vectis</a> S-1 with complete lens lineup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_(5182436253).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minolta Vectis S-100 with 28~56 mm kit lens"><img alt="Minolta Vectis S-100 with 28~56 mm kit lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg/171px-My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg/257px-My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg/343px-My_Minolta_Vectis_S-100_%285182436253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minolta_Vectis_S_series" title="Minolta Vectis S series">Minolta Vectis</a> S-100 with 28~56 mm kit lens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikon Pronea 600i"><img alt="Nikon Pronea 600i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg/200px-Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg/300px-Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg/400px-Nikon_Pronea_600i_img_0604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Pronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Pronea">Nikon Pronea</a> 600i</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikon Pronea S with IX-Nikkor lenses"><img alt="Nikon Pronea S with IX-Nikkor lenses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg/200px-Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg/300px-Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg/400px-Nikon_Pronea_S_img_1320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Pronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Pronea">Nikon Pronea</a> S with <i>IX-Nikkor</i> lenses</div> </li> </ul> <p>Three APS SLR systems were released as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_IX" title="Canon EOS IX">Canon EOS IX</a> (EOS IX and IX Lite)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minolta_Vectis" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta Vectis">Minolta Vectis</a> (S-1 and S-100)<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Pronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Pronea">Nikon Pronea</a> (6i/600i and S) with <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Corporation#Optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Corporation">Nikon IX lenses</a><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9612_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9904-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition to these interchangeable-lens models, Olympus released the Centurion, a <a href="/wiki/Zoom-lens_reflex_camera" title="Zoom-lens reflex camera">Zoom-lens reflex camera</a> (ZLR), similar to an SLR, but fitted with a fixed zoom lens (25~100 mm <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4.5~5.6</span>). Fujifilm also sold the Centurion as the Endeavor 4000SL.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APS SLR cameras were not particularly successful; they were too expensive for the high-end amateur market when they first appeared, and professional photographers continued to use 35 mm cameras, which offered greater image quality and resolution. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <caption>APS SLR systems and cameras </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mfr.</th> <th>System</th> <th>Camera </th> <th>Rel.</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lens_mount" title="Lens mount">Lens mount</a></th> <th>Shutter</th> <th>Dimensions</th> <th>Weight </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></th> <th rowspan="2">EOS IX </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_IX" title="Canon EOS IX">EOS IX</a><sup id="cite_ref-EOS-IX_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOS-IX-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Oct 1996</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_lens_mount" title="Canon EF lens mount">EF</a> </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> s, B;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> s </td> <td>132×80×59 mm (5.2×3.1×2.3 in)</td> <td>485 g (17.1 oz) w/ 2×CR123A </td></tr> <tr> <th>EOS IX Lite<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-03-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">Mar 1998</span> </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s </td> <td>123×80×64 mm (4.8×3.1×2.5 in)</td> <td>360 g (13 oz) w/out 2×CR2 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minolta_Vectis_S_series" title="Minolta Vectis S series">Vectis S</a> </th> <th>S-1<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1996</span><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">V </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s, B;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s </td> <td>127×76×64 mm (5×3×2.5 in)</td> <td>370 g (12.9 oz) w/out 2×CR2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>S-100<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span> s;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">90</span></span> s </td> <td>124×76×55 mm (4.9×3×2.18 in)</td> <td>310 g (11.1 oz) w/out 2×CR2 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Pronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Pronea">Pronea</a> </th> <th>6i<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1996</span><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9612_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">F</a> </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4000</span></span> s, B;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">180</span></span> s </td> <td>135×99×74 mm (5.3×3.9×2.9 in)</td> <td>560 g (19.8 oz) w/out 2×CR123A </td></tr> <tr> <th>S<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1999</span><sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9904-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>30–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2000</span></span> s, B;<br />synch: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> s </td> <td>116×87×57 mm (4.6×3.4×2.2 in)</td> <td>450 g (16 oz) w/out 2×CR2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of these the Canon EOS IX and the Nikon Pronea SLRs could use existing 35 mm SLR lenses with <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EF mount">Canon EF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">Nikon F mount</a>, respectively, whereas Minolta opted to create a new lens mount which later was shared with the <a href="/wiki/Minolta_Dim%C3%A2ge_RD_3000" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta Dimâge RD 3000">Minolta Dimâge RD 3000</a>, an early digital SLR (DSLR). Using existing lenses meant the field of view was reduced by around 1.6×, but had the advantage of a larger lens selection. Creating a new lens system on the other hand gave the possibility of creating smaller and lighter lenses as they had a smaller <a href="/wiki/Image_circle" title="Image circle">image circle</a> to cover. </p><p>Concurrently with their APS SLR film cameras, Canon, Minolta, and Nikon released lenses specifically intended for use on APS film cameras; the APS-specific lenses have shorter focal lengths to compensate for the reduced image size. Canon's lenses, which included the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_24-85mm_lens" title="Canon EF 24-85mm lens">EF 24-85mm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_22-55mm_lens" title="Canon EF 22-55mm lens">EF 22-55mm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_55-200mm_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EF 55-200mm lens">EF 55-200mm</a> lenses,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were fully functional with 35mm EOS SLRs; at least one (24–85mm) was available in silver finish to match the EOS IX camera.<sup id="cite_ref-EOS-IX_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOS-IX-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minolta released eight lenses for the Vectis V mount, with five zooms covering a range from 22 to 240 mm and three prime lenses at 17, 50 (macro), and 400 (<a href="/wiki/Catadioptric" class="mw-redirect" title="Catadioptric">catadioptric</a>) mm focal lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accompany the Pronea SLRs, Nikon released six <i>IX-Nikkor</i> lenses, all designed by Haruo Sato, which were lighter and had a smaller image circle, similar in concept to the later <a href="/wiki/Nikon_DX" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon DX">Nikon DX</a> format lenses released with the company's DSLRs, starting in 2004. The Nikon IX series of lenses were not compatible with the existing line of Nikon 35 mm SLRs; as they were designed with a smaller image circle and had a shorter back-focus, the rear elements, protruding into the body, would foul the mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikkor75_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikkor75-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nikon Pronea cameras accepted lenses for Nikon 35 mm SLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto-9904-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_film_systems" title="List of color film systems">List of color film systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">List of film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic photography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PMI-98-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMI-98_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMI-98_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Adams, Chris (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/kodak-advantix-photographic-system-project-3275">"A Kodak moment: Advantix project named 1997 international project of the year"</a>. <i>PM Network</i>. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 21–27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PM+Network&rft.atitle=A+Kodak+moment%3A+Advantix+project+named+1997+international+project+of+the+year&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmi.org%2Flearning%2Flibrary%2Fkodak-advantix-photographic-system-project-3275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak-About-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-About_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991103001906/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/APS/redBook/aboutSystem.shtml">"About the Advanced Photo System"</a>. Eastman Kodak Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/APS/redBook/aboutSystem.shtml">the original</a> on November 3, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Advanced+Photo+System&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fconsumer%2FAPS%2FredBook%2FaboutSystem.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dxmUB4AT_gC&pg=PA18">"Snapshots: New film system in 1996"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. August 1994. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Snapshots%3A+New+film+system+in+1996&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dxmUB4AT_gC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9410-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9410_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9410_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMWyCuSOIRkC&pg=PA8">"Snapshots: Advanced Photo system advances"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. October 1994. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Snapshots%3A+Advanced+Photo+system+advances&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMWyCuSOIRkC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9601-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9601_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9601_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppler1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Keppler" title="Herbert Keppler">Keppler, Herbert</a> (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15auqgaDxgkC&pg=PA32">"Radically new Advanced Photo System"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 32, 34, 170<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Radically+new+Advanced+Photo+System&rft.pages=32%2C+34%2C+170&rft.date=1996-01&rft.aulast=Keppler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15auqgaDxgkC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9504-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9504_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9504_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppler1995" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Keppler" title="Herbert Keppler">Keppler, Herbert</a> (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx8_7xbot7cC&pg=PA19">"SLR Hot News: Camera makers set to make Advanced Photo System AF SLRs 1/3 smaller, lighter with greater zoom range than 35mm SLRs, but..."</a> <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 19–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=SLR+Hot+News%3A+Camera+makers+set+to+make+Advanced+Photo+System+AF+SLRs+1%2F3+smaller%2C+lighter+with+greater+zoom+range+than+35mm+SLRs%2C+but......&rft.pages=19-22&rft.date=1995-04&rft.aulast=Keppler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNx8_7xbot7cC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9610-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9610_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Richards, Dan (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lM3mdMJNHIC&pg=PA28">"P&S: <i>Pop Photo</i> Goes Trolling For An ELPH, Finds Happiness"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 28–39<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=P%26S%3A+Pop+Photo+Goes+Trolling+For+An+ELPH%2C+Finds+Happiness&rft.pages=28-39&rft.date=1996-10&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lM3mdMJNHIC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-roar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-roar_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Richards, Dan (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIjpZLQQUEC&pg=PA38">"The First Advanced Photo System Wave Roars in"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 38–42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=The+First+Advanced+Photo+System+Wave+Roars+in&rft.pages=38-42&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmIjpZLQQUEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolonia1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Kolonia, Peter (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwqNj9E05tYC&pg=PA74">"APS vs. 35MM: Which is sharper?"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 74–75, 166<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=APS+vs.+35MM%3A+Which+is+sharper%3F&rft.pages=74-75%2C+166&rft.date=1996-08&rft.aulast=Kolonia&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwqNj9E05tYC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9611-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9611_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9611_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara1996" class="citation magazine cs1">McNamara, Michael J. (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjGdOd4qBF0C&pg=PA76">"APS...Which films are the best"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 76–79, 173, 222<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>As we went to press, there still were no faster print films [than ISO 400], no slide films, and no black-and-white APS films.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=APS...Which+films+are+the+best&rft.pages=76-79%2C+173%2C+222&rft.date=1996-11&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjGdOd4qBF0C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/news/0401/04011301kodakfilm.asp">"Kodak to stop making APS, some film cameras"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">dpreview.com</a>. 2004-01-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018171531/http://www.dpreview.com/news/0401/04011301kodakfilm.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+to+stop+making+APS%2C+some+film+cameras&rft.pub=dpreview.com&rft.date=2004-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Fnews%2F0401%2F04011301kodakfilm.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709140041/http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0120.html">"Apusu firumu hanbai shūryō no oshirase" <bdi lang="ja">APSフィルム販売終了のお知らせ</bdi></a> [Notice of the end of sale of APS film]. <i>Fujifilm</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0120.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fujifilm&rft.atitle=Apusu+firumu+hanbai+sh%C5%ABry%C5%8D+no+oshirase+APS%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E7%B5%82%E4%BA%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffujifilm.jp%2Finformation%2Farticlead_0120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=1096&pq-locale=en_GB&_requestid=17859">"Eastman Kodak Company"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Feknec%2FPageQuerier.jhtml%3Fpq-path%3D1096%26pq-locale%3Den_GB%26_requestid%3D17859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2000" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Michael (2000-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gClySvAhrzAC&q=Most+APS+cameras+(with+the+exception+of+some+disposable+cameras)+can+record+all+three+formats;+the+format+selection+is+indicated+on+the+film+by+a+series+of+exposed+squares+alongside+the+image+area+or+recorded+on+the+magnetic+coating+depending+on+the+camera."><i>Basic Photography</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09653-2"><bdi>978-1-136-09653-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Photography&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000-08-23&rft.isbn=978-1-136-09653-2&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgClySvAhrzAC%26q%3DMost%2BAPS%2Bcameras%2B%28with%2Bthe%2Bexception%2Bof%2Bsome%2Bdisposable%2Bcameras%29%2Bcan%2Brecord%2Ball%2Bthree%2Bformats%3B%2Bthe%2Bformat%2Bselection%2Bis%2Bindicated%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bfilm%2Bby%2Ba%2Bseries%2Bof%2Bexposed%2Bsquares%2Balongside%2Bthe%2Bimage%2Barea%2Bor%2Brecorded%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bmagnetic%2Bcoating%2Bdepending%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bcamera.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak-FAQ-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-FAQ_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970122072330/http://www2.kodak.com/catHome/faqs/faq-0398.shtml">"Frequently Asked Questions: Kodak Advanced Photo System Films"</a>. Eastman Kodak Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kodak.com/catHome/faqs/faq-0398.shtml">the original</a> on January 22, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Kodak+Advanced+Photo+System+Films&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kodak.com%2FcatHome%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq-0398.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9603-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9603_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppler1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Keppler" title="Herbert Keppler">Keppler, Herbert</a> (March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BPJaraVKOUC&pg=PA28">"Advanced Photo System"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 28–34, 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kodak.com/ciHome/APS/selectingFilm.shtml">the original</a> on January 22, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selecting+the+Best+Film&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kodak.com%2FciHome%2FAPS%2FselectingFilm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001202164500/http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+ADVANTIX+Films">"Kodak Advantix Films"</a>. Eastman Kodak Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/cgi-bin/webCatalog.pl?product=KODAK+ADVANTIX+Films">the original</a> on December 2, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+Advantix+Films&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FwebCatalog.pl%3Fproduct%3DKODAK%2BADVANTIX%2BFilms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980119131320/http://www.fujifilm.com/home/sbu/filmcam/apsfilm.htm">"Fujifilm APS film"</a>. <i>Fujifilm USA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifilm.com/home/sbu/filmcam/apsfilm.htm">the original</a> on January 19, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fujifilm+USA&rft.atitle=Fujifilm+APS+film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com%2Fhome%2Fsbu%2Ffilmcam%2Fapsfilm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020317083558/http://www.fujifilm.com:80/jsp/fuji/epartners/Products.jsp?nav=0&parent=234660">"24mm Advanced Photo System Films"</a>. <i>Fujifilm USA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifilm.com:80/jsp/fuji/epartners/Products.jsp?nav=0&parent=234660">the original</a> on March 17, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fujifilm+USA&rft.atitle=24mm+Advanced+Photo+System+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com%3A80%2Fjsp%2Ffuji%2Fepartners%2FProducts.jsp%3Fnav%3D0%26parent%3D234660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970319232828/http://www.kodak.com/aboutKodak/corpInfo/pressReleases/pr19960515-01.shtml">"Engineers Named National Inventors of the Year For Their Contributions To Kodak's Advanced Photo System"</a> (Press release). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/aboutKodak/corpInfo/pressReleases/pr19960515-01.shtml">the original</a> on March 19, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineers+Named+National+Inventors+of+the+Year+For+Their+Contributions+To+Kodak%27s+Advanced+Photo+System&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1996-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2FaboutKodak%2FcorpInfo%2FpressReleases%2Fpr19960515-01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970122052958/http://www.kodak.com/ciHome/APS/apsMagnetics.shtml">"Magnetics"</a>. Eastman Kodak Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/ciHome/APS/apsMagnetics.shtml">the original</a> on January 22, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnetics&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2FciHome%2FAPS%2FapsMagnetics.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwjp.kodak.com/TW/en/nav/productInfo/camera/consumerCamera/f300.shtml">"KODAK ADVANTIX F300/1600 AUTO Camera"</a>. <i>Kodak.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630201538/http://www.kodak.com/TW/en/consumer/products/aps/cameras/f300.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kodak.com&rft.atitle=KODAK+ADVANTIX+F300%2F1600+AUTO+Camera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwjp.kodak.com%2FTW%2Fen%2Fnav%2FproductInfo%2Fcamera%2FconsumerCamera%2Ff300.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-ps-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604-ps_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Richards, Dan (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIjpZLQQUEC&pg=PA28">"Point & Shoot: First Out of The Box: A Whole Line of APS Minoltas"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 28–30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Point+%26+Shoot%3A+First+Out+of+The+Box%3A+A+Whole+Line+of+APS+Minoltas&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmIjpZLQQUEC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/camera.html?s=film&s2=elph">"Film Cameras - ELPH"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifilm.com/home/sbu/filmcam/apsidx.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fujifilm+USA&rft.atitle=Fujifilm+APS+cameras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com%2Fhome%2Fsbu%2Ffilmcam%2Fapsidx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020317083639/http://www.fujifilm.com:80/JSP/fuji/epartners/Products.jsp?nav=-2&parent=234638">"24mm APS Point and Shoot Cameras"</a>. <i>Fujifilm USA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifilm.com:80/JSP/fuji/epartners/Products.jsp?nav=-2&parent=234638">the original</a> on March 17, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fujifilm+USA&rft.atitle=24mm+APS+Point+and+Shoot+Cameras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com%3A80%2FJSP%2Ffuji%2Fepartners%2FProducts.jsp%3Fnav%3D-2%26parent%3D234638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lM3mdMJNHIC&pg=PA40">"And here they come ..."</a> <i>Popular Photography</i>. October 1996. pp. 40, 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=And+here+they+come+...&rft.pages=40%2C+88&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lM3mdMJNHIC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNijOBJattoC&pg=PA138">"Canon EOS IX Lite"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. December 1999. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Canon+EOS+IX+Lite&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNijOBJattoC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9604-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9604_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppler1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Keppler" title="Herbert Keppler">Keppler, Herbert</a> (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIjpZLQQUEC&pg=PA23">"SLR: Ingeniously different, delightful to use Minolta Vectis S-1 SLR goes to the top of the Advanced Photo System"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 23–26, 163<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=SLR%3A+Ingeniously+different%2C+delightful+to+use+Minolta+Vectis+S-1+SLR+goes+to+the+top+of+the+Advanced+Photo+System&rft.pages=23-26%2C+163&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Keppler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmIjpZLQQUEC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9612-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9612_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9612_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppler1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Keppler" title="Herbert Keppler">Keppler, Herbert</a> (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZdHOG7zepoC&pg=PA16">"SLR: Can't decide whether you want a simple point-and-shoot Advanced Photo System SLR or one loaded with 'the works'? Why not have both?"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 16, 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=SLR%3A+Can%27t+decide+whether+you+want+a+simple+point-and-shoot+Advanced+Photo+System+SLR+or+one+loaded+with+%27the+works%27%3F+Why+not+have+both%3F&rft.pages=16%2C+18&rft.date=1996-12&rft.aulast=Keppler&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZdHOG7zepoC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopPhoto-9904-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopPhoto-9904_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RGaYCAAedMC&pg=PA84">"Test: Nikon Pronea S"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. April 1999. pp. 84–88, 125<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Test%3A+Nikon+Pronea+S&rft.pages=84-88%2C+125&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RGaYCAAedMC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Richards, Dan (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZdHOG7zepoC&pg=PA115">"Top APS point-and-shoots compared"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 114–116<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Top+APS+point-and-shoots+compared&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=1996-12&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZdHOG7zepoC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Hart, Russell (September–October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AU_di09SdbkC&pg=PA90">"Field Test: ZLR meets APS"</a>. <i>American Photo</i>. p. 90<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Photo&rft.atitle=Field+Test%3A+ZLR+meets+APS&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1997-09%2F1997-10&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAU_di09SdbkC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOS-IX-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOS-IX_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOS-IX_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/product/film191.html">"Film Cameras: EOS IX E (J) / EOS IX (A) / EOS IX (E)"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Camera+Museum&rft.atitle=Film+Cameras%3A+EOS+IX+E+%28J%29+%2F+EOS+IX+%28A%29+%2F+EOS+IX+%28E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.canon%2Fen%2Fc-museum%2Fproduct%2Ffilm191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/product/film202.html">"Film Cameras: EOS IX 50 (J) / EOS IX Lite (A) / EOS IX 7 (E)"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Camera+Museum&rft.atitle=Film+Cameras%3A+EOS+IX+50+%28J%29+%2F+EOS+IX+Lite+%28A%29+%2F+EOS+IX+7+%28E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.canon%2Fen%2Fc-museum%2Fproduct%2Ffilm202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011105111945/http://www.minoltausa.com:80/photographic/cameras/aps/vectis/s_1/specs.asp?productID=623&whichProductSection=3&whichSection=2">"Vectis S-1 Specifications"</a>. Minolta Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoltausa.com:80/photographic/cameras/aps/vectis/s_1/specs.asp?productID=623&whichProductSection=3&whichSection=2">the original</a> on November 5, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vectis+S-1+Specifications&rft.pub=Minolta+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoltausa.com%3A80%2Fphotographic%2Fcameras%2Faps%2Fvectis%2Fs_1%2Fspecs.asp%3FproductID%3D623%26whichProductSection%3D3%26whichSection%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010820054100/http://www.minoltausa.com:80/photographic/cameras/aps/vectis/s_100/specs.asp?productID=624&whichProductSection=3&whichSection=2">"Vectis S-100 Specifications"</a>. Minolta Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoltausa.com:80/photographic/cameras/aps/vectis/s_100/specs.asp?productID=624&whichProductSection=3&whichSection=2">the original</a> on August 20, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vectis+S-100+Specifications&rft.pub=Minolta+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoltausa.com%3A80%2Fphotographic%2Fcameras%2Faps%2Fvectis%2Fs_100%2Fspecs.asp%3FproductID%3D624%26whichProductSection%3D3%26whichSection%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000125234709/http://www.nikonusa.com/products/feature.cfm?id=76&feature=48">"Pronea 6i: Specifications"</a>. Nikon USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/products/feature.cfm?id=76&feature=48">the original</a> on January 25, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pronea+6i%3A+Specifications&rft.pub=Nikon+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fproducts%2Ffeature.cfm%3Fid%3D76%26feature%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000302013452/http://nikonusa.com/proneas/specs.html">"Pronea S Specifications"</a>. Nikon USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonusa.com/proneas/specs.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pronea+S+Specifications&rft.pub=Nikon+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikonusa.com%2Fproneas%2Fspecs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/product/ef337.html">"EF 24-85mm f/3.5-4.5 USM"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Camera+Museum&rft.atitle=EF+24-85mm+f%2F3.5-4.5+USM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.canon%2Fen%2Fc-museum%2Fproduct%2Fef337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/product/ef344.html">"EF 22-55mm f/4-5.6 USM"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Camera+Museum&rft.atitle=EF+22-55mm+f%2F4-5.6+USM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.canon%2Fen%2Fc-museum%2Fproduct%2Fef344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/c-museum/product/ef343.html">"EF 55-200mm f/4.5-5.6 USM"</a>. <i>Canon Camera Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Camera+Museum&rft.atitle=EF+55-200mm+f%2F4.5-5.6+USM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.canon%2Fen%2Fc-museum%2Fproduct%2Fef343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012221651/http://www.minoltausa.com:80/consumer/accessories/lenses/vectis/index.asp">"Vectis Lenses"</a>. Minolta USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoltausa.com:80/consumer/accessories/lenses/vectis/index.asp">the original</a> on October 12, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vectis+Lenses&rft.pub=Minolta+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoltausa.com%3A80%2Fconsumer%2Faccessories%2Flenses%2Fvectis%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikkor75-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikkor75_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato" class="citation web cs1">Sato, Haruo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imaging.nikon.com/imaging/information/story/0075/">"NIKKOR - The Thousand and One Nights No. 75: An exciting new photo system that changed the times! IX-Nikkor 20-60mm f/3.5-5.6"</a>. <i>Nikon Imaging</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikon+Imaging&rft.atitle=NIKKOR+-+The+Thousand+and+One+Nights+No.+75%3A+An+exciting+new+photo+system+that+changed+the+times%21+IX-Nikkor+20-60mm+f%2F3.5-5.6&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Haruo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimaging.nikon.com%2Fimaging%2Finformation%2Fstory%2F0075%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112054621/http://www.photo.net/equipment/aps/">Reviews and comments on APS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparetimelabs.com/animato/animato/APS/index.html">Photos of disassembled APS cassette and Elph/Ixus camera</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujifilm.com.hk/products/consumer_film/pdf/nexia_a200_datasheet.pdf">"Data Sheet: Fujicolor nexia A 200 (All-round), pub. AF3-012E"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fujifilm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Sheet%3A+Fujicolor+nexia+A+200+%28All-round%29%2C+pub.+AF3-012E&rft.pub=Fujifilm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilm.com.hk%2Fproducts%2Fconsumer_film%2Fpdf%2Fnexia_a200_datasheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifotocenter.at/Download/Nexia_400_Datasheet.pdf">"Data Sheet: Fujicolor nexia 400, pub. AF3-092E"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fujifilm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Sheet%3A+Fujicolor+nexia+400%2C+pub.+AF3-092E&rft.pub=Fujifilm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifotocenter.at%2FDownload%2FNexia_400_Datasheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://125px.com/docs/unsorted/kodak/f28.pdf">"Technical Data: KODAK ADVANTIX Black & white + 400 Print Film (pub. F-28)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eastman Kodak Company. January 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Data%3A+KODAK+ADVANTIX+Black+%26+white+%2B+400+Print+Film+%28pub.+F-28%29&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F125px.com%2Fdocs%2Funsorted%2Fkodak%2Ff28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://125px.com/docs/unsorted/kodak/e46.pdf">"Technical Data: KODAK ADVANTIX 100, 200, and 400 Films (pub. E-46)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eastman Kodak Company. February 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Data%3A+KODAK+ADVANTIX+100%2C+200%2C+and+400+Films+%28pub.+E-46%29&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F125px.com%2Fdocs%2Funsorted%2Fkodak%2Fe46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/consumer/products/techInfo/e7003/e7003.pdf">"Technical Data: KODAK ADVANTiX Films (pub. E-7003)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eastman Kodak Company. February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Data%3A+KODAK+ADVANTiX+Films+%28pub.+E-7003%29&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fglobal%2Fplugins%2Facrobat%2Fen%2Fconsumer%2Fproducts%2FtechInfo%2Fe7003%2Fe7003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvanced+Photo+System" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&oldid=1253384341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Photo_System&oldid=1253384341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_formats" title="Category:Film formats">Film formats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audiovisual_introductions_in_1996" title="Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1996">Audiovisual introductions in 1996</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010">Articles needing additional references from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_October_2009" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2009">Articles that may contain original research from October 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 18:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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