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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armoured_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Armoured vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armoured_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-wheeled_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-wheeled_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Two-wheeled vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-wheeled_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_monobuc" title="Estructura monobuc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura monobuc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samonosn%C3%A1_karoserie" title="Samonosná karoserie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samonosná karoserie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monocoque" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocasco" title="Monocasco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monocasco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87" title="شاسی یکپارچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاسی یکپارچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque_(structure)" title="Monocoque (structure) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monocoque (structure)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocasco" title="Monocasco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monocasco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%B8%EC%BD%94%ED%81%AC" title="모노코크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모노코크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokok" title="Monokok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monokok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scocca" title="Scocca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scocca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokok" title="Monokok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Monokok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monocoque" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="モノコック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モノコック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvb%C3%A6rende_karosseri" title="Selvbærende karosseri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selvbærende karosseri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadwozie_samono%C5%9Bne" title="Nadwozie samonośne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadwozie samonośne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monocoque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Монокок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монокок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Monocoque" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokokki" title="Monokokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monokokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvb%C3%A4rande_kaross" title="Självbärande kaross – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Självbärande kaross" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokok" title="Monokok – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monokok" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structural design that supports loads through an object's external skin</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deperdussin_Monocoque_(MAE).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG/250px-Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG/375px-Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG/500px-Deperdussin_Monocoque_%28MAE%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deperdussin_Monocoque" title="Deperdussin Monocoque">Deperdussin Monocoque</a>, with wooden shell construction</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Monocoque</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MON</span>-ə-ko(h)k</i></a>), also called <b>structural skin</b>, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word <i>monocoque</i> is a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term for "single shell".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First used for boats,<sup id="cite_ref-french_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a true monocoque carries both tensile and compressive forces within the skin and can be recognised by the absence of a load-carrying internal frame. Few metal aircraft other than those with milled skins can strictly be regarded as pure monocoques, as they use a metal shell or sheeting reinforced with frames riveted to the skin, but most wooden aircraft are described as monocoques, even though they also incorporate frames. </p><p>By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Semi-monocoque" title="Semi-monocoque">semi-monocoque</a> is a hybrid combining a tensile <a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">stressed skin</a> and a compressive structure made up of <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">longerons and ribs or frames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other semi-monocoques, not to be confused with true monocoques, include vehicle <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame#Unibody" title="Vehicle frame">unibodies</a>, which tend to be composites, and <a href="/wiki/Inflatable" title="Inflatable">inflatable shells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balloon_tank" title="Balloon tank">balloon tanks</a>, both of which are pressure stabilised. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg/220px-LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg/330px-LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg/440px-LFG_Roland_C.II_LRQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>LFG Roland C.II with wooden <i>Wickelrumpf</i> monocoque fuselage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeppelin-Lindau_(Do)_D.I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg/220px-Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg/330px-Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg/440px-Zeppelin-Lindau_%28Do%29_D.I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Zeppelin D.I, the first production all-metal monocoque aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>Early aircraft were constructed using frames, typically of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> tubing, which could then be covered (or <i>skinned</i>) with fabric<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWI_Brit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWI_Brit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fabric made a minor structural contribution in tension but none in compression and was there for aerodynamic reasons only. By considering the structure as a whole and not just the sum of its parts, monocoque construction integrated the skin and frame into a single load-bearing shell with significant improvements to strength and weight. </p><p>To make the shell, thin strips of wood were laminated into a three dimensional shape; a technique adopted from boat hull construction. One of the earliest examples was the <a href="/wiki/Deperdussin_Monocoque" title="Deperdussin Monocoque">Deperdussin Monocoque</a> racer in 1912, which used a laminated fuselage made up of three layers of glued poplar veneer, which provided both the external skin and the main load-bearing structure.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also produced a smoother surface and reduced drag so effectively that it was able to win most of the races it was entered into.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This style of construction was further developed in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft" title="Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft">LFG Roland</a> using the patented <i>Wickelrumpf</i> (wrapped hull) form later licensed by them to <a href="/wiki/Pfalz_Flugzeugwerke" title="Pfalz Flugzeugwerke">Pfalz Flugzeugwerke</a> who used it on several fighter aircraft. Each half of the fuselage shell was formed over a male mold using two layers of plywood strips with fabric wrapping between them. The early plywood used was prone to damage from moisture and delamination.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all-metal aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J_1" title="Junkers J 1">Junkers J 1</a> had appeared as early as 1915, these were not monocoques but added a metal skin to an underlying framework. </p><p>The first metal monocoques were built by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Dornier" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Dornier">Claudius Dornier</a>, while working for Zeppelin-Lindau.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had to overcome a number of problems, not least was the quality of aluminium alloys strong enough to use as structural materials, which frequently formed layers instead of presenting a uniform material.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failed attempts with several large flying boats in which a few components were monocoques, he built the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeppelin-Lindau_V1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeppelin-Lindau V1 (page does not exist)">Zeppelin-Lindau V1</a> to test out a monocoque fuselage. Although it crashed, he learned a lot from its construction. The <a href="/wiki/Dornier-Zeppelin_D.I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier-Zeppelin D.I">Dornier-Zeppelin D.I</a> was built in 1918 and although too late for operational service during the war was the first all metal monocoque aircraft to enter production.<sup id="cite_ref-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terry,_1981,_pp.97–117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel to Dornier, Zeppelin also employed <a href="/wiki/Rohrbach_Metall-Flugzeugbau" title="Rohrbach Metall-Flugzeugbau">Adolf Rohrbach</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_E-4/20" title="Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20">Zeppelin-Staaken E-4/20</a>, which when it flew in 1920<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first multi-engined monocoque airliner, before being destroyed under orders of the Inter-Allied Commission. At the end of WWI, the Inter-Allied Technical Commission published details of the last <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin-Lindau_Rs.IV" title="Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV">Zeppelin-Lindau flying boat</a> showing its monocoque construction. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Short" title="Oswald Short">Oswald Short</a> built a number of experimental aircraft with metal monocoque fuselages starting with the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Short_Silver_Streak" title="Short Silver Streak">Short Silver Streak</a> in an attempt to convince the air ministry of its superiority over wood. Despite advantages, aluminium alloy monocoques would not become common until the mid 1930s as a result of a number of factors, including design conservatism and production setup costs. Short would eventually prove the merits of the construction method with a series of flying boats, whose metal hulls didn't absorb water as the wooden hulls did, greatly improving performance. In the United States, Northrop was a major pioneer, introducing techniques used by his own company and Douglas with the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Alpha" title="Northrop Alpha">Northrop Alpha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_cars">Race cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Race cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McLaren_MP4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/McLaren_MP4.jpg/220px-McLaren_MP4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/McLaren_MP4.jpg/330px-McLaren_MP4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/McLaren_MP4.jpg/440px-McLaren_MP4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>1981 McLaren MP4/1, with a <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer">carbon fiber composite</a> monocoque</figcaption></figure> <p>In motor racing, the safety of the driver depends on the car body, which must meet stringent regulations, and only a few cars have been built with monocoque structures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum alloy">aluminum alloy</a> monocoque <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> was first used in the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Lotus_25" title="Lotus 25">Lotus 25</a> Formula 1 race car and <a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> was the first to use carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers to construct the monocoque of the 1981 <a href="/wiki/McLaren_MP4/1" title="McLaren MP4/1">McLaren MP4/1</a>. In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XJR-15" title="Jaguar XJR-15">Jaguar XJR-15</a> became the first production car with a carbon-fiber monocoque.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_cars">Road cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Road cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG/220px-%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG/330px-%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG/440px-%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97_%D0%9C-72_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda" title="GAZ-M20 Pobeda">GAZ M-72</a> was the world's first series-produced monocoque four-wheel drive (1955).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>monocoque</i> is frequently misapplied to <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame#Unibody" title="Vehicle frame">unibody</a> cars. Commercial car bodies are almost never true monocoques but instead use the unibody system (also referred to as unitary construction, unitary body–chassis or body–frame integral construction),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the body of the vehicle, its floor pan, and chassis form a single structure, while the skin adds relatively little strength or stiffness.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armoured_vehicles">Armoured vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armoured vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a> use a monocoque structure with a body shell built up from <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a> plates, rather than attaching them to a frame. This reduces weight for a given amount of armour. Examples include the German <a href="/wiki/TPz_Fuchs" title="TPz Fuchs">TPz Fuchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/RG-33" title="RG-33">RG-33</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-wheeled_vehicles">Two-wheeled vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Two-wheeled vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French industrialist and engineer Georges Roy attempted in the 1920s to improve on the bicycle-inspired <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> frames of the day, which lacked rigidity. This limited their handling and therefore performance. He applied for a patent in 1926, and at the 1929 Paris Automotive Show unveiled his new motorcycle, the Art-Deco styled 1930 Majestic. Its new type of monocoque body solved the problems he had addressed, and along with better rigidity it did double-duty, as frame and bodywork provided some protection from the elements. Strictly considered, it was more of a semi-monocoque, as it used a box-section, pressed-steel frame with twin side rails riveted together via crossmembers, along with floor pans and rear and front bulkheads.<sup id="cite_ref-french_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A <a href="/wiki/Piatti_scooter" title="Piatti scooter">Piatti</a> light <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a> was produced in the 1950s using a monocoque hollow shell of sheet-steel pressings welded together, into which the engine and transmission were installed from underneath.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg/220px-Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg/330px-Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg/440px-Yamaha_1962_MF1_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Yamaha MF-1</figcaption></figure><p> The machine could be tipped onto its side, resting on the bolt-on footboards for mechanical access.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG/220px-OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG/330px-OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG/440px-OSSA_250cc_Monohull_1968_Santi_Herrero_c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>1968 Ossa 250 cc Grand Prix racer</figcaption></figure> <p>A monocoque framed <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> from 1960–1962. Model MF-1 was powered by a 50 cc engine with a three-speed transmission and a fuel tank incorporated into the frame.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A monocoque-framed motorcycle was developed by Spanish manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Ossa_(motorcycle)" title="Ossa (motorcycle)">Ossa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1967_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the single-cylinder Ossa had 20 horsepower (15 kW) less than its rivals, it was 45 pounds (20 kg) lighter and its monocoque frame was much stiffer than conventional <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_frame" title="Motorcycle frame">motorcycle frames</a>, giving it superior agility on the racetrack.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ossa won four Grands Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider died after a crash during the 250 cc event at the <a href="/wiki/1970_Isle_of_Man_TT" title="1970 Isle of Man TT">1970 Isle of Man TT</a>, causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Grand Prix</a> competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago_Herrero_–_Spanish_Flyer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable designers such as Eric Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs for racing in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Formula_750" title="Formula 750">F750</a> event at the <a href="/wiki/1973_Isle_of_Man_TT" title="1973 Isle of Man TT">1973 Isle of Man TT</a> races was won by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Williams_(motorcyclist)" title="Peter Williams (motorcyclist)">Peter Williams</a> on the monocoque-framed John Player Special that he helped to design based on <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commando" title="Norton Commando">Norton Commando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> also experimented with the <a href="/wiki/NR500" class="mw-redirect" title="NR500">NR500</a>, a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle in <a href="/wiki/1979_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season" title="1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season">1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bike had other innovative features, including an engine with oval shaped cylinders, and eventually succumbed to the problems associated with attempting to develop too many new technologies at once. In 1987 <a href="/wiki/John_Britten" title="John Britten">John Britten</a> developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only 12 kg (26 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An aluminium monocoque frame was used for the first time on a mass-produced motorcycle from 2000 on Kawasaki's <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ninja_ZX-12R" title="Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R">ZX-12R</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-frame_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their flagship production sportbike aimed at being the <a href="/wiki/Fastest_production_motorcycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastest production motorcycle">fastest production motorcycle</a>. It was described by <i><a href="/wiki/Cycle_World" title="Cycle World">Cycle World</a></i> in 2000 as a "monocoque backbone ... a single large diameter beam" and "Fabricated from a combination of castings and sheet-metal stampings".<sup id="cite_ref-first_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Single-piece <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_frame" title="Bicycle frame">bicycle frames</a> are sometimes described as monocoques; however as most use components to form a frame structure (even if molded in a single piece),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these are frames not monocoques, and the pedal-cycle industry continues to refer to them as framesets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis" title="GE Genesis">P40DC, P42DC and P32ACDM</a> all utilize a monocoque shell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rockets">Rockets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg/220px-SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg/330px-SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg/440px-SpaceX_falcon_in_warehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Falcon 1 rocket first-stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> have used pressure-stabilized monocoque designs, such as <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atlas was very light since a major portion of its structural support was provided by its single-wall steel <a href="/wiki/Balloon_tank" title="Balloon tank">balloon fuel tanks</a>, which hold their shape while under acceleration by internal pressure. Balloon tanks are not true monocoques but act in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Inflatable" title="Inflatable">inflatable shells</a>. A balloon tank skin only handles <a href="/wiki/Tensile_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile force">tensile forces</a> while <a href="/wiki/Compression_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression forces">compression</a> is resisted by internal liquid pressure in a way similar to semi-monocoques braced by a solid frame. This becomes obvious when internal pressure is lost and the structure collapses. Monocoque tanks can also be cheaper to manufacture than more traditional <a href="/wiki/Orthogrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogrid">orthogrids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin's</a> upcoming <a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> launch vehicle will use monocoque construction on its second stage despite the mass penalty in order to reduce the cost of production. This is especially important when the stage is <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a>, as with the <a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> second stage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_chassis" title="Backbone chassis">Backbone chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">Body-on-frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbon_fiber_monocoque_cars" title="List of carbon fiber monocoque cars">List of carbon fiber monocoque cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_frame" title="Space frame">Space frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-shell_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-shell structure">Thin-shell structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">Vehicle frame</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monocoques" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monocoques">Monocoques</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-french-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-french_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-french_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarson2018" class="citation web cs1">Garson, Paul (May–June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/more-classic-motorcycles/1930-majestic-zm0z18mjzhur//">"Art Deco on Wheels: 1930 Majestic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_Classics" title="Motorcycle Classics">Motorcycle Classics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motorcycle+Classics&rft.atitle=Art+Deco+on+Wheels%3A+1930+Majestic&rft.date=2018-05%2F2018-06&rft.aulast=Garson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcycleclassics.com%2Fmore-classic-motorcycles%2F1930-majestic-zm0z18mjzhur%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook (Publication AC65-15A)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica+%E2%80%93+Atlas&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Fatlas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111225911/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon1.htm">"Encyclopedia Astronautica – Falcon 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/falcon1.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica+%E2%80%93+Falcon+1&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Ffalcon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEveryday_Astronaut2024" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Everyday Astronaut (2024-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=XSWZstcO7tSrlrvh&v=rsuqSn7ifpU&feature=youtu.be"><i>First Look Inside Blue Origin's New Glenn Factory w/ Jeff Bezos!</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Look+Inside+Blue+Origin%27s+New+Glenn+Factory+w%2F+Jeff+Bezos%21&rft.date=2024-08-15&rft.au=Everyday+Astronaut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fsi%3DXSWZstcO7tSrlrvh%26v%3DrsuqSn7ifpU%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocoque&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrosz1998" class="citation book cs1">Grosz, Peter (1998). <i>Dornier D.I</i>. Windsock Mini datafile # 12. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780948414923" title="Special:BookSources/9780948414923"><bdi>9780948414923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dornier+D.I&rft.place=Hertfordshire%2C+UK&rft.series=Windsock+Mini+datafile+%23+12&rft.pub=Albatros+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780948414923&rft.aulast=Grosz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaddowGrosz1988" class="citation book cs1">Haddow, G.W.; Grosz, Peter M. (1988). <i>The German Giants - The German R-Planes 1914-1918</i> (third ed.). London: Putnam. pp. <span class="nowrap">289–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851778127" title="Special:BookSources/0851778127"><bdi>0851778127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Giants+-+The+German+R-Planes+1914-1918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0851778127&rft.aulast=Haddow&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft.au=Grosz%2C+Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMegson1972" class="citation book cs1">Megson, T.H.G. (1972). <i>Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students</i>. London: Edward Arnold Publishers LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-3393-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-3393-7"><bdi>0-7131-3393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Structures+for+Engineering+Students&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+Publishers+LTD&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7131-3393-7&rft.aulast=Megson&rft.aufirst=T.H.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Bruce (1996). <i>WWI British Aeroplane Colours and Markings</i>. Berkhampstead: Albatros Publications Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948414-65-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-948414-65-0"><bdi>0-948414-65-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WWI+British+Aeroplane+Colours+and+Markings&rft.place=Berkhampstead&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Albatros+Publications+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-948414-65-0&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monocoque">"Monococque definition"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Monococque+definition&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmonocoque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchatzberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Schatzberg, Eric (1999). <i>Wings of Wood, Wings of Metal: Culture and Technical Choice in American Airplane Materials, 1914–1945</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691087733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691087733"><bdi>978-0691087733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Wood%2C+Wings+of+Metal%3A+Culture+and+Technical+Choice+in+American+Airplane+Materials%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0691087733&rft.aulast=Schatzberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerry1981" class="citation journal cs1">Terry, Gerard (1981). "The Development of Dornier Landplanes 1914–1918". <i>Cross & Cockade Great Britain Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (3). Society of WW1 Aero Historians: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross+%26+Cockade+Great+Britain+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Dornier+Landplanes+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices – Aircraft Inspection and Repair (Publication AC 43.13-1B)</i>. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Standards Division. 2001. p. 1.2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-036209-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-036209-1"><bdi>0-16-036209-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acceptable+Methods%2C+Techniques%2C+and+Practices+%E2%80%93+Aircraft+Inspection+and+Repair+%28Publication+AC+43.13-1B%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1.2&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Transportation+Federal+Aviation+Administration+Standards+Division&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-16-036209-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1912" class="citation journal cs1">Unknown (1912). "unknown". <i>Aeronautics</i> (October): 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeronautics&rft.atitle=unknown&rft.issue=October&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonocoque" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">Fender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">ponton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_skirts" title="Fender skirts">skirts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_scoop" title="Hood scoop">scoop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_scoop" title="Shaker scoop">shaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_panel" title="Quarter panel">Quarter panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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