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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religious texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairy_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairy_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fairy tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairy_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Art history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Claes_Oldenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claes_Oldenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Claes Oldenburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claes_Oldenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Minimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-minimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-minimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Post-minimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-minimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mascots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mascots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mascots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mascots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundational_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundational_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Foundational research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundational_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-factor_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-factor_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Three-factor theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-factor_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Developmental perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Effect on learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>In mental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>In marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthropomorphism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermensliking" title="Vermensliking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vermensliking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphismus" title="Anthropomorphismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anthropomorphismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تجسيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجسيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizm" title="Antropomorfizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antropomorfizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="নৃতাত্ত্বিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৃতাত্ত্বিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антрапамарфізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антрапамарфізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антрапамарфізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антрапамарфізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антропоморфизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denhe%C3%B1velegezh" title="Denheñvelegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Denheñvelegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismus" title="Antropomorfismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antropomorfismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphismus" title="Anthropomorphismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthropomorphismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfism" title="Antropomorfism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antropomorfism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ανθρωπομορφισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρωπομορφισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انسان‌انگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌انگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphisme" title="Anthropomorphisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropomorphisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EA%B4%80" title="의인관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의인관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարդակերպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդակերպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizam" title="Antropomorfizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antropomorfizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphismo" title="Anthropomorphismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anthropomorphismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%94" title="האנשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანთროპომორფიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანთროპომორფიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashihisi" title="Tashihisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tashihisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorf%C3%AEzm" title="Antropomorfîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antropomorfîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisms" title="Antropomorfisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antropomorfisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphismus" title="Anthropomorphismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anthropomorphismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizmus" title="Antropomorfizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antropomorfizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%A6%B3" title="擬人観 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="擬人観" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfisme" title="Antropomorfisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antropomorfisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizm" title="Antropomorfizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antropomorfizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizacja" title="Antropomorfizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antropomorfizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismo" title="Antropomorfismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antropomorfismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfism" title="Antropomorfism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antropomorfism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anthropomorphism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizmus" title="Antropomorfizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antropomorfizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizem" title="Antropomorfizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antropomorfizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антропоморфизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfizam" title="Antropomorfizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antropomorfizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfismi" title="Antropomorfismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antropomorfismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropomorfism" title="Antropomorfism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antropomorfism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாந்தவுருவகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாந்தவுருவகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="มานุษยรูปนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มานุษยรูปนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антропоморфизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_bi%C3%A7imcilik" title="İnsan biçimcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan biçimcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антропоморфізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антропоморфізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تجسیمیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجسیمیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_h%C3%B3a" title="Nhân hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E4%BA%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="拟人论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拟人论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%8C%96" title="擬人化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="擬人化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%AB%96" title="擬人論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="擬人論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132987#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="View the content page 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropomorphic&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attribution of human traits to non-human entities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. For the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person, see <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg/220px-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg/330px-The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun_-_Wind_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>In this illustration by <a href="/wiki/Milo_Winter" title="Milo Winter">Milo Winter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>'s fable, "<a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">The North Wind and the Sun</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personified</a> North Wind tries to strip the cloak off a traveler.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_(St_Cecilia)_-_WGA08164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg/170px-Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg/255px-Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg/340px-Antonio_Franchi_-_Personification_of_Music_%28St_Cecilia%29_-_WGA08164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Personification of Music</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Franchi" title="Antonio Franchi">Antonio Franchi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anthropomorphism</b> is the attribution of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces, such as seasons and weather. Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices, and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters. People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioral traits to wild as well as domesticated animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Anthropomorphism and <b>anthropomorphization</b> derive from the verb form <i>anthropomorphize</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <i>ánthrōpos</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄνθρωπος</span></span>, <small><abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr></small> "human") and <i>morphē</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μορφή</span></span>, "form"). It is first attested in 1753, originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_in_prehistory">Examples in prehistory</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_man_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lion_man_photo.jpg/100px-Lion_man_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lion_man_photo.jpg/150px-Lion_man_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lion_man_photo.jpg/200px-Lion_man_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The 35,000 to 40,000 year-old <a href="/wiki/Lion-man" title="Lion-man">Löwenmensch figurine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/200px-7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/300px-7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/400px-7th_millennium_BC_sculptures_at_the_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic "pebble" figures from the 7th millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginnings of human <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, about 40,000 years ago, examples of <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a> (animal-shaped) works of art occur that may represent the earliest known evidence of anthropomorphism. One of the oldest known is an <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> sculpture, the <a href="/wiki/Lion-man" title="Lion-man">Löwenmensch figurine</a>, Germany, a human-shaped <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurine</a> with the head of a lioness or lion, determined to be about 32,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion-human1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion-human1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lion-human2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion-human2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent. A more recent example is <a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer_(cave_art)" title="The Sorcerer (cave art)">The Sorcerer</a>, an enigmatic cave painting from the <a href="/wiki/Trois_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois Frères">Trois-Frères Cave</a>, Ariège, France: the figure's significance is unknown, but it is usually interpreted as some kind of great spirit or master of the animals. In either case there is an element of anthropomorphism. </p><p>This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Steven Mithen</a> with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposes that these are the product of a change in the <a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">architecture of the human mind</a>, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">an increasing <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen#Cognitive_fluidity" title="Steven Mithen">fluidity</a> between the natural history and social <a href="/wiki/Multiple_intelligences" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple intelligences">intelligences</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What's the meaning of 'increasing cognitive fluidity between the natural history and social intelligences'? (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, where anthropomorphism allowed hunters to identify <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathetically</a> with hunted animals and better predict their movements.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion_and_mythology">In religion and mythology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam</a></div> <p>In religion and mythology, anthropomorphism is the perception of a divine being or beings in human form, or the recognition of human qualities in these beings. </p><p>Ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities. They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality; they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain natural phenomena, creation, and historical events. The deities fell in love, married, had children, fought battles, wielded weapons, and rode horses and chariots. They feasted on special foods, and sometimes required sacrifices of food, beverage, and sacred objects to be made by human beings. Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific human concepts, such as love, war, fertility, beauty, or the seasons. Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a>, and sometimes human weaknesses such as <a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">jealousy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">uncontrollable anger</a>. Greek deities such as <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo (god)">Apollo</a> often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits. Anthropomorphism in this case is, more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Anthropotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropotheism">anthropotheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine, the phenomenon may be considered <a href="/wiki/Theomorphism" title="Theomorphism">theomorphism</a>, or the giving of divine qualities to humans. </p><p>Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">Christian heresy</a>, particularly prominently with <a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a> in third-century Syria, but also fourth-century Egypt and tenth-century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often was based on a literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Genesis creation myth</a>: "So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them".<sup id="cite_ref-1728Cyclopedia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1728Cyclopedia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested, but note practical problems. The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>, Chapter 12, Verse 5, states that it is much more difficult for people to focus on a deity that is <a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">unmanifested</a> than one with <a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">form</a>, remarking on the usage of anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a>) that adherents can perceive with their senses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3></div> <p>Some religions, scholars, and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities. The earliest known criticism was that of the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> (570–480 BCE) who observed that people model their gods after themselves. He argued against the conception of deities as fundamentally anthropomorphic: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But if cattle and horses and lions had hands<br />or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,<br />horses like horses and cattle like cattle<br />also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies<br />of such a sort as the form they themselves have.<br />...<br /><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> say that their gods are snub–nosed [<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σιμούς</span></span>] and black<br /><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> that they are pale and red-haired.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Xenophanes said that "the greatest god" resembles man "neither in form nor in mind".<sup id="cite_ref-Xenophanes_god_quote_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xenophanes_god_quote-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity, believing that God is beyond human comprehension. Judaism's rejection of an anthropomorphic deity began with the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">prophets</a>, who explicitly rejected any likeness of God to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rejection grew further after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> in the tenth century, which <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> codified in the twelfth century, in his thirteen principles of Jewish faith.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, assigning attributes to God as well as negating any attributes from God (<i><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">via negativa</a></i>) both qualify as anthropomorphism and are rejected, as God cannot be understood by either assigning attributes to Him or taking them away. The 10th-century Ismaili philosopher <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a> suggested the method of double negation; for example: "God is not existent" followed by "God is not non-existent". This glorifies God from any understanding or human comprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In secular thought, one of the most notable criticisms began in 1600 with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, who argued against <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>, which declared that everything behaves as it does in order to achieve some end, in order to fulfill itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacon pointed out that achieving ends is a human activity and to attribute it to nature misconstrues it as humanlike.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern criticisms followed Bacon's ideas such as critiques of <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. The latter, for instance, embedded his arguments in his wider criticism of human religions and specifically demonstrated in what he cited as their "inconsistence" where, on one hand, the Deity is painted in the most sublime colors but, on the other, is degraded to nearly human levels by giving him human infirmities, passions, and prejudices.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Faces in the Clouds</i>, anthropologist Stewart Guthrie proposes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate in the brain's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-SE_Guthrie_religion_ref_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE_Guthrie_religion_ref-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars argue that anthropomorphism overestimates the similarity of humans and nonhumans and therefore could not yield accurate accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_texts">Religious texts</h3></div> <p>There are various examples of <a href="/wiki/Personification_in_the_Bible" title="Personification in the Bible">personification in both the Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testaments</a>, as well as in the texts of some other religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fables">Fables</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg/220px-Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg/330px-Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg/440px-Syrischer_Maler_von_1354_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>From the <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a>: Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anthropomorphism, also referred to as personification, is a well-established <a href="/wiki/Literary_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary device">literary device</a> from ancient times. The story of "<a href="/wiki/The_Hawk_and_the_Nightingale" title="The Hawk and the Nightingale">The Hawk and the Nightingale</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> preceded <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">fables</a> by centuries. Collections of linked <a href="/wiki/Fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Fables">fables</a> from India, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka Tales</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i>, also employ anthropomorphized animals to illustrate principles of life. Many of the stereotypes of animals that are recognized today, such as the wily fox and the proud lion, can be found in these collections. <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>'s anthropomorphisms were so familiar by the first century CE that they colored the thinking of at least one philosopher: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And there is another charm about him, namely, that he puts animals in a pleasing light and makes them interesting to mankind. For after being brought up from childhood with these stories, and after being as it were nursed by them from babyhood, we acquire certain opinions of the several animals and think of some of them as royal animals, of others as silly, of others as witty, and others as innocent.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a><sup id="cite_ref-Apollonius_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apollonius-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Apollonius noted that the fable was created to teach wisdom through fictions that are meant to be taken as fictions, contrasting them favorably with the poets' stories of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">deities</a> that are sometimes taken literally. Aesop, "by announcing a story which everyone knows not to be true, told the truth by the very fact that he did not claim to be relating real events".<sup id="cite_ref-Apollonius_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apollonius-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same consciousness of the fable as fiction is to be found in other examples across the world, one example being a traditional Ashanti way of beginning tales of the anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>-spider <a href="/wiki/Anansi" title="Anansi">Anansi</a>: "We do not really mean, we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true. A story, a story; let it come, let it go."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairy_tales">Fairy tales</h3></div> <p>Anthropomorphic motifs have been common in fairy tales from the earliest ancient examples set in a mythological context to the great collections of the <a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm's Fairy Tales">Brothers Grimm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Perrault</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Two_Brothers" title="Tale of Two Brothers">Tale of Two Brothers</a></i> (Egypt, 13th century BCE) features several talking cows and in <i><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a></i> (Rome, 2nd century CE) <a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a>, the west wind, carries <a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Psyche</a> away. Later an <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> feels sorry for her and helps her in her quest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_literature">Modern literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png/170px-Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png/255px-Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png/340px-Down_the_Rabbit_Hole.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel's</a> depiction of <a href="/wiki/White_Rabbit" title="White Rabbit">this anthropomorphic rabbit</a> was featured in the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Butterfly_meeting.jpg/310px-Butterfly_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Butterfly_meeting.jpg/465px-Butterfly_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Butterfly_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>From <i>The Emperor's Rout</i> (1831)</figcaption></figure> <p>Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature"><i>children's</i> literature</a> began to emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> (1865) by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a></i> (1883) by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Collodi" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i> (1894) by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, all employing anthropomorphic elements. This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most popular titles having anthropomorphic characters,<sup id="cite_ref-top50_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top50-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a></i> (1901) and later books by <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a> (1908); <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)" title="Winnie-the-Pooh (book)">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i> (1926) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_at_Pooh_Corner" title="The House at Pooh Corner">The House at Pooh Corner</a></i> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a>; and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch,_and_the_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe</a></i> (1950) and the subsequent books in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>. </p><p>In many of these stories the animals can be seen as representing facets of human personality and character.<sup id="cite_ref-gamble_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamble-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/John_Rowe_Townsend" title="John Rowe Townsend">John Rowe Townsend</a> remarks, discussing <i>The Jungle Book</i> in which the boy <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a> must rely on his new friends the bear <a href="/wiki/Baloo" title="Baloo">Baloo</a> and the black panther <a href="/wiki/Bagheera" title="Bagheera">Bagheera</a>, "The world of the jungle is in fact both itself and our world as well".<sup id="cite_ref-gamble_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamble-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable work aimed at an adult audience is <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i>, in which all the main characters are anthropomorphic animals. Non-animal examples include <a href="/wiki/Wilbert_Awdry" title="Wilbert Awdry">Rev. W. Awdry</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Series" title="The Railway Series">Railway Series</a></i> stories featuring <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine" title="Thomas the Tank Engine">Thomas the Tank Engine</a> and other anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile fantasy">fantasy</a> genre developed from mythological, fairy tale, and <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romance</a> motifs<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes have anthropomorphic animals as characters. The <a href="/wiki/Best_selling_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Best selling books">best-selling</a> examples of the genre are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1937) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1954–1955), both by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, books peopled with talking creatures such as ravens, spiders, and the dragon <a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a> and a multitude of anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Goblins" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblins">goblins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>. John D. Rateliff calls this the "<a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a> Theme" in his book <i>The History of the Hobbit</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tolkien saw this anthropomorphism as closely linked to the emergence of human language and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>: "...The first men to talk of 'trees and stars' saw things very differently. To them, the world was alive with mythological beings... To them the whole of creation was 'myth-woven and elf-patterned'."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adams" title="Richard Adams">Richard Adams</a> developed a distinctive take on anthropomorphic writing in the 1970s: his debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Watership_Down" title="Watership Down">Watership Down</a></i> (1972), featured rabbits that could talk—with their own distinctive language (<a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a>) and mythology—and included a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police-state</a> warren, <a href="/wiki/Efrafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Efrafa">Efrafa</a>. Despite this, Adams attempted to ensure his characters' behavior mirrored that of wild rabbits, engaging in fighting, copulating and defecating, drawing on <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a>'s study <i>The Private Life of the Rabbit</i> as research. Adams returned to anthropomorphic storytelling in his later novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_Dogs_(novel)" title="The Plague Dogs (novel)">The Plague Dogs</a></i> (1977) and <i><a href="/wiki/Traveller_(novel)" title="Traveller (novel)">Traveller</a></i> (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 21st century, the children's <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a> market had expanded massively.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps a majority of picture books have some kind of anthropomorphism,<sup id="cite_ref-top50_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top50-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with popular examples being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Hungry_Caterpillar" title="The Very Hungry Caterpillar">The Very Hungry Caterpillar</a></i> (1969) by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Carle" title="Eric Carle">Eric Carle</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gruffalo" title="The Gruffalo">The Gruffalo</a></i> (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Donaldson" title="Julia Donaldson">Julia Donaldson</a>. </p><p>Anthropomorphism in literature and other media led to a sub-culture known as <a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">furry fandom</a>, which promotes and creates stories and artwork involving anthropomorphic animals, and the examination and interpretation of humanity through anthropomorphism. This can often be shortened in searches as "anthro", used by some as an alternative term to "furry".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropomorphic characters have also been a staple of the <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> genre. The most prominent one was <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>'s the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(Vertigo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sandman (Vertigo)">Sandman</a></i> which had a huge impact on how characters that are physical embodiments are written in the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Geek_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geek-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marc_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples also include the mature <i><a href="/wiki/Hellblazer" title="Hellblazer">Hellblazer</a></i> (personified political and moral ideas),<sup id="cite_ref-Social_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fables_(comics)" title="Fables (comics)">Fables</a></i> and its spin-off series <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_Fables" title="Jack of Fables">Jack of Fables</a></i>, which was unique for having anthropomorphic representation of <a href="/wiki/Literary_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary techniques">literary techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boing_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boing-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> have used anthropomorphism as the basis of their story. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Squid_Girl" title="Squid Girl">Squid Girl</a></i> (anthropomorphized squid), <i><a href="/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers" title="Hetalia: Axis Powers">Hetalia: Axis Powers</a></i> (personified countries), <i><a href="/wiki/Upotte!!" title="Upotte!!">Upotte!!</a></i> (personified guns), <i><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio_of_Blue_Steel" title="Arpeggio of Blue Steel">Arpeggio of Blue Steel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kancolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kancolle">Kancolle</a></i> (personified ships). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/220px-seek%3D116-Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="635" data-mwtitle="Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="4000" data-height="2250" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm/Big_Buck_Bunny_4K.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Buck_Bunny" title="Big Buck Bunny">Big Buck Bunny</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Open-source_film" title="Open-source film">free</a> animated short featuring anthropomorphic characters.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most notable examples are the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> characters <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goofy" title="Goofy">Goofy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_the_Lucky_Rabbit" title="Oswald the Lucky Rabbit">Oswald the Lucky Rabbit</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> characters <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daffy_Duck" title="Daffy Duck">Daffy Duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porky_Pig" title="Porky Pig">Porky Pig</a>; and an array of others from the 1920s to the present day. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Disney/Pixar</a> franchises <a href="/wiki/Cars_(franchise)" title="Cars (franchise)"><i>Cars</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Planes_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planes (franchise)"><i>Planes</i></a>, all the characters are anthropomorphic vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-Laurie_2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurie_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_(franchise)" title="Toy Story (franchise)"><i>Toy Story</i></a>, they are anthropomorphic toys. Other Pixar franchises like <a href="/wiki/Monsters,_Inc._(franchise)" title="Monsters, Inc. (franchise)"><i>Monsters, Inc</i></a> features anthropomorphic monsters and <a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo_(franchise)" title="Finding Nemo (franchise)"><i>Finding Nemo</i></a> features anthropomorphic sea animals (like fish, sharks, and whales). Discussing anthropomorphic animals from <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks</a> franchise <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(franchise)" title="Madagascar (franchise)"><i>Madagascar</i></a>, Timothy Laurie suggests that "<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">social differences based on conflict and contradiction are naturalized and made less 'contestable' through the classificatory matrix of human and nonhuman relations</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This sentence incorporating quote seems totally out of context. It's probably easier just to drop, but perhaps expanding discussion from the source would work. (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>".<sup id="cite_ref-Laurie_2015_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurie_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other DreamWorks franchises like <a href="/wiki/Shrek_(franchise)" title="Shrek (franchise)"><i>Shrek</i></a> features fairy tale characters, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a> of <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> franchises like <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(franchise)" title="Ice Age (franchise)"><i>Ice Age</i></a> features anthropomorphic extinct animals. Other characters in <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(franchise)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (franchise)">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i> features anthropomorphic sea animals as well (like sea sponges, starfish, octopus, crabs, whales, puffer fish, lobsters, and zooplankton). </p><p>All of the characters in <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Zootopia" title="Zootopia">Zootopia</a></i> (2016) are anthropomorphic animals, that is an entirely nonhuman civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The live-action/animated franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_in_film" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks in film">Alvin and the Chipmunks</a></i> by 20th Century Fox centers around anthropomorphic talkative and singing <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>. The female singing chipmunks called <a href="/wiki/The_Chipettes" title="The Chipettes">The Chipettes</a> are also centered in some of the franchise's films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_television">In television</h2></div> <p>Since the 1960s, anthropomorphism has also been represented in various animated television shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Biker_Mice_From_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker Mice From Mars">Biker Mice From Mars</a></i> (1993–1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/SWAT_Kats:_The_Radical_Squadron" title="SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron">SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron</a></i> (1993–1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>, first aired in 1987, features four pizza-loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu, led by their anthropomorphic rat sensei, Master Splinter. <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>'s longest running animated TV series <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i> (1999–present), revolves around <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(character)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (character)">SpongeBob</a>, a yellow <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sea sponge</a>, living in the underwater town of Bikini Bottom with his anthropomorphic marine life friends. <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a>'s animated series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball" title="The Amazing World of Gumball">The Amazing World of Gumball</a></i> (2011–2019) are about anthropomorphic animals and inanimate objects. All of the characters in <a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasbro Studios">Hasbro Studios</a>' TV series <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic">My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic</a></i> (2010–2019) are anthropomorphic fantasy creatures, with most of them being <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">ponies</a> living in the pony-inhabited land of <a href="/wiki/Equestria" title="Equestria">Equestria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> original series <a href="/wiki/Centaurworld" title="Centaurworld">Centaurworld</a> focuses on a <a href="/wiki/Warhorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhorse">warhorse</a> who gets transported to a <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a>-like world full of centaurs who possess the bottom half of any animal, as opposed to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. </p><p>In the American animated TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i>, one of the show's main characters, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian</a>, is a dog. Brian shows many human characteristics – he walks upright, talks, smokes, and drinks Martinis – but also acts like a normal dog in other ways; for example, he cannot resist chasing a ball and barks at the mailman, believing him to be a threat. In a similar case, <i><a href="/wiki/BoJack_Horseman" title="BoJack Horseman">BoJack Horseman</a></i>, an American <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> adult animated black comedy series, takes place in an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternate world</a> where humans and anthropomorphic animals live side by side, and centers around the life of <a href="/wiki/BoJack_Horseman_(character)" title="BoJack Horseman (character)">BoJack Horseman</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/One_hit_wonder" class="mw-redirect" title="One hit wonder">one hit wonder</a> on a popular 1990s sitcom <i>Horsin' Around</i>, living off the show's <a href="/wiki/Residual_(entertainment_industry)" title="Residual (entertainment industry)">residuals</a> in present time. Multiple main characters of the series are other <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> who possess <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body form</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human-like traits and identity</a> as well; <a href="/wiki/Mr._Peanutbutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Peanutbutter">Mr. Peanutbutter</a>, a humanoid <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> lives a mostly human life—he speaks <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)#Walk" title="Gait (human)">walks upright</a>, owns a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a>, drives a <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a>, is in a <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">romantic relationship with a human woman</a> (in this series, as animals and humans are <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">seen as equal</a>, relationships like this are not seen as <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a> but seen as regular <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Diane Nguyen">Diane</a>, and has a successful career in television—however also exhibits <a href="/wiki/Dog_behavior" title="Dog behavior">dog traits</a>—he sleeps in a human-size <a href="/wiki/Dog_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog bed">dog bed</a>, gets <a href="/wiki/Arrested" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrested">arrested</a> for having a <a href="/wiki/Drag_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag race">drag race</a> with the mailman and is once forced to wear a <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_collar" title="Elizabethan collar">dog cone</a> after he gets stitches in his arm. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a> animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Luna!" title="Let's Go Luna!">Let's Go Luna!</a></i> centers on an anthropomorphic female Moon who speaks, sings, and dances. She comes down out of the sky to serve as a tutor of international culture to the three main characters: a boy frog and wombat and a girl butterfly, who are supposed to be preschool children traveling a world populated by anthropomorphic animals with a circus run by their parents. </p><p>The French-Belgian animated series <i>Mush-Mush & the Mushables</i> takes place in a world inhabited by Mushables, which are anthropomorphic fungi, along with other critters such as <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_video_games">In video games</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_video_games" title="Animals in video games">Animals in video games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/220px-seek%3D89-Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="125" data-mwtitle="Armello_-_'Horrors_&_Heroes'_Trailer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm/Armello_-_%27Horrors_%26_Heroes%27_Trailer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>In <i><a href="/wiki/Armello" title="Armello">Armello</a></i>, anthropomorphic animals battle for control of the animal kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game franchise">video game franchise</a> debuting in 1991, features a <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(character)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (character)">speedy blue hedgehog</a> as the main protagonist. This series' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes, cats, and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans. As with most anthropomorphisms of animals, clothing is of little or no importance, where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves. </p><p>Another popular example in video games is the <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario" title="Super Mario">Super Mario</a></i> series, debuting in 1985 with <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a></i>, of which main antagonist includes a fictional species of anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a>-like creatures known as <a href="/wiki/Koopa_Troopa" title="Koopa Troopa">Koopas</a>. Other games in the series, as well as of other of its greater <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a></i> franchise, spawned similar characters such as <a href="/wiki/Yoshi" title="Yoshi">Yoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)" title="Donkey Kong (character)">Donkey Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mario_franchise_characters" title="List of Mario franchise characters">many others</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_history">Art history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg/170px-Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg/255px-Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg/340px-Arcimboldo_Agua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo" title="Giuseppe Arcimboldo">Giuseppe Arcimboldo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claes_Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>'s soft sculptures are commonly described as anthropomorphic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depicting common household objects, Oldenburg's sculptures were considered <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a>. Reproducing these objects, often at a greater size than the original, Oldenburg created his sculptures out of soft materials. The anthropomorphic qualities of the sculptures were mainly in their sagging and malleable exterior which mirrored the not-so-idealistic forms of the human body. In "Soft Light Switches" Oldenburg creates a household light switch out of vinyl. The two identical switches, in a dulled orange, insinuate nipples. The soft vinyl references the aging process as the sculpture wrinkles and sinks with time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimalism">Minimalism</h3></div> <p>In the essay "Art and Objecthood", <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fried" title="Michael Fried">Michael Fried</a> makes the case that "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literalist_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literalist art (page does not exist)">literalist art</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>) becomes theatrical by means of anthropomorphism. The viewer engages the minimalist work, not as an autonomous art object, but as a theatrical interaction. Fried references a conversation in which <a href="/wiki/Tony_Smith_(sculptor)" title="Tony Smith (sculptor)">Tony Smith</a> answers questions about his six-foot cube, "Die". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Q: Why didn't you make it larger so that it would loom over the observer? </p><p>A: I was not making a monument. </p><p>Q: Then why didn't you make it smaller so that the observer could see over the top? </p><p> A: I was not making an object.</p></blockquote> <p>Fried implies an anthropomorphic connection by means of "a surrogate person – that is, a kind of statue." </p><p>The minimalist decision of "hollowness" in much of their work was also considered by Fried to be "blatantly anthropomorphic". This "hollowness" contributes to the idea of a separate inside; an idea mirrored in the human form. Fried considers the Literalist art's "hollowness" to be "biomorphic" as it references a living organism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-minimalism">Post-minimalism</h3></div> <p>Curator <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lippard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Lippard">Lucy Lippard</a>'s Eccentric Abstraction show, in 1966, sets up <a href="/wiki/Briony_Fer" title="Briony Fer">Briony Fer</a>'s writing of a post-minimalist anthropomorphism. Reacting to Fried's interpretation of minimalist art's "looming presence of objects which appear as actors might on a stage", Fer interprets the artists in Eccentric Abstraction to a new form of anthropomorphism. She puts forth the thoughts of Surrealist writer <a href="/wiki/Roger_Caillois" title="Roger Caillois">Roger Caillois</a>, who speaks of the "spacial lure of the subject, the way in which the subject could inhabit their surroundings." Caillous uses the example of an insect who "through camouflage does so in order to become invisible... and loses its distinctness." For Fer, the anthropomorphic qualities of imitation found in the erotic, organic sculptures of artists <a href="/wiki/Eva_Hesse" title="Eva Hesse">Eva Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a>, are not necessarily for strictly "mimetic" purposes. Instead, like the insect, the work must come into being in the "scopic field... which we cannot view from outside."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mascots">Mascots</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg/200px-Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg/300px-Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg/400px-Fatso_at_Olympic_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatso_the_Fat-Arsed_Wombat" title="Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat">Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat</a>, a popular symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_2000_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics">Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics</a> created as a parody of the <a href="/wiki/Olly,_Syd_and_Millie" class="mw-redirect" title="Olly, Syd and Millie">commercial official mascots</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Mascot</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mascots" title="List of mascots">List of mascots</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">branding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchandising" title="Merchandising">merchandising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">representation</a>, figures known as <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascots</a> are now often employed to personify <a href="/wiki/Team_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Team sports">sports teams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, and major events such as the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_mascots" title="List of Olympic mascots">Olympics</a>. These personifications may be simple human or animal figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_McDonald" title="Ronald McDonald">Ronald McDonald</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)#Name_and_symbols" title="Democratic Party (United States)">donkey</a> that represents the United States's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic Party</a>. Other times, they are anthropomorphic items, such as "<a href="/wiki/Clippit" class="mw-redirect" title="Clippit">Clippy</a>" or the "<a href="/wiki/Michelin_Man" title="Michelin Man">Michelin Man</a>". Most often, they are anthropomorphic animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Energizer_Bunny" title="Energizer Bunny">Energizer Bunny</a> or the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Chicken" title="San Diego Chicken">San Diego Chicken</a>. </p><p>The practice is particularly widespread in Japan, where cities, regions, and companies all have mascots, collectively known as <i><a href="/wiki/Yuru-chara" title="Yuru-chara">yuru-chara</a></i>. Two of the most popular are <a href="/wiki/Kumamon" title="Kumamon">Kumamon</a> (a bear who represents <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture" title="Kumamoto Prefecture">Kumamoto Prefecture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Funassyi" title="Funassyi">Funassyi</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pear">pear</a> who represents <a href="/wiki/Funabashi,_Chiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Funabashi, Chiba">Funabashi</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Talking_animal" title="Talking animal">Talking animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The painting The Caress depicting a creature with a woman's head and a cheetah's body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/660px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/880px-Fernand_Khnopff_-_Caresses_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8859" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Caress_of_the_Sphinx" title="Caress of the Sphinx">Caress of the Sphinx</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Other examples of anthropomorphism include the attribution of human traits to animals, especially domesticated pets such as dogs and cats. Examples of this include thinking a dog is smiling simply because it is showing his teeth,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a cat mourns for a dead owner.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropomorphism may be beneficial to the welfare of animals. A 2012 study by Butterfield <i>et al.</i> found that utilizing anthropomorphic language when describing dogs created a greater willingness to help them in situations of distress.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous studies have shown that individuals who attribute human characteristics to animals are less willing to eat them,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the degree to which individuals perceive minds in other animals predicts the moral concern afforded to them.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that anthropomorphism leads humans to like non-humans more when they have apparent human qualities, since perceived similarity has been shown to increase prosocial behavior toward other humans.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of how animal behaviors were discussed on the television series <i>Life</i> found that the script very often used anthropomorphisms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2></div> <p>In science, the use of anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have intentions and emotions has traditionally been deprecated as indicating a lack of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">objectivity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a> have been warned to avoid assumptions that animals share any of the same mental, social, and emotional capacities of humans, and to rely instead on strictly observable evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> wrote that animals should be considered "without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <i>The Oxford companion to animal behaviour</i> (1987) advised that "one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists, like William M Wheeler (writing apologetically of his use of anthropomorphism in 1911), have used anthropomorphic language in metaphor to make subjects more humanly comprehensible or memorable.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the impact of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s ideas in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> in 1965 called him a "<a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethology has generally focused on <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, not on <a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">emotion in animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even insects play together, as has been described by that excellent observer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Huber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Huber (page does not exist)">P. Huber</a>, who saw ants chasing and pretending to bite each other, like so many puppies.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The study of <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a> in their own environment and in captivity<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has changed attitudes to anthropomorphism. In the 1960s the three so-called "<a href="/wiki/The_Trimates" title="The Trimates">Leakey's Angels</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birut%C3%A9_Galdikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Biruté Galdikas">Biruté Galdikas</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>, were all accused of "that worst of ethological sins – anthropomorphism".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge was brought about by their descriptions of the great apes in the field; it is now more widely accepted that <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> has an important part to play in research. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">De Waal</a> has written: "To endow animals with human emotions has long been a scientific <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>. But if we do not, we risk missing something fundamental, about both animals and us."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside this has come increasing awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">linguistic abilities</a> of the great apes and the recognition that they are tool-makers and have individuality and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing of <a href="/wiki/Cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Cats">cats</a> in 1992, veterinarian <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Fogle" title="Bruce Fogle">Bruce Fogle</a> points to the fact that "both humans and cats have identical <a href="/wiki/Neurochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurochemicals">neurochemicals</a> and regions in the brain responsible for emotion" as evidence that "it is not anthropomorphic to credit cats with emotions such as jealousy".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_computing">In computing</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="In_computing"></span> </p><p>In science fiction, an artificially intelligent computer or robot, even though it has not been programmed with human emotions, often spontaneously experiences those emotions anyway: for example, Agent Smith in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Matrix (film)">The Matrix</a></i> was influenced by a "disgust" toward humanity. This is an example of anthropomorphism: in reality, while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with human emotions or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to an ultimate goal <i>if</i> it is useful to do so, it would not spontaneously develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever, as portrayed in fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-yudkowsky-global-risk_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yudkowsky-global-risk-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of anthropomorphism would be to believe that one's computer is angry at them because they insulted it; another would be to believe that an intelligent robot would naturally find a woman attractive and be driven to mate with her. Scholars sometimes disagree with each other about whether a particular prediction about an artificial intelligence's behavior is logical, or whether the prediction constitutes illogical anthropomorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-yudkowsky-global-risk_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yudkowsky-global-risk-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example that might initially be considered anthropomorphism, but is in fact a logical statement about an artificial intelligence's behavior, would be the <a href="/wiki/Dario_Floreano" title="Dario Floreano">Dario Floreano</a> experiments where certain robots spontaneously evolved a crude capacity for "deception", and tricked other robots into eating "poison" and dying: here, a trait, "deception", ordinarily associated with people rather than with machines, spontaneously evolves in a type of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conscious use of anthropomorphic metaphor is not intrinsically unwise; ascribing mental processes to the computer, under the proper circumstances, may serve the same purpose as it does when humans do it to other people: it may help persons to understand what the computer will do, how their actions will affect the computer, how to compare computers with humans, and conceivably how to design computer programs. However, inappropriate use of anthropomorphic metaphors can result in false beliefs about the behavior of computers, for example by causing people to overestimate how "flexible" computers are.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor-model_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-model-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul R. Cohen and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a>, in order to differentiate between anthropomorphization and logical prediction of AI behavior, "the trick is to know enough about how humans and computers think to say <i>exactly</i> what they have in common, and, when we lack this knowledge, to use the comparison to <i>suggest</i> theories of human thinking or computer thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computers overturn the childhood hierarchical taxonomy of "stones (non-living) → plants (living) → animals (conscious) → humans (rational)", by introducing a non-human "actor" that appears to regularly behave rationally. Much of computing terminology derives from anthropomorphic metaphors: computers can "read", "write", or "catch a virus". Information technology presents no clear correspondence with any other entities in the world besides humans; the options are either to leverage an emotional, imprecise human metaphor, or to reject imprecise metaphor and make use of more precise, domain-specific technical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor-model_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-model-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during interactions. The underlying causes are debated; <a href="/wiki/Youngme_Moon" title="Youngme Moon">Youngme Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Nass" title="Clifford Nass">Clifford Nass</a> propose that humans are emotionally, intellectually and physiologically biased toward social activity, and so when presented with even tiny social cues, deeply infused social responses are triggered automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor-model_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-model-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may allow incorporation of anthropomorphic features into computers/robots to enable more familiar "social" interactions, making them easier to use.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alleged examples of anthropomorphism toward AI have included: Google engineer Blake Lemoine's widely derided 2022 claim that the Google <a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a> chatbot was <a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">sentient</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2017 granting of honorary Saudi Arabian citizenship to the robot <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(robot)" title="Sophia (robot)">Sophia</a>; and the reactions to the chatbot <a href="/wiki/ELIZA" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundational_research">Foundational research</h3></div> <p>In psychology, the first <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical study</a> of anthropomorphism was conducted in 1944 by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Heider" title="Fritz Heider">Fritz Heider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Simmel" title="Marianne Simmel">Marianne Simmel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first part of this experiment, the researchers showed a 2-and-a-half-minute long animation of several shapes moving around on the screen in varying directions at various speeds. When subjects were asked to describe what they saw, they gave detailed accounts of the intentions and personalities of the shapes. For instance, the large triangle was characterized as a bully, chasing the other two shapes until they could trick the large triangle and escape. The researchers concluded that when people see objects making motions for which there is no obvious cause, they view these objects as intentional agents (individuals that deliberately make choices to achieve goals). </p><p>Modern psychologists generally characterize anthropomorphism as a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>. That is, anthropomorphism is a cognitive process by which people use their <a href="/wiki/Social_cognition#Social_schemas" title="Social cognition">schemas</a> about other humans as a basis for inferring the properties of non-human entities in order to make efficient judgements about the environment, even if those inferences are not always accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schemas about humans are used as the basis because this knowledge is acquired early in life, is more detailed than knowledge about non-human entities, and is more readily accessible in memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropomorphism can also function as a strategy to cope with <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a> when other human connections are not available.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-factor_theory">Three-factor theory</h3></div> <p>Since making inferences requires cognitive effort, anthropomorphism is likely to be triggered only when certain aspects about a person and their environment are true. Psychologist Adam Waytz and his colleagues created a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism to describe these aspects and predict when people are most likely to anthropomorphize.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three factors are: </p> <ul><li><i>Elicited agent knowledge</i>, or the amount of prior knowledge held about an object and the extent to which that knowledge is called to mind.</li> <li><i>Effectance</i>, or the drive to interact with and understand one's environment.</li> <li><i>Sociality</i>, the need to establish social connections.</li></ul> <p>When elicited agent knowledge is low and effectance and sociality are high, people are more likely to anthropomorphize. Various dispositional, situational, developmental, and cultural variables can affect these three factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Need_for_cognition" title="Need for cognition">need for cognition</a>, social disconnection, cultural ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_avoidance" title="Uncertainty avoidance">uncertainty avoidance</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_perspective">Developmental perspective</h3></div> <p>Children appear to anthropomorphize and use <a href="/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism">egocentric reasoning</a> from an early age and use it more frequently than adults.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this are describing a storm cloud as "angry" or drawing flowers with faces. This penchant for anthropomorphism is likely because children have acquired vast amounts of <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>, but not as much experience with specific non-human entities, so thus they have less developed alternative schemas for their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autistic children</a> may tend to describe anthropomorphized objects in purely mechanical terms (that is, in terms of what they do) because they have difficulties with <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> (ToM) according to past research.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 study has shown that autistic people are more prone to object personification, suggesting that autistic <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and ToM may be not only more complex but also more all-encompassing.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Double_empathy_problem" title="Double empathy problem">double empathy problem</a> challenges the notion that autistic people have difficulties with ToM.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_learning">Effect on learning</h3></div> <p>Anthropomorphism can be used to assist learning. Specifically, anthropomorphized words<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describing scientific concepts with intentionality<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can improve later recall of these concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mental_health">In mental health</h3></div> <p>In people with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(clinical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (clinical)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Mental_illnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illnesses">mental illnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_support_animal" title="Emotional support animal">emotional support animals</a> are a useful component of treatment partially because anthropomorphism of these animals can satisfy the patients' need for social connection.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_marketing">In marketing</h3></div> <p>Anthropomorphism of inanimate objects can affect product buying behavior. When products seem to resemble a human schema, such as the front of a car resembling a face, potential buyers evaluate that product more positively than if they do not anthropomorphize the object.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People also tend to trust robots to do more complex tasks such as driving a car or childcare if the robot resembles humans in ways such as having a face, voice, and name; mimicking human motions; expressing emotion; and displaying some variability in behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almada tram in smiley livery"><img alt="Almada tram in smiley livery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/120px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/180px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/240px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> tram in smiley livery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pareidolia of a face in a rock"><img alt="Pareidolia of a face in a rock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg/120px-Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg/180px-Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg/240px-Visage_dans_un_rocher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a> of a face in a rock</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seymore D. Fair 1st-ever World Expo Mascot"><img alt="Seymore D. Fair 1st-ever World Expo Mascot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg/80px-June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg/119px-June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg/159px-June_1984_Snap_Shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seymore_D._Fair" title="Seymore D. Fair">Seymore D. Fair</a> 1st-ever World Expo Mascot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K_plug_typical.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Danish electrical socket – with its two 'eyes' and a 'mouth' (all three functional parts of the device), forming a pareidolic face"><img alt="A Danish electrical socket – with its two 'eyes' and a 'mouth' (all three functional parts of the device), forming a pareidolic face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K_plug_typical.jpg/120px-K_plug_typical.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K_plug_typical.jpg/180px-K_plug_typical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/K_plug_typical.jpg/240px-K_plug_typical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets#Danish_Section_107-2-D1_earthed_(Type_K)" title="AC power plugs and sockets">Danish electrical socket</a> – with its two 'eyes' and a 'mouth' (all three functional parts of the device), forming a pareidolic face</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">Aniconism</a> – antithetic concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic maps">Anthropomorphic maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropopathism" title="Anthropopathism">Anthropopathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynocephaly" title="Cynocephaly">Cynocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">Furry fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chain_of_Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chain of Being">Great Chain of Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-animal_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-animal hybrid">Human-animal hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism" title="Moe anthropomorphism">Moe anthropomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy" title="Nature fakers controversy">Nature fakers controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a> – seeing faces in everyday objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopopoeia" title="Prosopopoeia">Prosopopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Tashbih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">Zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly via <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">anthropomorphisme</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthropomorphism, among divines, the error of those who ascribe a human figure to the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Gardner</a> opined that "I find most convincing Mithen's claim that human intelligence lies in the capacity to make connections: through using metaphors".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many other translations of this passage have Xenophanes state that the Thracians were "blond".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ben_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ben David">Abraham Ben David</a>: "It is stated in the Torah and books of the prophets that God has no body, as stated 'Since G-d your God is the god (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> <i>gods</i>) in the heavens above and in the earth below" and a body cannot be in both places. And it was said 'Since you have not seen any image' and it was said 'To who would you compare me, and I would be equal to them?' and if he was a body, he would be like the other bodies."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> wrote: "Beatrix Potter is still one of the world's best-selling and best-loved children's authors. Potter wrote and illustrated a total of 28 books, including the 23 Tales, the 'little books' that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">150 million sold, a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold, whether published as one volume, three, or some other configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is estimated that the UK market for children's books was worth <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>672m in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1911, <a href="/wiki/William_Morton_Wheeler" title="William Morton Wheeler">Wheeler</a> wrote: "The larval insect is, if I may be permitted to lapse for a moment into anthropomorphism, a sluggish, greedy, self-centred creature, while the adult is industrious, abstemious and highly altruistic..."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Hebb</a> wrote: "A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two-year period at the Yerkes laboratories. All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found. On the other hand, by the use of frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee, it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "anthropomorphism, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutson2012" class="citation book cs1">Hutson, Matthew (2012). <i>The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane</i>. New York: Hudson Street Press. pp. 165–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55832-4"><bdi>978-1-101-55832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+7+Laws+of+Magical+Thinking%3A+How+Irrational+Beliefs+Keep+Us+Happy%2C+Healthy%2C+and+Sane&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=165-81&rft.pub=Hudson+Street+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-55832-4&rft.aulast=Hutson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moss_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2016" class="citation news cs1">Moss, Stephen (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/14/picture-kangaroo-empathy-sexual-exploitation-human-anthropomorphise">"What you see in this picture says more about you than the kangaroo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918013810/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/14/picture-kangaroo-empathy-sexual-exploitation-human-anthropomorphise">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+you+see+in+this+picture+says+more+about+you+than+the+kangaroo&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fjan%2F14%2Fpicture-kangaroo-empathy-sexual-exploitation-human-anthropomorphise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Chambers's Cyclopædia, Supplement</i>, 1753</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+Supplement&rft.date=1753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lion-human1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lion-human1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Archaeology/Loewenfrau.html">"Lionheaded Figurine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511145734/http://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Archaeology/Loewenfrau.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lionheaded+Figurine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.showcaves.com%2Fenglish%2Fexplain%2FArchaeology%2FLoewenfrau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lion-human2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lion-human2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2004" class="citation web cs1">Dalton (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325233703/http://www.vnn.org/world/WD0401/WD01-8500.html">"Löwenmensch Oldest Statue"</a>. VNN World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnn.org/world/WD0401/WD01-8500.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%B6wenmensch+Oldest+Statue&rft.pub=VNN+World&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.au=Dalton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vnn.org%2Fworld%2FWD0401%2FWD01-8500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMithen1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMithen1998_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMithen1998">Mithen 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Gardner, Howard</a> (9 October 1997), "Thinking About Thinking", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Gardner_on_Mithen.html"><i>New York Review of Books</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329103807/http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Gardner_on_Mithen.html">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thinking+About+Thinking&rft.btitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=1997-10-09&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogweb.ucla.edu%2FAbstracts%2FGardner_on_Mithen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Anthropotheism">"anthropotheism"</a>. <i>Ologies & -Isms</i>. The Gale Group, Inc. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606115040/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Anthropotheism">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ologies+%26+-Isms&rft.atitle=anthropotheism&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FAnthropotheism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fox, James Joseph (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anthropomorphism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Anthropomorphism">"Anthropomorphism" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=James+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1728Cyclopedia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1728Cyclopedia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0147&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&isize=L">"Anthropomorphite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphite&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0147%26id%3DHistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01%26isize%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1997" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeanne D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C&q=Hinduism+murtis+shiva+linga&pg=PA42"><i>Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723608"><bdi>978-1898723608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1898723608&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeanne+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmGKHu20hA0C%26q%3DHinduism%2Bmurtis%2Bshiva%2Blinga%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayan2007" class="citation book cs1">Narayan, M. K. V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Hinduism+murtis+saligrama&pg=PA84"><i>Flipside of Hindu Symbolism</i></a>. Fultus. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596821170" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596821170"><bdi>978-1596821170</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203006/https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Hinduism+murtis+saligrama&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flipside+of+Hindu+Symbolism&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Fultus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1596821170&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=M.+K.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewRfp4qpvt4C%26q%3DHinduism%2Bmurtis%2Bsaligrama%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diels-Kranz, <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i>, Xenophanes frr. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xenophanes_god_quote-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xenophanes_god_quote_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <i>Miscellanies</i> V xiv 109.1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1574-anthropomorphism#anchor2">"ANTHROPOMORPHISM - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808205025/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1574-anthropomorphism#anchor2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=ANTHROPOMORPHISM+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1574-anthropomorphism%23anchor2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Maimonides, Moses</a>, "Fundamentals of Torah, Ch. 1, § 8", <i>Book of Science</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fundamentals+of+Torah%2C+Ch.+1%2C+%C2%A7+8&rft.btitle=Book+of+Science&rft.aulast=Maimonides&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2010" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210860903541988">"The Right Path: A Post-Mongol Persian Ismaili Treatise"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 197–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860903541988">10.1080/00210860903541988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170748666">170748666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203006/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860903541988">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Right+Path%3A+A+Post-Mongol+Persian+Ismaili+Treatise&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-221&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170748666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00210860903541988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellThompsonMiles1997" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Robert; Thompson, Nicholas; Miles, Lyn (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropomorphism00mitc_634"><i>Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes, and Animals</i></a></span>. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropomorphism00mitc_634/page/n71">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791431252" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791431252"><bdi>978-0791431252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropomorphism%2C+Anecdotes%2C+and+Animals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0791431252&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Miles%2C+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropomorphism00mitc_634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyO'Brien2014" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Alan; O'Brien, Dan (2014). <i>Hume's Critique of Religion: 'Sick Men's Dreams'<span></span></i>. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400766143" title="Special:BookSources/9789400766143"><bdi>9789400766143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume%27s+Critique+of+Religion%3A+%27Sick+Men%27s+Dreams%27&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789400766143&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SE_Guthrie_religion_ref-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SE_Guthrie_religion_ref_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1995" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Stewart E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZNAQh6TuwIC&q=Faces+in+the+Clouds:+A+New+Theory+of+Religion"><i>Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509891-4"><bdi>978-0-19-509891-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203007/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZNAQh6TuwIC&q=Faces+in+the+Clouds%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Religion">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+in+the+Clouds%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Religion&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509891-4&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Stewart+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZNAQh6TuwIC%26q%3DFaces%2Bin%2Bthe%2BClouds%3A%2BA%2BNew%2BTheory%2Bof%2BReligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongBotzler2016" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Susan; Botzler, Richard (2016). <i>The Animal Ethics Reader, 3rd edition</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138918009" title="Special:BookSources/9781138918009"><bdi>9781138918009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Animal+Ethics+Reader%2C+3rd+edition&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781138918009&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Botzler%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apollonius-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apollonius_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apollonius_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, Flavius (c. 210 CE). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_5_11.html">The Life of Apollonius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212405/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_5_11.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 5.14. Translated by F.C. Conybeare. the Loeb Classical Library (1912)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwesi_Yankah1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kwesi Yankah (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/2022/125/1/Akan_Yankah.pdf">"The Akan Trickster Cycle: Myth or Folktale?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trinidad University of the West Indies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072211/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/2022/125/1/Akan_Yankah.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Akan+Trickster+Cycle%3A+Myth+or+Folktale%3F&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Kwesi+Yankah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2022%2F125%2F1%2FAkan_Yankah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-top50-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-top50_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-top50_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579457/The-top-50-childrens-books.html">"The top 50 children's books"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 22 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042716/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579457/The-top-50-childrens-books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+top+50+children%27s+books&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1579457%2FThe-top-50-childrens-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Borland2008" class="citation news cs1">Sophie Borland (22 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579456/Narnia-triumphs-over-Harry-Potter.html">"Narnia triumphs over Harry Potter"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042720/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579456/Narnia-triumphs-over-Harry-Potter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Narnia+triumphs+over+Harry+Potter&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.au=Sophie+Borland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1579456%2FNarnia-triumphs-over-Harry-Potter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/prints_books/features/potter/index.html">"Beatrix Potter"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk"><i><span></span></i>Official website<i><span></span></i></a>, Victoria and Albert Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223114502/http://www.vam.ac.uk/">archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beatrix+Potter&rft.btitle=Official+website&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fprints_books%2Ffeatures%2Fpotter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamble-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamble_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamble_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambleYates2008" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Nikki; Yates, Sally (2008). <i>Exploring Children's Literature</i>. Sage Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3013-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-3013-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3013-0&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft.au=Yates%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i>, p 621, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">100 million copies sold: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/7302101.stm">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512175654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/7302101.stm">Archived</a> 12 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Tolkien's memorabilia go on sale. 18 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035210/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/203389"><i>The Toronto Star</i></a>, 16 April 2007, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/203389">the original</a> on 9 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2F203389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRateliff2007" class="citation book cs1">Rateliff, John D. (2007). <i>The History of the Hobbit: Return to Bag-end</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 654. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-723555-1"><bdi>978-0-00-723555-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Hobbit%3A+Return+to+Bag-end&rft.place=London&rft.pages=654&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-00-723555-1&rft.aulast=Rateliff&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1979" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inklingscslewisj00carp/page/43"><i>The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inklingscslewisj00carp/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-27628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-27628-0"><bdi>978-0-395-27628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inklings%3A+C.+S.+Lewis%2C+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+Charles+Williams+and+Their+Friends&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-395-27628-0&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finklingscslewisj00carp%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallardy2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pallardy, Richard (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Adams">"Richard Adams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, IL">Chicago, IL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422113918/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Adams">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Adams&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Pallardy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRichard-Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2013" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Keren (19 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/dec/19/comfort-reading-richard-adams-watership-down">"Watership Down by Richard Adams: A tale of courage, loyalty, language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Theguardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theguardian.com">theguardian.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820225903/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/dec/19/comfort-reading-richard-adams-watership-down">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Watership+Down+by+Richard+Adams%3A+A+tale+of+courage%2C+loyalty%2C+language&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2013%2Fdec%2F19%2Fcomfort-reading-richard-adams-watership-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609101641/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051109005381/en/Childrens-Picture-Book-Market-UK-Declined-20"><i><span></span></i>"The Value of the Children's Picture Book Market"<i><span></span></i></a>, 9 November 2005, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20051109005381/en/Childrens-Picture-Book-Market-UK-Declined-20">the original</a> on 9 June 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Value+of+the+Children%27s+Picture+Book+Market%22&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20051109005381%2Fen%2FChildrens-Picture-Book-Market-UK-Declined-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Myers2008" class="citation news cs1">Ben Myers (10 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/10/whywereallanimallovers">"Why we're all animal lovers"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118072535/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/10/whywereallanimallovers">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+we%27re+all+animal+lovers&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.au=Ben+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2008%2Fjun%2F10%2Fwhywereallanimallovers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Patten" title="Fred Patten">Patten, Fred</a> (2006). <i>Furry! The World's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction</i>. ibooks. pp. 427–436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59687-319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59687-319-3"><bdi>978-1-59687-319-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furry%21+The+World%27s+Best+Anthropomorphic+Fiction&rft.pages=427-436&rft.pub=ibooks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59687-319-3&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geek-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geek_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton2013" class="citation web cs1">Buxton, Marc (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denofgeek.us/books-comics/the-sandman/218867/the-sandman-the-essential-horror-comic-of-the-nineties">"<i>The Sandman</i>: The Essential Horror Comic of the Nineties"</a>. Den of Geek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220936/http://www.denofgeek.us/books-comics/the-sandman/218867/the-sandman-the-essential-horror-comic-of-the-nineties">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sandman%3A+The+Essential+Horror+Comic+of+the+Nineties&rft.pub=Den+of+Geek&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.us%2Fbooks-comics%2Fthe-sandman%2F218867%2Fthe-sandman-the-essential-horror-comic-of-the-nineties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marc-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marc_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxton2014" class="citation web cs1">Buxton, Marc (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=50526">"By Crom! The 10 Greatest Fantasy Comics of All-Time"</a>. <i>Comic Book Resources</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409194641/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=50526">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.atitle=By+Crom%21+The+10+Greatest+Fantasy+Comics+of+All-Time&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicbookresources.com%2F%3Fpage%3Darticle%26id%3D50526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span> Archive requires scrolldown</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Social_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosie_Campbell2014" class="citation web cs1">Josie Campbell (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookresources.com/?id=54149&page=article">"Hellblazer's past weighs in on Constantine's future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008015201/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=54149">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Some linguistic patterns in the wildlife documentary series Life"</a>. <i>Text & Talk</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 399–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftext-2013-0017">10.1515/text-2013-0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-7349">1860-7349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Text+%26+Talk&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphic+grammar%3F+Some+linguistic+patterns+in+the+wildlife+documentary+series+Life&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-420&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ftext-2013-0017&rft.issn=1860-7349&rft.aulast=Sealey&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Oakley%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Ftext-2013-0017%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Kenneth J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=Does+the+autistic+child+have+a+%22theory+of+mind%22+%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=1985-10-01&rft.issn=0010-0277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14955234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2934210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0277%2885%2990022-8&rft.aulast=Baron-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Alan+M.&rft.au=Frith%2C+Uta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0010-0277%252885%252990022-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteRemington2018" class="citation journal cs1">White, Rebekah C; Remington, Anna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362361318793408">"Object personification in autism: This paper will be very sad if you don't read it"</a>. <i>Autism</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 1042–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362361318793408">10.1177/1362361318793408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-3613">1362-3613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30101594">30101594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51969215">51969215</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514100033/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362361318793408">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008">"On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Disability & Society</i>. <b>27</b> (6): 883–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09687599.2012.710008">10.1080/09687599.2012.710008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-7599">0968-7599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54047060">54047060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disability+%26+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+ontological+status+of+autism%3A+the+%27double+empathy+problem%27&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=883-887&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54047060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0968-7599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09687599.2012.710008&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Damian+E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09687599.2012.710008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardMcnincth1984" class="citation journal cs1">Blanchard, Jay; Mcnincth, George (1 November 1984). "The Effects of Anthropomorphism on Word Learning". <i>The Journal of Educational Research</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 105–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220671.1984.10885582">10.1080/00220671.1984.10885582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0671">0022-0671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Educational+Research&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Anthropomorphism+on+Word+Learning&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-110&rft.date=1984-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00220671.1984.10885582&rft.issn=0022-0671&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Mcnincth%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorion, K. (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejse.southwestern.edu/article/view/8552">"A Learner's Tactic: How Secondary Students' Anthropomorphic Language may Support Learning of Abstract Science Concepts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618005925/https://ejse.southwestern.edu/article/view/8552">Archived</a> 18 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Science Education</i>. Vol. 12, No. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2013" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Odean (2013). <i>Pets and Mental Health</i>. Binghamton, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-652-0"><bdi>978-0-86656-652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pets+and+Mental+Health&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-86656-652-0&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Odean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwalMcGill2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aggarwal, Pankaj; McGill, Ann L. (1 December 2007). "Is That Car Smiling at Me? Schema Congruity as a Basis for Evaluating Anthropomorphized Products". <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 468–479. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.330.9068">10.1.1.330.9068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518544">10.1086/518544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-5301">0093-5301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Is+That+Car+Smiling+at+Me%3F+Schema+Congruity+as+a+Basis+for+Evaluating+Anthropomorphized+Products&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=468-479&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.330.9068%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0093-5301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F518544&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft.au=McGill%2C+Ann+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaytzNorton" class="citation news cs1">Waytz, Adam; Norton, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-make-robots-seem-less-creepy-1401473812">"How to Make Robots Seem Less Creepy"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114094427/http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-make-robots-seem-less-creepy-1401473812">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+to+Make+Robots+Seem+Less+Creepy&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Waytz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Norton%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-make-robots-seem-less-creepy-1401473812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaytz2014" class="citation news cs1">Waytz, Adam (13 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/anthropomorphizing_driverless_cars_psychology_research_into_autonomous_vehicles.html">"Seeing Human"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117013945/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/anthropomorphizing_driverless_cars_psychology_research_into_autonomous_vehicles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Seeing+Human&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Waytz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ffuture_tense%2F2014%2F05%2Fanthropomorphizing_driverless_cars_psychology_research_into_autonomous_vehicles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassonMcCarthy1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Moussaieff_Masson" title="Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson">Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff</a>; McCarthy, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcbYqb8D4IEC&q=Jane%20Goodall%20controversy&pg=PR19"><i>When Elephants Weep: Emotional Lives of Animals</i></a>. Vintage. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947891-1"><bdi>978-0-09-947891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Elephants+Weep%3A+Emotional+Lives+of+Animals&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09-947891-1&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Moussaieff&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcbYqb8D4IEC%26q%3DJane%2520Goodall%2520controversy%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Anthropomorphism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Anthropomorphism">"Anthropomorphism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 123–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123-124&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mackintosh, Robert (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Anthropomorphism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Anthropomorphism">"Anthropomorphism" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mackintosh&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1992" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, John S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5RjoDMW8pSIC"><i>The New Anthropomorphism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42267-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42267-3"><bdi>978-0-521-42267-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Anthropomorphism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42267-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5RjoDMW8pSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mithen" title="Steven Mithen">Mithen, Steven</a> (1998). <i>The Prehistory Of The Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science</i>. Phoenix. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996pmso.book.....M">1996pmso.book.....M</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0204-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0204-5"><bdi>978-0-7538-0204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+Of+The+Mind%3A+A+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Art%2C+Religion+and+Science&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996pmso.book.....M&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-0204-5&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthropomorphism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anthropomorphism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Anthropomorphism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anthropomorphism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Anthropomorphism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415150207/http://crl.ucsd.edu/~ahorowit/Encyclopedia-anthrop.pdf">"Anthropomorphism" entry</a> in the <i>Encyclopedia of Human-Animal Relationships</i> (Horowitz A., 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/anthropomorphism.html">"Anthropomorphism" entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/gallery-view?keyword=anthropomorphism">"Anthropomorphism" in mid-century American print advertising.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201002923/http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/gallery-view?keyword=anthropomorphism">Archived</a> 1 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Collection at The Gallery of Graphic Design.</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/810263/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133539-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005591">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979211p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979211p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="antropomorfismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118533&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295603005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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