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class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Nobel Prize winners </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nobel_Prize_winners-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nobel Prize winners subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1901–1910" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–1910"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1901–1910 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–1910-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1911–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1911–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1911–1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1911–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920–1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1920–1929 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1930–1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940–1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940–1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1940–1949 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940–1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1950–1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1960–1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970–1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970–1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1970–1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1980–1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 1990–1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 2000–2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 2010–2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 2020- </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Related pages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7)" title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (শৰীৰবিজ্ঞান বা ঔষধ) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (শৰীৰবিজ্ঞান বা ঔষধ)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziologiya_v%C9%99_ya_tibb_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_Nobel_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1_laureatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па фізіялогіі і медыцыне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па фізіялогіі і медыцыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_dobitnika_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_de_guardonats_amb_el_Premi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medicina" title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_nositel%C5%AF_Nobelovy_ceny_za_fyziologii_a_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Seznam nositelů Nobelovy ceny za fyziologii a lékařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam nositelů Nobelovy ceny za fyziologii a lékařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physiologie_oder_Medizin" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Κατάλογος αποδεκτών Βραβείου Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος αποδεκτών Βραβείου Νόμπελ Φυσιολογίας και Ιατρικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q51759403 badge-goodlist mw-list-item" title="good list badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Ganadores_del_Premio_Nobel_de_Fisiolog%C3%ADa_o_Medicina" title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Medikuntzako_Nobel_Saria" title="Zerrenda:Medikuntzako Nobel Saria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Medikuntzako Nobel Saria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی و پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی و پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EC%83%9D%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%C2%B7%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="노벨 생리학·의학상 수상자 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 생리학·의학상 수상자 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակի դափնեկիրների ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկության կամ ֆիզիոլոգիայի Նոբելյան մրցանակի դափնեկիրների ցանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_di_Nobel-laureati_pri_fiziologio_o_medicino" title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Fisiologi_atau_Kedokteran" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisiologi atau Kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_laureatos_del_Premio_Nobel_pro_Physiologia_o_Medicina" title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincitori_del_premio_Nobel_per_la_medicina" title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la medicina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la medicina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ფიზიოლოგიასა და მედიცინაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Физиология немесе медицина саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физиология немесе медицина саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_Xelatgir%C3%AAn_Nobela_Bij%C3%AE%C5%9Fkiy%C3%AA" title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Bijîşkiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Bijîşkiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mijas_laure%C4%81ti_fiziolo%C4%A3ij%C4%81_vai_medic%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti fizioloģijā vai medicīnā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti fizioloģijā vai medicīnā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_Laureate_vum_Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Physiologie_oder_Medezin" title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Physiologie oder Medezin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_vaan_Nobelprieswinners_(geneeskunde)" title="Lies vaan Nobelprieswinners (geneeskunde) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lies vaan Nobelprieswinners (geneeskunde)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="ليستة جوايز نوبل فى الطب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستة جوايز نوبل فى الطب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fisiologi_atau_Perubatan" title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_nobelprisvinnere_i_fysiologi_eller_medisin" title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysiologi eller medisin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medecina" title="Prèmi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medecina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèmi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medecina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଚିକିତ୍ସା ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ନୋବେଲ ବିଜେତାଙ୍କ ତାଲିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚିକିତ୍ସା ବିଜ୍ଞାନରେ ନୋବେଲ ବିଜେତାଙ୍କ ତାଲିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="نوبل انعام برائے فزیالوجی یا طب وصول کنندگان کی لسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوبل انعام برائے فزیالوجی یا طب وصول کنندگان کی لسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizjologii_lub_medycyny" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureados_com_o_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_ou_Medicina" title="Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_laurea%C8%9Bilor_Premiului_Nobel_pentru_Fiziologie_sau_Medicin%C4%83" title="Lista laureaților Premiului Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista laureaților Premiului Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Список лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физиологии или медицине – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физиологии или медицине" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%95%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Физиологияҕа эбэтэр мэдиссиинэҕэ Нобель бириэмийэтин лауреаттарын испииһэгэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физиологияҕа эбэтэр мэдиссиинэҕэ Нобель бириэмийэтин лауреаттарын испииһэгэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_nosite%C4%BEov_Nobelovej_ceny_za_fyziol%C3%B3giu_alebo_medic%C3%ADnu" title="Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziológiu alebo medicínu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziológiu alebo medicínu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پێڕستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیۆلۆژیا یان پزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێڕستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیۆلۆژیا یان پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Списак добитника Нобелове награде за физиологију или медицину – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак добитника Нобелове награде за физиологију или медицину" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_dobitnika_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziologiju_ili_medicinu" title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Nobelin_fysiologian_tai_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketieteen_palkinnon_saaneista" title="Luettelo Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnon saaneista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luettelo Nobelin fysiologian tai lääketieteen palkinnon saaneista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE" title="వైద్యశాస్త్రంలో నోబెల్ గ్రహీతల జాబితా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైద్యశాస్త్రంలో నోబెల్ గ్రహీతల జాబితా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Fizyoloji_veya_T%C4%B1p_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri_listesi" title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahipleri listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahipleri listesi" 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id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Franklin_Enders&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alfred_Nobel.png/200px-Alfred_Nobel.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alfred_Nobel.png/300px-Alfred_Nobel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Alfred_Nobel.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Nobel</figcaption></figure> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> which were created by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>. This award is decided by the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet" title="Karolinska Institutet">Karolinska Institutet</a>, a major medical center in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> (treating or stopping disease) or <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> (the way the body works). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize_winners">Nobel Prize winners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Nobel Prize winners" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Nobel Prize winners">change source</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–1910">1901–1910</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: 1901–1910" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: 1901–1910">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajal-va.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/200px-Cajal-va.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/300px-Cajal-va.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cajal-va.jpg/400px-Cajal-va.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1901 – <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a>, Germany, for making a <a href="/wiki/Serum" class="mw-disambig" title="Serum">serum</a> to stop people getting the disease <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1901-1">[1]</a></li> <li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a>, United Kingdom, for work on <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1902-2">[2]</a></li> <li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a>, Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (<a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> of the skin), with light <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1903-3">[3]</a></li> <li>1904 – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, Russia, for his work on the way <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" title="Digestive system">digestion</a> works.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1904-4">[4]</a></li> <li>1905 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, Germany, for studying <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1905-5">[5]</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, Italy and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a>, Spain for their work on the parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1906-6">[6]</a></li> <li>1907 – <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a>, France, for his work on the way <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> can cause disease<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1907-7">[7]</a></li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov">Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov</a>, Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a>, Germany, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immunity</a> fights disease<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1908-8">[8]</a></li> <li>1909 – <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Theodor Kocher</a>, Switzerland, for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1909-9">[9]</a></li> <li>1910 – <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a>, Germany, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic substances</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1910-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1911–1919">1911–1919</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: 1911–1919" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: 1911–1919">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg/200px-Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg/300px-Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Allvar_Gullstrand_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Allvar Gullstrand, 1911</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1911 – <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a>, Sweden, for his work on light <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1911-11">[11]</a></li> <li>1912 – <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a>, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">transplantation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1912-12">[12]</a></li> <li>1913 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Charles Robert Richet</a>, France, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1913-13">[13]</a></li> <li>1914 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Robert Bárány</a>, Austria, for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" title="Equilibrioception">balance</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1914-14">[14]</a></li> <li>1915 – Not awarded</li> <li>1916 – Not awarded</li> <li>1917 – Not awarded</li> <li>1918 – Not awarded</li> <li>1919 – <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a>, Belgium, for his discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immunity</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1919-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1929">1920–1929</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: 1920–1929" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: 1920–1929">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredrick_banting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fredrick_banting.jpg/200px-Fredrick_banting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fredrick_banting.jpg/300px-Fredrick_banting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fredrick_banting.jpg/400px-Fredrick_banting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Frederick Banting, 1923</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1920 – <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a>, Denmark, for his discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1920-16">[16]</a></li> <li>1921 – Not awarded</li> <li>1922 – <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Vivian Hill</a>, United Kingdom, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> make heat<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1922-17">[17]</a></li> <li>1922 – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Fritz Meyerhof</a>, Germany, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> makes chemical changes in <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1922-17">[17]</a></li> <li>1923 – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Grant Banting</a>, Canada and <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">John Macleod</a>, Canada, for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1923-18">[18]</a></li> <li>1924 – <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a>, The Netherlands, for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiogram</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1924-19">[19]</a></li> <li>1925 – Not awarded</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger</a>, Denmark, for his discovery that an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> could lead to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1926-20">[20]</a></li> <li>1927 – <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a>, Austria, for his discovery that <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> helps the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1927-21">[21]</a></li> <li>1928 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Jules Henri Nicolle</a>, France, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1928-22">[22]</a></li> <li>1929, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> to stop nerve pain"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1929-23">[23]</a></li> <li>1929 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a>, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> that help growth<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1929-23">[23]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930–1939">1930–1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: 1930–1939" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: 1930–1939">change source</a>]</div> <ul><li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a>, for discovery of human <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood types</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1930-24">[24]</a></li> <li>1931 – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a>, Germany, for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">respiratory enzyme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1931-25">[25]</a></li> <li>1932 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a>, United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a>, United Kingdom, for discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> cells).<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1932-26">[26]</a></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>, United States, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1933-27">[27]</a></li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Hoyt Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Richards Minot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Parry Murphy</a>, United States, for their work on how eating <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> could cure <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1934-28">[28]</a></li> <li>1935 – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a>, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> development.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1935-29">[29]</a></li> <li>1936 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a>, United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a>, Austria for their discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulse" title="Nerve impulse">nerve impulses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1936-30">[30]</a></li> <li>1937 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a>, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> changes of <a href="/wiki/Fumaric_acid" title="Fumaric acid">fumaric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1937-31">[31]</a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a>, Belgium, for work on the <a href="/wiki/Sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus">paranasal sinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aorta">aortic mechanisms</a> in the control of breathing.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1938-32">[32]</a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a>, Germany, for finding the <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a> effects of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prontosil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prontosil (not yet started)">prontosil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1939-33">[33]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940–1949">1940–1949</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: 1940–1949" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: 1940–1949">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-fleming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alexander-fleming.jpg/200px-Alexander-fleming.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alexander-fleming.jpg/300px-Alexander-fleming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alexander-fleming.jpg/400px-Alexander-fleming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Fleming, 1945</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1940 – Not awarded</li> <li>1941 – Not awarded</li> <li>1942 – Not awarded</li> <li>1943 – <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Carl Peter Dam</a>, Denmark, for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1943-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1943 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a>, United States, for work on <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1943-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1944 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a>, United States, for their discoveries about single <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fibre">nerve fibres</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1944-35">[35]</a></li> <li>1945 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Ernst Boris Chain</a>, United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Walter Florey</a>, Australia, for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and making it into an <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> to cure <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1945-36">[36]</a></li> <li>1946 – <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a>, United States, for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irradiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irradiation (not yet started)">irradiation</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1946-37">[37]</a></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Ferdinand Cori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz</a>, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1947-38">[38]</a></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Alberto Houssay</a>, Argentina, for finding out how the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anterior_pituitary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anterior pituitary (not yet started)">anterior pituitary</a> lobe works in the metabolism of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">sugar</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1947-38">[38]</a></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Hermann Müller</a>, Switzerland, for his work on <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">poison against several insects</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1948-39">[39]</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Rudolf Hess</a>, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> controls the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal (not yet started)">internal</a> organs<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1949-40">[40]</a></li> <li>1949 – <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a>, Portugal, for using <a href="/wiki/Leucotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucotomy">leucotomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>) to cure some mental illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1949-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1959">1950–1959</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: 1950–1959" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: 1950–1959">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg/200px-Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg/300px-Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg/400px-Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Selman Waksman, 1952</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1950 – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a>, Switzerland, for the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrenal_cortex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrenal cortex (not yet started)">adrenal cortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1950-41">[41]</a></li> <li>1951 – <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a>, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1951-42">[42]</a></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a>, United States, for discovering <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> to work against <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1952-43">[43]</a></li> <li>1953 – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs">Hans Krebs</a>, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Krebs_cycle" title="Krebs cycle">citric acid cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1953-44">[44]</a></li> <li>1953 – <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a>, United States, for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">co-enzyme A</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1953-44">[44]</a></li> <li>1954 – <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a>, United States, for discovering the <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> and growing it in a laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1954-45">[45]</a></li> <li>1955 – <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a>, Sweden, for his discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> changing with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1955-46">[46]</a></li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" class="mw-redirect" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson Richards</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, for their discoveries about <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_catheterization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heart catheterization (not yet started)">heart catheterization</a> and changes in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1956-47">[47]</a></li> <li>1957 – <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a>, Italy for his work on <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> and what they do to parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1957-48">[48]</a></li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a>, United States, for finding out how genes work.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1958-49">[49]</a></li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a>, United States, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-disambig" title="Genetic">genetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossing_over" title="Crossing over">recombination</a> works in <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transduction_(genetics)" title="Transduction (genetics)">transduction (genetics)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1958-49">[49]</a></li> <li>1959 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a>, United States, for their discovery of how living things make <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleic acid">ribonucleic acid</a> (RNA) and <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA).<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1959-50">[50]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–1969">1960–1969</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: 1960–1969" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: 1960–1969">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg/220px-Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg/330px-Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Burnet_in_the_lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Frank Macfarlane Burnet, 1960</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1960 – Sir <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a>, Australia, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a>, United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1960-51">[51]</a></li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a>, United States, for his discoveries about the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> (inner ear).<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1961-52">[52]</a></li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, for finding the structure of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> and its importance in coding information in living things.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1962-53">[53]</a></li> <li>1963 – Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a>, United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a>, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1963-54">[54]</a></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a>, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> work in the body.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1964-55">[55]</a></li> <li>1965 – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a>, France, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> control <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1965-56">[56]</a></li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Peyton Rous</a>, United States, for his discovery that <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1966-57">[57]</a></li> <li>1966 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles Brenton Huggins</a>, United States, for using <a href="/wiki/Hormonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal">hormonal</a> treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1966-57">[57]</a></li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a>, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Keffer Hartline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a>, United States, for their discoveries about how the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> works.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1967-58">[58]</a></li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> (U.S), <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a>, United States, for their understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> and its role in <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1968-59">[59]</a></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a>, United States, for finding how <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1969-60">[60]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970–1979">1970–1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: 1970–1979" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: 1970–1979">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidBaltimore2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DavidBaltimore2008.JPG/200px-DavidBaltimore2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DavidBaltimore2008.JPG/300px-DavidBaltimore2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DavidBaltimore2008.JPG/400px-DavidBaltimore2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>David Baltimore, 1975</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a>, Sweden, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a>, United Kingdom, for finding out about <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">transmittors in the nerve terminals</a> and how they work<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1970-61">[61]</a></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (not yet started)">Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.</a>, United States, for his discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1971-62">[62]</a></li> <li>1972 – <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald M. Edelman</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney R. Porter</a>, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1972-63">[63]</a></li> <li>1973 – <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>, Federal Republic of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1973-64">[64]</a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George E. Palade</a>, United States, for their discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cells</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1974-65">[65]</a></li> <li>1975 – <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Temin" title="Howard Temin">Howard Temin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a>, United States, for finding what happens when <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumour</a> causing <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> infect normal cells.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1975-66">[66]</a></li> <li>1976 – <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch S. Blumberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">D. Carleton Gajdusek</a>, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1976-67">[67]</a></li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Schally" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew W. Schally">Andrew W. Schally</a>, United States, for their discoveries about how the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormone</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1977-68">[68]</a></li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a>, United States, for the development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioimmunoassay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioimmunoassay (not yet started)">radioimmunoassays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormones</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1977-68">[68]</a></li> <li>1978 – <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a>, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a>, United States for finding <a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">restriction enzymes</a> and their use in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular genetics (not yet started)">molecular genetics</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1978-69">[69]</a></li> <li>1979 – <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey N. Hounsfield</a>, United Kingdom, for the development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_assisted_tomography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer assisted tomography (not yet started)">computer assisted tomography</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1979-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1989">1980–1989</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: 1980–1989" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: 1980–1989">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg/220px-Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg/330px-Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg/440px-Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Sune Bergström, 1982</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a>, France, and <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George D. Snell</a>, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immunological reactions</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1980-71">[71]</a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Sperry">Roger Sperry</a>, United States, for finding out the role of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1981-72">[72]</a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a>, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1981-72">[72]</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a>, Sweden, and <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Vane">John R. Vane</a>, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostaglandin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostaglandin (not yet started)">prostaglandins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1982-73">[73]</a></li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a>, United States, for her discovery of <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">mobile genetic elements</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1983-74">[74]</a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels K. Jerne</a>, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J.F._K%C3%B6hler" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges J.F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a>, Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" class="mw-redirect" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and the discovery of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoclonal_antibodies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoclonal antibodies (not yet started)">monoclonal antibodies</a> are made<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1984-75">[75]</a></li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael S. Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a>, United States, for finding out how <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> is controlled<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1985-76">[76]</a></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a>, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1986-77">[77]</a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, for his discovery how the genes make different <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1987-78">[78]</a></li> <li>1988 – Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Black" title="James Black">James Black</a> United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a>, United States, for finding important rules for <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">drug treatment</a><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1988-79">[79]</a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a>, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1989-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–1999">1990–1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: 1990–1999" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: 1990–1999">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferid_Murad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ferid_Murad.jpg/200px-Ferid_Murad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ferid_Murad.jpg/300px-Ferid_Murad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ferid_Murad.jpg/400px-Ferid_Murad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Ferid Murad, 1998</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph E. Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a>, United States, for their discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ and cell transplantation</a> in the treatment of disease.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1990-81">[81]</a></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a>, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> do in cells.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1991-82">[82]</a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond H. Fischer</a>, Switzerland and the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a>, United States, for finding reversible <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorylation (not yet started)">phosphorylation</a> as a biological control mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1992-83">[83]</a></li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Richard Roberts</a>, United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Sharp" title="Phillip Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a>, United States, for their discoveries of split genes.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1993-84">[84]</a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a>, United States, for finding <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-protein (not yet started)">G-proteins</a> and the role of these proteins in <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> in cells.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1994-85">[85]</a></li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, Federal Republic of Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a>, United States, for finding how <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embryonic_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embryonic development (not yet started)">embryonic development</a> is changed by genes.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1995-86">[86]</a></li> <li>1996 – <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a>,Australia,and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a>, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1996-87">[87]</a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a>, United States, for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>, proteins that make people sick.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1997-88">[88]</a></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Louis J. Ignarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a>, United States, for finding how <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> works as a signalling <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1998-89">[89]</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a>, United States, for the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-1999-90">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2009">2000–2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: 2000–2009" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: 2000–2009">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg/200px-LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg/300px-LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg/400px-LucMontagnier1995_065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Luc Montagnier, 2008</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a>, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a>, United States, for their discoveries about <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2000-91">[91]</a></li> <li>2001 – <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hartwell" title="Lee Hartwell">Leland Hartwell</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a>, United Kingdom, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a>, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2001-92">[92]</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a>, United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a>, United States, and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2002-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a>, United States, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a>, United Kingdom, for inventing <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2003-95">[95]</a></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda Buck</a>, United States, for finding <a href="/wiki/Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Small">small</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor">receptors</a> and the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>, (how we smell things).<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2004-96">[96]</a></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a>, Australia, for finding the bacterium <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> that causes <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcer</a> disease.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2005-97">[97]</a></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a>, United States, for finding how <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a> can switch genes on or off.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2006-98">[98]</a></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a>, United States, Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a>, United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a>, United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic stem cells">embryonic stem cells</a>. This leads to <a href="/wiki/Genetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically">genetically</a> changed mice.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2007-99">[99]</a></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a>, Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a>, France, for finding the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2008-100">[100]</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Carol Greider</a>, US, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Jack Szostak</a>, England, for their work on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2019">2010–2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: 2010–2019" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: 2010–2019">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMSt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/200px-RMSt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/300px-RMSt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RMSt.jpg/400px-RMSt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Ralph Steinman</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Robert Edwards</a>, U.K., for the development of <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2010-102">[102]</a></li> <li>2011 – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a>, U.S.A., <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Jules Hoffmann</a>, France, for their discoveries about how <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">innate immunity</a> is activated.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2011-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Ralph Steinman</a>, Canada/U.S.A. for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cell</a> and its role in <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive immunity">adaptive immunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2011-103">[103]</a> (awarded posthumously)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_nobel_prize-105">[105]</a></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a>, U.K., and <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a>, Japan, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2012-106">[106]</a></li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a>, both US, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a>, Germany for "discovering the molecular basis of neutrotransmitters release".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">John O'Keefe</a> U.K./U.S., <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> & <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a> Norway for "discovering the cells that make a positing system in the brain" (the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> as a mental map for spatial memory).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell" class="mw-disambig" title="William C. Campbell">William C. Campbell</a> (1/4)/ <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> (1/4) / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (1/2) for therapy against (respectively) <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a> parasites, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a>, Japan, for <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">autophagy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a>, all U.S., for "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>"<a href="#cite_note-nobel-2017-111">[111]</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a>, U.S, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a>, Japan for "discovery of cancer therapy by inhibitation of negative immune regulation".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a>, U.S., <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a>, U.K., <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a>, U.S. for "their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020-">2020-</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: 2020-" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: 2020-">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Professor_Svante_Paabo_ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a>, U.S, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Michael Houghton</a>, U.K, & <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a>, U.S. for "the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".</li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a>, U.S. for "discovories of receptors for <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touch" title="Touch">touch</a>".</li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a>, Sweden for "discoveries concerning the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of extinct hominins and <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a>".</li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, U.S. for "discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective <a href="/wiki/RNA_vaccine" title="RNA vaccine">RNA vaccinees</a> against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>".</li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a>, U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a>, U.S. for "the discovery of mocroRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages">change source</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Prize winners by country">List of Nobel Prize winners by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry">List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Economics" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics">List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics">List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature">List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_winners" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize winners">List of Nobel Peace Prize winners</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References">change source</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1901-1"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1901_1-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1901&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1901%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1902-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1902_2-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1902&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1902%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1903-3"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1903_3-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1903&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1904-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1904_4-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1904&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1905-5"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1905_5-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1905&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1905%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1906-6"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1906_6-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1906&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1907-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1907_7-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1907&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1907%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1908-8"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1908_8-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1908&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1909-9"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1909_9-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1909&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1909%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1910-10"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1910_10-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1910&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1910%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1911-11"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1911_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1911&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1911%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1912-12"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1912_12-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1912&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1912%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1913-13"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1913_13-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1913&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1913%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1914-14"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1914_14-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1914&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1914%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1919-15"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1919_15-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1919&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1919%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1920-16"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1920_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1920&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1920%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1922-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1922_17-0">17.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1922_17-1">17.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1922&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1923-18"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1923_18-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1923&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1923%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1924-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1924_19-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1924&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1924%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1926-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1926_20-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1926&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1926%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1927-21"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1927_21-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1927&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1927%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1928-22"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1928_22-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1928&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1928%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1929-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1929_23-0">23.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1929_23-1">23.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1929&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1929%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1930-24"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1930_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1930&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1930%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1931-25"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1931_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1931&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1931%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1932-26"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1932_26-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1932&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1932%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1933-27"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1933_27-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1933&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1933%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1934-28"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1934_28-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1934&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1934%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1935-29"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1935_29-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1935&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1935%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1936-30"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1936_30-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1936&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1936%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1937-31"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1937_31-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1937&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1937%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1938-32"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1938_32-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1938&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1938%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1939-33"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1939_33-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1939&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1939%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1943-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1943_34-0">34.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1943_34-1">34.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1943&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1943%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1944-35"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1944_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1944&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1944%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1945-36"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1945_36-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1945&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1945%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1946-37"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1946_37-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1946&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1946%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1947-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1947_38-0">38.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1947_38-1">38.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1947&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1947%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1948-39"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1948_39-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1948&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1948%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1949-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1949_40-0">40.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1949_40-1">40.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1949&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1949%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1950-41"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1950_41-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1950&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1950%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1951-42"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1951_42-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1951&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1951%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1952-43"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1952_43-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1952&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1952%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1953-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1953_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1953_44-1">44.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1953&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1953%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1954-45"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1954_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1954&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1954%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1955-46"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1955_46-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1955&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1955%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1956-47"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1956_47-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1956&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1957-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1957_48-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1957&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1957%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1958-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1958_49-0">49.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1958_49-1">49.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1958&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1958%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1959-50"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1959_50-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1959&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1959%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1960-51"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1960_51-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1960&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1960%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1961-52"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1961_52-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1961&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1961%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1962-53"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1962_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1962&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1962%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1963-54"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1963_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1963&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1963%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1964-55"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1964_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1964&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1965-56"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1965_56-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1965&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1965%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1966-57">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1966_57-0">57.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1966_57-1">57.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1966&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1966%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1967-58"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1967_58-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1967&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1967%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1968-59"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1968_59-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1968&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1969-60"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1969_60-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1969&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1969%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1970-61"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1970_61-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1970&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1970%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1971-62"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1971_62-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1971&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1971%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1972-63"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1972_63-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1972&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1972%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1973-64"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1973_64-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1973&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1973%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1974-65"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1974_65-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1974&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1975-66"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1975_66-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1975&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1975%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1976-67"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1976_67-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1976&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1976%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1977-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1977_68-0">68.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1977_68-1">68.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1977&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1977%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1978-69"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1978_69-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1978&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1978%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1979-70"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1979_70-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1979&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1980-71"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1980_71-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1980&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1981-72">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1981_72-0">72.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1981_72-1">72.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1981&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1981%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1982-73"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1982_73-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1982&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1982%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1983-74"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1983_74-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1983&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1983%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1984-75"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1984_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1984&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1984%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1985-76"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1985_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1985&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1985%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1986-77"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1986_77-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1986&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1987-78"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1987_78-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1987&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1987%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1988-79"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1988_79-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1988&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1988%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1989-80"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1989_80-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1989&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1989%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1990-81"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1990_81-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1990&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1991-82"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1991_82-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1991&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1991%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1992-83"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1992_83-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1992&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1992%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1993-84"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1993_84-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1993&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1993%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1994-85"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1994_85-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1994&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1995-86"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1995_86-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1995&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1996-87"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1996_87-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1996&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1997-88"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1997_88-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1997&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1997%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1998-89"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1998_89-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1998&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1999-90"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-1999_90-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1999&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1999%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2000-91"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2000_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2000&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2001-92"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2001_92-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2001&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2002-93"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2002_93-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2002&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2002%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/summary/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 - NobelPrize.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2003-95"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2003_95-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2003&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2004-96"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2004_96-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2004&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2004%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2005-97"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2005_97-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2005&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2005%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2006-98"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2006_98-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2006&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2007-99"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2007_99-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2007&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2008-100"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2008_100-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2008&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2009&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2010-102"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2010_102-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2010&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2011-103">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2011_103-0">103.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2011_103-1">103.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2011&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005085447/http://www.nobelprize.org/press/nobelfoundation/press_releases/2011/steinman.html">"Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/press/nobelfoundation/press_releases/2011/steinman.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Steinman+Remains+Nobel+Laureate&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fpress%2Fnobelfoundation%2Fpress_releases%2F2011%2Fsteinman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_nobel_prize-105"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_nobel_prize_105-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSample,_Ian2011" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (2011-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/oct/03/nobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist">"Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 10, 2011. <q>The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nobel+prize+to+be+awarded+to+dead+scientist&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.au=Sample%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2011%2Foct%2F03%2Fnobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2012-106"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2012_106-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2012&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/">Nobel Foundation. 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/press.pdf">The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel Foundation 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.html">The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel Foundation 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016. The Nobel Foundation. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/press.html">The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press release - NobelPrize.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2017-111"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2017_111-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2017-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2017&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+Prize+winners+in+Physiology+or+Medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2018/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medcine 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024</a> </li> </ol></div> <table class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature">Literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_winners" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize winners">Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics">Physics</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physiology or Medicine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Economics" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics">Economics</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&oldid=9816285#1950–1959">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&oldid=9816285#1950–1959</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Category:Lists of Nobel Prize winners">Lists of Nobel Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_winners" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 8 October 2024, at 22:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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