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<li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Labourers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labourers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labourers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficked_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficked_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trafficked civilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficked_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atrocities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atrocities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditions_during_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_during_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conditions during construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_during_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_rates_and_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_rates_and_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Death rates and causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_rates_and_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>War crimes trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_of_the_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_of_the_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Features of the Railway</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features_of_the_Railway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features of the Railway subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features_of_the_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bridge_277:_Bridge_on_the_River_Khwae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge_277:_Bridge_on_the_River_Khwae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bridge 277: Bridge on the River Khwae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridge_277:_Bridge_on_the_River_Khwae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombardments_of_Bridge_277" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardments_of_Bridge_277"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Bombardments of Bridge 277</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardments_of_Bridge_277-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellfire_Pass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellfire_Pass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hellfire Pass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellfire_Pass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Significant bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cemeteries and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable labourers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_labourers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable labourers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Civilian labourers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Allied labourers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_Railway_Interest_Group_(DRIG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_Railway_Interest_Group_(DRIG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_Railway_Interest_Group_(DRIG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural impact and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burma Railway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thajsko-barmsk%C3%A1_%C5%BEeleznice" title="Thajsko-barmská železnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thajsko-barmská železnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8dens_jernbane" title="Dødens jernbane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødens jernbane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand-Burma-Eisenbahn" title="Thailand-Burma-Eisenbahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thailand-Burma-Eisenbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril_de_Birmania" title="Ferrocarril de Birmania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferrocarril de Birmania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87" title="راه‌آهن برمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌آهن برمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne_Siam-Birmanie" title="Ligne Siam-Birmanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ligne Siam-Birmanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%A7%88_%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="버마 철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버마 철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_kereta_api_Burma" title="Jalur kereta api Burma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalur kereta api Burma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovia_della_Birmania" title="Ferrovia della Birmania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferrovia della Birmania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מסילת הרכבת תאילנד-בורמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסילת הרכבת תאילנד-בורמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaif%C3%B6ld%E2%80%93Burma-vas%C3%BAtvonal" title="Thaiföld–Burma-vasútvonal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thaiföld–Burma-vasútvonal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landasan_Kereta_Api_Burma" title="Landasan Kereta Api Burma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Landasan Kereta Api Burma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သေမင်းတမန် ရထားလမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သေမင်းတမန် ရထားလမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birma-Siam-spoorweg" title="Birma-Siam-spoorweg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Birma-Siam-spoorweg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="泰緬鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="泰緬鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Burma-jernbanen" title="Thailand–Burma-jernbanen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thailand–Burma-jernbanen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_Birma%C5%84ska" title="Kolej Birmańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolej Birmańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovia_da_Birm%C3%A2nia" title="Ferrovia da Birmânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferrovia da Birmânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calea_ferat%C4%83_a_mor%C8%9Bii" title="Calea ferată a morții – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calea ferată a morții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тайско-Бирманская железная дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайско-Бирманская железная дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekurudha_e_Birmanis%C3%AB" title="Hekurudha e Birmanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekurudha e Birmanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burman_rata" title="Burman rata – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burman rata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="சயாம் மரண இரயில்பாதை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சயாம் மரண இரயில்பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="ทางรถไฟสายมรณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางรถไฟสายมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burma_Railway&params=14_02_27_N_99_30_11_E_region:TH_type:landmark_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°02′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°30′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.04083°N 99.50306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.04083; 99.50306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWII Japanese Thai–Burma railway</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the railway constructed by Japan during World War II. For the railways of the country Burma, see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="Rail transport in Myanmar">Rail transport in Myanmar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:300px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme" style="border-top: 4px solid #ff0000; border-bottom: 4px solid #ff0000; color: inherit;">Burma Railway</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG/300px-Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG/450px-Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG/600px-Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai_-_tourist_plaza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The railroad bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Khwae_Yai_River" title="Khwae Yai River">Khwae Yai River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchanaburi Province">Kanchanaburi Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Death Railway<br />Nam Tok Line<br />Siam–Burma Railway<br />Thai–Burma Railway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data">泰緬連接鉄道 (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ban_Pong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Pong District">Ban Pong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Termini</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Pladuk_Junction_railway_station" title="Nong Pladuk Junction railway station">Nong Pladuk Junction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_Sai_Yok_Noi" title="Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi">Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former connections</th><td class="infobox-data">Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi–<a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">Heavy rail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commenced</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1943<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1943-10-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a> and civilian laborers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1947<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1947-02-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reopened</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1958-07-01</span>)</span> (Nong Pladuk–Nam Tok)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Line length</th><td class="infobox-data">415 km (258 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Beattie_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 0"><table style="border-spacing: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed autocollapse"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #efefef;" class="infobox-header"><th style="text-align:center"><div style="margin:0 4em">Route map</div></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; padding-top: 3px"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output 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.RMf_{height:5px;min-height:5px;width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMfm{height:100%;min-height:100%;width:4px;min-width:4px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMo{width:2.5px;min-width:2.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMc{width:5px;min-width:5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMoc{width:7.5px;min-width:7.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMd{width:10px;min-width:10px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMod{width:12.5px;min-width:12.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcd{width:15px;min-width:15px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMocd{width:17.5px;min-width:17.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_{width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_o{width:22.5px;min-width:22.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_c{width:25px;min-width:25px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_oc{width:27.5px;min-width:27.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_d{width:30px;min-width:30px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_od{width:32.5px;min-width:32.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cd{width:35px;min-width:35px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ocd{width:37.5px;min-width:37.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMb{width:40px;min-width:40px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcb{width:45px;min-width:45px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdb{width:50px;min-width:50px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcdb{width:55px;min-width:55px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_b{width:60px;min-width:60px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cb{width:65px;min-width:65px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_db{width:70px;min-width:70px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cdb{width:75px;min-width:75px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMs{width:80px;min-width:80px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMds{width:90px;min-width:90px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_s{width:100px;min-width:100px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ds{width:110px;min-width:110px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbs{width:120px;min-width:120px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdbs{width:130px;min-width:130px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bs{width:140px;min-width:140px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_dbs{width:150px;min-width:150px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMw{width:160px;min-width:160px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_w{width:180px;min-width:180px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbw{width:200px;min-width:200px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bw{width:220px;min-width:220px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsw{width:240px;min-width:240px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_sw{width:260px;min-width:260px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}.mw-parser-output .RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style>  </p> <table class="RMinline" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:100%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Pladuk_Junction_railway_station" title="Nong Pladuk Junction railway station">Nong Pla Duk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RMcd"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vSHI3gl-"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg/20px-BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg/30px-BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg/40px-BSicon_vSHI3gl-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="cSHI3c3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg/5px-BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg/7px-BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg/10px-BSicon_cSHI3c3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Nong Pla Duk Junction</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RMd"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dCONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_dCONTf.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_dCONTf.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_dCONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ban_Pong_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ban Pong Mai (page does not exist)">Ban Pong Mai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sa_Kosi_Narai_railway_station" title="Sa Kosi Narai railway station">Sa Kosi Narai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruk_Khe_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruk Khe railway station (page does not exist)">Ruk Khe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tha_Ruea_Noi_railway_station" title="Tha Ruea Noi railway station">Tha Ruea Noi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tha_Muang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha Muang District">Tha Muang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_railway_station" title="Kanchanaburi railway station">Kanchanaburi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khwae_Yai_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwae Yai Bridge">Khwae Yai Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hbKRZWae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/60px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg/80px-BSicon_hbKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Khwae_Yai_River" title="Khwae Yai River">River Kwai</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khao_Pun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khao Pun (page does not exist)">Khao Pun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/20px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/30px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/40px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chungkai_POW_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungkai POW Camp">Chungkai POW Camp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Lan,_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Lan, Thailand (page does not exist)">Wang Lan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yen_railway_station" title="Wang Yen railway station">Wang Yen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tha_Pong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tha Pong (page does not exist)">Tha Pong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ban_Kao" title="Ban Kao">Ban Kao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tha_Kilen_railway_station" title="Tha Kilen railway station">Tha Kilen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lum_Sum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lum Sum (page does not exist)">Lum Sum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ai_Hit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ai Hit (page does not exist)">Ai Hit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tham_Krasae_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tham Krasae Bridge (page does not exist)">Tham Krasae Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hSTRae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_hSTRae.svg/20px-BSicon_hSTRae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_hSTRae.svg/30px-BSicon_hSTRae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_hSTRae.svg/40px-BSicon_hSTRae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Pho_Viaduct" title="Wang Pho Viaduct">Wang Pho Viaduct</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Pho_railway_station" title="Wang Pho railway station">Wang Pho</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yai,_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yai, Thailand (page does not exist)">Wang Yai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="eDST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/20px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/30px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_eDST.svg/40px-BSicon_eDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tha_Sao_POW_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha Sao POW Camp">Tha Sao POW Camp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_railway_station" title="Nam Tok railway station">Nam Tok</a> <div class="RMsi">(Tha Sao)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KHSTxe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KHSTxe.svg/20px-BSicon_KHSTxe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KHSTxe.svg/30px-BSicon_KHSTxe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KHSTxe.svg/40px-BSicon_KHSTxe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_Sai_Yok_Noi" title="Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi">Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonchan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonchan (page does not exist)">Tonchan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tampii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tampii (page does not exist)">Tampii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exCSTRae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exCSTRae.svg/20px-BSicon_exCSTRae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exCSTRae.svg/30px-BSicon_exCSTRae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/BSicon_exCSTRae.svg/40px-BSicon_exCSTRae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Pass" title="Hellfire Pass">Hellfire Pass</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hin_Tok" class="mw-redirect" title="Hin Tok">Hin Tok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannyu (page does not exist)">Kannyu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saiyok" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiyok">Saiyok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinsaiyok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinsaiyok (page does not exist)">Kinsaiyok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Thin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Thin (page does not exist)">Lin Thin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kui_Yae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kui Yae (page does not exist)">Kui Yae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindat (page does not exist)">Hindat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prang_Kasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prang Kasi (page does not exist)">Prang Kasi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongthi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongthi (page does not exist)">Yongthi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tha_Kanun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha Kanun">Tha Kanun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_Chon_Yai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nam Chon Yai (page does not exist)">Nam Chon Yai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tha_Mayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tha Mayo (page does not exist)">Tha Mayo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamrong_Patho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamrong Patho (page does not exist)">Tamrong Patho</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kroeng_Krai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kroeng Krai (page does not exist)">Kroeng Krai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurikonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurikonta (page does not exist)">Kurikonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konkoita" title="Konkoita">Konkoita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thimongtha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thimongtha (page does not exist)">Thimongtha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimo_Ni_Thea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shimo Ni Thea (page does not exist)">Shimo Ni Thea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ni_Thea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ni Thea (page does not exist)">Ni Thea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonkrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonkrai">Sonkrai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaunggahla-ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaunggahla-ya (page does not exist)">Chaunggahla-ya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="xZOLL"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_xZOLL.svg/20px-BSicon_xZOLL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_xZOLL.svg/30px-BSicon_xZOLL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BSicon_xZOLL.svg/40px-BSicon_xZOLL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Pass" title="Three Pagodas Pass">Three Pagodas Pass</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>–<a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> border</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Payathonzu" title="Payathonzu">Paya-thanzu Tuang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aungganaung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aungganaung (page does not exist)">Aungganaung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regue (page does not exist)">Regue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyondaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyondaw (page does not exist)">Kyondaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawa,_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawa, Burma (page does not exist)">Lawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exhbKRZWae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg/60px-BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg/80px-BSicon_exhbKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Apalon Bridge</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apalon_(village)" title="Apalon (village)">Apalon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apalaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apalaine (page does not exist)">Apalaine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mezali,_Kayin_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezali, Kayin State">Mezali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kami_Mezali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kami Mezali (page does not exist)">Kami Mezali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kyauk_Bi_Lu" title="Kyauk Bi Lu">Lonsi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taungzun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taungzun (page does not exist)">Taungzun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exDST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_exDST.svg/20px-BSicon_exDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_exDST.svg/30px-BSicon_exDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/BSicon_exDST.svg/40px-BSicon_exDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thanbaya_POW_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanbaya POW Camp">Thanbaya POW Camp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_exBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_exBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Than_Pu_Yar" title="Than Pu Yar">Thanbaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anankwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anankwin (page does not exist)">Anankwin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myettaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myettaw (page does not exist)">Myettaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beketaung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beketaung (page does not exist)">Beketaung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanyin (page does not exist)">Tanyin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Let_Hpaw" title="Let Hpaw">Retphaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konnoki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konnoki (page does not exist)">Konnoki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabao,_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabao, Burma (page does not exist)">Rabao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thetkaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thetkaw (page does not exist)">Thetkaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wagale (page does not exist)">Wagale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin-Thanbyuzayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sin-Thanbyuzayat (page does not exist)">Sin-Thanbyuzayat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RMd"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="xABZg+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_xABZg%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dCONTfq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_dCONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar Railways">Myanmar Railways</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="dCONTgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/10px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/15px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BSicon_dCONTgq.svg/20px-BSicon_dCONTgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/20px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/30px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BSicon_STRr.svg/40px-BSicon_STRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMd"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar Railways">Myanmar Railways</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Burma Railway</b>, also known as the <b>Siam–Burma Railway</b>, <b>Thai–Burma Railway</b> and similar names, or as the <b>Death Railway</b>, is a 415 km (258 mi) railway between <a href="/wiki/Ban_Pong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Pong District">Ban Pong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a>, Burma (now called <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>). It was built from 1940 to 1943 by Southeast Asian civilians abducted and forced to work by the Japanese and a smaller group of captured Allied soldiers, to supply troops and weapons in the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It completed the rail link between <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand, and <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, Burma. The name used by the Japanese Government was <i>Tai–Men Rensetsu Tetsudō</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">泰緬連接鉄道</span></span>), which means Thailand-Burma-Link-Railway. </p><p>At least 250,000 Southeast Asian civilians were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> to ensure the construction of the Death Railway and more than 90,000 civilians died building it, as did around 12,000 Allied soldiers. The workers on the Thai side of the railway were Tamils, Malays, and fewer Chinese civilians from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these civilians were moved to ‘rest camps’ after October 1943, they remained in these camps after the end of the war as they watched the Allied POWs being evacuated. Survivors were still living in the camps in 1947. They were British subjects who, without access to food or medical care, continued to die of malaria, dysentery and malnutrition. They had survived the ordeal of the Railway only to die in the ‘rest camps’. No compensation or reparations have been provided to the Southeast Asian victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggett_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the railway was dismantled shortly after the war. Only the first 130 kilometres (81 mi) of the line in Thailand remained, with trains still running as far north as <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_railway_station" title="Nam Tok railway station">Nam Tok</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Railway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Death_Railway.png/220px-Death_Railway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Death_Railway.png/330px-Death_Railway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Death_Railway.png/440px-Death_Railway.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Death Railway</figcaption></figure> <p>A railway route between Burma and Thailand, crossing <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Pass" title="Three Pagodas Pass">Three Pagodas Pass</a> and following the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Khwae_Noi_River" title="Khwae Noi River">Khwae Noi river</a> in Thailand, had been surveyed by the British government of Burma as early as 1885, but the proposed course of the line – through hilly jungle terrain divided by many rivers – was considered too difficult to undertake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand was a neutral country at the onset of World War II. On 8 December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japan invaded Thailand</a>, which quickly surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thailand was forced to accept an alliance,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used as a staging point for the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">attack on Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1942, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Japanese forces invaded Burma</a> and British forces quickly surrendered. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>. This route was vulnerable to attack by Allied submarines, especially after the Japanese defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> in June 1942. To avoid a hazardous 2,000-mile (3,200 km) sea journey around the Malay Peninsula, a railway from Bangkok to Rangoon seemed a feasible alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994183–184_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994183–184-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese began this project in June 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_Tamils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Malaysian_Tamils.jpg/220px-Malaysian_Tamils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Malaysian_Tamils.jpg/330px-Malaysian_Tamils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Malaysian_Tamils.jpg/440px-Malaysian_Tamils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Civilian workers during the construction of the railway between June 1942 and October 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg/220px-The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg/330px-The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg/440px-The_Bridge_Over_The_River_Kwae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The British government sold the Thai section of Burma railway to the Thai government for a total of 50 million baht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG/220px-Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG/330px-Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG/440px-Death_Railway_in_Thanbyuzayat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Abandoned section of Death Railway in <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a>, Myanmar (Burma)</figcaption></figure> <p>The project aimed to connect <a href="/wiki/Ban_Pong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Pong District">Ban Pong</a> in Thailand with <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a> in Burma, linking up with existing railways at both places. Its route was through Three Pagodas Pass on the border of Thailand and Burma. 69 miles (111 km) of the railway were in Burma and the remaining 189 miles (304 km) were in Thailand. After preliminary work of airfields and infrastructure, construction of the railway began in Burma and Thailand on 16 September 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projected completion date was December 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543–48_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543–48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the construction material, including tracks and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers</a>, was brought from dismantled branches of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya's</a> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Malay States Railway">Federated Malay States Railway</a> network and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies'</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Indonesia" title="History of rail transport in Indonesia">various rail networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg/220px-Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg/330px-Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg/440px-Thailand_Burma_Railway_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wang_Pho_Viaduct" title="Wang Pho Viaduct">Wang Pho Viaduct</a> built by civilian and POWs on the railway</figcaption></figure> <p>The railway was completed ahead of schedule. On 17 October 1943, groups of civilians violently transported from Burma were forced to commence working south, meeting up with groups of civilians taken from Thailand who were working in a northerly direction. The two sections of the line met at kilometre 263, about 18 km (11 mi) south of the Three Pagodas Pass at <a href="/wiki/Konkoita" title="Konkoita">Konkoita</a> (nowadays: Kaeng Khoi Tha, <a href="/wiki/Sangkhla_Buri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangkhla Buri District">Sangkhla Buri District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchanaburi Province">Kanchanaburi Province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994243_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994243-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A holiday was declared for 25 October, which was chosen as the ceremonial opening of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-meet_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meet-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspowmeet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese staff would travel by train <a href="/wiki/C56_31" title="C56 31">C56 31</a> from Nong Pladuk, Thailand to Thanbyuzayat, Burma. A copper spike was driven at the meeting point by commanding General Eiguma Ishida, and a memorial plaque was revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspowmeet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese Army transported 500,000 tonnes of freight<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> over the railway during the course of the war. Construction camps housing at least 1,000 workers each were established every 5–10 miles (8–17 km) of the route.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers were moved up and down the railway line as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction camps consisted of open-sided barracks built of bamboo poles with thatched roofs. The barracks were about 60 m (66 yd) long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. Two hundred people were housed in each barracks, giving each person a two-foot wide space in which to live and sleep. Camps were usually named after the kilometre where they were located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994238–239_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994238–239-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst months of the construction period were known as the "Speedo" (mid-spring to mid-October 1943).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a year of the Second World War, Britain, while facing bankruptcy, <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">retook</a> Burma, Malaya, Singapore and the Straits Settlements. On 16 January 1946, the British ordered <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese Prisoners of War</a> to remove a four-kilometre stretch of rail between Nikki (Ni Thea) and <a href="/wiki/Sonkrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonkrai">Sonkrai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hellfire_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hellfire-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway link between Thailand and Burma was to be separated again for protecting British interests in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the Burma section of the railway was sequentially removed, the rails were gathered in <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Mawlamyine</a>, and the roadbed was returned to the jungle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1946, the Thai section of the line was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government of Thailand</a> for £1,250,000 (50 million baht; equivalent to US$65,493,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-sold_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sold-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The money was used to compensate neighbouring countries and colonies for material stolen by Japan during the construction of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-sold_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sold-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 February 1947, two people—including Momluang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kri_Dechatiwong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kri Dechatiwong (page does not exist)">Kri Dechatiwong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C)" class="extiw" title="th:หลวงเดชาติวงศ์วราวัฒน์ (หม่อมหลวงกรี เดชาติวงศ์)">th</a>]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Transport (Thailand)">Thai Minister of Transport</a>—were killed on an inspection tour because the bridge near <a href="/wiki/Konkoita" title="Konkoita">Konkoita</a> had collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the accident, it was decided to end the line at <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_railway_station" title="Nam Tok railway station">Nam Tok</a> and reuse the remainder to rehabilitate the line.<sup id="cite_ref-rotfai_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotfai-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the railway was in poor condition and needed reconstruction for use by the <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">Royal Thai Railway</a> system. On 24 June 1949, the portion from <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_railway_station" title="Kanchanaburi railway station">Kanchanaburi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nong_Pladuk_Junction_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Pladuk Junction Railway Station">Nong Pla Duk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> หนองปลาดุก) was finished; on the first of April 1952, the next section up to <a href="/wiki/Wang_Pho_railway_station" title="Wang Pho railway station">Wang Pho</a> (Wangpo) was done. The two curved spans of the bridge which collapsed due to the British air attack were replaced by angular <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">truss spans</a> provided by Japan as part of their postwar reparations, thus forming the iconic bridge now seen today. Finally, on 1 July 1958, the rail line was completed to Nam Tok (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> น้ำตก, 'waterfall', referring to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sai_Yok_Noi_Waterfall" title="Sai Yok Noi Waterfall">Sai Yok Noi Waterfall</a>) The portion in use today is some 130 km (81 mi) long. The line was abandoned beyond <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_Sai_Yok_Noi" title="Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi">Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-rotfai_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotfai-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hellfire_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hellfire-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the steel rails were salvaged for reuse in expanding the <a href="/wiki/Bang_Sue_Junction_railway_station" title="Bang Sue Junction railway station">Bang Sue</a> railway yard, reinforcing the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok railway station">Bangkok</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ban_Phachi_Junction" title="Ban Phachi Junction">Ban Phachi Junction</a> double track, rehabilitating the track from <a href="/wiki/Thung_Song_Junction_railway_station" title="Thung Song Junction railway station">Thung Song Junction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trang_railway_station" title="Trang railway station">Trang</a>, and constructing both the Nong Pla Duk–<a href="/wiki/Suphan_Buri_railway_station" title="Suphan Buri railway station">Suphan Buri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Thung_Pho_Junction_railway_station" title="Ban Thung Pho Junction railway station">Ban Thung Pho</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khiri_Rat_Nikhom_railway_station" title="Khiri Rat Nikhom railway station">Khiri Rat Nikhom</a> branch lines. Parts of the abandoned route have been converted into a <a href="/wiki/List_of_rail_trails" title="List of rail trails">walking trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walkingtrail_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkingtrail-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701,_Myanmar_(Burma)_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Thanbyuzayat_MMR011004701%2C_Myanmar_%28Burma%29_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The first locomotive used for goods transport on the Death Railway on display in <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1990s various proposals have been made to rebuild the complete railway, but as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> these plans had not been realised. Since the upper part of the Khwae valley is now flooded by the <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn_Dam" title="Vajiralongkorn Dam">Vajiralongkorn Dam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspowmeet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surrounding terrain is mountainous, it would take extensive tunnelling to reconnect Thailand with Burma by rail. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg/180px-Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg/270px-Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg/360px-Death_Railway_Line_Mawlamyine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The start point in Myanmar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labourers">Labourers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese soldiers, 12,000 of them, including 800 Koreans, were employed on the railway as engineers, guards, and supervisors of the POW and civilian labourers. Although working conditions were far better for the Japanese than the POWs and civilian workers, about 1,000 (eight percent) of them died during construction. Many remember Japanese soldiers as being cruel and indifferent to the fate of Allied military prisoners and the Southeast Asian civilians. Many men in the railway workforce bore the brunt of pitiless or uncaring guards. Cruelty could take different forms, from extreme violence and torture to minor acts of physical punishment, humiliation, and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafficked_civilians">Trafficked civilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trafficked civilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png/220px-Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png/330px-Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png/440px-Civilian_Workers_in_the_Death_Railway_Camps.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Malayan Tamils in the work camps</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 180,000 <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> civilians were forcibly conscripted to work on the Death railway. Limited record keeping on the civilian populations under British occupation has led to incomplete and insufficient recording of the names and families of individuals who were <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a>. Javanese, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malayan Tamils</a>, Burmese, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malayan Chinese</a>, Thai, and other Southeast Asians were <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a> by the Imperial Japanese Army to work on the railway, dying in its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-mansell.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansell.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boggett_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the initial stages of the construction of the railway, Burmese and Thais were employed in their respective countries, but the number of workers recruited was insufficient. In Malaya, plantation families were forced by Japanese officers to send their children to the railway and young healthy men were often abducted and trafficked to the railway. </p><p>In early 1943, the Japanese advertised for workers in Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies, promising good wages, short contracts, and housing for families. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more violent methods, rounding up civilians, including children and imprisoning them, especially in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 90,000 Burmese and 75,000 Malayans worked on the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-mansell.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansell.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100,000 Malayan Tamils were brought into the project and around 60,000 perished.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asian workers were used to build the Kra Isthmus Railway from <a href="/wiki/Chumphon" title="Chumphon">Chumphon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kra_Buri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra Buri District">Kra Buri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Railway" title="Sumatra Railway">Sumatra or Palembang Railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Muaro">Muaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those left to maintain the lines after the completion of the Death Railway suffered from appalling living conditions as well as increasing Allied bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement of captured British soldiers northward from <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543–48_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacArthur200543–48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June 1942, 600 British soldiers arrived at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nong_Pladuk" title="Camp Nong Pladuk">Camp Nong Pladuk</a>, Thailand to build a camp to serve as a transit camp for the work camps along the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-list1942_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-list1942-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-layout_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-layout-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prisoners of war, 3,000 Australians, to go to Burma left <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> on 14 May 1942 and journeyed by sea to near <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a> (သံဖြူဇရပ် in the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a>; in English 'Tin Shelter'), the northern terminus of the railway. They worked on airfields and other infrastructure initially before beginning construction of the railway in October 1942. In Thailand, 3,000 British soldiers left Changi by train in June 1942 to <a href="/wiki/Ban_Pong,_Ratchaburi" title="Ban Pong, Ratchaburi">Ban Pong</a>, the southern terminus of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some captured British soldiers were taken from Singapore and the Dutch East Indies as construction advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Atrocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_during_construction">Conditions during construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conditions during construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png/220px-Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png/330px-Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Civilian_Workers_on_the_Death_Railway.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Asian Civilians during the construction</figcaption></figure> <p>The records of the civilian workers have not survived due to the limitations on birth and death records kept during pre- and post-war colonisation of the region. One soldier said they "found themselves at the bottom of a social system that was harsh, punitive, fanatical, and often deadly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Forte1994xxxiv_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Forte1994xxxiv-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living and working conditions on the Burma Railway were often described as "horrific", with maltreatment, sickness, and starvation. </p><p>Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Bridger_Chalker" title="Jack Bridger Chalker">Jack Bridger Chalker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Meninsky" title="Philip Meninsky">Philip Meninsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mennie" title="John Mennie">John Mennie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_George_Old" title="Ashley George Old">Ashley George Old</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Searle" title="Ronald Searle">Ronald Searle</a>. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/220px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/330px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/440px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Australian and Dutch prisoners of war, suffering from <a href="/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency" title="Thiamine deficiency">beriberi</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tarsau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsau">Tarsau</a> in Thailand in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the accounts from the British military perspective was John Coast's <i>Railroad of Death</i>, first published in 1946 and republished in a new edition in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoastNoszlopyNash2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoastNoszlopyNash2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coast's work is noted for its detail on the brutality of some Japanese and Korean guards as well as the humanity of others. It also describes the living and working conditions, together with the culture of the Thai towns and countryside that became many POWs' homes after leaving Singapore. Coast also details the camaraderie, pastimes, and humour of the soldiers in the face of adversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoastNoszlopyNash2014_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoastNoszlopyNash2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied soldiers were often given more freedom than their civilian counterparts, to play guitar or accordion, or lead a group sing-along, or request camp comedians to tell some jokes or put on a skit. </p><p>After the railway was completed, most of the British soldiers were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan. In maintenance camps entertainment flourished, theatres of bamboo and <a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">attap</a> (palm fronds) were built, sets, lighting, costumes and makeup devised, and an array of entertainment produced that included music halls, variety shows, cabarets, plays, and musical comedies – even pantomimes. These activities engaged numerous soldiers as actors, singers, musicians, designers, technicians, and female impersonators. </p><p>The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese war crime">war crime committed by Japan</a> in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_rates_and_causes">Death rates and causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death rates and causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 30%; height:40px" align="right"> <caption><b>Deaths of Allied Soldiers working on the Death Railway, 1942–1945</b> <sup id="cite_ref-mansell.com_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansell.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marcello_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcello-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country of origin </th> <th scope="col">POWs </th> <th scope="col">Number of deaths </th> <th scope="col">Death rate </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">UK, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> </th> <td>30,131</td> <td>6,904</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001229132786830838♠" style="display:none"></span>23% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Netherlands or<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> </th> <td>17,990</td> <td>2,782</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001154641467481934♠" style="display:none"></span>15% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Australia </th> <td>13,004</td> <td>2,802</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001215472162411565♠" style="display:none"></span>22% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">United States </th> <td>686</td> <td>133</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001193877551020408♠" style="display:none"></span>19% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Total</i> </th> <td>61,811</td> <td>12,621</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001204186957014123♠" style="display:none"></span>20% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to malnutrition and physical abuse, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_ulcer" title="Tropical ulcer">tropical ulcers</a> were common contributing factors in the death of workers on the Burma Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labourers that suffered the highest casualties were Burmese and Indian Tamils from Malaya and Myanmar, as well as many Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-mansell.com_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansell.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lower death rate among Dutch POWs and internees, relative to those from the UK and Australia, has been linked to the fact that many personnel and civilians taken prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> had been born there, were long-term residents and/or had <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Eurasian ancestry</a>; they tended thus to be more resistant to tropical diseases and to be better acclimatized than other Western Allied personnel. </p><p>The quality of medical care received by different groups of prisoners varied enormously. One factor was that many European and US doctors had little experience with tropical diseases. For example, a group of 400 Dutch prisoners, which included three doctors with extensive tropical medicine experience, suffered no deaths at all. Another group, numbering 190 US personnel, to whom <i>Lieutenant</i> Henri Hekking, a Dutch medical officer with experience in the tropics was assigned, suffered only nine deaths. Another cohort of 450 US personnel suffered 100 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994242–243_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994242–243-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weight loss among Allied officers who worked on construction was, on average, 9–14 kg (20–30 lb) less than that of enlisted personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers in more isolated areas suffered a much higher death rate than did others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_trials">War crimes trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War crimes trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of World War II, 111 Japanese military officials were tried for <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> for their brutality during the construction of the railway. Thirty-two of them were sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important trial was against the general staff. Lieutenant General Eiguma Ishida, overall commander of the Burma Railway, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. His subordinates Colonel Shigeo Nakamura, Colonel Tamie Ishii and Lieutenant-Colonel Shoichi Yanagita were sentenced to death. Major Sotomatsu Chida was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Abe_(war_criminal)" title="Hiroshi Abe (war criminal)">Hiroshi Abe</a>, a first lieutenant who supervised construction of the railway at <a href="/wiki/Sonkrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonkrai">Sonkrai</a> where 600 British prisoners out of 1,600 died of cholera and other diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was sentenced to death, later commuted to life in prison, as a B/C class war criminal. He served 11 years.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_of_the_Railway">Features of the Railway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Features of the Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_277:_Bridge_on_the_River_Khwae">Bridge 277: Bridge on the River Khwae <span class="anchor" id="The_bridge_on_the_River_Kwai"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bridge 277: Bridge on the River Khwae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg/220px-Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg/330px-Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg/440px-Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai_Art.IWMARTLD6035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><i>Bridge over the River Kwai</i> by Leo Rawlings (1943) of four POWs during the first bridge's construction.</figcaption></figure> <p>A key feature of the line is Bridge 277 built over a stretch of the river then known as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mae_Klong" title="Mae Klong">Mae Klong</a> River. The greater part of the Thai section of the river's route followed the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Khwae_Noi_River" title="Khwae Noi River">Khwae Noi River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">แควน้อย</span>: <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">khwae</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">แคว</span></span>), 'stream, river' or 'tributary'; <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">noi</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">น้อย</span></span>), 'small'. <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">Khwae</i></span> was frequently mispronounced by the English as <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th-Latn">kwai</i></span> (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">น้อย</span></span>), or 'buffalo' in Thai). This gave rise to the name of "River Kwai" amongst the English. In 1960 the portion of the Mae Klong which passes under the bridge was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Khwae_Yai_River" title="Khwae Yai River">Khwae Yai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">แควใหญ่</span>, 'big tributary'). </p><p>On 26 October 1942, British prisoners of war arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tamarkan" title="Tamarkan">Tamarkan</a> to construct the bridge. Initially, 1,000 prisoners worked on the bridge, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Philip_Toosey" title="Philip Toosey">Philip Toosey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thamakhan_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thamakhan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1943, 1,000 Dutch prisoners of war were added to Tamarkan.<sup id="cite_ref-24_machine_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24_machine-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese, Malay and Tamil civilians also worked on the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first wooden railroad bridge over the Khwae Yai was finished in February 1943, which was soon accompanied by a more modern <a href="/wiki/Ferro-concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro-concrete">ferro-concrete</a> bridge in June 1943, with both bridges running in a NNE–SSW direction across the river. The steel and concrete bridge consisted of eleven curved-truss bridge spans brought by the Japanese from Java in 1942. This is the bridge that still remains today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bombardments_of_Bridge_277">Bombardments of Bridge 277</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bombardments of Bridge 277"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam,_KITLV_25514.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Door_bombardementen_van_geallieerden_vernielde_ijzeren_spoorbrug_van_de_Birma-Siamspoorweg_bij_Tamarkan_in_Siam%2C_KITLV_25514.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4763" data-file-height="3573" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed bridge (date unknown)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg/220px-Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg/330px-Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg/440px-Bangkok-Moulmein-Railway-of-Evil-Memory-in-1946-by-J.A.E.-Rutherford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bangkok–Moulmein Railway of Evil Memory</i> by J.A.E. Rutherford (1946).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945 a planned US attack was cancelled due to bad weather. The two bridges were bombed on 13 February 1945 by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forced labourers repaired the bridge and by April the wooden bridge in operation. A 3 April 1945, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Liberator</a> attack damaged the wooden railroad bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repair work continued and both bridges were operational again by the end of May. On 24 June 1945 the RAF destroyed the railroad bridges, putting the railway line out of commission for the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railway line did not fully connect with the Burmese railroad network as no railroad bridges were built that crossed the river between <a href="/wiki/Moulmein" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Martaban">Martaban</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellfire_Pass">Hellfire Pass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hellfire Pass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Pass" title="Hellfire Pass">Hellfire Pass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg/220px-Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg/330px-Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg/440px-Hellfire_Pass_-_June_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The cutting at Hellfire Pass was one of the most difficult and deadly sections to build</figcaption></figure> <p>Hellfire Pass in the <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills" title="Tenasserim Hills">Tenasserim Hills</a> was the largest rock cutting on the railway, built in a remote area, without appropriate construction tools by Chinese, Thai, Malay, and Tamil civilian prisoners and Allied soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_bridges">Significant bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Significant bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Railway,_River_Khwae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg/150px-Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg/225px-Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg/300px-Death_Railway%2C_River_Khwae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Along the Death Railway in 2004, River Khwae on the left</figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Length </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Type and where </th> <th>km </th> <th>refs </th></tr> <tr> <td>322 m (1,056 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="#The_bridge_on_the_River_Kwai">Kwae Yai Bridge</a> </td> <td>Iron bridge across Kwae Yai River at Tha Makham </td> <td>56 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 m (1,300 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wang_Pho_Viaduct" title="Wang Pho Viaduct">Wang Pho Viaduct</a> </td> <td>Wooden trestle edging Khwae Noi River </td> <td>114 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unknown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Pass#Hintok" title="Hellfire Pass">Three-Tiered Bridge</a> </td> <td>Wooden trestle </td> <td>155 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 m (300 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Songkurai" title="Songkurai">Songkurai bridge</a> </td> <td>Wooden trestle across Songkalia River </td> <td>294 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 m (184 ft) </td> <td> </td> <td>Wooden trestle across Mekaza River </td> <td>319 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-indisch_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indisch-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 m (246 ft) </td> <td> </td> <td>Wooden trestle across Zamithi River </td> <td>329 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-indisch_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indisch-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 m (160 ft) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apalon_(village)" title="Apalon (village)">Apalon</a> </td> <td>Steel bridge across Apalong River </td> <td>332 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 m (200 ft) </td> <td> </td> <td>Wooden trestle across Anakui River </td> <td>369 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cemeteries_and_memorials">Cemeteries and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cemeteries and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg/220px-Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg/330px-Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg/440px-Memorial_Pagoda_at_Wat_Thaworn_Wararam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Memorial Pagoda to the Civilian Workers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg/330px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg/440px-Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery_2%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi" title="Kanchanaburi">Kanchanaburi</a> War Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg/178px-%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg/268px-%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg/357px-%E6%B3%B0%E7%B7%AC%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E7%8A%A0%E7%89%B2%E8%80%85%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a> for Southeast Asian civilian and Allied military workers, built by Japanese Army Railroad Corps in February 1944 in Kanchanaburi, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the remains of most of the Allied military war dead were moved from former camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-cgwg_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgwg-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass graves of the Southeast Asian civilian dead were exhumed from along the rail line and beside former rest camps for reburial at Wat Thaworn Wararam, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temple in Ban Tai, Thailand in the 1950s. A pagoda was erected over the burial site and plaques in both Chinese and Tamil text have been added to commemorate the dead. The names of the thousands of civilians buried at the site are unknown <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three cemeteries maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> (CWGC) are for the Allied military personnel who died on the Burma Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-cgwg_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgwg-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_War_Cemetery" title="Kanchanaburi War Cemetery">Kanchanaburi War Cemetery</a>, in the city of Kanchanaburi, contains the graves of 6,982 Allied military personnel comprising: 3,585 British, 1,896 Dutch, 1,362 Australians, 12 members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> (including British officers), 2 New Zealanders, 2 Danes and 8 Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-cwgcsearch_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwgcsearch-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial plaque at the Kanchanaburi cemetery lists 11 other members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, these Indian officers are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat_War_Cemetery" title="Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery">Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Thanbyuzayat" title="Thanbyuzayat">Thanbyuzayat</a>, 65 kilometres south of <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Moulmein</a>, Myanmar (Burma) has the graves of 3,617 soldiers who died on the Burmese portion of the line: 1,651 British, 1,335 Australians, 621 Dutch, 15 members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> (including British officers), 3 New Zealanders and 1 Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-cwgcsearch_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwgcsearch-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg/178px-Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg/266px-Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg/355px-Japan_Paya_Thanbyuzayat_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph for the victims, built by Japanese in Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chungkai_War_Cemetery" title="Chungkai War Cemetery">Chungkai War Cemetery</a>, near Kanchanaburi, has a further 1,693 Allied war graves: 1,373 British, 314 Dutch and 6 members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> (including British officers)<sup id="cite_ref-cwgcsearch_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwgcsearch-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of United States armed forces personnel were <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriated</a>. Of the 668 US personnel forced to work on the railway, 133 died. This included personnel from <a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS <i>Houston</i></a> and the 131st Field Artillery Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Army_National_Guard" title="Texas Army National Guard">Texas Army National Guard</a>. The Americans were called the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(Pacific,_World_War_II)" title="Lost Battalion (Pacific, World War II)">Lost Battalion</a> as their fate was unknown to the United States for more than two years after their capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcello_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcello-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG/220px-The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG/330px-The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG/440px-The_train_at_Yasukuni_Shrine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C56_31" title="C56 31">C56 31</a>, a <a href="/wiki/JNR_Class_C56" title="JNR Class C56">JNR Class C56</a> used on the Death Railway displays at <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_War_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasukuni War Museum">Yasukuni War Museum</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. The largest of these is at <a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Pass" title="Hellfire Pass">Hellfire Pass</a> (north of the current terminus at <a href="/wiki/Nam_Tok_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Tok Railway Station">Nam Tok</a>), a cutting where the greatest number of people died. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-walkingtrail_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkingtrail-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One museum is in Myanmar side Thanbyuzayat,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two other museums are in <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi" title="Kanchanaburi">Kanchanaburi</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Burma_Railway_Centre" title="Thailand–Burma Railway Centre">Thailand–Burma Railway Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in January 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/JEATH_War_Museum" title="JEATH War Museum">JEATH War Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A preserved section of line has been rebuilt at the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Arboretum" title="National Memorial Arboretum">National Memorial Arboretum</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_labourers">Notable labourers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable labourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_labourers">Civilian labourers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civilian labourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arumugam Kandasamy (1927–2024), trafficked with 50 other civilians from the estate of Sua Gerising, <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_(town)" title="Port Dickson (town)">Port Dickson</a> at the age of 15, believed to be the last living survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He passed away on 9 November 2024 at the age of 97.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_labourers">Allied labourers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Allied labourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Burma_Railway" title="Special:EditPage/Burma Railway">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Anderson_(politician)" title="Ken Anderson (politician)">Sir Ken Anderson</a> (1909–1985), Australian senator and minister in the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a> and <a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon governments</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_Atcherley" title="Harold Atcherley">Harold Atcherley</a>, businessman, public figure and arts administrator in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idris_James_Barwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idris James Barwick (page does not exist)">Idris James Barwick</a>, author of <i>In the Shadow of Death</i>, died in 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Bot" title="Theo Bot">Theo Bot</a> (1911–1984), Dutch politician and diplomat, government minister and ambassador</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Britt" title="Leo Britt">Leo Britt</a>, British theatrical producer in Chungkai, Kachu Mountain, and Nakhon Nai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carrick_(Australian_politician)" title="John Carrick (Australian politician)">Sir John Carrick</a> (1918–2018), Australian senator and minister in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Carter" title="Norman Carter">Norman Carter</a>, Australian theatrical producer in Bicycle Camp, Java, in numerous camps on the Burma side of the construction, and later in <a href="/wiki/Tamarkan" title="Tamarkan">Tamarkan</a>, Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bridger_Chalker" title="Jack Bridger Chalker">Jack Bridger Chalker</a>, artist best known for his work recording the lives of prisoners of war in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Chenevix-Trench" title="Anthony Chenevix-Trench">Anthony Chenevix-Trench</a> (1919–1979), headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Bradfield_College" title="Bradfield College">Bradfield College</a> then of <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, 1964–1970 and <a href="/wiki/Fettes_College" title="Fettes College">Fettes College</a> 1972–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Coates_(surgeon)" title="Albert Coates (surgeon)">Sir Albert Coates</a>, chief Australian medical officer on the railway</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Coast (page does not exist)">John Coast</a> (1916–1989), British writer and <a href="/wiki/Music_promoter" class="mw-redirect" title="Music promoter">music promoter</a>. He wrote one of the earliest and most respected POW memoirs, <i>Railroad of Death</i> (1946).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col._John_Harold_Henry_Coombes" class="mw-redirect" title="Col. John Harold Henry Coombes">Col. John Harold Henry Coombes</a>, founder and the first Principal of <a href="/wiki/Cadet_College_Petaro" title="Cadet College Petaro">Cadet College Petaro</a> in Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weary_Dunlop" title="Weary Dunlop">Sir Ernest Edward "Weary" Dunlop</a> (1907–1993), Australian surgeon renowned for his leadership of POWs on the railway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringer_Edwards" title="Ringer Edwards">Ringer Edwards</a>, Australian soldier who survived <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> at the hands of Japanese soldiers while working on the line</li> <li>Arch Flanagan (1915–2013), Australian soldier and father of novelist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)" title="Martin Flanagan (journalist)">Martin Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Flanagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Flanagan (page does not exist)">Keith Flanagan</a> (d. 2008) Australian soldier, journalist and campaigner for recognition of Weary Dunlop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Neville_Ffolkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Neville Ffolkes (page does not exist)">David Neville Ffolkes</a> (1912–1966), film and theatre set and costume designer. He won a Tony award in 1947 for his costumes for the play Henry VIII</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankland_(immunologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frankland (immunologist)">William Frankland</a>, British immunologist whose achievements include the popularisation of the <a href="/wiki/Pollen_count" title="Pollen count">pollen count</a> as a piece of weather-related information to the British public and the prediction of increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin allergies">allergy to penicillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon" title="Ernest Gordon">Ernest Gordon</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> dean of the chapel at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Jennings_(veteran)" title="Jack Jennings (veteran)">Jack Jennings</a> (1919–2024), believed to be the last living survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Kan" title="Wim Kan">Wim Kan</a>, Dutch comedian and cabaret producer on the Burma side of the railway during the construction period and later in Nakhon Pathom Hospital Camp in Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Lamb" title="Hamilton Lamb">Hamilton Lamb</a> (1900–1943), Australian politician and member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, died of illness and malnutrition at railway camp 131 Kilo in Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lomax" title="Eric Lomax">Eric Lomax</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(book)" title="The Railway Man (book)">The Railway Man</a></i>, an autobiography based on these events, which has been made into <a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(film)" title="The Railway Man (film)">a film of the same name</a> starring Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Markowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Markowitz (page does not exist)">Jacob Markowitz</a>, Romanian-born Canadian physician (1901–1969), a.k.a. the "Jungle Surgeon", who enlisted with the RAMC</li> <li>Tan Sri Professor Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oppenheim" title="Alexander Oppenheim">Alexander Oppenheim</a>, British mathematician, started a POW university for his fellow workers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pantridge" title="Frank Pantridge">Frank Pantridge</a>, British physician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Purdie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Purdie (page does not exist)">Donald Purdie</a> (d. 1943), British chemistry professor and department head at Raffles College, Singapore; Purdie died during construction of the railway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pycock" title="Alfred Pycock">Alfred Pycock</a>, British former Olympic swimmer and RAOC major, awarded MBE for his leadership at the site<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowley_Richards" title="Rowley Richards">Rowley Richards</a>, Australian doctor who kept detailed notes of his time as a medical officer on the railway. He later wrote a book detailing his experiences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Rivett" title="Rohan Rivett">Rohan Rivett</a>, Australian war correspondent in Singapore; captured after travelling 700 km, predominantly by rowboat, from Singapore; Rivett spent three years working on the Burma railway and later wrote a book chronicling the events.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Searle" title="Ronald Searle">Ronald Searle</a>, British cartoonist, creator of the <a href="/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_School" title="St Trinian's School">St Trinian's School</a> characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Swanton" title="E. W. Swanton">E. W. Swanton</a> (1907–2000), Cricket writer and broadcaster. Mentioned in his autobiography – <i>Sort of a Cricket Person</i>, (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Smit" title="Arie Smit">Arie Smit</a> (1916–2016), Dutch artist and colonial army lithographer; captured in East Java by Japanese in March 1942, sent to Changi Prison and worked on Thai section of railway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Swartz" title="Reginald Swartz">Sir Reginald Swartz</a> (1911–2006), Australian politician and minister in the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a> and <a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Toosey" title="Philip Toosey">Philip Toosey</a>, senior Allied officer at the Bridge on the River Kwai</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reg_Twigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reg Twigg (page does not exist)">Reg Twigg</a> (1913–2013), British author <i>Survivor on the River Kwai: Life on the Burma Railway</i>, Private in the Leicestershire Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Uren" title="Tom Uren">Tom Uren</a> (1921–2015), Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party and minister in the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Urquhart" title="Alistair Urquhart">Alistair Urquhart</a>, former Gordon Highlander, born in Aberdeen, Scotland. (1919–2016), author of the book <i>The Forgotten Highlander</i> in which he recalls how he survived his three years on the railway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Ian Watt</a> (1917–1999), literary critic, literary historian and professor of English at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_accounts">Notable accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accounts of the construction include <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Baba_Boyhood:_Growing_up_during_the_Japanese_Occupation_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Baba Boyhood: Growing up during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore (page does not exist)">A Baba Boyhood: Growing up during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gwee_Thian_Hock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Gwee Thian Hock (page does not exist)">William Gwee Thian Hock</a> and an anthology of the experiences of survivors in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revisiting_the_Death_Railway:_The_Survivors%E2%80%99_Accounts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revisiting the Death Railway: The Survivors’ Accounts (page does not exist)">Revisiting the Death Railway: The Survivors’ Accounts</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasidaran_Sellappah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasidaran Sellappah (page does not exist)">Sasidaran Sellappah</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Japanese_Occupation_of_Malaya:_A_Social_and_Economic_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History (page does not exist)">The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_H._Kratosk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul H. Kratosk (page does not exist)">Paul H. Kratosk</a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Thai_Resistance_Movement_during_the_Second_World_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War (page does not exist)">The Thai Resistance Movement during the Second World War</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiji_Murashima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiji Murashima (page does not exist)">Eiji Murashima</a> provide a social and economic analysis of the railway's construction and its civilian builders. The book <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Valley_of_the_Kwai" title="Through the Valley of the Kwai">Through the Valley of the Kwai</a></i> is an autobiography of British Army captain <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon" title="Ernest Gordon">Ernest Gordon</a>. Flanagan's 2013 book <i>The Narrow Road to the Deep North</i> centres on a group of Australian POWs and their experiences building the railway, and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2014_Man_Booker_Prize" title="2014 Man Booker Prize">2014 Man Booker Prize</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_Railway_Interest_Group_(DRIG)"><span id="Death_Railway_Interest_Group_.28DRIG.29"></span>Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Death Railway Interest Group (DRIG) is a Malaysian NGO that leads on the collection of Asian survivor accounts in Malaysia and Thailand, working to update records and presenting these at Australian and New-Zealand based humanitarian events.<sup id="cite_ref-DRIG_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRIG-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DRIG aims to identify at least one mass grave along the railway and build a monument to the horrors these victims went through, as well as their surviving families. </p><p>DRIG led the development of a further memorial to the civilian labourers at Wat Tavorn Wararam, which manages the Wat Yuan Cemetery in Kanchanaburi, opened on 3 June 2023. This is in addition to the pagoda built over the remains of thousands of workers. The temple had undertaken the task of recovering the dead and burying them in the Wat Yuan Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-WatTavornWararam_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatTavornWararam-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact_and_legacy">Cultural impact and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural impact and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, R.AGE, the youth news and lifestyle platform of <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star (Malaysia)</a> interviewed one of the last known Asian survivors in Surviving Thailand's infamous 'Death Railway': Arumugam Kandasamy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(film)" title="The Railway Man (film)">The Railway Man</a></i> (based on the <a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(book)" title="The Railway Man (book)">book of the same name</a>) gives the insight of a POW into the conditions inflicted upon the workers who built the railway. The 2001 film <i><a href="/wiki/To_End_All_Wars" title="To End All Wars">To End All Wars</a></i> is based on the autobiography of British Army captain <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon" title="Ernest Gordon">Ernest Gordon</a>. The construction of the railway was the subject of a fictional award-winning 1957 film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge on the River Kwai">The Bridge on the River Kwai</a></i> (itself an adaptation of the French language novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_over_the_River_Kwai" title="The Bridge over the River Kwai">The Bridge over the River Kwai</a></i>); a novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrow_Road_to_the_Deep_North_(novel)" title="The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)">The Narrow Road to the Deep North</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whitehall" title="Michael Whitehall">Michael Whitehall</a> brought his son, comic <a href="/wiki/Jack_Whitehall" title="Jack Whitehall">Jack Whitehall</a>, there in 2017 for the first season of <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Whitehall:_Travels_with_My_Father" title="Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father">Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_Railway_(Spyforce_Episode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Railway (Spyforce Episode)">"Death Railway" (<i>Spyforce</i> episode)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_prisoners_of_war" title="Far East prisoners of war">Far East prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellship">Hellship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra Isthmus Railway">Kra Isthmus Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military railways</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siam%E2%80%93Burma_Death_Railway_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam–Burma Death Railway (film)">Siam–Burma Death Railway</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Slavery in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_railway" title="Strategic railway">Strategic railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Railway" title="Sumatra Railway">Sumatra Railway</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/21px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/42px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/32px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/42px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beattie-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeattie2007" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Rod (2007). <i>The Thai-Burma Railway</i>. Thailand-Burma Railway Centre. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thai-Burma+Railway&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Thailand-Burma+Railway+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigg2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Mark_Rigg" title="Bryan Mark Rigg">Rigg, Bryan Mark</a> (2024). <i>Japan's Holocaust: History of Imperial Japan's Mass Murder and Rape During World War II</i>. 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Spoorweg Mij"</a>. <i>Het dagblad</i> (in Dutch). 3 July 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+dagblad&rft.atitle=Grote+schade+aan+materiaal+der+N.I.+Spoorweg+Mij&rft.date=1947-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delpher.nl%2Fnl%2Fkranten%2Fview%3Ffacets%255Bperiode%255D%255B%255D%3D1%257C20e_eeuw%257C1940-1949%257C%26query%3Dthailand%2Bspoorweg%2Bverkocht%26coll%3Dddd%26identifier%3Dddd%3A010897486%3Ampeg21%3Aa0065%26resultsidentifier%3Dddd%3A010897486%3Ampeg21%3Aa0065%26rowid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994243-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994243_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterford1994">Waterford 1994</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meet-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meet_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fepow.family/Articles/Death_Railway/html/meeting_point.htm">"Meeting Point"</a>. <i>Far East POW Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+East+POW+Family&rft.atitle=Meeting+Point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepow.family%2FArticles%2FDeath_Railway%2Fhtml%2Fmeeting_point.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspowmeet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uspowmeet_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130130448/https://www.uspowtbr.com/8j-konoita-mtg-point/">"8.12 Konkoita mtg point"</a>. <i>US POWs Thai-Burma Railway</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspowtbr.com/8j-konoita-mtg-point/">the original</a> on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+POWs+Thai-Burma+Railway&rft.atitle=8.12+Konkoita+mtg+point&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspowtbr.com%2F8j-konoita-mtg-point%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/pow/camp_distance">"Distances between camps on the Burma-Thailand Railway"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Distances+between+camps+on+the+Burma-Thailand+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fencyclopedia%2Fpow%2Fcamp_distance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japansekrijgsgevangenkampen.nl/Birma-spoorweg.htm">"Kampen aan de Birma-spoorweg"</a>. <i>Japanse Krijgsgevangenkampen</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japanse+Krijgsgevangenkampen&rft.atitle=Kampen+aan+de+Birma-spoorweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japansekrijgsgevangenkampen.nl%2FBirma-spoorweg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/death_rr/dutch_view_death_railway.html">"The Death Railway - A Dutch viewpoint"</a>. <i>Mansell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mansell&rft.atitle=The+Death+Railway+-+A+Dutch+viewpoint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansell.com%2Fpow_resources%2Fcamplists%2Fdeath_rr%2Fdutch_view_death_railway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994238–239-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterford1994238–239_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterford1994">Waterford 1994</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears_Eldredge2014" class="citation book cs1">Sears Eldredge (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1003&context=thdabooks"><i>The Thailand-Burma Railway: An Overview</i></a>. DigitalCommons@Macalester College. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-57445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-57445-5"><bdi>978-0-615-57445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thailand-Burma+Railway%3A+An+Overview&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=DigitalCommons%40Macalester+College&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-615-57445-5&rft.au=Sears+Eldredge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1003%26context%3Dthdabooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/stolenyears/ww2/japan/burmathai">"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war – The Burma–Thailand Railway"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Stolen+Years%3A+Australian+prisoners+of+war+%E2%80%93+The+Burma%E2%80%93Thailand+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fvisit%2Fexhibitions%2Fstolenyears%2Fww2%2Fjapan%2Fburmathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsukamoto1981" class="citation web cs1">Tsukamoto, Kazuya (1 November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LRlUI-SqWTweLcrhihRzriUaNCEIw8HF">"メクロンの永久橋-実録-戦場にかける橋-塚本和也-鉄道ファン1981年11月号"</a>. <i>Google Docs p18</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Docs+p18&rft.atitle=%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E6%A9%8B-%E5%AE%9F%E9%8C%B2-%E6%88%A6%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%A9%8B-%E5%A1%9A%E6%9C%AC%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%9F-%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B31981%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%B7&rft.date=1981-11-01&rft.aulast=Tsukamoto&rft.aufirst=Kazuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D1LRlUI-SqWTweLcrhihRzriUaNCEIw8HF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hellfire-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hellfire_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hellfire_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118163648/http://www.hellfirepass.com/historical_facts_hellfire_pass.html">"Historical Fact on the Burma Death Railroad Thailand Hellfire pass Prisoners conditions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellfirepass.com/historical_facts_hellfire_pass.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Fact+on+the+Burma+Death+Railroad+Thailand+Hellfire+pass+Prisoners+conditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellfirepass.com%2Fhistorical_facts_hellfire_pass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sold-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sold_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sold_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/98204032?searchTerm=burma-siam%20railway%20sold">"Burma-Siam railway sold"</a>. <i>Western Star and Roma Advertiser</i>. 11 October 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Star+and+Roma+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Burma-Siam+railway+sold&rft.date=1946-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F98204032%3FsearchTerm%3Dburma-siam%2520railway%2520sold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527140349/http://www.myonlinetour.com/thailand/TheBridgeOverTheRiverKwae/index.htm">"The Bridge Over The River Kwae"</a>. <i>Myonlinetour</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myonlinetour.com/thailand/TheBridgeOverTheRiverKwae/index.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Myonlinetour&rft.atitle=The+Bridge+Over+The+River+Kwae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myonlinetour.com%2Fthailand%2FTheBridgeOverTheRiverKwae%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._R._Whyte2010" class="citation book cs1">B. R. Whyte (2010). <i>The Railway Atlas of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thai-Burma+Railway+%26+Hellfire+Pass&rft.atitle=The+Enemy%3A+Treatment+of+prisoners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au%2Fthe-enemy%2Ftreatment-of-prisoners.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mansell.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mansell.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansell.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansell.com_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansell.com_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacPherson" class="citation web cs1">MacPherson, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/death_rr/movements_1.html">"Death Railway Movements"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FMT+News&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Death+Railway+heroes+to+be+kept+alive&rft.date=2016-07-09&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Minderjeet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fnation%2F2016%2F07%2F09%2Fstories-of-death-railway-heroes-to-be-kept-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Hului" class="citation magazine cs1">Patricia Hului. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kajomag.com/the-forgotten-malayan-labourers-of-burma-railway-during-wwii/">"The forgotten Malayan labourers of Burma Railway during WWII"</a>. <i>Kajomag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFவிசயகுமார்" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">விசயகுமார், க. (ed.). <i>சாயம் மரண ரயில்</i> (in Tamil). p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3+%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&rft.pages=4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japansekrijgsgevangenkampen.nl/Sumatra-spoorweg.htm">"Pakan Baroe Sumatra-spoorweg"</a>. <i>Japanese Krijgsgevangenkampen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+War+Crimes+Trials&rft.atitle=Singapore+War+Crimes+Trials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporewarcrimestrials.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/the-death-railway">"The Death Railway"</a>. <i>Diplomatic Courier</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+Courier&rft.atitle=The+Death+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomaticourier.com%2Fposts%2Fthe-death-railway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcello-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcello_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcello_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcello1992" class="citation journal cs1">Marcello, Ronald E. (January 1992). "Lone Star POWs: Texas National Guardsmen and the Building of the Burma-Thailand Railroad, 1942–1944". <i>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 297–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lone+Star+POWs%3A+Texas+National+Guardsmen+and+the+Building+of+the+Burma-Thailand+Railroad%2C+1942%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-319&rft.date=1992-01&rft.aulast=Marcello&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994242–243-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994242–243_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaws1994">Daws 1994</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaws1994223–243_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaws1994">Daws 1994</a>, pp. 223–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420225836/http://hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au/after-the-war/war-crimes-trials.php">"After the War: War crimes trials"</a>. <i>The Thai-Burma Railway & Hellfire Pass</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au/after-the-war/war-crimes-trials.php">the original</a> on 20 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thai-Burma+Railway+%26+Hellfire+Pass&rft.atitle=After+the+War%3A+War+crimes+trials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au%2Fafter-the-war%2Fwar-crimes-trials.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singaporewarcrimestrials.com/case-summaries/detail/084">"Ishida Eiguma and others"</a>. <i>Singapore War Crimes Trials</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+War+Crimes+Trials&rft.atitle=Ishida+Eiguma+and+others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporewarcrimestrials.com%2Fcase-summaries%2Fdetail%2F084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fepow.family/Articles/Death_Railway/html/songkurai.htm">"Songkurai"</a>. <i>Far East POW Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+East+POW+Family&rft.atitle=Songkurai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepow.family%2FArticles%2FDeath_Railway%2Fhtml%2Fsongkurai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singaporewarcrimestrials.com/case-summaries/detail/081">"Banno Hirateru and others"</a>. <i>Singapore War Crimes Trials</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Trial was for F-force which lost 3,000 out of 7,000 men. Sonkrai was a part of F-force</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+War+Crimes+Trials&rft.atitle=Banno+Hirateru+and+others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporewarcrimestrials.com%2Fcase-summaries%2Fdetail%2F081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Lloyd1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lloyd" title="Tony Lloyd">Tony Lloyd</a> (4 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199697/cmhansrd/vo961204/debtext/61204-05.htm">"Bound Volume Hansard – Debate"</a>. <i>House of Parliament – Commons Debate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Parliament+%E2%80%93+Commons+Debate&rft.atitle=Bound+Volume+Hansard+%E2%80%93+Debate&rft.date=1996-12-04&rft.au=Tony+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199697%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo961204%2Fdebtext%2F61204-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thamakhan-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thamakhan_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fepow.family/Articles/Death_Railway/html/tha_makhan.htm">"Tha Makhan"</a>. <i>Far East POW Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+East+POW+Family&rft.atitle=Tha+Makhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepow.family%2FArticles%2FDeath_Railway%2Fhtml%2Ftha_makhan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24_machine-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24_machine_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2nd4thmgb.com.au/camp/tamarkan-tha-makham-56k-thailand/">"Tamarkan, Tha Makham 56.20km - Thailand"</a>. <i>2/4th Machine Gun Battalion Ex Members Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2%2F4th+Machine+Gun+Battalion+Ex+Members+Association&rft.atitle=Tamarkan%2C+Tha+Makham+56.20km+-+Thailand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2nd4thmgb.com.au%2Fcamp%2Ftamarkan-tha-makham-56k-thailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarchand_Singh_Bedi" class="citation news cs1">Harchand Singh Bedi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhnet.com/news/forgotten-sikhs-siam-burma-death-railway%C2%A0">"Forgotten Sikhs of the Siam–Burma Death Railway"</a>. <i>Sikh Net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sikh+Net&rft.atitle=Forgotten+Sikhs+of+the+Siam%E2%80%93Burma+Death+Railway&rft.au=Harchand+Singh+Bedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhnet.com%2Fnews%2Fforgotten-sikhs-siam-burma-death-railway%25C2%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Mike_Carmody" class="citation web cs1">C. Mike Carmody. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maritime.org/pamphist/carmody4.htm">"USS PAMPANITO (SS-383)"</a>. <i>Maritime</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maritime&rft.atitle=USS+PAMPANITO+%28SS-383%29&rft.au=C.+Mike+Carmody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaritime.org%2Fpamphist%2Fcarmody4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Bergin2021" class="citation web cs1">Bob Bergin (7 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2021/07/07/bombing-burmas-bridges/">"Bombing Burma's Bridges"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Bombing+Burma%27s+Bridges&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft.au=Bob+Bergin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2F2021%2F07%2F07%2Fbombing-burmas-bridges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1231757">"Aerial photograph of Kanchanaburi, Thailand during a raid by Allied aircraft including"</a>. <i>Austrial War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Austrial+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Aerial+photograph+of+Kanchanaburi%2C+Thailand+during+a+raid+by+Allied+aircraft+including&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1231757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:This_plate_on_the_way_of_bridge.jpg" title="File:This plate on the way of bridge.jpg">Plague on the Kwae Yai bridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fepow.family/Articles/Death_Railway/html/tha_makhan.htm">"Tha Makhan"</a>. <i>Far East POW Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Far+East+POW+Family&rft.atitle=Tha+Makhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fepow.family%2FArticles%2FDeath_Railway%2Fhtml%2Ftha_makhan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japansekrijgsgevangenkampen.nl/Wang%20Po.htm">"Wang Po - 114"</a>. <i>Japanese Krijgsgevangenkampen</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Krijgsgevangenkampen&rft.atitle=Wang+Po+-+114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japansekrijgsgevangenkampen.nl%2FWang%2520Po.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspowtbr.com/17g-hintok/">"17g. Hintok"</a>. <i>US POWs Thai-Burma Railway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+War&rft.atitle=Steam+Locomotive+457+Henchel+%26+Sohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofwar.com%2Fsights%2F92291%2FSteam-Locomotive-457-Henchel-en-Sohn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/74884/Burma-Railway-Memorial.htm">"Burma Railway Memorial"</a>. <i>Traces of War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traces+of+War&rft.atitle=Burma+Railway+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofwar.com%2Fsights%2F74884%2FBurma-Railway-Memorial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmHS4Bz9MaU">"Surviving Thailand's infamous 'Death Railway': Arumugam Kandasamy"</a>. <i>R.AGE</i> (Video). 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Youtube" class="mw-redirect" title="Youtube">Youtube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R.AGE&rft.atitle=Surviving+Thailand%27s+infamous+%27Death+Railway%27%3A+Arumugam+Kandasamy&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWmHS4Bz9MaU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/11/09/arumugam-kandasamy-worker-on-infamous-039death-railway039-dies-at-97">"Arumugam Kandasamy, worker on infamous 'Death Railway', dies at 97"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. BERNAMA. 9 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Arumugam+Kandasamy%2C+worker+on+infamous+%27Death+Railway%27%2C+dies+at+97&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2024%2F11%2F09%2Farumugam-kandasamy-worker-on-infamous-039death-railway039-dies-at-97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johncoast.org/biography.htm">"Biography"</a>. <i>www.johncoast.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johncoast.org&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johncoast.org%2Fbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-68049226">"Death of man thought to be Burma Railway last survivor"</a>. 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Death+of+man+thought+to+be+Burma+Railway+last+survivor&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-68049226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/47371">Alfred Pycock</a>, Olympedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRIG-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRIG_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deathrailway.org.my/">"The Death Railway Interest Group"</a>. <i>The Death Railway Interest Group</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Death+Railway+Interest+Group&rft.atitle=The+Death+Railway+Interest+Group&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeathrailway.org.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WatTavornWararam-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WatTavornWararam_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=225682">"The Tomb of 10,000 Souls"</a>. <i>The Death Railway Interest Group</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Death+Railway+Interest+Group&rft.atitle=The+Tomb+of+10%2C000+Souls&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D225682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenner-Pack2016" class="citation web cs1">Venner-Pack, Natasha (6 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rage.com.my/bittersweet-lessons-wwii/">"Bittersweet lessons from WWII"</a>. <i>R.AGE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R.AGE&rft.atitle=Bittersweet+lessons+from+WWII&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Venner-Pack&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rage.com.my%2Fbittersweet-lessons-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellappah2019" class="citation book cs1">Sellappah, Sasidaran (2019). <i>Revisiting the Death Railway: The Survivors' Accounts</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti of Malaya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789674881054" title="Special:BookSources/9789674881054"><bdi>9789674881054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Death+Railway%3A+The+Survivors%27+Accounts&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Universiti+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789674881054&rft.aulast=Sellappah&rft.aufirst=Sasidaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratosk2018" class="citation book cs1">Kratosk, Paul H. (2018). <i>The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History</i>. Singapore: NUS Press; 2nd edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971696382" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971696382"><bdi>978-9971696382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Malaya%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press%3B+2nd+edition&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9971696382&rft.aulast=Kratosk&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaseman2002" class="citation book cs1">Haseman, John B. (2002). <i>The Thai Resistance Movement During World War II</i>. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971696382" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971696382"><bdi>978-9971696382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thai+Resistance+Movement+During+World+War+II&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9971696382&rft.aulast=Haseman&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwee2013" class="citation book cs1">Gwee, William (2013). <i>A Baba Boyhood</i>. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814382229" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814382229"><bdi>978-9814382229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Baba+Boyhood&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9814382229&rft.aulast=Gwee&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairJoan_Blair1979" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Clay Jr.; Joan Blair (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/returnfromriverk00blai"><i>Return from the River Kwai</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24278-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24278-7"><bdi>978-0-671-24278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+from+the+River+Kwai&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-671-24278-7&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay+Jr.&rft.au=Joan+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freturnfromriverk00blai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulle1954" class="citation book cs1">Boulle, Pierre (1954). <i>Bridge on the River Kwai</i>. London: Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+on+the+River+Kwai&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Boulle&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradden2001" class="citation book cs1">Bradden, Russell (2001) [1951]. <i>The Naked Island</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naked+Island&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bradden&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1982" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, James (1982). <i>Towards The Setting Sun: An escape from the Thailand–Burma Railway, 1943</i>. London and Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-467-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-467-5"><bdi>0-85033-467-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+The+Setting+Sun%3A+An+escape+from+the+Thailand%E2%80%93Burma+Railway%2C+1943&rft.place=London+and+Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-85033-467-5&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2006" class="citation book cs1">Charles, H. Robert (2006). <i>Last Man Out: Surviving the Burma-Thailand Death Railway: A Memoir</i>. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2820-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-2820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Man+Out%3A+Surviving+the+Burma-Thailand+Death+Railway%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2820-0&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=H.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoastNoszlopyNash2014" class="citation book cs1">Coast, John; Noszlopy, Laura; Nash, Justin (2014). <i>Railroad of Death: The Original, Classic Account of the 'River Kwai' Railway</i>. Newcastle: Myrmidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905802-93-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905802-93-7"><bdi>978-1-905802-93-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+of+Death%3A+The+Original%2C+Classic+Account+of+the+%27River+Kwai%27+Railway&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=Myrmidon&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-905802-93-7&rft.aulast=Coast&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Noszlopy%2C+Laura&rft.au=Nash%2C+Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_War_Graves_Commission2000" class="citation book cs1">Commonwealth War Graves Commission (2000). <i>The Burma-Siam Railway and its Cemeteries</i>. England: Information sheet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burma-Siam+Railway+and+its+Cemeteries&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Information+sheet&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1991" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter N. (1991). <i>The Man Behind the Bridge: Colonel Toosey and the River Kwai</i>. London: Athlone Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Behind+the+Bridge%3A+Colonel+Toosey+and+the+River+Kwai&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Athlone+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaws1994" class="citation book cs1">Daws, Gavan (1994). <i>Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific</i>. New York: William Morrow & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+the+Japanese%3A+POWs+of+World+War+II+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Daws&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1986" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, E. E. (1986). <i>The War Diaries of Weary Dunlop: Java and the Burma-Thailand Railway</i>. Ringwood, Victoria, Aus: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Diaries+of+Weary+Dunlop%3A+Java+and+the+Burma-Thailand+Railway&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria%2C+Aus&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredge2010" class="citation book cs1">Eldredge, Sears (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/captiveaudiences/"><i>Captive Audiences/Captive Performers: Music and Theatre as Strategies for Survival on the Thailand-Burma Railway 1942–1945</i></a>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Macalester College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captive+Audiences%2FCaptive+Performers%3A+Music+and+Theatre+as+Strategies+for+Survival+on+the+Thailand-Burma+Railway+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Macalester+College&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Eldredge&rft.aufirst=Sears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fcaptiveaudiences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganArch_Flanagan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)" title="Martin Flanagan (journalist)">Flanagan, Martin</a>; Arch Flanagan (2005). <i>The Line: A Man's Experience of the Burma Railway; A Son's Quest to Understand</i>. Melbourne: One Day Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757708-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757708-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9757708-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Line%3A+A+Man%27s+Experience+of+the+Burma+Railway%3B+A+Son%27s+Quest+to+Understand&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=One+Day+Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9757708-1-8&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Arch+Flanagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Flanagan, Richard</a> (2013). <i>The Narrow Road to the Deep North</i>. North Sydney, N.S.W.: Random House Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-670-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-670-0"><bdi>978-1-74166-670-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrow+Road+to+the+Deep+North&rft.place=North+Sydney%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74166-670-0&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon" title="Ernest Gordon">Gordon, Ernest</a> (1962). <i>Through the Valley of the Kwai: From Death-Camp Despair to Spiritual Triumph</i>. New York: Harper & Bros.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Valley+of+the+Kwai%3A+From+Death-Camp+Despair+to+Spiritual+Triumph&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon" title="Ernest Gordon">Gordon, Ernest</a> (2002). <i>To End all Wars</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-711848-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-711848-1"><bdi>0-00-711848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+End+all+Wars&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-00-711848-1&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkQatAEACAAJ"><i>The River Kwai Railway Today</i></a>. Chippenham, Wilts, UK: Mainline & Maritime. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900340-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900340-45-8"><bdi>978-1-900340-45-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Kwai+Railway+Today&rft.place=Chippenham%2C+Wilts%2C+UK&rft.pub=Mainline+%26+Maritime&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-900340-45-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkQatAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardie1983" class="citation book cs1">Hardie, Robert (1983). <i>The Burma-Siam Railway: The Secret Diary of Dr. Robert Hardie, 1942–1945</i>. London: Imperial War Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burma-Siam+Railway%3A+The+Secret+Diary+of+Dr.+Robert+Hardie%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hardie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harrison_(POW)" title="Kenneth Harrison (POW)">Harrison, Kenneth</a> (1982) [1996]. <i>The Brave Japanese (Original title, The Road To Hiroshima)</i>. Guy Harrison. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003LSTW3O">B003LSTW3O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brave+Japanese+%28Original+title%2C+The+Road+To+Hiroshima%29&rft.pub=Guy+Harrison&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003LSTW3O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, W. (1991). <i>From China Burma India to the Kwai</i>. Waco, Texas: Texian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+China+Burma+India+to+the+Kwai&rft.place=Waco%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texian+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornfischer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Hornfischer" title="James D. Hornfischer">Hornfischer, James D.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shipofghosts00jame"><i>Ship of Ghosts</i></a></span>. New York: Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38450-5"><bdi>978-0-553-38450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ship+of+Ghosts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-553-38450-5&rft.aulast=Hornfischer&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshipofghosts00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandler2010" class="citation book cs1">Kandler, Richard (2010). <i>The Prisoner List: A true story of defeat, captivity and salvation in the Far East 1941–45</i>. London: Marsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564881-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564881-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9564881-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prisoner+List%3A+A+true+story+of+defeat%2C+captivity+and+salvation+in+the+Far+East+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Marsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9564881-0-7&rft.aulast=Kandler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinvig1992" class="citation book cs1">Kinvig, Clifford (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riverkwairailway0000kinv"><i>River Kwai Railway: The Story of the Burma–Siam Railway</i></a></span>. London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-037344-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-037344-5"><bdi>0-08-037344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Kwai+Railway%3A+The+Story+of+the+Burma%E2%80%93Siam+Railway&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-08-037344-5&rft.aulast=Kinvig&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friverkwairailway0000kinv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Forte1993" class="citation book cs1">La Forte, Robert S. (1993). <i>Building the Death Railway: The Ordeal of American POWs in Burma</i>. Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Death+Railway%3A+The+Ordeal+of+American+POWs+in+Burma&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=SR+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=La+Forte&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Forte1994" class="citation book cs1">La Forte, Robert S.; et al., eds. (1994). <i>With Only the Will to Live: Accounts of Americans in Japanese Prison Camps 1941–1945</i>. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Only+the+Will+to+Live%3A+Accounts+of+Americans+in+Japanese+Prison+Camps+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2004" class="citation book cs1">Latimer, Jon (2004). <i>Burma: The Forgotten War</i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%3A+The+Forgotten+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lomax" title="Eric Lomax">Lomax, Eric</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railwaymanpowsse00lomarich"><i>The Railway Man: A POW's Searing Account of War, Brutality and Forgiveness</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03910-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03910-2"><bdi>0-393-03910-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railway+Man%3A+A+POW%27s+Searing+Account+of+War%2C+Brutality+and+Forgiveness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-393-03910-2&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailwaymanpowsse00lomarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur2005" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Brian (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivingswordpr00maca"><i>Surviving the Sword: Prisoners of the Japanese in the Far East, 1942–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6413-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-6413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+the+Sword%3A+Prisoners+of+the+Japanese+in+the+Far+East%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6413-7&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivingswordpr00maca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaggan1995" class="citation book cs1">McLaggan, Douglas (1995). <i>The Will to Survive, A Private's View as a POW</i>. NSW, Australia: Kangaroo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Will+to+Survive%2C+A+Private%27s+View+as+a+POW&rft.place=NSW%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=McLaggan&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeek2003" class="citation book cs1">Peek, Ian Denys (2003). <i>One Fourteenth of an Elephant</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7329-1168-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7329-1168-0"><bdi>0-7329-1168-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Fourteenth+of+an+Elephant&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7329-1168-0&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Ian+Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2001" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (2001). <i>Horror in the East: Japan and the Atrocities of World War II</i>. Boston: Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horror+in+the+East%3A+Japan+and+the+Atrocities+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReminick2002" class="citation book cs1">Reminick, Gerald (2002). <i>Death's Railway: A Merchant Mariner on the River Kwai</i>. Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%27s+Railway%3A+A+Merchant+Mariner+on+the+River+Kwai&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Glencannon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Reminick&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, E. Bruce (2005). <i>Thailand's Secret War: The Free Thai, OSS, and SOE During World War II</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%27s+Secret+War%3A+The+Free+Thai%2C+OSS%2C+and+SOE+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsMarcia_McEwan1989" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Rowley; Marcia McEwan (1989). <i>The Survival Factor</i>. Sydney: Kangaroo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86417-246-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86417-246-X"><bdi>0-86417-246-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survival+Factor&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-86417-246-X&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Rowley&rft.au=Marcia+McEwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivett1992" class="citation book cs1">Rivett, Rohan D. (1992) [1946]. <i>Behind Bamboo</i>. Sydney: Angus & Robertson (later Penguin). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014925-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014925-2"><bdi>0-14-014925-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Bamboo&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson+%28later+Penguin%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-14-014925-2&rft.aulast=Rivett&rft.aufirst=Rohan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1986" class="citation book cs1">Searle, Ronald (1986). <i>To the Kwai and Back: War Drawings</i>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Kwai+and+Back%3A+War+Drawings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeel1978" class="citation book cs1">Teel, Horace G. (1978). <i>Our Days Were Years: History of the "Lost Battalion," 2nd Battalion, 36th Division</i>. Quanah, TX: Nortex Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Days+Were+Years%3A+History+of+the+%22Lost+Battalion%2C%22+2nd+Battalion%2C+36th+Division&rft.place=Quanah%2C+TX&rft.pub=Nortex+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Teel&rft.aufirst=Horace+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1994" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Kyle (1994). <i>A Thousand Cups of Rice: Surviving the Death Railway</i>. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Cups+of+Rice%3A+Surviving+the+Death+Railway&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2010" class="citation book cs1">Urquhart, Alistair (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenhighlan0000urqu"><i>The Forgotten Highlander – My incredible story of survival during the war in the Far East</i></a></span>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0211-6"><bdi>978-1-4087-0211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Highlander+%E2%80%93+My+incredible+story+of+survival+during+the+war+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0211-6&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenhighlan0000urqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Molen2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van der Molen, Evert (2012). <i>Berichten van 612 aan het thuisfront – Zuidoost-Azië, 1940–1945</i> [<i>Memoires of a Dutch POW who survived 15 camps on Java, in Thailand and in Japan</i>] (in Dutch). Leiden, Netherlands: Lucas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-819129-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-819129-1-4"><bdi>978-90-819129-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berichten+van+612+aan+het+thuisfront+%E2%80%93+Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Lucas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-819129-1-4&rft.aulast=Van+der+Molen&rft.aufirst=Evert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelmans2003" class="citation book cs1">Velmans, Loet (2003). <i>Long Way Back to the River Kwai: Memories of World War II</i>. New York: Arcade Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Way+Back+to+the+River+Kwai%3A+Memories+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Velmans&rft.aufirst=Loet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterford1994" class="citation book cs1">Waterford, Van (1994). <i>Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Inc, Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+the+Japanese+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.+Inc%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Waterford&rft.aufirst=Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2003" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Donovan (2003). <i>The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II</i>. New York: Straus & Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burma+Road%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+China-Burma-India+Theater+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Donovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <i>The Japanese Thrust – Australia in the War of 1939–1945</i>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust+%E2%80%93+Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurma+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burma_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Burma Railway">Burma Railway</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deathrailway.org.my/">Death Railway Interest Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=225682">The Tomb of 10,000 Souls Wat Thavorn Wararam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprisonerlist.com/the-film.html"><i>The Prisoner List</i>. Short online film about prisoners of the Japanese during World War II based on the book by Richard Kandler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b66ama.com/?p=3154">Burma railway trip report 2012</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/captiveaudiences/">Captive Audiences/Captive Performers: Music and Theatre as Strategies for Survival on the Thailand-Burma Railway 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920082150/http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&vid=MAIN&indx=1&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=old%2C%20ashley%20george&srt=rank&vl(10247183UI0)=any&vl(1UI0)=contains&frbg=&tab=default_tab&vl(11480836UI1)=all_items&mode=Basic&scp.scps=scope%3A(SLV_DIGITOOL)%2Cscope%3A(SLVPRIMO)">Works of Ashley George Old held by the State Library of Victoria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704143550/http://dl.screenaustralia.gov.au/module/299/">Australian Government death statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/links.html">Allied POWS under Japanese</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716203149/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~a23mgb/f_hist/tbr_hist.htm">2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion AIF</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070815152759/http://www.tourismthailand.org/destinationguide/list.aspx?provinceid=56&typeid=7">TourismThailand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030721053930/http://www.ean.co.uk/Bygones/History/Article/WW2/Death_Railway/body_index.htm">EAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pow.larkin.net.au">Prisoner of War FX Larkin NX43393 AIF</a> – Detailed web site with documentation and photographs relating to the POW experiences of Frank Larkin in Malaya, Singapore, Thailand and Japan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.POWs-of-Japan.net">Articles on the Australian medical personnel working on the railway. Also sketches by POWs.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55058/">The Will to Live</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212002051/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55058/">Archived</a> 12 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Len (Snowie) Baynes, a first-hand account of working on the Railway.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2017100">Kanchanaburi War Cemetery CWGC</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2017101">Kanchanaburi Memorial CWGC</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2035000">Chungkai War Cemetery CWGC</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2007400">Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery CWGC</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608161046/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F1%2F10%2Fnation%2F16505034&sec=nation">Death Railway list for redress</a> for reference only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=805426FEDB79CAC5&search_query=thai+burma+railway">Construction of the Burma Railway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX5_KOmbq84">From Burma to the River Kwai</a>, a film documentary made by Nick Lera in 1999 showing Burmese and Thai steam locomotives operating local services on the historic railway</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burma_Railway&params=14_02_27_N_99_30_11_E_region:TH_type:landmark_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°02′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°30′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.04083°N 99.50306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.04083; 99.50306</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Rail_transport_in_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Template:Rail transport in Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Template talk:Rail transport in Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail transport in Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Rail_transport_in_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Rail transport in Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid transit in Thailand">Rapid transit in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">High-speed rail in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bangkok" title="Rail transport in Bangkok">Rail transport in Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Authority_of_Thailand" title="Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand">Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand</a> (MRTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a> (SRT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Expressway_and_Metro" title="Bangkok Expressway and Metro">Bangkok Expressway and Metro</a> (BEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Mass_Transit_System" title="Bangkok Mass Transit System">Bangkok Mass Transit System</a> (BTSC)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png/200px-Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png/300px-Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png/400px-Hua_lamphong_png_vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_rail_systems_in_Thailand" title="List of urban rail systems in Thailand">Rapid transit lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_Thailand" title="List of railway lines in Thailand">Commuter and Inter-city lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">High-speed lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rapid_transit_stations_in_Bangkok" title="List of rapid transit stations in Bangkok">Rapid transit stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Thailand" title="List of railway stations in Thailand">Commuter and Inter-city stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_bridges_and_viaducts_in_Thailand" title="List of railway bridges and viaducts in Thailand">Bridges & viaducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_tunnels_in_Thailand" title="List of railway tunnels in Thailand">Tunnels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable trains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_and_Oriental_Express" title="Eastern and Oriental Express">Eastern and Oriental Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Phing_Express" title="Nakhon Phing Express">Nakhon Phing Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Express" title="International Express">International Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Express" title="Thaksin Express">Thaksin Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling Stock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand#Locomotives_and_multiple_units" title="State Railway of Thailand">Locomotives & Multiple Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand_ASR_class" title="State Railway of Thailand ASR class">ASR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro#Thailand" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro" title="Siemens Modular Metro">Siemens Modular Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Myanmar&#124;link=Myanmar_Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="Template:Rail transport in Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Rail transport in Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail transport in Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Myanmar&#124;link=Myanmar_Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="Rail transport in Myanmar">Rail transport in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangon%E2%80%93Mandalay_Railway" title="Yangon–Mandalay Railway">Yangon–Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon%E2%80%93Mawlamyine_Railway" title="Yangon–Mawlamyine Railway">Yangon–Mawlamyine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathein%E2%80%93Letpadan_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathein–Letpadan Railway (page does not exist)">Pathein–Letpadan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taungdwingyi%E2%80%93Magway_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taungdwingyi–Magway Railway (page does not exist)">Taungdwingyi–Magway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyinmana%E2%80%93Myingyan_Railway" title="Pyinmana–Myingyan Railway">Pyinmana–Myingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaukpadaung%E2%80%93Chauk_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyaukpadaung–Chauk Railway (page does not exist)">Kyaukpadaung–Chauk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathein%E2%80%93Pakokku_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathein–Pakokku Railway (page does not exist)">Pathein–Pakokku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon%E2%80%93Pyay_Railway" title="Yangon–Pyay Railway">Yangon–Pyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Line" title="Tanintharyi Line">Tanintharyi Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay%E2%80%93Myitkyina_Railway" title="Mandalay–Myitkyina Railway">Mandalay–Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay%E2%80%93Lashio_Railway" title="Mandalay–Lashio Railway">Mandalay–Lashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon%E2%80%93Mandalay_Railway" title="Yangon–Mandalay Railway">Yangon–Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monywa%E2%80%93Pakokku_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monywa–Pakokku Railway (page does not exist)">Monywa–Pakokku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw%E2%80%93Thazi_Railway" title="Kalaw–Thazi Railway">Kalaw–Thazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw%E2%80%93Loikaw_Railway" title="Kalaw–Loikaw Railway">Kalaw–Loikaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw%E2%80%93Lawksawk_Railway" title="Kalaw–Lawksawk Railway">Kalaw–Lawksawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwenyaung%E2%80%93Mongnai_Railway" title="Shwenyaung–Mongnai Railway">Shwenyaung–Mongnai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Circular_Railway" title="Yangon Circular Railway">Yangon Circular Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Circular_Railway" title="Mandalay Circular Railway">Mandalay Circular Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Urban_Mass_Rapid_Transit" title="Yangon Urban Mass Rapid Transit">Yangon Urban Mass Rapid Transit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abolished railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Tram" title="Yangon Tram">Yangon Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mandalay" title="Trams in Mandalay">Mandalay Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlaingthaya%E2%80%93Hinthada_Railway" title="Hlaingthaya–Hinthada Railway">Hlaingthaya–Hinthada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakokku%E2%80%93Kalay_Railway" title="Pakokku–Kalay Railway">Pakokku–Kalay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaunglebin%E2%80%93Madauk_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaunglebin–Madauk Railway (page does not exist)">Nyaunglebin–Madauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya_Light_Railway" title="Madaya Light Railway">Madaya Light Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goteik_viaduct" title="Goteik viaduct">Goteik viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanlwin_Bridge_(Mawlamyine)" title="Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine)">Thanlwin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ava_Bridge" title="Ava Bridge">Ava Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakokku_Bridge" title="Pakokku Bridge">Pakokku Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Myanmar" title="List of railway stations in Myanmar">List of railway stations in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Myanmar" title="History of rail transport in Myanmar">History of rail transport in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burma Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Mines_Railway" title="Burma Mines Railway">Burma Mines Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11718#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11718#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11718#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9555160062465835790004">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173205209">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01150646">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&oldid=1259052693">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burma_Railway&oldid=1259052693</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burma_Railway" title="Category:Burma Railway">Burma Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Myanmar%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Category:Myanmar–Thailand relations">Myanmar–Thailand relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Category:History of rail transport in Thailand">History of rail transport in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_prisoner_of_war_and_internment_camps" title="Category:Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps">Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_war_crimes_in_Burma" title="Category:Japanese war crimes in Burma">Japanese war crimes in Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metre_gauge_railways_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Metre gauge railways in Myanmar">Metre gauge railways in Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Logistics_routes_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Logistics routes of World War II">Logistics routes of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_in_Thailand" title="Category:Railway lines in Thailand">Railway lines in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Thailand in World War II">Thailand in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Strategic_railways" title="Category:Strategic railways">Strategic railways</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Thailand" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Thailand">Tourist attractions in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_sites_in_Burma" title="Category:World War II sites in Burma">World War II sites in Burma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_opened_in_1943" title="Category:Railway lines opened in 1943">Railway lines opened in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_closed_in_1947" title="Category:Railway lines closed in 1947">Railway lines closed in 1947</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_lines_opened_in_1957" title="Category:Railway lines opened in 1957">Railway lines opened in 1957</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_Japan" title="Category:Military logistics of Japan">Military logistics of Japan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from March 2017">Articles with incomplete citations from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Tamil-language_sources_(ta)" title="Category:CS1 Tamil-language sources (ta)">CS1 Tamil-language sources (ta)</a></li><li><a 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