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href="#Metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Metaphysics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metaphysics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Metaphysics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Categories_or_Padārtha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Categories_or_Padārtha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Categories or <i>Padārtha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Categories_or_Padārtha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Atomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaisheshika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فايشيشيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فايشيشيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vay%C5%9Fe%C5%9Fika" title="Vayşeşika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vayşeşika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="বৈশেষিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈশেষিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैशेषिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वैशेषिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вайшешика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вайшешика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaixesika" title="Vaixesika – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaixesika" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%A1%C3%A9%C5%A1ika" title="Vaišéšika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vaišéšika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%A1e%C5%A1ika" title="Vaišešika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaišešika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaiśeṣika – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vaiśeṣika" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaj%C5%9De%C5%9Diko" title="Vajŝeŝiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vajŝeŝiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وی شیشکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وی شیشکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4_%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" title="바이셰시카 학파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이셰시카 학파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Վայշեշիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայշեշիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="वैशेषिक दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैशेषिक दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waisesika" title="Waisesika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waisesika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaiśeṣika – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaiśeṣika" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ವೈಶೇಷಿಕ ದರ್ಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈಶೇಷಿಕ ದರ್ಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вайшешика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вайшешика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вайшешика (философия) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вайшешика (философия)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%A1e%C5%A1ika" title="Vaišešika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaišešika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vais%C3%A9sika" title="Vaisésika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaisésika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വൈശേഷികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈശേഷികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैशेषिक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वैशेषिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="ヴァイシェーシカ学派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァイシェーシカ学派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaysheshika" title="Vaysheshika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vaysheshika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਵੈਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैशेषिक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वैशेषिक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai%C5%9Beszika" title="Waiśeszika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Waiśeszika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisesica" title="Vaisesica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vaisesica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вайшешика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вайшешика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वैशेषिकदर्शनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वैशेषिकदर्शनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai%C5%A1%C3%A9%C5%A1ika" title="Vaišéšika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vaišéšika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vaisheshika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வைசேஷிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைசேஷிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вайшешика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вайшешика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0" title="ไวเศษิกะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวเศษิกะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вайшешика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вайшешика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vaisheshika</b> (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Vaiśeṣika; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">वैशेषिक</span>) is one of the six schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> from ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In its early stages, Vaiśeṣika was an independent <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, ethical conclusions and soteriology to the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyāya</a> school of Hinduism, but retained its difference in epistemology and metaphysics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> of the Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism, like <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, accepted only two reliable means to knowledge: direct observation and inference.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaiśeṣika school and Buddhism both consider their respective scriptures as indisputable and valid means to knowledge, the difference being that the scriptures held to be a valid and reliable source by Vaiśeṣikas were the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. </p><p>The Vaiśeṣika school is known for its insights in <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kak_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a> in natural philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-jganeri_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jganeri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to <i>paramāṇu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence.<sup id="cite_ref-olil_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces. <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> included a theory of atoms which was later adapted in the Vaiśeṣika school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1951262–270_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham1951262–270-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Vaiśeṣika school, knowledge and liberation were achievable by a complete understanding of the world of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-olil_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaiśeṣika <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darshana</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda Kashyapa</a> around the 6th to 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200298–99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200298–99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Vaiśeṣika derives from <i>viśeṣa</i>, the category that represents the individuality of innumerable existing objects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Vaiśeṣika system developed independently from the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyāya philosophy</a> of Hinduism, the two became similar and are often studied together. However, in its classical form, the Vaiśeṣika school differed from Nyāya in a significant way: where Nyāya accepted four sources of valid knowledge, the Vaiśeṣika accepted only two.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> of Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism accepted only two reliable means to knowledge – <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaisheshika espouses a form of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a>, that the reality is composed of five substances (examples are earth, water, air, fire, and space). Each of these five are of two types, explains Ganeri:<sup id="cite_ref-jganeri_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jganeri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>paramāṇu</i> and composite. A paramāṇu is that which is indestructible, indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called "small" (aṇu). A composite is that which is divisible into paramāṇu. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, and even the smallest perceptible thing, namely, a fleck of dust, has parts, which are therefore invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-jganeri_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jganeri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vaiśeṣikas visualized the smallest composite thing as a "triad" (tryaṇuka) with three parts, each part with a "dyad" (dyaṇuka). Vaiśeṣikas believed that a dyad has two parts, each of which is an atom. Size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of parmanus, their number and their spatial arrangements. </p><p><i>Parama</i> means "most distant, remotest, extreme, last" and <i>aṇu</i> means "atom, very small particle", hence <i>paramāṇu</i> is essentially "the most distant or last small (i.e. smallest) particle". </p><p>Vaiśeṣika postulated that what one experiences is derived from <i>dravya</i> (substance: a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), <i>guna</i> (quality), <i>karma</i> (activity), <i>samanya</i> (commonness), <i>vishesha</i> (particularity) and <i>samavaya</i> (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).<sup id="cite_ref-olil_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The followers of this philosophy are mostly <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivas</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Acharya <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra Suri</a>, in his work 'Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya' describes the followers of Vaiśeṣika as worshippers of Pashupati or <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundational_Text">Foundational Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundational Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest systematic exposition of the Vaisheshika is found in the <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisheshika Sutra"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</i></span></a> of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇāda</i></span> (or <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇabhaksha</i></span>). Kanada is also referred to as Uluka by Ci-tsan, a Chinese Buddhist commentator.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treatise is divided into ten books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two commentaries on the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rāvaṇabhāṣya</i></span> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhāradvājavṛtti</i></span> are no more extant. <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span></a>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Padārthadharmasaṁgraha</i></span> (c. 4th century) is the next important work of this school. Though commonly known as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhāṣya</i></span> of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</i></span>, this treatise is basically an independent work on the subject. The next Vaisheshika treatise, Candra’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Daśapadārthaśāstra</i></span> (648) based on <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span>’s treatise is available only in Chinese translation. The earliest commentary available on <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span>’s treatise is <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vyomaśiva</i></span>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vyomavatī</i></span> (8th century). The other three commentaries are <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śridhara</i></span>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nyāyakandalī</i></span> (991), Udayana’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kiranāvali</i></span> (10th century) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śrivatsa</i></span>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Līlāvatī</i></span> (11th century). <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śivāditya</i></span>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saptapadārthī</i></span> which also belongs to the same period, presents the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nyāya</i></span> and the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika</i></span> principles as a part of one whole. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Mishra" title="Sankara Mishra">Śaṁkara Miśra</a></i></span>’s <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Upaskāra</i></span> on <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</i></span> is also an important work.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six <i><a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">pramāṇas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemically</a> reliable means to accurate knowledge and to truths)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are noted within different Indian philsophical schools: <i>Pratyakṣa</i> (perception), <i>Anumāna</i> (inference), <i>Śabda</i> or <i>āgama</i> "(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts), <i>Upamāna</i> (comparison and analogy), <i>Arthāpatti</i> (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and <i>Anupalabdhi</i> (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gflood_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gflood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika</i></span> epistemology considered only <i>pratyakṣa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>anumāna</i></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>) as reliable means of valid knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga accepts the first three of these six as pramāṇa; and the Nyaya school, related to Vaiśeṣika, accepts the first four out of these six.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Pratyakṣa</b></i> (प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-kamal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism identify four requirements for correct perception:<sup id="cite_ref-kpmat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpmat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indriyarthasannikarsa</i> (direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied), <i>Avyapadesya</i> (non-verbal; correct perception is not through <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception), <i>Avyabhicara</i> (does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect) and <i>Vyavasayatmaka</i> (definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe).<sup id="cite_ref-kpmat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpmat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as <i>pramāṇa</i> and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included <i>pratibha</i> (intuition), <i>samanyalaksanapratyaksa</i> (a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and <i>jnanalaksanapratyaksa</i> (a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the texts considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from <i>Pratyakṣa-pranama</i>, so as to contrast <i>nirnaya</i> (definite judgment, conclusion) from <i>anadhyavasaya</i> (indefinite judgment).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Anumāna</b></i> (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of <i>Anumana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamal_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all except one Hindu philosophies,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: <i>pratijna</i> (hypothesis), <i>hetu</i> (a reason), and <i>drshtanta</i> (examples).<sup id="cite_ref-jl4647_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl4647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: <i>sadhya</i> (that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and <i>paksha</i> (the object on which the <i>sadhya</i> is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if <i>sapaksha</i> (positive examples as evidence) are present, and if <i>vipaksha</i> (negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand <i>Vyapti</i> - the requirement that the <i>hetu</i> (reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both <i>sapaksha</i> and <i>vipaksha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jl4647_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl4647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a <i>nigamana</i> (conclusion).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllogism">Syllogism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syllogism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika</i></span> school was similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyāya">Nyāya</a> school of Hinduism, but the names given by <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span> to the 5 members of syllogism are different.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Categories_or_Padārtha"><span id="The_Categories_or_Pad.C4.81rtha"></span>The Categories or <i>Padārtha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Categories or Padārtha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Vaisheshika school, all things that exist, that can be cognized and named are <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">padārtha</a></i></i></span>s (literal meaning: the meaning of a word), the objects of experience. All objects of experience can be classified into six categories, <i>dravya</i> (substance), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>guṇa</i></i></span> (quality), <i>karma</i> (activity), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>sāmānya</i></i></span> (generality), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>viśeṣa</i></i></span> (particularity) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>samavāya</i></i></span> (inherence). Later <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika</i></span>s (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śrīdhara</i></span> and Udayana and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śivāditya</i></span>) added one more category <i><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">abhava</a></i> (non-existence). The first three categories are defined as <i>artha</i> (which can perceived) and they have real objective existence. The last three categories are defined as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>budhyapekṣam</i></i></span> (product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Dravya</i> (substance): There are nine substances. They are, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>pṛthvī</i></i></span> (earth), <i>ap</i> (water), <i>tejas</i> (fire), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>vāyu</i></i></span> (air), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>ākaśa</i></i></span> (ether), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>kāla</i></i></span> (time), <i>dik</i> (space), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>ātman</i></i></span> (self or soul) and <i>manas</i> (mind). The first five are called <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>bhūta</i></i></span>s, the substances having some specific qualities so that they could be perceived by one or the other external senses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></i> (quality): The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</i></span> mentions 17 <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">guṇa</i></span>s (qualities), to which <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span> added another 7. While a substance is capable of existing independently by itself, a <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">guṇa</i></span> (quality) cannot exist so. The original 17 <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">guṇa</i></span>s (qualities) are, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>rūpa</i></i></span> (colour), <i>rasa</i> (taste), <i>gandha</i> (smell), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>sparśa</i></i></span> (touch), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>saṁkhyā</i></i></span> (number), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>parimāṇa</i></i></span> (size/dimension/quantity), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>pṛthaktva</i></i></span> (individuality), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>saṁyoga</i></i></span> (conjunction/accompaniments), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>vibhāga</i></i></span> (disjunction), <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">paratva</i></span></i> (priority), <i>aparatva</i> (posteriority), <i>buddhi</i> (knowledge), <i>sukha</i> (pleasure), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>duḥkha</i></i></span> (pain), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>icchā</i></i></span> (desire), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>dveṣa</i></i></span> (aversion) and <i>prayatna</i> (effort). To these <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span> added <i>gurutva</i> (heaviness), <i>dravatva</i> (fluidity), <i>sneha</i> (viscosity), <i>dharma</i> (merit), <i>adharma</i> (demerit), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>śabda</i></i></span> (sound) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>saṁskāra</i></i></span> (faculty).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></i> (activity): The <i>karma</i>s (activities) like <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">guṇa</i></span>s (qualities) have no separate existence, they belong to the substances. But while a quality is a permanent feature of a substance, an activity is a transient one. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Ākāśa</i></i></span> (ether), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>kāla</i></i></span> (time), <i>dik</i> (space) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>ātman</i></i></span> (self), though substances, are devoid of <i>karma</i> (activity).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samanya_Upanishads" title="Samanya Upanishads">Sāmānya</a></i> (generality): Since there are plurality of substances, there will be relations among them. When a property is found common to many substances, it is called <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>sāmānya</i></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Viśeṣa</i></i></span> (particularity): By means of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>viśeṣa</i></i></span>, we are able to perceive substances as different from one another. As the ultimate atoms are innumerable so are the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>viśeṣa</i></i></span>s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Samavāya</i></i></span> (inherence): <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇāda</i></span> defined <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>samavāya</i></i></span> as the relation between the cause and the effect. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Praśastapāda</i></span> defined it as the relationship existing between the substances that are inseparable, standing to one another in the relation of the container and the contained. The relation of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>samavāya</i></i></span> is not perceivable but only inferable from the inseparable connection of the substances.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Abhava</i> (non-existence)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomism">Atomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiśeṣika</i></span> school, a <i>paramanu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>) is an indestructible particle of matter. The atom is indivisible because it is a state at which no measurement can be attributed. They used invariance arguments to determine properties of the atoms. It also stated that <i>anu</i> can have two states—absolute rest and a state of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They postulated four different kinds of atoms: two with mass, and two without.<sup id="cite_ref-Kak_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each substance is supposed to consist of all four kinds of atoms. Atoms can be combined into <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tryaṇuka</i></span>s (triads) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dvyaṇuka</i></span> (dyad)before they aggregate into bodies of a kind that can be perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paramāṇu</i></span> (atom) possesses its own distinct <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">viśeṣa</i></span> (individuality)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measure of the partless atoms is known as <i>parimaṇḍala parimāṇa</i>. It is eternal and it cannot generate the measure of any other substance. Its measure is its own absolutely.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana (Hinduism)">Darshanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> (philosophy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya#Sixteen_categories_(padārthas)" title="Nyaya">Nyaya#Sixteen categories (padārthas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories (Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amita Chatterjee (2011), Nyāya-vaiśeṣika Philosophy, The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195328998.003.0012">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328998.003.0012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpsb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7">978-1-4419-8109-7</a>, page 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliottjag-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">*Eliot Deutsch (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, pages 245-248; <ul><li>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 238</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812932" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812932">978-8120812932</a>, pages 227-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kak-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kak_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kak_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kak, S. 'Matter and Mind: The Vaisheshika Sutra of Kanada' (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-988207-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-988207-13-1">978-1-988207-13-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jganeri-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jganeri_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jganeri_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jganeri_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/early-modern-india/#VaiAto">Analytical philosophy in early modern India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318135737/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/early-modern-india/#VaiAto">Archived</a> 18 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> J Ganeri, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olil-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olil_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olil_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olil_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman, <i>Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.</i> Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415173629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415173629">978-0415173629</a>, 1999, page 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasham1951262–270-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasham1951262–270_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasham1951">Basham 1951</a>, pp. 262–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200298–99-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200298–99_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2002">Fowler 2002</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman (1999), <i>Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.</i> Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415173629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415173629">978-0415173629</a>, page 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Ganeri (2012), The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199652365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199652365">978-0199652365</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, ShashiPrabha (2013). <i>Classical Vaisesika in Indian Philosophy</i>. Routledge. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Vaisesika+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=ShashiPrabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Hiriyanna (1993), Outlines of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120810860" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120810860">978-8120810860</a>, pages 228-237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShadDarshanSamucchayaAcharyaHaribhadraSuri/page/n438/mode/1up?view=theater">"Shad Darshan Samucchaya, by Acharya Haribhadra Suri"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shad+Darshan+Samucchaya%2C+by+Acharya+Haribhadra+Suri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShadDarshanSamucchayaAcharyaHaribhadraSuri%2Fpage%2Fn438%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUI1917" class="citation book cs1">UI, Hakuju (1917). <i>The Vaiśeṣika Philosophy According to the Daśapadārthaśāstra</i>. London: Royal Asiatic Society. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika+Philosophy+According+to+the+Da%C5%9Bapad%C4%81rtha%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=UI&rft.aufirst=Hakuju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, pp. 180–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P Bilimoria (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5107-1">978-94-010-5107-1</a>, pages 137-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gflood-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gflood_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780">978-0521438780</a>, page 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1986">Chattopadhyaya 1986</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamal_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamal_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198239765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198239765">978-0198239765</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kpmat-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kpmat_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kpmat_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 160-168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 168-169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 170-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0362-9">0-7914-0362-9</a>, page 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvaka school is the exception</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jl4647-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jl4647_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jl4647_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 46-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0779-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0779-0">81-208-0779-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, page 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, p. 75ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, pp. 183–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1986">Chattopadhyaya 1986</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, pp. 208–09</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, pp. 216–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoopa_Narayan" class="citation web cs1">Roopa Narayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/roopa51.pdf">"Space, Time and Anu in Vaisheshika"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Time+and+Anu+in+Vaisheshika&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University%2C+Baton+Rouge%2C+USA&rft.au=Roopa+Narayan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.lsu.edu%2Fkak%2Froopa51.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryman2022" class="citation cs2">Berryman, Sylvia (2022), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/atomism-ancient/">"Ancient Atomism"</a>, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ancient+Atomism&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Berryman&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2022%2Fentries%2Fatomism-ancient%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1986">Chattopadhyaya 1986</a>, pp. 169–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006">Radhakrishnan 2006</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasgupta1975">Dasgupta 1975</a>, p. 314</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1951" class="citation book cs1">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGQzc5lRGYC"><i>History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, a Vanished Indian Religion</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1204-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Doctrines+of+the+Ajivikas%2C+a+Vanished+Indian+Religion&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1204-8&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiGQzc5lRGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1986" class="citation cs2">Chattopadhyaya, D. (1986), <i>Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction</i>, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7007-023-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7007-023-6"><bdi>81-7007-023-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy%3A+A+Popular+Introduction&rft.pub=People%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=81-7007-023-6&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1975" class="citation cs2">Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975), <i>A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. I</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0412-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Surendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2002" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJbsAAAAIAAJ"><i>Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-93-6"><bdi>978-1-898723-93-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+of+Reality%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-93-6&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJbsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan2006" class="citation cs2">Radhakrishnan, S. (2006), <i>Indian Philosophy, Vol. II</i>, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563820-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563820-4"><bdi>0-19-563820-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Philosophy%2C+Vol.+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-563820-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bimal Matilal (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJ--9uUtx0C">A History of Indian Literature - Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika</a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447018074" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447018074">978-3447018074</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489575550">489575550</a></li> <li>Gopi Kaviraj (1961), Gleanings from the history and bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika literature, Indian Studies: Past & Present, Volume 2, Number 4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24469380">24469380</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Margenau2012" class="citation book cs1">H. Margenau (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfrtCAAAQBAJ"><i>Physics and Philosophy: Selected Essays</i></a>. Springer Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-9845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-9845-2"><bdi>978-94-009-9845-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Philosophy%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-9845-2&rft.au=H.+Margenau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfrtCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kak, Subhash: Matter and Mind: The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra of Kaṇāda <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781988207148" title="Special:BookSources/9781988207148">9781988207148</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiepe1961" class="citation book cs1">Riepe, Dale Maurice (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZZGEhp8gasC"><i>Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1996). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1293-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalistic+Tradition+in+Indian+Thought&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprint+1996%29&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1293-2&rft.aulast=Riepe&rft.aufirst=Dale+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZZGEhp8gasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_LabuschagneTimo_Slootweg2012" class="citation book cs1">Bart Labuschagne; Timo Slootweg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHa3WiPqpiYC"><i>Hegel's Philosophy of the Historical Religions</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22618-0"><bdi>978-90-04-22618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel%27s+Philosophy+of+the+Historical+Religions&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22618-0&rft.au=Bart+Labuschagne&rft.au=Timo+Slootweg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHa3WiPqpiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Chandradhar (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC"><i>A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0365-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3gQVd5WogsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaisheshika" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vaisheshika-sutra-commentary">Vaisheshika-sutra with three commentaries</a> English translation by Nandalal Sinha, 1923 (includes glossary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0310001">A summary of Vaisheshika physics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shastranethralaya.org">Shastra Nethralaya - Vaisheshika </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/vaisesik/vaisessu.htm">GRETIL e-text of the Vaiśeṣika Sūtras</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a 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title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda 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