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id="toc-Honorific_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occupational titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chinese+titles%22">"Chinese titles"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chinese+titles%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chinese+titles%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chinese+titles%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chinese+titles%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chinese+titles%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese-speaking</a> societies around the world, an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> title is attached after the <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> of an individual when addressing that person. Aside from addressing colleagues or family of equal or lesser rank, it is considered impolite to refer to others by their name only. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorific_titles">Honorific titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Honorific titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Chinese honorifics</a></div> <p>The most common honorific titles are similar to the English Mr, Sir, Mrs, Ms, Miss, Madam, etc. The Chinese titles, unlike in English, always follow the name of the person and can stand alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Xiānshēng</b> 先生 (born first, Mr., Sir.): This is a term commonly used as a respectful form of address for male law enforcement officials and other men. Originally it was reserved for teachers and other professionals such as doctors and lawyers, but its use widened during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> era to include all male members of society. It can either follow the surname or the given names (or courtesy name). In common speech, the former is more common (e.g. Mister Jiang is 蔣先生, <i>Jiǎng xiānshēng</i>), but in formal contexts, the given names are often used as if they were the two character <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> is Mister Ching-kuo: 經國先生, <i>Jīngguó xiānshēng</i>). This can be combined with formal titles to indicate even more respect (e.g. Chiang Ching-kuo can also be referred to as President Chiang, Mister Ching-kuo 蔣總統經國先生, <i>Jiǎng zǒngtǒng, Jīngguó xiānshēng</i>). It is the same as <i><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">sensei</a></i> in Japanese, though its use is much less restrictive, more like how <i>san</i> would be used in Japanese. It is also used as a title for a man of respected stature.</li> <li><b>Gōng</b> 公 (lord, literally duke): Today, this respectful honorific is mainly applied to deceased male relatives. In imperial times, it was a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">title of nobility</a> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> (e.g. the head descendant of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was normally appointed the Duke Kung 孔公, <i>Kǒng gōng</i>). Whenever it is used, it always follows the surname of the person being referred to (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> is posthumously known in Taiwan as the Lord Chiang 蔣公, <i>Jiǎng gōng</i>).</li> <li><b>Zǐ</b> 子 (Great Master), the highest title for an intellectual especially philosopher in ancient China, such as Lǎo Zǐ (老子 <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>), Kǒng Zǐ (孔子 <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>), Mèng Zǐ (孟子 <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>), Mò Zǐ 墨子(<a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a>) and Sūn Zǐ (孫子 <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Xiǎojiě</b> 小姐 (young woman), Miss: This honorific was originally used to refer to a young and unmarried woman. It follows the surname of the woman or can be used alone as a title of address. Today, however, it could in the northern regions of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> be associated as a slang term for "<a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>" or in restaurants addressing waitresses, by means of verbal inflections of tone or other indications.</li> <li><b>Tàitai</b> 太太 (Madam): This honorific is used to refer to a married woman. It is added after the surname of the husband or can be used alone as a title of address. It is used in familial and personal relations, but completely absent in formal business contexts since it emphasizes age and marital bond.</li> <li><b>Nǚshì</b> 女士 (Ms., Mrs.): In proper usage, this title follows a married woman's maiden name only. (For example, Hillary Rodham 女士, not Hillary Clinton 女士.) However, it is loosely used by those looking for a Chinese equivalent of "Ms." An older single woman is often addressed as 女士, but this term presumes the woman is married.</li> <li><b>Fūrén</b> 夫人 (Madame; Mrs.): Traditionally used to refer to a lady of high rank, the term has fallen into disuse since the late 20th century except in formal contexts: President <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> and Mrs. Hu are 胡锦涛主席和夫人, <i>Hú Jǐntāo zhǔxí hé fūrén</i> (but contemporary custom dictates that Mrs. Hu is never Madame Hu Jintao 胡锦涛夫人 <i>Hú Jǐntāo fūrén</i>), or to translate a woman's name that is derived from the surname of their husbands: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Mrs. Thatcher</a> is 撒切爾夫人, <i>sǎqiē'ěr fūrén</i>). It is used following the husband's full name or surname, or can be used as title on its own (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Madame_Chiang_Kai-shek" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Chiang Kai-shek">Madame Chiang</a> is 蔣夫人, <i>Jiǎng fūrén</i>). It can also be used to address female law enforcement officials.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_titles">Occupational titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occupational titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese people often address professionals in formal situations by their occupational titles. These titles can either follow the surname (or full name) of the person in reference, or it can stand alone either as a form of address or if the person being referred to is unambiguous without the added surname. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education in China</a></div> <ul><li><b>Lǎoshī</b> 老師 (old master), when addressing a teacher.</li> <li><b>Xiàozhǎng</b> 校長 (school senior), when addressing the school headmaster or principal. Chinese does not have specific titles for heads of universities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a>, or <a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a>), so this term is applied in higher education as well. Generally, the word <i>zhǎng</i> (長) is added to an institutional name to refer to the leader of that institution.</li> <li><b>Jiàoshòu</b> 教授 (instruct confer; <i>confer instruction</i>), when addressing a professor.</li> <li><b>Xiānshēng</b> 先生 (born before), when addressing a teacher, currently less used but still remains legitimate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The use of the term equivalent of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctorate_/_doctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctorate / doctor (page does not exist)">Doctorate / doctor</a>" (博士, bóshì) is less common in Chinese as it is in English. The term <i>boshi</i> is used both as an honorific title and a name for the degree. Like in English, holders of a doctorate can have the title added to their names (but at the end instead of before), but use of the undistinguishing <i>xiānshēng</i> or <i>nǚshì</i> (or professional titles such as <i>jiàoshòu</i>) is much more prevalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Shūjì</b> 书记 (secretary): Leaders and representatives of the communist committees or organizations. Currently, the Head of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> is called <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (Zǒngshūjì, 总书记).</li> <li><b>Zhǔxí</b> 主席 (chairman): Leaders of certain organizations such as political parties use this title. Notably, it applied to Chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> who was referred to as Máo Zhǔxí (毛主席) as the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.</li> <li><b>Wěiyuán</b> 委员 (delegate): This term can be used to refer to any member of a committee or council. This was especially prevalent in the system of party and state committees the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> used to govern China in the 1930s and 1940s. The Chinese Communist Party also operates under a system of parallel committees, but prefer the more proletarian term <i>tóngzhì</i> (e.g. members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> are all addressed as <i>lifa weiyuan</i>, legislative delegates, and individually as surname+<i>weiyuan</i> or more formally surname+<i>wěiyuán</i>+given name+nushi/xiansheng).</li> <li><b>Tóngzhì</b> 同志 (comrade): This term is commonly used by political party members to address each other. Its use expanded to all segments of society during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. It is still used by leaders of the Chinese Communist Party on formal occasions, and to a much lesser degree, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></div> <ul><li><b>Yīshēng</b> (<i>i-seng</i>) 醫生 (medical scholar), most commonly used when addressing a doctor; used for practitioners of both Western and traditional Chinese medicine.</li> <li><b>Yīshī</b> 醫師 (medical master), is a more formal title when addressing a practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine, but is also used for doctors and for practitioners of both Western and traditional Chinese medicine in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</li> <li><b>Láukun</b> 老君 (old lord), is a common <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> term for Doctor influenced by <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> but can also mean wise man.</li> <li><b>Dàifu</b> 大夫 (great man), an older title used to address high officials in ancient times, now used colloquially when addressing a doctor.</li> <li><b>Xiānshēng</b> 先生 (born before) historical, no longer used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a></div> <p>A list of titles when addressing a martial arts master.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles below are listed by the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> pronunciation which is the national language in China. In the West, the titles are more commonly known by their <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> pronunciation which are given in brackets. </p> <ul><li><b>Shīfu</b> (<i>Sifu</i>) 師父 (teacher father), used when addressing one's own martial arts instructor. But can also be used for teacher/instructors of other kind.</li> <li><b>Shīgōng</b> (<i>Sigung</i>) 師公 (teacher grandfather), used when addressing the teacher of one's Shifu.</li> <li><b>Shīmǔ</b> (<i>Simo</i>) 師母 (teacher mother), used when addressing the wife of Shifu.</li> <li><b>Zōngshī</b> 宗師 (ancestral teacher), technically the founder of a discipline or branch (宗派), used when addressing a great master.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country#East_Asia" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country § East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kung_Fu_(Ranking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kung Fu (Ranking) (page does not exist)">Kung Fu (Ranking)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_titles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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