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Christianity in the Roman Africa province - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Episcopal_sees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_sees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Episcopal sees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_sees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Christianity</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/240px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/360px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/480px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name <b>early African church</b> is given to the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> communities inhabiting the region known politically as <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">Roman Africa</a>, and comprised geographically somewhat around the area of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a>, namely: the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> on the east and the river <i>Ampsaga</i> (now the <i><a href="/wiki/Oued_Rhumel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oued Rhumel">Oued Rhumel</a></i> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhummel" class="extiw" title="fr:Rhummel">fr</a>)) on the west; that part of it that faces the Atlantic Ocean being called <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>. Thus corresponding somewhat to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelization</a> of Africa followed much the same lines as those traced by <a href="/wiki/Roman_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civilization">Roman civilization</a>. From the late fifth and early sixth century, the region included several Christian Berber kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informal <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primacy</a> was exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Archdiocese of Carthage</a>, a metropolitan archdiocese also known as "Church of Carthage". The Church of Carthage thus was to the early African church what the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Church of Rome</a> was to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Catholic Church in Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archdiocese used the <a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a>, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Western_liturgical_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Western liturgical rites">Western liturgical rites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>, possibly a local use of the primitive <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>. </p><p>Famous figures include <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Saint_Perpetua,_Saint_Felicitas,_and_their_Companions" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions">Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions</a> (died c. 203), <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 155–240), <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> (c. 200–258), <a href="/wiki/Caecilianus" title="Caecilianus">Caecilianus</a> (floruit 311), <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_of_Carthage" title="Aurelius of Carthage">Saint Aurelius</a> (died 429), and <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_of_Carthage" title="Eugenius of Carthage">Eugenius of Carthage</a> (died 505). Tertullian and Cyprian are both considered <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Latin_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Latin Church Fathers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. Tertullian, a theologian of part <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> descent, was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian theology</a>, and was the first to apply <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> extensively in his theological writings. As such, Tertullian has been called "the father of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christianity">Latin Christianity</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-p1013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the founder of Western theology."<sup id="cite_ref-gonzales_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzales-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carthage remained an important center of Christianity, hosting several <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">councils of Carthage</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_centuries">First centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/240px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/360px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg/480px-Quartier_paleochretien_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Early Christian quarter in ancient <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> of the ecclesiastical boundaries of the African Church is a matter of great difficulty. Again and again the Roman political authority rearranged the provincial divisions, and on various occasions the ecclesiastical authorities conformed the limits of their respective jurisdictions to those of the civil power. These limits, however, were not only liable to successive rectification, but in some cases they were not even clearly marked. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> always remained independent; the mountainous region to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a> (Middle Atlas), and the plateau above the <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a> never became Roman. The high lands of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and all the country west of the Atlas range were inhabited by the nomad tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a>, and there are neither churches nor definite ecclesiastical organizations to be found there. Christianity filtered in, so to speak, little by little. </p><p>Bishoprics were founded among the converts, as the need for them arose; were moved, possibly, from place to place, and disappeared, without leaving a trace of their existence. The historical period of the African Church begins in 180 with groups of martyrs. At a somewhat later date the writings of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> tell us how rapidly African Christianity had grown. It had passed the Roman military lines, and spread among the peoples to the south and southeast of the Aure. About the year 200 there was a violent persecution at Carthage and in the provinces held by the Romans. We gain information as to its various phases from the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/St._Perpetua" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Perpetua">St. Perpetua</a> and the treatises of Tertullian. Christianity, however, did not even then cease to make distant conquests; Christian <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaphs</a> are to be found at <a href="/wiki/Sour_El-Ghozlane" title="Sour El-Ghozlane">Sour El-Ghozlane</a>, dated 227, and at <a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, dated 238. These dates are assured. If we rely on texts less definite we may admit that the evangelization of Northern Africa began very early. </p><p>By the opening of the 3rd century there was a large Christian population in the towns and even in the country districts, which included not only the poor, but also persons of the highest rank. A council held at Carthage about the year 235 was presided over by the earliest known bishop of Carthage, <a href="/wiki/Agrippinus_of_Carthage" title="Agrippinus of Carthage">Agrippinus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was attended by eighteen bishops from the province of Numidia. Another council, held in the time of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, about the middle of the 3rd century, was attended by eighty-seven <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>. At this period the African Church went through a very grave crisis. </p><p>The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> published an edict that made many martyrs and confessors, and not a few apostates. A certain bishop, followed by his whole community, was to be seen sacrificing to the gods. The apostates (see <a href="/wiki/Lapsi_(Christianity)" title="Lapsi (Christianity)">Lapsi</a>) and the timid who had bought a certificate of apostasy for money (see <a href="/wiki/Libellatici" class="mw-redirect" title="Libellatici">Libellatici</a>) became so numerous as to believe they could lay down the law to the Church, and demand their restoration to ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a>, a state of affairs that gave rise to controversies and deplorable troubles. </p><p>Yet the Church of Africa had martyrs, even at such a time. The persecutions at the end of the third, and the beginning of the fourth, century did not only make martyrs; they also gave rise to a minority that claimed that Christians could deliver the sacred books and the archives of the Church to the officers of the State, without lapsing from the faith. (See <a href="/wiki/Traditors" title="Traditors">Traditors</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Constantine">After Constantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Donatus_Magnus" title="Donatus Magnus">Donatus Magnus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_and_donatists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Augustine of Hippo arguing with a man before an audience" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Augustine_and_donatists.jpg/240px-Augustine_and_donatists.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Augustine_and_donatists.jpg/360px-Augustine_and_donatists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Augustine_and_donatists.jpg/480px-Augustine_and_donatists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo" title="Charles-André van Loo">Charles-André van Loo</a>'s 18th-century <i>Augustine arguing with Donatists</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The accession of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> found the African Church torn apart by controversies and heresies; Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a> contended not only in polemics, but also in a violent and bloody way. A law of Constantine (318) deprived the <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a> of their churches, most of which they had taken from the Catholics. They had, however, grown so powerful that even such a measure failed to crush them. They were so numerous that a Donatist Council, held at Carthage, in 327, was attended by 270 bishops. <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> mainly spread among the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> population,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Donatists were able to blend Christianity with many of the Berber local customs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of new ceremonies and doctrines were added to Christian practices. Donatist Christianity was source of unity among its member and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berber_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber nationalism">Berber nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts at reconciliation, suggested by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, only widened the breach and led to armed repression, an ever-growing disquiet, and an enmity that became increasingly embittered. Yet, in the very midst of these troubles, the Primate of Carthage, Gratus, declared (in the year 349): "God has restored Africa to religious unity." <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>'s accession (361) and his permission to all religious exiles to return to their homes added to the troubles of the African Church. A Donatist bishop sat in the seceded see of Carthage, in opposition to the orthodox bishop. </p><p>One act of violence followed another and begat new conflicts. About this period, <a href="/wiki/Optatus" title="Optatus">Optatus</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Milevum" title="Milevum">Milevum</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesi_di_Milevi" class="extiw" title="fr:Diocesi di Milevi">fr</a>), began to combat the sect by his writings. A few years later, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, converted at Milan, returned to his native land, and entered the lists against every kind of error. <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> had by that time ceased to be a menace to the Church; in 399 the temples were closed at Carthage. Nevertheless, the energy and genius of Augustine were abundantly occupied in training the clergy and instructing the faithful, as well as in theological controversy with the heretics. For forty years, from 390 to 430, the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a>, which reunited a great part of the African Episcopate, public discussions with the Donatists, sermons, <a href="/wiki/Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Homilies">homilies</a>, scriptural commentaries, followed almost without interval; an unparalleled activity that had commensurate results. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>, which had made great strides in Africa, was condemned at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(412)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (412)">Council of Carthage (412)</a>. Donatism, also, and <a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">semipelagianism</a> were stricken to death at an hour when political events of the utmost gravity changed the history and the destiny of the African Church. Conflict between Carthage and Rome on the regulation of the African Church came to the fore when <a href="/wiki/Apiarius_of_Sicca" title="Apiarius of Sicca">Apiarius of Sicca</a> appealed his excommunication to Rome and thus challenged the authority of Carthage. <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Count Boniface</a> had summoned the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> to Africa in 426, and by 429 the invasion was completed. The barbarians advanced rapidly and made themselves masters of cities and provinces. In 430 St. Augustine died, during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo</a>; nine years later <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a>, king of the Vandals, took possession of Carthage. Then began for the African Church an era of persecution of a kind hitherto unknown. The Vandals were Arians, and were bent on establishing Arianism. </p><p>Churches the invasion had left standing were either transferred to the Arians or withdrawn from the Catholics and closed to public worship. The intervention of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> (474–491) and the conclusion of a treaty of peace with Genseric, were followed by a transient calm. The churches were opened, and the Catholics were allowed to choose a bishop (476), but the death of Genseric, and the edict of <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a>, in 484, made matters worse than before. A contemporary writer, <a href="/wiki/Victor_of_Vita" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor of Vita">Victor of Vita</a>, has told us what we know of this long history of the Vandal persecution. In such a condition of peril, the Christians of Africa did not display much courage in the face of oppression. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg/240px-Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg/360px-Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg/480px-Tunisie_Basilique_Damous_el_Karita_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Damous_El_Karita" title="Basilica of Damous El Karita">Basilica of Damous El Karita</a> west view in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last years of Vandal rule in Africa, <a href="/wiki/St._Fulgentius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Fulgentius">St. Fulgentius</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a>, exercised a fortunate influence over the princes of the Vandal dynasty, who were no longer completely barbaric, but whose culture, wholly Roman and Byzantine, equalled that of their native subjects. Yet the Vandal monarchy, which had lasted for nearly a century, seemed less firmly established than at its beginning. <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a>, who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Thrasamund" title="Thrasamund">Thrasamund</a> in 523, was too cultured and too mild a prince to impose his will on others. <a href="/wiki/Gelimer" title="Gelimer">Gelimer</a> made an attempt to deprive him of power, and, proclaimed King of the Vandals in 531, marched on Carthage and dethroned Hilderich. His cause appeared to be completely successful, and his authority firmly established, when a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> fleet appeared off the coast of Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum" title="Battle of Ad Decimum">battle of Ad Decimum</a> (13 September 533) won the initiative for the invading Byzantines. The taking of Carthage, the flight of Gelimer, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum" title="Battle of Tricamarum">battle of Tricamarum</a>, about the middle of December, completed their destruction and their disappearance. </p><p>The victor, <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, had but to show himself in order to reconquer the greater part of the coast, and to place the cities under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Justinian">Emperor Justinian</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(534)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (534)">Council held at Carthage in 534</a> was attended by 220 bishops representing all the churches. It issued a decree forbidding the public exercise of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> worship. The establishment of Byzantine rule, however, was far from restoring unity to the African Church. The Councils of Carthage brought together the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Proconsular_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Proconsular Africa">Proconsular Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, but those of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> and Mauretania were absent. Mauretania had, in fact, regained its political autonomy, during the Vandal period. A native dynasty had been set up, and the Byzantine army of occupation never succeeded in conquering a part of the country so far from their base at Carthage. </p><p>The reign of Justinian marks a sad period in the history of the African Church, due to the part taken by the clergy in the matter known as the <a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three-Chapter Controversy</a>. While one part of the episcopate wasted its time and energies in fruitless theological discussions, others failed of their duty. It was under these circumstances that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a> sent men to Africa, whose lofty character contributed greatly to increase the prestige of the Roman Church. The notary Hilarus became in some sense a papal legate with authority over the African Bishops. He left them in no doubt as to their duty, instructed or reprimanded them, and summoned councils in the Pope's name. With the help of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of Carthage, he succeeded in restoring unity, peace, and ecclesiastical discipline in the African Church, which drew strength from so fortunate a change even so surely as the See of Rome regained in respect and authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Arab_Conquest_and_decline">The Arab Conquest and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Arab Conquest and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20170105_164333_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20170105_164333_HDR.jpg/240px-20170105_164333_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20170105_164333_HDR.jpg/360px-20170105_164333_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20170105_164333_HDR.jpg/480px-20170105_164333_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Church in <a href="/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabs started conquering the region of North Africa in the 7th century and in 698 Carthage was taken. The Roman church gradually died out alongside the <a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">vulgar Latin</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prevailing view has been that the decline of Christianity in North Africa was quick. Another view however has been that it remained in the region for many centuries before dying out.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological and scholarly research has shown that Christianity existed after the Muslim conquests. The Catholic church gradually declined along with local Latin dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another view however that exists is that Christianity in North Africa effectively ended soon after the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between AD 647–709.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many causes have been seen as leading to the decline of Christianity in Maghreb. One of them is the constant wars and conquests as well as persecutions. In addition, many Christians also migrated to Europe. The Church at that time lacked the backbone of a <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic tradition</a> and was still suffering from the aftermath of heresies including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatist</a> heresy, and this contributed to the early obliteration of the Church in the present day Maghreb. Some historians contrast this with the strong monastic tradition in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Egypt">Coptic Egypt</a>, which is credited as a factor that allowed the Coptic Church to remain the majority faith in that country until around after the 14th century despite numerous persecutions. In addition, the Romans were unable to completely assimilate the indigenous people like the Berbers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians remark how the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> persecuted many Berber Christians in the 7th and 8th centuries CE, who slowly converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other modern historians further recognize that the Christian populations living in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies</a> between the 7th and 10th centuries CE suffered <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Christianity">martyrdom</a> multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers;<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman_1987_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1987-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Sahner_2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fierro_2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trombley_1996_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">were executed under the Islamic death penalty</a> for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">repudiation of the Islamic religion</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">reconversion to Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahner_2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahner_2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fierro_2008_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fierro_2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trombley_1996_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trombley_1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Catholicism came under pressure when the Muslim fundamentalist regimes of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> and especially the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohads</a> came into power, and the record shows <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecutions</a> and demands made that the local Christians of Maghreb were forced to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports still exist of Christian inhabitants and a bishop in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> around 1150 – a significant report, since this city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> around 680 as their administrative center after their conquest. A letter from the 14th century shows that there were still four bishoprics left in North Africa, admittedly a sharp decline from the over four hundred bishoprics in existence at the time of the Arab conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almohad <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> forced the Christians and Jews of Tunis to convert in 1159. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> hinted at a native Christian community in 14th century in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Nefzaoua" title="Nefzaoua">Nefzaoua</a>, south-west of <a href="/wiki/Tozeur" title="Tozeur">Tozeur</a>. They paid the jizya and had some people of Frankish descent among them.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berber Christians continued to live in Tunis and Nefzaoua in the south of Tunisia until the early 15th century, and "[i]n the first quarter of the fifteenth century, we even read that the native Christians of Tunis, though much assimilated, extended their church, perhaps because the last of the persecuted Christians from all over the Maghreb had gathered there."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another group of Christians who came to North Africa after being deported from Islamic Spain were called the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a>. They were recognised as forming the Moroccan Church by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1225, Honorius III issued the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Vineae_Domini_custodes" title="Vineae Domini custodes">Vineae Domini custodes</a></i>, which permitted two friars of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>, named Dominic and Martin, to establish a mission in Morocco and look after the affairs of Christians there.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Marocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Marocco">Bishop of Morocco</a>, Lope Fernandez de Ain, was made the head of the Church of Africa, the only church officially allowed to preach in the continent, on 19 December 1246 by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innocent IV asked the emirs of Tunis, Ceuta and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Bugia</a> to permit Lope and Franciscian friars to look after the Christians in those regions. He thanked Caliph al-Sa'id for granting protection to the Christians and requested to allow them to create fortresses along the shores, but the Caliph rejected that request.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibben_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibben-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bishopric of Marrakesh continued to exist until the late 16th century and was borne by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville">suffragans of Seville</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Prado" title="Juan de Prado">Juan de Prado</a> had attempted to re-establish the mission but was killed in 1631. Franciscan monasteries continued to exist in the city until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another phase of Christianity in Africa began with the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, the Christian Portuguese and Spanish captured many ports in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Special:EditPage/Christianity in the Roman Africa province">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg/240px-Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg/360px-Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg/480px-Tertullian_Codex_Balliolensis_79.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>'s <i>Apologeticus</i> from the 1440s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ecclesiastical literature of Christian Africa is the most important of Latin Christian literatures. The first name that presents itself is <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an admirable writer, much of whose work we still possess, notwithstanding the lacunae due to lost writings. Such works as the <i>Passio S. Perpetuae</i> have been attributed to him, but the great apologist stands so complete that he has no need to borrow from others. Not that Tertullian is always remarkable for style, ideas, and theology, but he has furnished matter for very suggestive studies. His style, indeed, is often exaggerated, but his faults are those of a period not far removed from the great age of Latin literature. Nor are all his ideas alike novel and original, so that what seems actually to be his own gains in importance on that very account. In contradistinction to the apologists of, and before, his time, Tertullian refused to make Christian apologetics merely defensive; he appealed to the law of the Empire, claimed the right to social existence, and took the offensive. </p><p>His theology is sometimes daring, and even inaccurate, his morality inadmissible through very excess. Some of the treatises that come down to us were written after he separated from the Catholic Church. Yet, whatever verdict may be passed on him, his works remain among the most valuable of Christian antiquity. </p><p>The lawyer <a href="/wiki/Minucius_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a> has shown so much literary skill in his short treatises of a few pages that he has deservedly attained to fame. The correspondence, treatises, and sermons of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">St. Cyprian</a>, Bishop of Carthage, belong approximately to the middle of the 3rd century, the correspondence forming one of the most valuable sources for the history of Christianity in Africa and the West during his time. His relations with the Church of Rome, the councils of Carthage, his endless disputes with the African bishops, take the place, to some extent, of the lost documents of the period. </p><p>St. Cyprian, indeed, although an orator before he became a bishop, is not Tertullian's equal in the matter of style. His treatises are well composed, and written with art; they do not, however, contain that inexhaustible abundance of views and perspectives that are the sole privilege of certain very lofty minds. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, the author of an apology for Christianity, is of a secondary interest; <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, more cultured and more literary, only belongs to Africa by reason of the richness of his genius. The peculiar bent of his talent is purely Ciceronian, nor was he trained in the schools of his native land. Among these, each of whom has his name and place, there moved others, almost unknown, or hidden under an impenetrable anonymity. Writings collected among the Spuria of Latin literature have been sometimes attributed to Tertullian, sometimes to St. Cyprian, or even to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor</a>, the contemporary of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Commodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Commodus">Emperor Commodus</a>. Other authors, again, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximius_of_Madaura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximius of Madaura (page does not exist)">Maximius of Madaura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a>, stand, with <a href="/wiki/Optatus_of_Milevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Optatus of Milevi">Optatus of Milevi</a>, in the front rank of African literature in the 4th century before the appearance of St. Augustine. </p><p>The literary labours of St. Augustine are so closely connected with his work as a bishop that it is difficult, at the present time, to separate one from the other. He wrote not for the sake of writing, but for the sake of doing. From the year 386 onward, his treatises appeared every year. Such profuseness is often detrimental to their literary worth; but what is more injurious, however, was his own carelessness concerning beauty of form, of which he hardly ever seems to think in his solicitude about other things. His aim above all else was to ensure conviction. The result is that we have the few beautiful passages that fell from his pen. It is to the loftiness of his thought, rather than to the culture of his mind, that we owe certain pages which are admirable, but not perfect. The language of Augustine was Latin indeed, but a Latin that had already entered on its decline. His desire was to be understood, not to be admired, which explains the shortcomings of his work in respect of style. </p><p>But when from his style we pass to his thoughts, we may admire almost unreservedly. Even here we find occasional traces of bad taste, but it is the taste of his period: florid, fond of glitter, puns, refinements – in a word – of the weaknesses of contemporary Latin. </p><p>Of all St. Augustine's vast labours, the most important, as they are among the first Christian writings, are: The <i>Confessions</i>, the <i>City of God</i>, and the <i>Commentary on the Gospel of St. John</i>. As regards <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, his works gave Christianity an impulse that was felt for centuries. The doctrine of the Trinity supplied him with matter for the most finished exposition to be found among the works of the <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>. Other writers, theologians, poets, or historians, are to be met with after St. Augustine's time, but their names, honourable as they are, cannot compare in fame with the great ones we record as belonging to the 3rd and 4th centuries. The endeavour of <a href="/wiki/St._Fulgentius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Fulgentius">St. Fulgentius</a>, Bishop of Ruspe, is to think and write as a faithful disciple of St. Augustine. <a href="/wiki/Dracontius" title="Dracontius">Dracontius</a>, a meritorious poet, lacks elevation. Only an occasional line deserves a place among the poetry that does not die. <a href="/wiki/Victor_of_Vita" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor of Vita">Victor of Vita</a>, an impetuous historian, makes us sometimes wish, in presence of his too literary descriptions, for the monotonous simplicity of the chronicles, with their rigorous exactness. In the theological or historical writings of <a href="/wiki/Facundus_of_Hermiane" title="Facundus of Hermiane">Facundus of Hermiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verecundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Verecundus">Verecundus</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_of_Tunnunum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor of Tunnunum (page does not exist)">Victor of Tunnunum</a>, may be found bursts of passion of literary merit, but often of doubtful historical accuracy. </p><p>The writings of African authors, e.g., Tertullian and St. Augustine, are full of quotations drawn from the Sacred Scriptures. These fragmentary texts are among the most ancient witnesses to the Latin Bible, and are of great importance, not only in connection with the formation of the style and vocabulary of the Christian writers of Africa, but also in regard to the establishment of the biblical text. Africa is represented at the present day by a group of texts that preserved a version commonly known as the "African Version" of the New Testament. It may now be taken as certain that there never existed in early Christian Africa an official Latin text known to all the Churches, or used by the faithful to the exclusion of all others. The African bishops willingly allowed corrections to be made in a copy of the Sacred Scriptures, or even a reference, when necessary, to the Greek text. With some exceptions, it was the Septuagint text that prevailed, for the Old Testament, until the 4th century. In the case of the New, the MSS. were of the western type. (See <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>.) On this basis arose a variety of translations and interpretations. The existence of a number of versions of the Bible in Africa does not imply, however, that no one version was more widely used and generally received than the rest, i.e., the version found nearly complete in the works of St. Cyprian. Yet even this version was not without rivals. Apart from discrepancies in two quotations of the same text in the works of two different authors, and sometimes of the same author, we know that of several books of Scripture there were versions wholly independent of each other. At least three different versions of Daniel were used in Africa during the 3rd century. In the middle of the fourth, the Donatist Tychonius uses and collates two versions of the Apocalypse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg/220px-Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg/330px-Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg/440px-Rogatianus_epitaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Epitaph of a berber patriarch found in the actual <a href="/wiki/Ouled_Moumen" title="Ouled Moumen">Ouled Moumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras_Province" title="Souk Ahras Province">Souk Ahras Province</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The liturgy of the African Church is known to us from the writings of the Fathers, but there exists no complete work, no <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical book</a>, belonging to it. The writings of Tertullian, of St. Cyprian, of St. Augustine are full of valuable indications that indicate the liturgy of Africa presented many characteristic points of contact with the liturgy of the Roman Church. The liturgical year comprised the feasts in honour of Our Lord and a great number of feasts of martyrs, which are offset by certain days of penance. Africa, however, does not seem to have conformed rigorously, in this matter, with what was else customary. For the station days. the fast was not continued beyond the third hour after noon. Easter in the African Church had the same character as in other Churches; it continued to draw a part of the year into its orbit by fixing the date of Lent and of the Paschal season, while Pentecost and the Ascension likewise gravitated around it. Christmas and the Epiphany were kept clearly apart, and had fixed dates. The cultus of the martyrs is not always to be distinguished from that of the dead, and it is only by degrees that the line was drawn between the martyrs who were to be invoked and the dead who were to be prayed for. The prayer (petition) for a place of refreshment, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerium" title="Refrigerium">refrigerium</a>, bears witness to the belief of an interchange of help between the living and the departed. In addition, moreover, to the prayer for the dead, we find in Africa the prayer for certain classes of the living. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several languages were used simultaneously by the people of Africa; the northern part seems at first to have been a Latin-speaking country. Indeed, the first few centuries had a flourishing Latin literature, many schools, and famous rhetoricians. However, Greek was spoken at Carthage in the 2nd century, and some of Tertullian's treatises were written also in Greek. The steady advance of Roman civilization caused the neglect and the abandonment of Greek. At the beginning of the 3rd century an African, chosen at random, would have expressed himself more easily in Greek than in Latin. Two hundred years later, St. Augustine and the poet Dracontius had at best but a slight knowledge of Greek. As to local dialects, we know little. No work of Christian literature written in <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a> has come down to us, though there can be no doubt that the clergy and faithful used a language much spoken in Carthage and in the coast towns of the Proconsular Province. The lower and middle classes spoke Punic, and the <a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a> were to be among the last of its defenders. The Christian writers almost wholly ignore the native Libyan, or Berber, dialect. St. Augustine, indeed, tells us that this writing was only in use among the nomad tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Episcopal_sees">Episcopal sees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Episcopal sees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient episcopal sees of Proconsular Africa listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular sees</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbir_Germaniciana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbir Germaniciana">Abbir Germaniciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbir_Maius" title="Abbir Maius">Abbir Maius</a> (Henchir-en-Naam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abitinae" title="Abitinae">Abitinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora" title="Abora">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absa_Salla" title="Absa Salla">Absa Salla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abthugni" title="Abthugni">Abthugni</a> (Henchir-Casbat-Es-Souar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abziri" title="Abziri">Abziri</a> (near Oudna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agbia" title="Agbia">Agbia</a> (Aïn-Hedia in Tunisia), suffragan of <a href="/wiki/Carthage_(episcopal_see)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage (episcopal see)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiburus" class="mw-redirect" title="Altiburus">Altiburus</a> (Henchir-Medeina, <a href="/wiki/Dahmani" title="Dahmani">Dahmani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apisa_Maius" title="Apisa Maius">Apisa Maius</a> (ruins of Targ-Ech-Chena)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptuca" title="Aptuca">Aptuca</a> (Henchir-Oudeca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_in_Proconsulari" title="Aquae in Proconsulari">Aquae in Proconsulari</a> (Henchir-El-Baghla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Novae_in_Proconsulari" title="Aquae Novae in Proconsulari">Aquae Novae in Proconsulari</a> (ruins of Sidi-Ali-Djebin?)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aradi_(see)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aradi (see) (page does not exist)">Aradi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesi_di_Aradi" class="extiw" title="it:Diocesi di Aradi">it</a>]</span> (Henchir-Bou-Arada?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuras" title="Assuras">Assuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausana" title="Ausana">Ausana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausuaga" title="Ausuaga">Ausuaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avensa_(Africa)" title="Avensa (Africa)">Avensa</a> (ruins of Bordj-Hamdouna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avioccala" title="Avioccala">Avioccala</a> (ruins of Sidi-Amara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Avissa">Avissa</a> (Henchir-Bour-Aouitta, Aouïa?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitta_Bibba" title="Avitta Bibba">Avitta Bibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henchir-Belli" title="Henchir-Belli">Belali</a> (Henchir-Belli)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi-Brahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi-Brahim">Bencenna</a> (ruins of Sidi-Brahim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventum_(Africa)" title="Beneventum (Africa)">Beneventum (Africa)</a> (ruins of Beniata?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilta" title="Bilta">Bilta</a> (ruins of Sidi-Salah-El-Balthi?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisica">Bisica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bijga" title="Bijga">Henchir-Bijga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bita_(Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bita (Africa)">Bita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitettum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitettum (page does not exist)">Bitettum</a> (Bitetto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonusta" title="Bonusta">Bonusta</a></li> <li>Boseta (ruins of Henchir-El-Oust?)</li> <li>Bossa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botriana" title="Botriana">Botriana</a></li> <li>Bulla (ruins of Sidi-Mbarec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulna_(North_Africa)" title="Bulna (North Africa)">Bulna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bure_(North_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bure (North Africa) (page does not exist)">Bure (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buruni">Buruni</a> (Henchir-El-Dakhla)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buslacena" title="Buslacena">Buslacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeciri" title="Caeciri">Caeciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canapium" title="Canapium">Canapium</a> (Henchir-El-Casbath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpi_(Africa)" title="Carpi (Africa)">Carpi</a> (Henchir-Mraïssa)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carthage_(episcopal_see)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage (episcopal see)">Carthage (episcopal see)</a>, the Metropolitan Archdiocese, exercising informal primacy</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cefala" title="Cefala">Cefala</a> (Ras-El-Djebel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellae_in_Proconsulari" title="Cellae in Proconsulari">Cellae in Proconsulari</a> (ruins of Aïn-Zouarin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerbali" title="Cerbali">Cerbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilibia,_Africa" title="Cilibia, Africa">Cilibia</a> (Henchir-Kelbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincari" title="Cincari">Cincari</a> (ruins of Bordj-Toum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissita" title="Cissita">Cissita</a> (Sidi-Tabet?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clypia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clypia">Clypia</a> (Kelibia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cresima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cresima">Cresima</a> (Aïn-Sbir?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubda" title="Cubda">Cubda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culusi" title="Culusi">Culusi</a> (suburb of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korba,_Tunisia" title="Korba, Tunisia">Curubis</a> (Korba, Tunisia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusiliana" title="Drusiliana">Drusiliana</a> (Khanguet-El-Kidem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguga" title="Eguga">Eguga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ahmed_Djedidi" title="Sidi Ahmed Djedidi">Elephantaria in Proconsulari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ahmed_Djedidi" title="Sidi Ahmed Djedidi">Sidi-Ahmed-Djedidi</a>? ruins of Sidi-Saïd?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enera" title="Enera">Enera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnos_Maior_and_Furnos_Minor" title="Furnos Maior and Furnos Minor">Furnos Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnos_Maior_and_Furnos_Minor" title="Furnos Maior and Furnos Minor">Furnos Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisipa" title="Gisipa">Gisipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giufi">Giufi</a> (Bir-Mecherga)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giufi_Salaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Giufi Salaria">Giufi Salaria</a> (near the saltworks of Sebkha-El-Coursia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A2a-El-Gamra" title="Drâa-El-Gamra">Gor</a> (Drâa-El-Gamra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummi_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummi in Proconsulari">Gummi in Proconsulari</a> (Bordj-Cedria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunela" title="Gunela">Gunela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilta" title="Hilta">Hilta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Diarrhytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo Diarrhytus">Hippo Diarrhytus</a></li> <li>Horta (in the territory of Srâ-Orta?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacubaza" title="Lacubaza">Lacubaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapda" title="Lapda">Lapda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares_(Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lares (Africa)">Lares</a> (Lorbeus)</li> <li>Libertina (ruins at Souc-El-Arba?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henchir-Tebel#religion" title="Henchir-Tebel">Luperciana</a> (Henchir-Tebel? or ruins of Gasseur-Tatoun?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelliana">Marcelliana</a> (in the region of Henchir-Bez)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathara_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathara in Proconsulari">Mathara in Proconsulari</a> (Mateur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiana" title="Mattiana">Mattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxula_Prates" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxula Prates">Maxula Prates</a> (Radès)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medeli" title="Medeli">Medeli</a> (Henchir-Mencoub)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalopolis in Proconsulari">Megalopolis in Proconsulari</a> (ruins of Mohammedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melzi" title="Melzi">Melzi</a> (ruins where the Oued-Melzi flows into the Bagrada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membressa" class="mw-redirect" title="Membressa">Membressa</a> (Majaz al Bab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migirpa" title="Migirpa">Migirpa</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missua" class="mw-redirect" title="Missua">Missua</a> (Sidi Daoud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizigi">Mizigi</a> (ruins of Douela)</li> <li>Mulli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musti_(Tunisia)" title="Musti (Tunisia)">Musti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzuca_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzuca in Proconsulari">Muzuca in Proconsulari</a> (Henchir-Khachoum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraggara" title="Naraggara">Naraggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabeul#History" title="Nabeul">Neapolis in Proconsulari</a> (Nabeul)</li> <li>Nova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numluli" class="mw-redirect" title="Numluli">Numluli</a> (Henchir-Mâtria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obba_(town)" title="Obba (town)">Obba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paria_in_Proconsulari" title="Paria in Proconsulari">Paria in Proconsulari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertusa_(Africa)" title="Pertusa (Africa)">Pertusa</a> (El-Haraïria)</li> <li>Pia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisita" title="Pisita">Pisita</a> (ruins of Bou-Chateur-Sidi-Mansour?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocofeltus" title="Pocofeltus">Pocofeltus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupiana" title="Pupiana">Pupiana</a> (Mra-Mita, Aïn-Ouassel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupput" title="Pupput">Puppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_see_of_Rucuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular see of Rucuma">Rucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusuca">Rusuca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghar_al_Milh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghar al Milh">Ghar al Milh</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saia_Maior" title="Saia Maior">Saia Maior</a> (Henchir-Duamès-Chiaïa, Henchir-Chiaïa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scilium">Scilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebarga" title="Sebarga">Sebarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamselae" title="Selamselae">Selamselae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semina" class="mw-redirect" title="Semina">Semina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semta_(Africa)" title="Semta (Africa)">Semta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzemda" title="Dzemda">Dzemda</a>)</li> <li>Serra (Henchir-Cherri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria_(Titular_See)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria (Titular See)">Sicca Veneria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siccenna" title="Siccenna">Siccenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilibba" title="Sicilibba">Sicilibba</a> (ruins of Alaouine, Alaouenine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simidicca" title="Simidicca">Simidicca</a> (Henchir-Simidia?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simingi" title="Simingi">Simingi</a> (Henchir-Simindja, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Zid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bou Zid">Sidi Bou Zid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siminina" title="Siminina">Siminina</a> (Henchir-El-Haïrech, Bir-El-Djedidi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simitthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Simitthu">Simitthu</a> (Chemtou)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinna" title="Sinna">Sinna</a> (ruins of Calaat-Es-Sinân)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinnuara" title="Sinnuara">Sinnuara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitipa" title="Sitipa">Sitipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouach" title="Chaouach">Suas</a> (ruins of Chaouach)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Succub (page does not exist)">Succuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sululos" title="Sululos">Sululos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutunura" title="Sutunura">Sutunura</a> (ruins of Aïn-El-Askerm Rdir-Es-Soltan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabbora" title="Tabbora">Tabbora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacia_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacia Montana">Tacia Montana</a> (ruins of Bordj-Messaoudi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddua" title="Taddua">Taddua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagarata" title="Tagarata">Tagarata</a> (ruins of Tel-El-Caid, Aïn-Tlit?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teglata" title="Teglata">Teglata</a> (Henchir Kahloulta)</li> <li>Tela (in the region of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepela" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepela">Tepela</a> (Henchir-Bel-Aït)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabraca">Thabraca</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a> (in Byzacena?!)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudalis" title="Theudalis">Theudalis</a> (Henchir-Aouam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibaris" title="Thibaris">Thibaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibica" title="Thibica">Thibica</a> (Bir-Magra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibiuca" title="Thibiuca">Thibiuca</a> (Henchir-Gâssa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thignica" title="Thignica">Thignica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thisiduo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thisiduo">Thisiduo</a> (ruins of Crich-El-Oued)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimida" class="mw-redirect" title="Thimida">Thimida</a> (Henchir-Tindja)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thizica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thizica">Thizica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuburbo Maius">Thuburbo Maius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Minus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuburbo Minus">Thuburbo Minus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburnica" title="Thuburnica">Thuburnica</a> (Sidi-Ali-Bel-Cassem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubursicum-Bure" class="mw-redirect" title="Thubursicum-Bure">Thubursicum-Bure</a> (Téboursouk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuccabora" title="Thuccabora">Thuccabora</a> (Touccabeur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thugga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thugga">Thugga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunigaba" title="Thunigaba">Thunigaba</a> (Henchir-Aïn-Laabed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunusruma" title="Thunusruma">Thunusruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunusuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunusuda">Thunusuda</a> (Sidi-Meskin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigimma" title="Tigimma">Tigimma</a> (Souk-El-Djemma, Djemâa?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinisa_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinisa in Proconsulari">Tinisa in Proconsulari</a> (Râs-El-Djebel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisili" title="Tisili">Tisili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tituli_in_Proconsulari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tituli in Proconsulari">Tituli in Proconsulari</a> (Henchir-Madjouba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Torreblanda" title="Diocese of Torreblanda">Torreblanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisipa">Trisipa</a> (Aïn-El-Hammam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubernuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubernuca">Tubernuca</a> (Aïn Tebernoc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubyza" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubyza">Tubyza</a> (Henchir-Boucha?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulana" title="Tulana">Tulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunes,_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunes, Tunisia">Tunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turris_in_Proconsulari" title="Turris in Proconsulari">Turris in Proconsulari</a> (in the territory of Henchir-Mest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuda" title="Turuda">Turuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuzi" title="Turuzi">Turuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uccula" class="mw-redirect" title="Uccula">Uccula</a> (Henchir-Aïn-Dourat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchi_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchi Maius">Uchi Maius</a> (Henchir-Ed-Douamès)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucres">Ucres</a> (Bordj-Bou-Djadi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ululi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ululi">Ululi</a> (Ellez?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urusi" title="Urusi">Urusi</a> (Henchir-Sougda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthina" title="Uthina">Uthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utimma" title="Utimma">Utimma</a> (between Sidi-Medien and Henchir-Reoucha?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utimmira" title="Utimmira">Utimmira</a> (in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzalis">Uzalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzzipari" title="Uzzipari">Uzzipari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaga_(Tunisia)" title="Vaga (Tunisia)">Vaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Béja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(see)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallis (see)">Vallis</a> (ruins of Sidi-Medien)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazari">Vazari</a> (Henchir-Bejar, Bedjar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazari-Didda" title="Vazari-Didda">Vazari-Didda</a> (Henchir-Badajr?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazi-Sarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vazi-Sarra">Vazi-Sarra</a> (Henchir-Bez)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertara">Vertara</a> (region of Srâa Ouartane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Turris" title="Vicus Turris">Vicus Turris</a> (Henchir-El-Djemel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamagna_in_Proconsulari" title="Villamagna in Proconsulari">Villamagna in Proconsulari</a> (Henchir-Mettich)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vina_(Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vina (Africa)">Vina</a> (Henchir-El-Meden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinda_(see)" title="Vinda (see)">Vinda</a> (Henchir-Bandou?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voli" title="Voli">Voli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_(Tunisia)" title="Zama (Tunisia)">Zama Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_(Tunisia)" title="Zama (Tunisia)">Zama Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarna_(Africa)" title="Zarna (Africa)">Zarna</a></li> <li>Zica (<a href="/wiki/Zaghouan" title="Zaghouan">Zaghouan</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuri,_Africa" title="Zuri, Africa">Zuri</a> (Aïn Djour? in the region of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>?)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa" title="Catholic Church in Africa">Catholic Church in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Archdiocese of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1995" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (1995). <i>A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-2081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-2081-5"><bdi>978-1-4674-2081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Africa%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-2081-5&rft.aulast=Isichei&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1887" class="citation book cs1">Plummer, Alfred (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchearlyfath03plumgoog"><i>The Church of the Early Fathers: External History</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchearlyfath03plumgoog/page/n133">109</a>. <q>church of africa carthage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Early+Fathers%3A+External+History&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchearlyfath03plumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p1013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenham1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Benham_(priest)" title="William Benham (priest)">Benham, William</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofreli00benhuoft"><i>The Dictionary of Religion</i></a>. Cassell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofreli00benhuoft/page/n1024">1013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Religion&rft.pages=1013&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Benham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofreli00benhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew J. (26 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IaO-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3386-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-3386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes%3A+Eastern+Influences+on+Rome+and+the+Papacy+from+Gregory+the+Great+to+Zacharias%2C+A.D.+590-752&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3386-6&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIaO-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonzales-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gonzales_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzáles,_Justo_L.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gonzáles, Justo L. (2010). "The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation". <i>The Story of Christianity</i>. Vol. 1. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Church+to+the+Dawn+of+the+Reformation&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91-93&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1les%2C+Justo+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandlDupont2018" class="citation journal cs1">Handl, András; Dupont, Anthony (2018). "Who was Agrippinus? Identifying the First Known Bishop of Carthage". <i>Church History and Religious Culture</i>. <b>98</b>: 344–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18712428-09803001">10.1163/18712428-09803001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195430375">195430375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=Who+was+Agrippinus%3F+Identifying+the+First+Known+Bishop+of+Carthage&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=344-366&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18712428-09803001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195430375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Handl&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Dupont%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2017" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2017). <i>Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 344-345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135121426" title="Special:BookSources/9781135121426"><bdi>9781135121426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+African+Christianity%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Unique+Context+and+Tradition&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781135121426&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Wilhit2002" class="citation book cs1">E. Wilhit, David (2002). <i>Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313233" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313233"><bdi>9780313313233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Events+in+African+History%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313313233&rft.aulast=E.+Wilhit&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Wilhit2002" class="citation book cs1">E. Wilhit, David (2002). <i>Key Events in African History: A Reference Guide</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313233" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313233"><bdi>9780313313233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Events+in+African+History%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313313233&rft.aulast=E.+Wilhit&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0C&dq=carthage+archdiocese+11th+century&pg=PA99">Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten</a> By Heinz Halm, page 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA322">Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition</a> By David E. Wilhite, page 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202083455/http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">"Office of the President – Bethel University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+President+%E2%80%93+Bethel+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethel.edu%2F~letnie%2FAfricanChristianity%2FWesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0C&dq=carthage+archdiocese+11th+century&pg=PA99">Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten</a> By Heinz Halm, page 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgYqDwAAQBAJ&dq=pope+leo+Carthage+1053&pg=PA333">Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition</a> By David E. Wilhite, page 332-334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202083455/http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">"Office of the President - Bethel University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+President+-+Bethel+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethel.edu%2F~letnie%2FAfricanChristianity%2FWesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgYqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA335">Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition</a> By David E. Wilhite, page 336-338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam, C. J. Speel, II, Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (December, 1960), pp. 379-397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam</i> C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec. 1960), pp. 379–397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman_1987-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1987_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1987) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDj9sNezWzEC&pg=PA20">"The Reign of Antichrist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades" title="A History of the Crusades">A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 20–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34770-9"><bdi>978-0-521-34770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Antichrist&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+First+Crusade+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=20-37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34770-9&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDj9sNezWzEC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahner_2020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sahner_2020_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sahner_2020_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahner2020" class="citation book cs1">Sahner, Christian C. (2020) [2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam"</a>. <i>Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17910-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17910-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017956010">2017956010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Christian+Martyrs+under+Islam&rft.btitle=Christian+Martyrs+under+Islam%3A+Religious+Violence+and+the+Making+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey+and+Woodstock%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017956010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17910-0&rft.aulast=Sahner&rft.aufirst=Christian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZqzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fierro_2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fierro_2008_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fierro_2008_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fierro, Maribel (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fcomplitstudies.45.2.0137">"Decapitation of Christians and Muslims in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula: Narratives, Images, Contemporary Perceptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Literature_Studies" title="Comparative Literature Studies">Comparative Literature Studies</a></i>. <b>45</b> (2: <i>Al-Andalus and Its Legacies</i>). <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>: 137–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fcomplitstudies.45.2.0137">10.2307/complitstudies.45.2.0137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-4212">1528-4212</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25659647">25659647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161217907">161217907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature+Studies&rft.atitle=Decapitation+of+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+Medieval+Iberian+Peninsula%3A+Narratives%2C+Images%2C+Contemporary+Perceptions&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2%3A+%27%27Al-Andalus+and+Its+Legacies%27%27&rft.pages=137-164&rft.date=2008-01&rft.issn=1528-4212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161217907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25659647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fcomplitstudies.45.2.0137&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Maribel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252Fcomplitstudies.45.2.0137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trombley_1996-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trombley_1996_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trombley_1996_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Trombley, Frank R. (Winter 1996). "<i>The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion</i> (review)". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Christian_Studies" title="Journal of Early Christian Studies">Journal of Early Christian Studies</a></i>. <b>4</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 581–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.1996.0079">10.1353/earl.1996.0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170001371">170001371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Martyrs+of+C%C3%B3rdoba%3A+Community+and+Family+Conflict+in+an+Age+of+Mass+Conversion+%28review%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-582&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170001371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.1996.0079&rft.aulast=Trombley&rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PP1"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Fr Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm">"The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Christians+Of+North-West+Africa%3A+Some+Lessons+For+Orthodox+Today&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Fr+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxengland.org.uk%2Fmaghreb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_A._Congdon2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor A. Congdon (2016-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjOoDQAAQBAJ&q=christians+frankish+nefzaoua&pg=PT495"><i>Latin Expansion in the Medieval Western Mediterranean</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351923057" title="Special:BookSources/9781351923057"><bdi>9781351923057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Expansion+in+the+Medieval+Western+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.isbn=9781351923057&rft.au=Eleanor+A.+Congdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjOoDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchristians%2Bfrankish%2Bnefzaoua%26pg%3DPT495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk">"citing Mohamed Talbi, "Le Christianisme maghrébin", in M. Gervers & R. Bikhazi, <i>Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands</i>; Toronto, 1990; pp. 344-345"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=citing+Mohamed+Talbi%2C+%22Le+Christianisme+maghr%C3%A9bin%22%2C+in+M.+Gervers+%26+R.+Bikhazi%2C+Indigenous+Christian+Communities+in+Islamic+Lands%3B+Toronto%2C+1990%3B+pp.+344-345&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxengland.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh1983" class="citation book cs1">Sanneh, Lamin O. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westafricanchris0000sann/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>West African Christianity : the religious impact</i></a>. London : Allen & Unwin. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-276001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-276001-8"><bdi>978-0-04-276001-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+African+Christianity+%3A+the+religious+impact&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=London+%3A+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-04-276001-8&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Lamin+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestafricanchris0000sann%2Fpage%2F14%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbben_Fonnesberg-Schmidt2013" class="citation book cs1">Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fPSBQAAQBAJ&q=friar+martin+morocco&pg=PA168"><i>Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812203066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812203066"><bdi>978-0812203066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconquest+and+Crusade+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0812203066&rft.au=Ibben+Fonnesberg-Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fPSBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfriar%2Bmartin%2Bmorocco%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Cecilia_Méndez_González2013" class="citation book cs1">Olga Cecilia Méndez González (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSgL0jozFZwC&q=bishop+morocco+pope&pg=PA103"><i>Thirteenth Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011</i></a>. Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843838098" title="Special:BookSources/9781843838098"><bdi>9781843838098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteenth+Century+England+XIV%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Aberystwyth+and+Lampeter+Conference%2C+2011&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2013-04&rft.isbn=9781843838098&rft.au=Olga+Cecilia+M%C3%A9ndez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSgL0jozFZwC%26q%3Dbishop%2Bmorocco%2Bpope%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span>, page 103-104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibben-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibben_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbben_Fonnesberg-Schmidt2013" class="citation book cs1">Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fPSBQAAQBAJ&q=friar+martin+morocco&pg=PA118"><i>Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812203066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812203066"><bdi>978-0812203066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconquest+and+Crusade+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0812203066&rft.au=Ibben+Fonnesberg-Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fPSBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfriar%2Bmartin%2Bmorocco%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span>, page 117-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&q=morocco+bishop+juan+de+prado&pg=PA303"><i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 5</i></a>. BRILL. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097910" title="Special:BookSources/9004097910"><bdi>9004097910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+1913-1936%2C+Volume+5&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004097910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa6oSxzojzoC%26q%3Dmorocco%2Bbishop%2Bjuan%2Bde%2Bprado%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamin_Sanneh2015" class="citation book cs1">Lamin Sanneh (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgCTBwAAQBAJ&q=mozarabic+moroccan+church+pope+innocent&pg=PT32"><i>West African Christianity: The Religious Impact</i></a>. Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608331499" title="Special:BookSources/9781608331499"><bdi>9781608331499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+African+Christianity%3A+The+Religious+Impact&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=9781608331499&rft.au=Lamin+Sanneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgCTBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmozarabic%2Bmoroccan%2Bchurch%2Bpope%2Binnocent%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington1995" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Shillington (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe1qDwAAQBAJ&q=north+africa+Christianity++portuguese&pg=PA106"><i>West African Christianity: The Religious Impact</i></a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137524812" title="Special:BookSources/9781137524812"><bdi>9781137524812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+African+Christianity%3A+The+Religious+Impact&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1995-01&rft.isbn=9781137524812&rft.au=Kevin+Shillington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFe1qDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnorth%2Bafrica%2BChristianity%2B%2Bportuguese%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819–1013</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Early_African_Church" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Early African Church">Early African Church</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+African+Church&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+Roman+Africa+province" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa" title="Catholic Church in Africa">Catholic Church in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Angola" title="Catholic Church in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Benin" title="Catholic Church in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Catholic Church in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burundi" title="Catholic Church in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cameroon" title="Catholic Church in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cape_Verde" title="Catholic Church in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chad" title="Catholic Church in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Comoros" title="Catholic Church in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Djibouti" title="Catholic Church in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Egypt" title="Catholic Church in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eswatini" title="Catholic Church in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ethiopia" title="Catholic Church in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Gabon" title="Catholic Church in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Gambia" title="Catholic Church in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ghana" title="Catholic Church in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Catholic Church in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Catholic Church in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kenya" title="Catholic Church in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lesotho" title="Catholic Church in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liberia" title="Catholic Church in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Libya" title="Catholic Church in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Madagascar" title="Catholic Church in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malawi" title="Catholic Church in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mali" title="Catholic Church in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritius" title="Catholic Church in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Morocco" title="Catholic Church in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mozambique" title="Catholic Church in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Namibia" title="Catholic Church in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Niger" title="Catholic Church in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria" title="Catholic Church in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Rwanda" title="Catholic Church in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Catholic Church in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Senegal" title="Catholic Church in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Seychelles" title="Catholic Church in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Catholic Church in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia" title="Catholic Church in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Catholic Church in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tanzania" title="Catholic Church in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Togo" title="Catholic Church in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tunisia" title="Catholic Church in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uganda" title="Catholic Church in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zambia" title="Catholic Church in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zimbabwe" title="Catholic Church in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somaliland" title="Catholic Church in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mayotte" title="Catholic Church in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Western_Sahara" title="Catholic Church in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Africa" title="Template talk:History of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7678f45bf4‐99t4w Cached time: 20241203072153 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.687 seconds Real time usage: 0.949 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3890/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 173202/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 24530/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 133802/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.375/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6158600/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 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