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aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neighbourhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Green belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_merger_of_Cheltenham_and_Gloucester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_merger_of_Cheltenham_and_Gloucester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Potential merger of Cheltenham and Gloucester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_merger_of_Cheltenham_and_Gloucester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GCHQ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GCHQ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>GCHQ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GCHQ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_and_salary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_salary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Employment and salary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_salary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Crime and public safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crime_and_public_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crime and public safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Local media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sport and leisure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport_and_leisure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport and leisure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cheltenham_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheltenham_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Cheltenham Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheltenham_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses_and_coaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses_and_coaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Buses and coaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses_and_coaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tramroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tramroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Tramroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tramroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bell_ringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_ringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bell ringing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_ringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheltenham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شلتنهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شلتنهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="چلتنهام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چلتنهام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Челтнъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Челтнъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_(lungsod_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Gloucestershire,_lat_51,90,_long_-2,08)" title="Cheltenham (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Gloucestershire, lat 51,90, long -2,08) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cheltenham (lungsod sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Gloucestershire, lat 51,90, long -2,08)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD)" title="Cheltenham (Spojené království) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cheltenham (Spojené království)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Τσέλτεναμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέλτεναμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="چلتنهام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چلتنهام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%98" title="첼트넘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="첼트넘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Չելթնհեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չելթնհեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D" title="צ'לטנהאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'לטנהאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celtnema" title="Čeltnema – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čeltnema" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celtnamas" title="Čeltnamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čeltnamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شلتنهام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شلتنهام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0" title="チェルトナム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェルトナム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Челтнем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Челтнем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Челтнам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Челтнам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Челтнем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Челтнем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="เชลต์นัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชลต์นัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Челтнем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Челтнем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85" title="چیلٹینہیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیلٹینہیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Cheltenham" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheltenham&params=51_54_N_002_04_W_region:GB-GLS_type:city_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">002°04′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.900°N 2.067°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.900; -2.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and Borough in Gloucestershire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other places with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cheltenham (disambiguation)">Cheltenham (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town and borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cheltenham</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Cheltenham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cheltenham Spa</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/139px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/209px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/278px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">The Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg/125px-Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg/188px-Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg/250px-Cheltenham_Minster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5570412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Minster">Cheltenham Minster</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_High_Street,_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg/132px-Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg/198px-Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg/264px-Lower_High_Street%2C_Cheltenham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5723142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div><div>Lower High Street</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montpellier_Street_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Montpellier_Street_02.jpg/132px-Montpellier_Street_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Montpellier_Street_02.jpg/198px-Montpellier_Street_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Montpellier_Street_02.jpg/264px-Montpellier_Street_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div><div>Montpellier Street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_of_GCHQ,_Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire,_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/268px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/402px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/536px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div><div>Aerial of Cheltenham and the <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cheltenham"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cheltenham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png/125px-Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png/188px-Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png/250px-Cheltenham_BC_Arms.png 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2909" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Salubritas et Eruditio ("Health and Education")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheltenham within Gloucestershire"><img alt="Cheltenham within Gloucestershire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg/200px-Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg/300px-Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg/400px-Cheltenham_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Cheltenham within <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheltenham&params=51_54_N_002_04_W_region:GB-GLS_type:city_scale:50000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°54′N</span> <span class="longitude">002°04′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.900°N 2.067°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.900; -2.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cheltenham</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council" title="Cheltenham Borough Council">Cheltenham Borough Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Councillors_and_mayors" title="Local government in England">Leadership</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leader & Cabinet</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Wilkinson" title="Max Wilkinson">Max Wilkinson</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">(Liberal Democrats)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Borough</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18.00 sq mi (46.61 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">Ranked 247th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Borough</div></th><td class="infobox-data">118,836<sup id="cite_ref-bua2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bua2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">Ranked 201st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,640/sq mi (2,563/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 91.4% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.1% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 45.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 44.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 8.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postcode</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/GL_postcode_area" title="GL postcode area">GL50</a>, GL51, GL52, GL53, GL54</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01242</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British national grid reference system">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cheltenham&params=51.901016_N_2.081344_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SO945225</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cheltenham.gov.uk">cheltenham<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cheltenham</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa town</a> and borough on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, England. Cheltenham became known as a health and holiday spa town resort following the discovery of mineral springs in 1716, and claims to be the most complete <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency</a> town in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is directly northeast of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>. </p><p>The town hosts several cultural festivals, often featuring nationally and internationally famous contributors and attendees: the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Literature_Festival" title="Cheltenham Literature Festival">Cheltenham Literature Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Jazz_Festival" title="Cheltenham Jazz Festival">Cheltenham Jazz Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Science_Festival" title="Cheltenham Science Festival">Cheltenham Science Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Music_Festival" title="Cheltenham Music Festival">Cheltenham Music Festival</a>, the Cheltenham International Film Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Cricket_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Cricket Festival">Cheltenham Cricket Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Food_%26_Drink_Festival" title="Cheltenham Food & Drink Festival">Cheltenham Food & Drink Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechase</a> horse racing, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup">Gold Cup</a> is the main event of the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a> held every March. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg/220px-Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg/330px-Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg/440px-Cheltenhammap_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Cheltenham in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>Cheltenham is located at <a href="/wiki/River_Chelt" title="River Chelt">River Chelt</a>, which rises nearby at <a href="/wiki/Dowdeswell" title="Dowdeswell">Dowdeswell</a> and runs through the town on its way to the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first recorded in 803, as <i>Celtan hom</i>; the meaning has not been resolved with certainty, but latest scholarship concludes that the first element preserves a Celtic noun <i>cilta</i>, 'steep hill', here referring to the Cotswold scarp; the second element may mean 'settlement' or 'water-meadow'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a royal manor, it features in the earliest pages of the <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is named <i>Chintenha[m]</i>. The town was awarded a market charter in 1226. </p><p>Though little remains of its pre-spa history, Cheltenham has always been a health and holiday spa town resort since the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">mineral springs</a> there in 1716. Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillicorne" title="Henry Skillicorne">Henry Skillicorne</a> (1678–1763), is credited with being the first entrepreneur to recognise the opportunity to exploit the mineral springs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retired "master mariner" became co-owner of the property containing Cheltenham's first mineral spring upon his 1732<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marriage to Elizabeth Mason.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, William Mason, had done little in his lifetime to promote the healing properties of the mineral water apart from limited advertising and building a small enclosure over the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skillicorne's wide travels as a merchant had prepared him to see the dormant potential on this inherited property. After moving to Cheltenham in 1738, he immediately began improvements intended to attract visitors to his spa. He built a pump to regulate water flow and erected an elaborate well-house complete with a ballroom and upstairs billiard room to entertain his customers. The beginnings of Cheltenham's tree-lined promenades and the gardens surrounding its spas were first designed by Captain Skillicorne with the help of "wealthy and traveled" friends who understood the value of relaxing avenues. The area's walks and gardens had views of the countryside, and soon the gentry and nobility from across the county were enticed to come and investigate the beneficial waters of Cheltenham's market town spa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_(1727-88)_-_George_III_(1738-1820)_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/170px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/255px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/340px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_400935_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> in the 1780s</figcaption></figure> <p>The visit of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III</a> with the queen and royal princesses in 1788 set a stamp of fashion on the spa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spa waters can still be sampled at the <a href="/wiki/Pittville_Pump_Room" title="Pittville Pump Room">Pittville Pump Room</a>, built for this purpose and completed in 1830;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a centrepiece of <a href="/wiki/Pittville" title="Pittville">Pittville</a>, a planned extension of Cheltenham to the north, undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitt" title="Joseph Pitt">Joseph Pitt</a>, who laid the first stone 4 May 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cheltenham's success as a spa town is reflected in the railway station, still called <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa railway station">Cheltenham Spa</a>, and spa facilities in other towns inspired by or named after it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> were regular visitors to a house in Cudnall Street, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Kings" title="Charlton Kings">Charlton Kings</a> – a suburb of Cheltenham. Alice Liddell's grandparents owned this house, and still contains the mirror, or looking glass, that was purportedly inspired for Lewis Carroll's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a></i>, published in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._R._Quinton,_The_Promenade,_Cheltenham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg/220px-A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg/330px-A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg/440px-A._R._Quinton%2C_The_Promenade%2C_Cheltenham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The Promenade, Cheltenham (postcard 1918) by <a href="/wiki/A._R._Quinton" title="A. R. Quinton">A. R. Quinton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Horse racing began in Cheltenham in 1815 and became a major national attraction after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Festival</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racecourse attracts tens of thousands of visitors to each day of the festival each year,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with such large numbers of visitors having a significant impact on the town. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Services_of_Supply" title="United States Army Services of Supply">United States Army Services of Supply</a>, European Theatre of Operations established its primary headquarters at Cheltenham under the direction of <a href="/wiki/John_C._H._Lee" title="John C. H. Lee">Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee</a>, with the flats of the Cheltenham Racecourse<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming a giant storage depot for countless trucks, jeeps, tanks and artillery pieces. Most of this material was reshipped to the continent for and after the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day invasion</a>. Lee and his primary staff had offices and took residence at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirlestaine_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirlestaine Hall (page does not exist)">Thirlestaine Hall</a> in Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first British jet aircraft prototype, the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a>, was manufactured in Cheltenham. Manufacturing started in <a href="/wiki/Hucclecote" title="Hucclecote">Hucclecote</a> near Gloucester, but was later moved to Regent Motors in Cheltenham High Street (now the Regent Arcade), considered a location safer from bombing during the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg/300px-Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg/450px-Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg/600px-Panorama_of_Cheltenham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6220" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption>A view of Cheltenham from the hills</figcaption></figure> <p>Cheltenham is on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> in the South-West region of England. The small <a href="/wiki/River_Chelt" title="River Chelt">River Chelt</a> flows under and through the town. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cleeve_Hill,_Gloucestershire" title="Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire">Cleeve Hill</a>, overlooks the town and is the highest point in the <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and the Cotswold Hills range, at 1,083 feet (330 m). </p><p>The town is near the northeastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South West of England">South West of England</a> region being 88 miles (142 km) west-northwest of London, 38 miles (61 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and 41 miles (66 km) south of Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The districts of Cheltenham include: <a href="/wiki/Arle,_Cheltenham" title="Arle, Cheltenham">Arle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benhall,_Cheltenham" title="Benhall, Cheltenham">Benhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Kings" title="Charlton Kings">Charlton Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Cheltenham" title="Fairview, Cheltenham">Fairview</a>, Fiddler's Green, <a href="/wiki/Hesters_Way" title="Hesters Way">Hesters Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lansdown,_Cheltenham" title="Lansdown, Cheltenham">Lansdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leckhampton" title="Leckhampton">Leckhampton</a>, Lynworth, <a href="/wiki/Montpellier,_Cheltenham" title="Montpellier, Cheltenham">Montpellier</a>, Oakley, <a href="/wiki/Pittville" title="Pittville">Pittville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>, the Reddings, <a href="/wiki/Rowanfield" title="Rowanfield">Rowanfield</a>, St Luke's, St Mark's, <a href="/wiki/St._Pauls,_Cheltenham" title="St. Pauls, Cheltenham">St Paul's</a>, St Peter's, Springbank, <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Village" title="Swindon Village">Swindon Village</a>, Tivoli, <a href="/wiki/Up_Hatherley" title="Up Hatherley">Up Hatherley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaddon,_Cheltenham" title="Whaddon, Cheltenham">Whaddon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyman%27s_Brook" title="Wyman's Brook">Wyman's Brook</a>. </p><p>The borough contains three <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> within its boundaries. These are <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Kings" title="Charlton Kings">Charlton Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leckhampton_with_Warden_Hill" title="Leckhampton with Warden Hill">Leckhampton with Warden Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>. These all have their own <a href="/wiki/Parish_council_(England)" title="Parish council (England)">parish councils</a> who handle local services and planning with elected councillors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Green belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_and_Cheltenham_Green_Belt" title="Gloucester and Cheltenham Green Belt">Gloucester and Cheltenham Green Belt</a></div> <p>Parts of the town has <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> along its fringes, and this extends into the surrounding Tewkesbury district, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and unplanned expansion towards Gloucester and Bishop's Cleeve, as well as protecting smaller villages in between. West of the Greenfield Way and Fiddlers Green Lane roads, along with much of the open space up to the Civil Service Sports Ground, as well as the Cheltenham Racecourse and surrounding green park, along with St Peter Leckhampton parish church and Brizen Playing Fields/Haven and Greenmead parks along the south of the borough, are covered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_merger_of_Cheltenham_and_Gloucester">Potential merger of Cheltenham and Gloucester</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential merger of Cheltenham and Gloucester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2024, under plans by <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council" title="Gloucestershire County Council">Gloucestershire County Council</a>, it was reported that there are secret talks to formally merge the conurbations of Cheltenham and Gloucester with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plans suggest that around ten new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_towns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden towns (page does not exist)">garden towns</a> could be built around the green belt at <a href="/wiki/Boddington,_Gloucestershire" title="Boddington, Gloucestershire">Boddington</a> which if removed would result in the complete merger of both boroughs. Doing so would facilitate and effectively merge the two into a <a href="/wiki/Supercity" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercity">supercity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move has been criticised by both <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council" title="Cheltenham Borough Council">Cheltenham Borough Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_City_Council" title="Gloucester City Council">Gloucester City Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council" title="Cheltenham Borough Council">Cheltenham Borough Council</a></div> <p>Cheltenham Borough Council is the local authority for Cheltenham; it is split into 20 wards, with a total of 40 councillors elected to serve on the borough council. Since 2002, elections have been held every two years with half of the councillors elected at each election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheltenham was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient parish">ancient parish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1786 it was administered by its <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a>, in the same way as most rural areas. The vestry was supplemented by a body of unelected <a href="/wiki/Improvement_commissioners" title="Improvement commissioners">improvement commissioners</a> in 1786 known as the Paving and Lighting Commission, initially charged with paving, lighting and repairing the streets, which later gained other powers including providing a <a href="/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)" title="Watchman (law enforcement)">watch</a> and setting standards for new buildings. The commissioners were reformed in 1852 to be partly-elected and were eventually replaced in 1876 when the town was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 1974, under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the borough of Cheltenham was merged with <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Kings" title="Charlton Kings">Charlton Kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)">urban district</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> of Cheltenham. Four parishes—<a href="/wiki/Swindon_Village" title="Swindon Village">Swindon Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Up_Hatherley" title="Up Hatherley">Up Hatherley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leckhampton" title="Leckhampton">Leckhampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>—were added to the borough of Cheltenham from the borough of <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewkesbury (borough)">Tewkesbury</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GCHQ">GCHQ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GCHQ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_of_GCHQ,_Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire,_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/220px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/330px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg/440px-Aerial_of_GCHQ%2C_Cheltenham%2C_Gloucestershire%2C_England_24May2017_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Government Communications Headquarters' head office (2017)</figcaption></figure> <p>The head office of the British <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ), known to locals as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a></i>, is located in Cheltenham, to which it moved in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, Cheltenham experiences a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>). It has warm summers and cool winters. The town held the British maximum temperature record from 1990 to 2003—temperatures reached 98.8 °F (37.1 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absolute minimum is −4.2 °F (−20.1 °C), set during December 1981. During a typical year, 145.6 days will report at least 1 mm of rain, and some 42.2 nights will record air frost. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cheltenham (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0<br />(3.07) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8<br />(2.59) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.5<br />(2.58) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7<br />(2.78) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5<br />(3.17) </td> <td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.8<br />(3.50) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8<br />(3.34) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">867.2<br />(34.14) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">139.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.9 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.1 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.6 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.2 </td> <td style="background: #C2C218; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0B084; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.5 </td> <td style="background: #797979; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.3 </td> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB41; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,542.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-MetOffice_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetOffice-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg/220px-Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg/330px-Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg/440px-Cavendish-house-cheltenham-20081003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_House" title="Cavendish House">Cavendish House</a> department store on the Promenade (October 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a Regency spa town, tourism is an important sector in Cheltenham's economy, but it also has some <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industry</a>, including food processing, aerospace and electronics businesses. The Government's <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">electronic surveillance</a> operation <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ), known for its "doughnut-shaped" building, is in Cheltenham. <a href="/wiki/Vertex_Data_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertex Data Science">Vertex Data Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/GE-Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="GE-Aviation">GE-Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Building_Society" title="Chelsea Building Society">Chelsea Building Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endsleigh_Insurance" title="Endsleigh Insurance">Endsleigh Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archant" title="Archant">Archant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Thornes" title="Nelson Thornes">Nelson Thornes</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> (Universities & Colleges Admissions Service), <a href="/wiki/Kohler_Mira_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohler Mira Ltd">Kohler Mira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Financial_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Financial Services">Zürich Financial Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Equipment" title="Douglas Equipment">Douglas Equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volo_(Company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volo (Company)">Volo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirax-Sarco_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirax-Sarco Engineering">Spirax-Sarco Engineering</a> all have sites in and around Cheltenham. </p><p>A number of design agencies and businesses are located in the town. <a href="/wiki/Weird_Fish" title="Weird Fish">Weird Fish</a> was founded in Cheltenham. The multinational design house <a href="/wiki/Meri_Meri" title="Meri Meri">Meri Meri</a> has its European headquarters in Cheltenham. SuperGroup plc, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Superdry" title="Superdry">Superdry</a> label, has its headquarters in Cheltenham. </p><p>Cheltenham is a regional shopping centre, home to <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>, the oldest being <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_House" title="Cavendish House">Cavendish House</a>, from 1823,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Regent Arcade. Since 2006, Cheltenham is the headquarters of "The Movie Booth", a company that owns and operates DVD rental kiosks.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beechwood Shopping Centre in the town centre was demolished in 2017 to make way for a £30million, 115,000 square foot <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis (department store)">John Lewis</a> store.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Cheltenham's many restaurants, two are currently <a href="/wiki/Michelin-starred" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin-starred">Michelin one-star restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Champignon_Sauvage" title="Le Champignon Sauvage">Le Champignon Sauvage</a> and Lumière.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_salary">Employment and salary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Employment and salary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unemployment rate in Cheltenham was 2.7%<sup id="cite_ref-cheltenham1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheltenham1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2010 compared to the UK national unemployment level of 7.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> per head in Cheltenham was £21,947.27 in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-cheltenham1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheltenham1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the national average of £26,200.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> found that, at the end of 2011, 41 multi-millionaires lived in Cheltenham, which was the fourth-highest rate in the UK of multi-millionaires per 100,000 people at 35.44.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Office of National Statistics, employment in Cheltenham has decreased in comparison with the previous year. Cheltenham's employment rate was higher than across the South West as a whole in the year ending September 2023. The employment rate remains now at 81.3%, for ages 16-64. Unemployment (people looking for work) has risen since a year earlier. The most recent unemployment rate for Cheltenham was about the same as across the South West as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Architecture</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg/220px-Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg/330px-Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg/440px-Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>Cheltenham's <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Municipal_Offices" title="Cheltenham Municipal Offices">Municipal Offices</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The town is known for its <a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency architecture</a> and is said to be "the most complete regency town in England".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the buildings are listed, including the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Synagogue" title="Cheltenham Synagogue">Cheltenham Synagogue</a>, judged by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> to be one of the architecturally best non-Anglican places of worship in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/220px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/330px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg/440px-Cheltenham.town.hall.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">Cheltenham Town Hall</a> erected in 1902 commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra">coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Built in 1902 within the Imperial Square, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">Cheltenham Town Hall</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II-listed building</a> and features a plaque commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra">coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Art</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Art_Gallery_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum">Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum</a>, also called The Wilson, hosts a programme of art exhibitions running throughout the year. The Wilson was named after polar explorer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adrian_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Adrian Wilson">Edward Wilson</a>, who was born in Cheltenham. </p><p>In 2014, many of the town's historic cultural and leisure buildings were put under the control of <a href="/wiki/The_Cheltenham_Trust" title="The Cheltenham Trust">The Cheltenham Trust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a charity set up to manage and develop the buildings on behalf of the town. Along with The Wilson, the Trust now manages the Town Hall, the Pittville Pump Room, the Prince of Wales Stadium and Leisure @, a large fitness and swimming complex. A volunteer board of Trustees controls the Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cheltenham Paint Festival<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracts hundreds of mural artists from dozens of countries worldwide and is a highlight of the Gloucestershire arts calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, a piece of graffiti by street artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> appeared next to a telephone box in a residential street in Cheltenham. The graffiti depicted three men in trench coats and dark glasses apparently listening in to calls made in the telephone box.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, it was removed – possibly destroyed – ahead of the sale of the house on which it had been painted.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cheltenham features several sculptural artworks of note, including: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheltFountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CheltFountain.jpg/220px-CheltFountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CheltFountain.jpg/330px-CheltFountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CheltFountain.jpg/440px-CheltFountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Neptune's Fountain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg/170px-Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg/255px-Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg/340px-Wishing_Fish_Clock_Cheltenham_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The mechanical clock in the Regent Shopping Arcade, designed by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Williams" title="Kit Williams">Kit Williams</a>. The distance from the duck to the fish is 14 metres.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Neptune's Fountain in the Promenade, built in 1893 and designed by Joseph Hall<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hare and the Minotaur, also in the Promenade, created in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Ryder" title="Sophie Ryder">Sophie Ryder</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A life-size bronze of an Emperor Penguin by Nick Bibby and placed in the foyer of The Wilson art gallery and museum in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Wishing Fish Clock in the Regent Shopping Arcade, unveiled in 1987 and designed by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Williams" title="Kit Williams">Kit Williams</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Music</dt></dl> <p>Cheltenham hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Music_Festival" title="Cheltenham Music Festival">Cheltenham Music Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Jazz_Festival" title="Cheltenham Jazz Festival">Cheltenham Jazz Festival</a> and the Ukulele Festival of Great Britain. </p><p>In 2010, Cheltenham was named the UK's fifth "most musical" city (sic) by <a href="/wiki/PRS_for_Music" title="PRS for Music">PRS for Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mirror.co.uk_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirror.co.uk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musicians <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a>, guitarist and founding member of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, and Michael Burston, nicknamed '<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzel" title="Würzel">Würzel</a>' of <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a> were both born in Cheltenham, with Jones buried in the town's crematorium following his death in 1969. <sup id="cite_ref-cheltenhamrocks.co.uk_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheltenhamrocks.co.uk-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Cheltenham-born musicians of international renown include <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for whom there is a dedicated museum and a monument in the town, and <a href="/wiki/FKA_Twigs" title="FKA Twigs">FKA Twigs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <p>The collection's of the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Art_Gallery_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum">Cheltenham Art Gallery & Museum</a> include decorative arts from the era of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>. The collection enjoys National Designation by the Arts Council of England.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a> Birthplace Museum contains personal belongings of the composer of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a></i>, including his piano. It also includes a working <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> kitchen and laundry, <a href="/wiki/British_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="British Regency">Regency</a> drawing room and an <a href="/wiki/Edwardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian">Edwardian</a> nursery. </p><p>The Cheltenham Civic Society has been responsible for erecting commemorative plaques in the town since 1982: blue plaques to celebrate well-known people and green plaques to celebrate significant places and events. </p> <dl><dt>Festivals</dt></dl> <p>Every year, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festivals" title="Cheltenham Festivals">Cheltenham Festivals</a> organises <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Music_Festival" title="Cheltenham Music Festival">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Jazz_Festival" title="Cheltenham Jazz Festival">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Literature_Festival" title="Cheltenham Literature Festival">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Science_Festival" title="Cheltenham Science Festival">science</a> festivals in the town, attracting names with national and international reputations in each field. Events take place at venues including the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">town hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham">Everyman Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse,_Cheltenham" title="The Playhouse, Cheltenham">the Playhouse Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittville_Pump_Room" title="Pittville Pump Room">Pittville Pump Room</a>. </p><p>Several other cultural festivals, including the Cheltenham International Film Festival, Cheltenham Paranormal Festival, the Cheltenham Design Festival, Cheltenham Folk Festival, Cheltenham Poetry Festival, The True Believers Comic Festival and Cheltenham Comedy Festival are separately organised but also attract international performers and speakers. A more local event, the Cheltenham Festival of the Performing Arts (formerly Cheltenham Competitive Festival) is a collection of more than 300 performance competitions that is the oldest of Cheltenham's arts festivals, having been started in 1926. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbelt festival">Greenbelt</a>, a Christian arts and music festival, and <a href="/wiki/Wychwood_Festival" title="Wychwood Festival">Wychwood Festival</a>, a family-friendly folk and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> festival, were held at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham Racecourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town also hosts the multi-venue <a href="/wiki/Walk_the_line_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk the line festival">Walk the line festival</a>. </p><p>Two sporting events are also routinely described as the "Cheltenham Festival" or "the Festival": the Cheltenham Cricket Festival, which features <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Gloucestershire County Cricket Club">Gloucestershire County Cricket Club</a>, and National Hunt racing's <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a>. </p><p>In 2021 the Cheltenham 7s festival began and is held at the end of July each year at the Newlands Rugby club opposite the main GE Aviation (ex Smiths Industries site) works between Southam and Bishops Cleeve. It is a festival of 7s sport, which includes Netball, Rugby, Dodgeball and Hockey amongst others and incorporates drinking and musical acts over the weekend to complement the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Film and television</dt></dl> <p>Cheltenham has played host to and featured in a number of film and TV series:<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(TV_series)" title="Butterflies (TV series)">Butterflies</a></i> location work was predominantly filmed in Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/If...." title="If....">If....</a></i> (1968) was filmed at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_College" title="Cheltenham College">Cheltenham College</a> (and other locations).<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whistle_Blower" title="The Whistle Blower">The Whistle Blower</a></i>, a spy thriller, was largely filmed in Cheltenham, as <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> is central to the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Full_Monteverdi" title="The Full Monteverdi">The Full Monteverdi</a></i>, a 2007 British film written and directed by John La Bouchardière, was partly filmed in Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Eliott" title="The House of Eliott">The House of Eliott</a></i>, a British television series produced and broadcast by the BBC between 1991 and 1994, was partly filmed in Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(1998_TV_serial)" title="Vanity Fair (1998 TV serial)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, a BBC serialised adaptation of <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackery" class="mw-redirect" title="William Makepeace Thackery">William Makepeace Thackery</a>'s novel of the same name, was partly filmed in Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-Film_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Film2_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thistle_Hotels" title="Thistle Hotels">Thistle</a> Golden Valley Hotel was used by the ITV soap opera <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(soap_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossroads (soap opera)">Crossroads</a> for outdoor location filming from 1982 to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-GeakeCrossroads_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeakeCrossroads-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg/220px-2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg/330px-2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg/440px-2011_Refurbishment_Everyman_Theatre_Cheltenham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="3843" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham">Everyman Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Theatre</dt></dl> <p>Cheltenham has four theatres: the <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham">Everyman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse_(Cheltenham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Playhouse (Cheltenham)">Playhouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Bacon_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="The Bacon Theatre, Cheltenham">Bacon</a> and the Parabola Arts Centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to mid-2021 population figures published by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a>, the population of Cheltenham stood at <b>118,866</b>, making it the second largest settlement in Gloucestershire by population, after the city of Gloucester.<sup id="cite_ref-demographics_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Ethnicity and religion</dt></dl> <p>According to the 2021 census, the population ethnicity breakdown is as follows: </p> <ul><li>White: 108,559 people or 91.4%</li> <li>Asian: 4,922 people or 4.1%</li> <li>Mixed: 2,949 people or 2.5%</li> <li>Other: 1,225 people or 1.0%</li> <li>Black: 1,181 people or 1.0%<sup id="cite_ref-demographics_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The population religious breakdown is as follows (2021 census): </p> <ul><li>Christian: 54,073 people or 45.5%</li> <li>Buddhist: 559 people or 0.5%</li> <li>Hindu: 1,192 people or 1.0%</li> <li>Jewish: 198 people or 0.2%</li> <li>Muslim: 1,744 people or 1.5%</li> <li>Sikh: 181 people or 0.2%</li> <li>Other: 60,889 people or 51.2%<sup id="cite_ref-demographics_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographics-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are numerous Protestant and Catholic churches throughout the town, and a Hindu Temple and a Mosque can also be found in the northern area of the town near St Pauls.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime_and_public_safety">Crime and public safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crime and public safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, Cheltenham was named one of the safest towns for university students to live in the UK by the Complete University Guide.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on data from 2023-2024, Cheltenham was described by CrimeRate.co.uk as "the safest major town in Gloucestershire", although its crime rate was 55% higher than the county's overall average.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police">Police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Constabulary" title="Gloucestershire Constabulary">Gloucestershire Constabulary</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_police_force" title="Territorial police force">territorial police force</a> responsible for policing the town covering 14 neighbourhoods in the Cheltenham area.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Cheltenham" title="List of schools in Cheltenham">List of schools in Cheltenham</a></div> <p>The oldest school in Cheltenham is <a href="/wiki/Pate%27s_Grammar_School" title="Pate's Grammar School">Pate's Grammar School</a> (founded in 1574).<sup id="cite_ref-concisegrammar_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concisegrammar-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_College" title="Cheltenham College">Cheltenham College</a> (founded in 1841) was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">public schools</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was the setting in 1968 for the classic <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson" title="Lindsay Anderson">Lindsay Anderson</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/If...." title="If....">if....</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosts the annual Cheltenham Cricket Festival, first staged in 1872, and the oldest cricket festival in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous school in the town, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Schools_Guide" title="The Good Schools Guide">The Good Schools Guide</a></i>, is <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Ladies%27_College" title="Cheltenham Ladies' College">Cheltenham Ladies' College</a> (founded in 1853).<sup id="cite_ref-schoolsguidebook_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoolsguidebook-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gsg_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsg-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Close_School" title="Dean Close School">Dean Close School</a> was founded in 1886 in memory of the Reverend Francis Close (1797–1882), a former rector of Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town also includes several campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a>, two other independent and six other state secondary schools, plus institutions of further education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_media">Local media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local TV coverage is served by both <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Midlands_Today" title="BBC Midlands Today">BBC Midlands Today</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Points_West" title="BBC Points West">BBC Points West</a></i> on BBC One, <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_Central" title="ITV News Central">ITV News Central</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_West_Country" title="ITV News West Country">ITV News West Country</a></i> on ITV1. </p><p>Cheltenham’s local radio stations are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Gloucestershire" title="BBC Radio Gloucestershire">BBC Radio Gloucestershire</a> on 104.7 FM, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South_West" title="Greatest Hits Radio South West">Greatest Hits Radio South West</a> on 107.5 FM, <a href="/wiki/Heart_West" title="Heart West">Heart West</a> on 102.4 FM and Cheltenham Radio which broadcast during the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town is served by the local newspaper: <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucestershire Echo">Gloucestershire Echo</a>: <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_leisure">Sport and leisure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg/220px-Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg/330px-Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg/440px-Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">The racecourse</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cleeve_Hill,_Gloucestershire" title="Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire">Cleeve Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham Racecourse</a>, in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a>, is the home of <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt</a>, or jumps, racing in the UK. Meetings are hosted from October to April. The highlight of the season is the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup">Cheltenham Gold Cup</a>, which is normally held in the middle of March, during the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a>. </p><p>The town's football teams are the professional team <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C." title="Cheltenham Town F.C.">Cheltenham Town F.C.</a>, who play in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League One">Football League One</a>, and semi-professional sides <a href="/wiki/Bishops_Cleeve_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops Cleeve F.C.">Bishop's Cleeve</a>, who play in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Football_League" title="Hellenic Football League">Hellenic League</a> Premier, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Saracens_F.C." title="Cheltenham Saracens F.C.">Cheltenham Saracens F.C.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Football_League" title="Hellenic Football League">Hellenic League</a> Division One and more recently Montpellier Football Club, founded in 2021 by Liam Bond and Sam Collier and currently boasting a senior first team, a development team and a newly founded women's team. </p><p>Amateur <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> clubs include Cheltenham R.F.C., <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Saracens_RFC" title="Cheltenham Saracens RFC">Cheltenham Saracens RFC</a>, Cheltenham North R.F.C., <a href="/wiki/Old_Patesians_R.F.C." title="Old Patesians R.F.C.">Old Patesians R.F.C.</a>, Smiths Rugby and Cheltenham Civil Service R.F.C. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, university side <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_All_Golds" title="Gloucestershire All Golds">Gloucestershire All Golds</a> were admitted into the semi-professional <a href="/wiki/RFL_League_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RFL League 1">Championship 1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Rugby_Festival" title="Cheltenham Rugby Festival">Cheltenham Rugby Festival</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">rugby league nines</a> event held in May. </p><p>The town has one golf course, Lilley Brook, in Charlton Kings. </p><p>Cheltenham has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> clubs in the country, and is home to the headquarters of the national body of the sport, the <a href="/wiki/Croquet_Association" title="Croquet Association">Croquet Association</a>. The East Glos tennis, squash and women's hockey club, which was founded in 1885, is also located in the town. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sandford_Parks_Lido" title="Sandford Parks Lido">Sandford Parks Lido</a> is one of the largest outdoor pools in England. There is a 50 m (164 ft) main pool, a children's pool and <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">paddling pool</a>, set in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape garden">landscaped gardens</a>. Sandford Parks Lido is the home of Cheltenham Swimming and Water Polo Club. In 2021, Cheltenham Borough Council gave Sandford Parks Lido a new 35-year lease to continue operating the lido.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheltenham_Festival">Cheltenham Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cheltenham Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a></div> <p>Cheltenham Festival is a significant <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt racing</a> meeting,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has race prize money second only to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a>. It is an event where many of the best British and Irish trained horses race against each other, the extent of which is relatively rare during the rest of the season. </p><p>The festival takes place annually in March at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham Racecourse</a>. The meeting is often very popular with Irish visitors,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly because of that nation's affinity with horse racing, but also because it usually coincides with <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a>, a national holiday in celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p>Large amounts of money are bet during festival week, with hundreds of millions of <a href="/wiki/Pound_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Sterling">pounds</a> being gambled over the four days.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheltenham is often noted for its atmosphere, most notably the "Cheltenham roar", which refers to the enormous amount of noise that the crowd generates as the starter raises the tape for the first race of the festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Cheltenham_Spa_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4438" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of Cheltenham Spa station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa railway station">Cheltenham Spa railway station</a> is a stop on the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Route" title="Cross Country Route">Bristol-Birmingham main line</a>. It is located to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Montpellier,_Cheltenham" title="Montpellier, Cheltenham">Montpellier</a> area of the town and is known locally as <i>Lansdown</i>. </p><p>The station is served by three <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Train operating companies">train operating companies</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> operates long-distance services between the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> connects the town with <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol Temple Meads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Foregate_Street_railway_station" title="Worcester Foregate Street railway station">Worcester Foregate Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_railway_station" title="Gloucester railway station">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swindon_railway_station" title="Swindon railway station">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">London Paddington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales" title="Transport for Wales">Transport for Wales</a> operates services between Cheltenham Spa and South Wales, usually running through to Maesteg via Gloucester, Chepstow, Newport, Cardiff Central and Bridgend.</li></ul> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_Express" title="Cheltenham Spa Express">Cheltenham Spa Express</a></i>, once known as the <i>Cheltenham Flyer</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of named passenger trains of the United Kingdom">named passenger train</a> connecting Cheltenham with London. The former Cheltenham Flyer was, for a time, the fastest passenger train in scheduled service in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its peak, the town had eight railway stations,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only one of which survives. It is a matter of local controversy that trains are not run directly to London but instead via Gloucester; although routes do exist for a direct and therefore much faster service, as demonstrated during 2023 when a bridge closure in Oxfordshire led to some services to Hereford stopping at Cheltenham.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG/220px-Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG/330px-Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG/440px-Cheltenham_racecourse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cheltenham Racecourse station platforms</figcaption></figure> <p>The restored <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Racecourse railway station">Cheltenham Racecourse railway station</a> is the southern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warwickshire_Railway" title="Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway">Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Honeybourne_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybourne Line">Honeybourne Line</a> was extended northwards to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_railway_station" title="Broadway railway station">Broadway</a> in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an aspiration to extend the line southwards to Cheltenham Spa where the line originally branched off from the Bristol to Birmingham main line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheltenham is adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5 motorway</a>, between Bristol and Birmingham. Junction 10 serves the north of the town, via the A4019; junction 11 links to the south, via the <a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a> which continues towards <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses_and_coaches">Buses and coaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Buses and coaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_West" title="Stagecoach West">Stagecoach West</a> operate the majority of bus services in Cheltenham, including routes to <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> operates a number of coach services from Cheltenham including route 444 to London and <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>. Before becoming part of National Express, Cheltenham was a major hub for <i>Black and White Coaches</i>, with routes throughout the country, many of which formed a mass exodus through the town at 14:30 each day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tramroad">Tramroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tramroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheltenham was a terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_and_Cheltenham_Tramroad" title="Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad">Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches">Churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Cheltenham" title="List of churches in Cheltenham">List of churches in Cheltenham</a></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> is <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Minster,_St_Mary%27s" title="Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's">Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's</a>, which is the only surviving medieval building in the town. As a result of expansion of the population, absorption of surrounding villages, and the efforts of both evangelical and Anglo-Catholic missions, the town has a large number of other parish churches,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cheltenham" title="Trinity Cheltenham">Trinity Church</a> and All Saints', <a href="/wiki/Pittville" title="Pittville">Pittville</a>, where the composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>'s father was the organist. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_Church,_Cheltenham" title="St Gregory's Church, Cheltenham">St Gregory's</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> church is an example of the work of the architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hansom" title="Charles Francis Hansom">Charles Hansom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verey128_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verey128-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> building was built 1854–57, the porch was added in 1859, the tower and spire were completed in 1861 and the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> was extended to join the tower in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-Verey128_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verey128-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church's <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> is by <a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">Hardman & Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Verey128_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verey128-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_ringing">Bell ringing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bell ringing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town has three rings of bells hung for <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>. One is located in St Mark's Church - a ring of 8 bells, with the heaviest being some 16cwt. These were originally a ring of 5 bells cast at John Taylor of Loughborough in 1885, extensively overhauled and augmented in 8 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is at <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Christopher%27s_-_Warden_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Christopher's - Warden Hill (page does not exist)">St. Christopher's (Warden Hill)</a>, the lightest ring of church bells in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other is a ring of 12 bells hung in <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Minster,_St_Mary%27s" title="Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's">St. Mary's Church</a> (the Minster). These were the venue in 2008 for the eliminators of the National 12 Bell Striking contest, in which teams of <a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">campanologists</a> from around the world compete to win the Taylor Trophy. In 2017 the old ring of 12 was completely replaced with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheltminsterbells.org.uk/">new bells</a> cast by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">John Taylor & Co</a>. The tenor bell is just over a ton in weight, and the new ring also includes a thirteenth bell, a sharp 2nd, to provide a lighter 8. The towers in the locality of Cheltenham belong to the Cheltenham branch of the Gloucester & Bristol Diocesan Association of Church Bell Ringers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG/230px-Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG/345px-Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG/460px-Cheltenhamtwp_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A fingerpost in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, highlighting Cheltenham as the "Official Twin." The signpost points to other cities in the world named "Cheltenham".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_England" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in England">List of twin towns and sister cities in England</a></div> <p>Cheltenham is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annecy" title="Annecy">Annecy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li></ul> <p>Twinning with <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia was suspended in response to <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Cheltenham" title="List of people from Cheltenham">List of people from Cheltenham</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cheltenham" title="HMS Cheltenham">HMS <i>Cheltenham</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Racecourse-class_minesweeper" title="Racecourse-class minesweeper">Racecourse-class minesweeper</a> of 1916</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acclaim_Cheltenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclaim Cheltenham">Acclaim Cheltenham</a>, a game studio that made <i><a href="/wiki/Extreme-G_3" title="Extreme-G 3">Extreme-G 3</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/XGRA:_Extreme-G_Racing_Association" title="XGRA: Extreme-G Racing Association">XGRA: Extreme-G Racing Association</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spa_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of spa towns in the United Kingdom">List of spa towns in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkstone_Brewery" title="Hawkstone Brewery">Hawkstone Brewery</a>, a brewery based in Cheltenham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arle_Court_Transport_Hub" title="Arle Court Transport Hub">Arle Court Transport Hub</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under Open Government Licence v3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/labourmarketlocal/E07000078/"><i>Employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Cheltenham</i></a>, Office for National Statistics. www.ons.gov.uk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bua2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bua2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/england/admin/south_west_england/E07000078__cheltenham/">"Cheltenham"</a>. <i>City population</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+population&rft.atitle=Cheltenham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fengland%2Fadmin%2Fsouth_west_england%2FE07000078__cheltenham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E07000078" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E07000078">"2021 Census Area Profile – Cheltenham Local Authority (E07000078)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Cheltenham+Local+Authority+%28E07000078%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE07000078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitcheltenham.com/explore-the-area/regency-cheltenham#:~:text=Cheltenham%3A%20The%20UK's%20most%20complete%20Regency%20Town">"Visit Cheltenham"</a>. visitcheltenham.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Cheltenham&rft.pub=visitcheltenham.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitcheltenham.com%2Fexplore-the-area%2Fregency-cheltenham%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCheltenham%253A%2520The%2520UK%27s%2520most%2520complete%2520Regency%2520Town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603133415/https://garden-events.com/">"Welcome to Garden Events"</a>. Garden-events.com. 17 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garden-events.com/">the original</a> on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Garden+Events&rft.pub=Garden-events.com&rft.date=2012-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garden-events.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheltenhamfestivals.com/">"Jazz, Science, Music & Literature"</a>. Cheltenham Festivals<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jazz%2C+Science%2C+Music+%26+Literature&rft.pub=Cheltenham+Festivals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheltenhamfestivals.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50869">"Chedgrave – Cheltenham | A Topographical Dictionary of England (pp. 562–569)"</a>. British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chedgrave+%E2%80%93+Cheltenham+%26%23124%3B+A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+England+%28pp.+562%E2%80%93569%29&rft.pub=British-history.ac.uk&rft.date=2003-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D50869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Coates, English Place-Name Society <i>Journal</i> 16 (1983–84)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Morris (ed.), <i>Domesday Book, 15 Gloucestershire</i> (1982) p162 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333210" title="Special:BookSources/0850333210">0850333210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoding1863" class="citation book cs1">Goding, John (1863). <i>Norman's History of Cheltenham</i>. London: Longman. pp. 124–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norman%27s+History+of+Cheltenham&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-25&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Goding&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">at Long Ashton, Somerset on 4 January; note in family bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry1900" class="citation book cs1">Hembry, Phyllis May (1900). <i>The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History</i>. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838633915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838633915"><bdi>978-0838633915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Spa%2C+1560%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Madison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-0838633915&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+May&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 1848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215144940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/interactive/interactive_map/cheltenham/pitville.shtml">"One of Cheltenham's finest – the Pittville Pump Room"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/interactive/interactive_map/cheltenham/pitville.shtml">the original</a> on 15 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+of+Cheltenham%27s+finest+%E2%80%93+the+Pittville+Pump+Room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fgloucestershire%2Finteractive%2Finteractive_map%2Fcheltenham%2Fpitville.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 1848.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the Cheltenham Baths at <a href="/wiki/Ossett#Spa" title="Ossett">Ossett#Spa</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larkshill.org.uk/ossett_spa.html">History of Ossett Spa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121050738/http://www.larkshill.org.uk/ossett_spa.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotswolds.info/places/cheltenham.shtml">"Cheltenham Tourist Information Guide"</a>. <i>cotswolds.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cotswolds.info&rft.atitle=Cheltenham+Tourist+Information+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotswolds.info%2Fplaces%2Fcheltenham.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheltenhamfestival.net/subcategory/guide/history/">"History"</a>. Cheltenham Festival<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Cheltenham+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheltenhamfestival.net%2Fsubcategory%2Fguide%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055447/http://www.sportingchronicle.com/blogger/2007/07/cheltenham-festival-attendance-figures.html">"Sports News – Sporting Chronicle: Cheltenham Festival Attendance Figures 2005"</a>. Sporting Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportingchronicle.com/blogger/2007/07/cheltenham-festival-attendance-figures.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+News+%E2%80%93+Sporting+Chronicle%3A+Cheltenham+Festival+Attendance+Figures+2005&rft.pub=Sporting+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportingchronicle.com%2Fblogger%2F2007%2F07%2Fcheltenham-festival-attendance-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg">"Cheltenham Racecourse"</a>. <i>wikimedia.org</i>. 17 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=Cheltenham+Racecourse&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ACheltenham.racecourse.arp.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2307/thirlestaine_hall_thirlestaine_road-concept_statement">"Thirlestaine Hall, Thirlestaine Road Concept Statement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412075511/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2307/thirlestaine_hall_thirlestaine_road-concept_statement">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gustav+Holst+%7C+British+Composer+%26+Orchestral+Conductor+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGustav-Theodore-Holst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2019" class="citation news cs1">Sawyer, Miranda (28 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/sep/28/fka-twigs-in-shadow-of-man-robert-pattinson-surgery-new-album-miranda-sawyer">"FKA twigs: 'An incredible woman always in the shadow of a man? I can relate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=FKA+twigs%3A+%27An+incredible+woman+always+in+the+shadow+of+a+man%3F+I+can+relate%27&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2019%2Fsep%2F28%2Ffka-twigs-in-shadow-of-man-robert-pattinson-surgery-new-album-miranda-sawyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsandcraftsmuseum.org.uk/">"Arts and Crafts Museum Cheltenham"</a>. <i>www.artsandcraftsmuseum.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artsandcraftsmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=Arts+and+Crafts+Museum+Cheltenham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsandcraftsmuseum.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenbelt moved away in 2014 due to redevelopment at the Racecourse; there is no commitment to return.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbelt.org.uk">"Home - Greenbelt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105181638/https://www.greenbelt.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+-+Greenbelt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbelt.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span> and emails to supporters, March 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cheltenham7sfestival.co.uk/">"Play and Party - Cheltenham 7s Festival - Sports & Music Festival"</a>. <i>Cheltenham 7s Festival</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheltenham+7s+Festival&rft.atitle=Play+and+Party+-+Cheltenham+7s+Festival+-+Sports+%26+Music+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcheltenham7sfestival.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Film-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotswolds.info/film-locations.shtml">"Cotswold Filming Locations used for Cinema & TV"</a>. Cotswolds.info. 30 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cotswold+Filming+Locations+used+for+Cinema+%26+TV&rft.pub=Cotswolds.info&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotswolds.info%2Ffilm-locations.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Film2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film2_61-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630135359/http://www.visitcheltenham.com/info/1/cheltenham_spa/46/filmed_in_cheltenham">"Filmed in Cheltenham - visit cheltenham"</a>. 30 June 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simongeake.co.uk/Crossroads.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>After the in-story destruction of the motel by fire, the revamped motel was filmed from 1982 at The Golden Valley Hotel in Cheltenham; from 1985 filming moved to the Penns Hall Hotel (now Ramada Jarvis Birmingham) in Sutton Coldfield, the changed appearance explained as being due to rebuilding.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SimonGeake.co.uk&rft.atitle=Crossroads&rft.aulast=Geake&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simongeake.co.uk%2FCrossroads.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demographics-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographics_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.varbes.com/demographics/cheltenham-demographics">"Demographics of Cheltenham"</a>. <i>varbes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=varbes.com&rft.atitle=Demographics+of+Cheltenham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.varbes.com%2Fdemographics%2Fcheltenham-demographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findachurch.co.uk/search/?address=Cheltenham">"Churches in Cheltenham - Find a Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churches+in+Cheltenham+-+Find+a+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findachurch.co.uk%2Fsearch%2F%3Faddress%3DCheltenham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/krishna-mandir-cheltenham-gloucestershire/">"Krishna Mandir – Hindu Temple Timings, History, Location, Deity, shlokas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krishna+Mandir+%E2%80%93+Hindu+Temple+Timings%2C+History%2C+Location%2C+Deity%2C+shlokas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishtadevata.com%2Ftemple%2Fkrishna-mandir-cheltenham-gloucestershire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosquedirectory.co.uk/mosques/england/gloucestershire/cheltenham/st-marks/Masjidul-Falah-Cheltenham-Gloucestershire/1077">"Masjidul Falah (Cheltenham, Gloucestershire) | Mosque Masjid Directory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Masjidul+Falah+%28Cheltenham%2C+Gloucestershire%29+%26%23124%3B+Mosque+Masjid+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosquedirectory.co.uk%2Fmosques%2Fengland%2Fgloucestershire%2Fcheltenham%2Fst-marks%2FMasjidul-Falah-Cheltenham-Gloucestershire%2F1077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228005841/http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Cheltenham-ranked-safest-student-towns-UK/story-18190212-detail/story.html">"Cheltenham ranked one of safest student towns in UK"</a>. <i>Gloucestershire Echo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Cheltenham-ranked-safest-student-towns-UK/story-18190212-detail/story.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gloucestershire+Echo&rft.atitle=Cheltenham+ranked+one+of+safest+student+towns+in+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloucestershireecho.co.uk%2FCheltenham-ranked-safest-student-towns-UK%2Fstory-18190212-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://crimerate.co.uk/gloucestershire/cheltenham">https://crimerate.co.uk/gloucestershire/cheltenham</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611085449/https://www.gloucestershire.police.uk/neighbourhood-policing/cheltenham/">"Cheltenham"</a>. <i>www.gloucestershire.police.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gloucestershire.police.uk/neighbourhood-policing/cheltenham/">the original</a> on 11 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gloucestershire.police.uk&rft.atitle=Cheltenham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloucestershire.police.uk%2Fneighbourhood-policing%2Fcheltenham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concisegrammar-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concisegrammar_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aconcisedescrip02carlgoog"><i>A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales</i></a>. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Bethany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.punchline-gloucester.com/articles/aanews/cheltenham-lido-predicts-wave-of-funding-with-new-lease">"Cheltenham lido predicts wave of funding with new lease"</a>. <i>Punchline Gloucestershire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheltenham&rft.pub=Find+a+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findachurch.co.uk%2Fsearch%2F%3Faddress%3DCheltenham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verey128-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verey128_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verey128_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verey128_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerey1970" class="citation book cs1">Verey, David (1970). <i>Gloucestershire: The Vale and the Forest of Dean</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Buildings of England">The Buildings of England</a>. Vol. 2. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloucestershire%3A+The+Vale+and+the+Forest+of+Dean&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=The+Buildings+of+England&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Verey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmarkschelt.co.uk/">"St Mark's Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Mark%27s+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmarkschelt.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tciwh.org.uk/index.php?page=bell_ringers#bell_ringers_general">"St. Christopher's Church"</a>. Tciwh.org.uk. 13 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Christopher%27s+Church&rft.pub=Tciwh.org.uk&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tciwh.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dbell_ringers%23bell_ringers_general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cheltenhamtwinning.uk/ourtwintowns/">"Our Twin Towns"</a>. Cheltenham Twinning Association. 5 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Cheltenham+Twinning+Association&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcheltenhamtwinning.uk%2Fourtwintowns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cheltenhamtwinning.uk/2022/02/25/statement-from-the-cheltenham-twinning-association-on-the-situation-in-ukraine">"Statement from the Cheltenham Twinning Association on the situation in Ukraine"</a>. Cheltenham Twinning Association. 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+from+the+Cheltenham+Twinning+Association+on+the+situation+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=Cheltenham+Twinning+Association&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcheltenhamtwinning.uk%2F2022%2F02%2F25%2Fstatement-from-the-cheltenham-twinning-association-on-the-situation-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACheltenham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gwen Hart, <i>A History of Cheltenham</i> (Leicester University Press, 1965)</li> <li>Bryan Little, <i>Cheltenham (British Cities)</i> (Batsford, 1952)</li> <li>Simona Pakenham, <i>Cheltenham. A Biography</i> (Macmillan, 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Verey" title="David Verey">David Verey</a>, <i>Gloucestershire: The Vale and the Forest of Dean</i>, The Buildings of England edited by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a>, 2nd ed. (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071041-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071041-8">0-14-071041-8</a></li> <li><i>Commemorative Plaques of Cheltenham</i> by Peter Smith & Sue Rowbotham (Reardon, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873877-93-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-873877-93-5">1-873877-93-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cheltenham#Q206988" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk">Cheltenham Borough Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitcheltenham.com">Visit Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/GLS/Cheltenham">Genealogical Web site</a> including many relevant references on Cheltenham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/content/articles/2008/09/22/dayout_cheltenham_video_feature.shtml">BBC archive film of Cheltenham from 1985</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploregloucestershire.co.uk/Cheltenham/">Explore Cheltenham</a> Explore Cheltenham Spa - Online guide to the 'Festival Town of England'</li></ul> <table class="toccolours" cellpadding="2" border="1" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#eeeeff;color:inherit;">Following the <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Way" title="Cotswold Way">Cotswold Way</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ddeeff;color:inherit;" width="120">Towards<br /><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></td><td align="center" width="120" style="background-color:#ddeeff;color:inherit;">Towards<br /><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="padding:10px">10 miles (16 km) to<br /><a href="/wiki/Leckhampton" title="Leckhampton">Leckhampton</a>, from White's Barn</td><td align="center" style="padding:10px">8 miles (13.5 km) to<br /><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe" title="Winchcombe">Winchcombe</a>, from White's Barn</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross-on-Wye" title="Ross-on-Wye">Ross-on-Wye</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Cheltenham</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire">Chipping Norton</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>,</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, <b>London</b></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cheltenham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire" title="Template:Cheltenham, Gloucestershire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire" title="Template talk:Cheltenham, Gloucestershire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheltenham, Gloucestershire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cheltenham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheltenham</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alstone,_Cheltenham" title="Alstone, Cheltenham">Alstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arle,_Cheltenham" title="Arle, Cheltenham">Arle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benhall,_Cheltenham" title="Benhall, Cheltenham">Benhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Kings" title="Charlton Kings">Charlton Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Cheltenham" title="Fairview, Cheltenham">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesters_Way" title="Hesters Way">Hesters Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdown,_Cheltenham" title="Lansdown, Cheltenham">Lansdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leckhampton" title="Leckhampton">Leckhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier,_Cheltenham" title="Montpellier, Cheltenham">Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittville" title="Pittville">Pittville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowanfield" title="Rowanfield">Rowanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Pauls,_Cheltenham" title="St. Pauls, Cheltenham">St. Pauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_Hatherley" title="Up Hatherley">Up Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Village" title="Swindon Village">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaddon,_Cheltenham" title="Whaddon, Cheltenham">Whaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyman%27s_Brook" title="Wyman's Brook">Wyman's Brook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Cheltenham" title="Grade I listed buildings in Cheltenham">Grade I listed buildings in Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Cheltenham" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Cheltenham">Grade II* listed buildings in Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153%E2%80%93159_Fairview_Road" title="153–159 Fairview Road">153–159 Fairview Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Cheltenham" title="All Saints' Church, Cheltenham">All Saints' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bacon_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="The Bacon Theatre, Cheltenham">The Bacon Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_House" title="Cavendish House">Cavendish House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Champignon_Sauvage" title="Le Champignon Sauvage">Le Champignon Sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Masonic_Hall" title="Cheltenham Masonic Hall">Cheltenham Masonic Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Minster,_St_Mary%27s" title="Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's">Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse_Heliport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Racecourse Heliport">Cheltenham Racecourse Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Synagogue" title="Cheltenham Synagogue">Cheltenham Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">Cheltenham Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenborough_Park_Hotel" title="Ellenborough Park Hotel">Ellenborough Park Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham">Everyman Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Rotunda" title="Montpellier Rotunda">Montpellier Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittville_Pump_Room" title="Pittville Pump Room">Pittville Pump Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse,_Cheltenham" title="The Playhouse, Cheltenham">The Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Philip_and_St_James_Church,_Leckhampton" title="St Philip and St James Church, Leckhampton">St Philip and St James Church, Leckhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gregory%27s_Church,_Cheltenham" title="St Gregory's Church, Cheltenham">St Gregory's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_High_Street_Halt_railway_station" title="Cheltenham High Street Halt railway station">Cheltenham High Street Halt railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa railway station">Cheltenham Spa railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirlestaine_House" title="Thirlestaine House">Thirlestaine House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cheltenham" title="Trinity Cheltenham">Trinity Cheltenham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bacon_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="The Bacon Theatre, Cheltenham">The Bacon Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_Hall" title="Cheltenham Town Hall">Cheltenham Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman_Theatre,_Cheltenham" title="Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham">Everyman Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittville_Pump_Room" title="Pittville Pump Room">Pittville Pump Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse,_Cheltenham" title="The Playhouse, Cheltenham">The Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_Booth" title="Spy Booth">Spy Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cheltenham_Ghost" title="The Cheltenham Ghost">The Cheltenham Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_(Cheltenham)" title="The Wilson (Cheltenham)">The Wilson (Cheltenham)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_College" title="Gloucestershire College">Gloucestershire College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Star_College" title="National Star College">National Star College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Centre" title="Westminster Theological Centre">Westminster Theological Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Academy,_Cheltenham" title="All Saints' Academy, Cheltenham">All Saints' Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcarras_School" title="Balcarras School">Balcarras School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Bournside_School" title="Cheltenham Bournside School">Cheltenham Bournside School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_College" title="Cheltenham College">Cheltenham College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Ladies%27_College" title="Cheltenham Ladies' College">Cheltenham Ladies' College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Close_School" title="Dean Close School">Dean Close School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pate%27s_Grammar_School" title="Pate's Grammar School">Pate's Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittville_School" title="Pittville School">Pittville School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_School,_Cheltenham" title="St Edward's School, Cheltenham">St Edward's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_College_of_Arts" title="Hereford College of Arts">Hereford College of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Learning_Foundation" title="Urban Learning Foundation">Urban Learning Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Agreement">Cheltenham Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council" title="Cheltenham Borough Council">Cheltenham Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council_elections" title="Cheltenham Borough Council elections">Cheltenham Borough Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_by-election,_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham by-election, 1911">Cheltenham by-election, 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_by-election,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham by-election, 1928">Cheltenham by-election, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_by-election,_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham by-election, 1937">Cheltenham by-election, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban" title="GCHQ trade union ban">GCHQ trade union ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Warwick" title="John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick">John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Association_Football_League" title="Cheltenham Association Football League">Cheltenham Association Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Cricket_Club" title="Cheltenham Cricket Club">Cheltenham Cricket Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Rugby_Festival" title="Cheltenham Rugby Festival">Cheltenham Rugby Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Saracens_F.C." title="Cheltenham Saracens F.C.">Cheltenham Saracens F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C." title="Cheltenham Town F.C.">Cheltenham Town F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup">Cheltenham Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Patesians_R.F.C." title="Old Patesians R.F.C.">Old Patesians R.F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Ground,_Cheltenham" title="College Ground, Cheltenham">College Ground, Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowty_Arle_Court" title="Dowty Arle Court">Dowty Arle Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Gloucestershire_Cricket_Club_Ground" title="East Gloucestershire Cricket Club Ground">East Gloucestershire Cricket Club Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatherley_and_Reddings_Cricket_Club_Ground" title="Hatherley and Reddings Cricket Club Ground">Hatherley and Reddings Cricket Club Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandford_Parks_Lido" title="Sandford Parks Lido">Sandford Parks Lido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victoria_Ground,_Cheltenham" title="The Victoria Ground, Cheltenham">The Victoria Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaddon_Road" title="Whaddon Road">Whaddon Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_and_District_Light_Railway" title="Cheltenham and District Light Railway">Cheltenham and District Light Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_High_Street_Halt_railway_station" title="Cheltenham High Street Halt railway station">Cheltenham High Street Halt railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse_Heliport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Racecourse Heliport">Cheltenham Racecourse Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Racecourse railway station">Cheltenham Racecourse railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_Express" title="Cheltenham Spa Express">Cheltenham Spa Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_Malvern_Road_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa Malvern Road railway station">Cheltenham Spa Malvern Road railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa railway station">Cheltenham Spa railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_St._James_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa St. James railway station">Cheltenham Spa St. James railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_and_Cheltenham_Tramroad" title="Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad">Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warwickshire_Railway" title="Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway">Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_West" title="Stagecoach West">Stagecoach West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheltenham" title="Category:Cheltenham">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Gloucestershire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gloucestershire" title="Template:Gloucestershire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gloucestershire" title="Template talk:Gloucestershire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gloucestershire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gloucestershire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Gloucestershire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_District" title="Cotswold District">Cotswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District" title="Forest of Dean District">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_District" title="Stroud District">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tewkesbury" title="Borough of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_Gloucestershire" title="Berkeley, Gloucestershire">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Cleeve" title="Bishop's Cleeve">Bishop's Cleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Stoke" title="Bradley Stoke">Bradley Stoke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Sodbury" title="Chipping Sodbury">Chipping Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchdown" title="Churchdown">Churchdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderford" title="Cinderford">Cinderford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleford,_Gloucestershire" title="Coleford, Gloucestershire">Coleford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dursley" title="Dursley">Dursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairford" title="Fairford">Fairford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filton" title="Filton">Filton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingswood,_South_Gloucestershire" title="Kingswood, South Gloucestershire">Kingswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechlade" title="Lechlade">Lechlade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydney" title="Lydney">Lydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minchinhampton" title="Minchinhampton">Minchinhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcheldean" title="Mitcheldean">Mitcheldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh" title="Moreton-in-Marsh">Moreton-in-Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nailsworth" title="Nailsworth">Nailsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newent" title="Newent">Newent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northleach" title="Northleach">Northleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painswick" title="Painswick">Painswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchway" title="Patchway">Patchway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedgeley" title="Quedgeley">Quedgeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Gloucestershire" title="Stonehouse, Gloucestershire">Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stow-on-the-Wold" title="Stow-on-the-Wold">Stow-on-the-Wold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetbury" title="Tetbury">Tetbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Thornbury, Gloucestershire">Thornbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchcombe" title="Winchcombe">Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotton-under-Edge" title="Wotton-under-Edge">Wotton-under-Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yate" title="Yate">Yate</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of civil parishes in Gloucestershire">List of civil parishes in Gloucestershire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Bristol)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Bristol)">Bristol Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">Warwickshire Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bybrook_River" title="Bybrook River">Bybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Boyd" title="River Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam,_Gloucestershire" title="River Cam, Gloucestershire">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Chelt" title="River Chelt">Chelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Churn" title="River Churn">Churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Coln" title="River Coln">Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Evenlode" title="River Evenlode">Evenlode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Eye,_Gloucestershire" title="River Eye, Gloucestershire">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Frome,_Bristol" title="River Frome, Bristol">Bristol Frome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Frome,_Stroud" title="River Frome, Stroud">Stroud Frome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Brook" title="Hazel Brook">Hazel Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Leach" title="River Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Avon_River" title="Little Avon River">Little Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lyd,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lyd, Gloucestershire">Lyd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Swilgate" title="River Swilgate">Swilgate</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Trym" title="River Trym">Trym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Windrush" title="River Windrush">Windrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gloucestershire" title="Flag of Gloucestershire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of places in Gloucestershire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Gloucestershire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Gloucestershire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Gloucestershire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of schools in Gloucestershire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Gloucestershire" title="Category:Country houses in Gloucestershire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Gloucestershire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Gloucestershire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Gloucestershire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Gloucestershire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Gloucestershire" title="Scheduled monuments in Gloucestershire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Gloucestershire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Gloucestershire" title="High Sheriff of Gloucestershire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Gloucestershire" title="List of museums in Gloucestershire">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_West_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SW_England" title="Template:SW England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SW_England" title="Template talk:SW England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SW_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SW England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_West_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_District" title="Cotswold District">Cotswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District" title="Forest of Dean District">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_District" title="Stroud District">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tewkesbury" title="Borough of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Borough of Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shopping_centres_with_sculptures_by_Kit_Williams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DAF0FD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shopping_centres_with_sculptures_by_Kit_Williams" title="Template:Shopping centres with sculptures by Kit Williams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shopping_centres_with_sculptures_by_Kit_Williams" title="Template talk:Shopping centres with sculptures by Kit Williams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shopping_centres_with_sculptures_by_Kit_Williams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shopping centres with sculptures by Kit Williams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shopping_centres_with_sculptures_by_Kit_Williams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shopping centres with sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Williams" title="Kit Williams">Kit Williams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Shopping_and_nightlife">Regent Arcade, Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Milton_Keynes_shopping_centre" title="Central Milton Keynes shopping centre">Midsummer Place, Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_Shopping_Centre" title="Telford Shopping Centre">Telford Shopping Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206988#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235929212">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1216238/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4090353-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81125774">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559889305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fb4623e6-2117-4e59-b8b6-790621dcf995">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_authorities_in_Gloucestershire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_authorities_in_Gloucestershire" title="Template:Local authorities in 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href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">District councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Borough_Council" title="Cheltenham Borough Council">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold District Council">Cotswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest of Dean District Council">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester#Government" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud District Council">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewkesbury Borough 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