CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm | Fish Physiology and Biochemistry</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10695"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2023 50:5"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-10-03"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian aquaculture facility. The sperm was frozen in 5&nbsp;mL straws using an extender method that was previously tested in common carp. Sperm motility was monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The hatching and malformation rates among the specimens were recorded before the stocking of larvae in both groups. The growth (body weight, total length) and survival rates of the fish were measured during the pre-nursing (from May to June: between 1 and 26&nbsp;days post hatching) and grow-out periods (from June to October: between 26 and 105&nbsp;days post hatching) of the same year. The fresh sperm, which was collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106&nbsp;µm&nbsp;s−1), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84&nbsp;µm). Prior to the fertilization trial of the cryopreserved sperm, low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61&nbsp;µm&nbsp;s−1) values were observed in frozen-thawed sperm. A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the fresh sperm group (87%) when compared to the cryopreserved sperm group (42%). No significant difference in the overall malformation rate was observed in larvae originating from either the fresh or frozen sperm. A significant difference between the two test groups was observed in the incidence of deformed tails (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%). Except for one sampling period, no significant difference in the body weight and total length of the fish larvae was found between the two groups throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A significantly higher larvae survival rate was noted in the fresh sperm (72%) as compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) by the end of the pre-nursing stage. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) by the end of the grow-out stage. The results of this study showed, for the first time in large-scale pond culturing, an equal growth and viability in larvae propagated from cryopreserved sperm when compared to fresh sperm (despite the limited available rearing ponds provided by the commercial company)."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1573-5168"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-10-03"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="50"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="5"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="2001"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="2012"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Fish Physiol Biochem"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Netherlands"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1573-5168"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="50"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/10/03"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2001"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2012"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="size" content="146956"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungari"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bokor, Zoltán"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Láng, Zete Levente"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Várkonyi, Levente"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fodor, Ferenc"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nagy, Borbála"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Csókás, Endre"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Molnár, József"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Csorbai, Balázs"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Csenki-Bakos, Zsolt"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ivánovics, Bence"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Griffitts, Jeffrey Daniel"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Urbányi, Béla"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bernáth, Gergely"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Freshwater & Marine Ecology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Animal Physiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Animal Biochemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Zoology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Current principles and issues affecting organic carp (Cyprinus carpio) pond farming; citation_author=Z Adámek, M Mössmer, M Hauber; citation_volume=512; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=734261; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci; citation_title=The dependence of the growth of carp yearlings (Cyprinus carpio) on the density of planting in cages in the conditions of the Karkidon reservoir of Uzbekistan; citation_author=UK Akromov, KB Ismailkhodjaev, MA Yuldashov, BG Kamilov; citation_volume=1068; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=012038; citation_doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Al-Harbi AH (2001) Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. AFS 14. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2001.14.3.001 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Anton-Pardo M, Hlaváč D, Másílko J, Hartman P, Adámek Z (2014) Natural diet of mirror and scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) phenotypes in earth ponds. Fozo 63:229–237. https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a1.2014 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=General Comp Endocrinol Proc Fifth Int Work Biol Fish Gametes; citation_title=Progress, challenges and perspectives on fish gamete cryopreservation: a mini-review; citation_author=JF Asturiano, E Cabrita, Á Horváth; citation_volume=245; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=69-76; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Gen Comp Endocrinol; citation_title=Improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm cryopreservation using a programable freezer; citation_author=G Bernáth, D Żarski, E Kása, Á Staszny, L Várkonyi, T Kollár, Á Hegyi, Z Bokor, B Urbányi, Á Horváth; citation_volume=237; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=78-88; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cryobiology; citation_title=The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement; citation_author=G Bernáth, Z Csenki, Z Bokor, L Várkonyi, J Molnár, T Szabó, Á Staszny, Á Ferincz, K Szabó, B Urbányi, LO Pap, B Csorbai; citation_volume=81; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=125-131; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Betsy CJ, Siva C, Kumar JSS (2021) Cryopreservation and its application in aquaculture, Animal Reproduction. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99629 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Biology of sperm and artificial reproduction in carp; citation_author=R Billard, J Cosson, G Perchec, O Linhart; citation_volume=129; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=95-112; citation_doi=10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquac Res; citation_title=Commercial-scale cryopreservation of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) semen; citation_author=Z Bokor, B Urbányi, L Horváth, Á Horváth; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=1549-1551; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=The applicability of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in wels catfish (Silurus glanis) optimized for hatchery practice; citation_author=Z Bokor, G Bernáth, L Várkonyi; citation_volume=506; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=337-340; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Disorders of development; citation_inbook_title=Fish Diseases and Disorders; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=340; citation_id=CR12; citation_author=CL Brown; citation_author=JM Nuňez; citation_publisher=CABI Publishing"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Appl Ichthyol; citation_title=Cryopreservation of fish sperm: applications and perspectives; citation_author=E Cabrita, C Sarasquete, S Martínez-Páramo, V Robles, J Beirão, S Pérez-Cerezales, MP Herráez; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=623-635; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis; citation_author=E Cabrita, S Martínez-Páramo, PJ Gavaia, MF Riesco, DG Valcarce, C Sarasquete, MP Herráez, V Robles; citation_volume=432; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=389-401; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chattopadhyay NR (2016) Induced fish breeding: a practical guide for hatcheries. Academic Press p. 325"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Jaw development and malformation in cultured striped trumpeter Latris lineata; citation_author=JM Cobcroft, PM Pankhurst, J Sadler, PR Hart; citation_volume=199; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=267-282; citation_doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00592-0; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Denniston RS, Michelet S, Bondioli KR, Godke RA (2011) Principles of embryo cryopreservation. 274–290 p. In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA p 1003"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Chemosphere; citation_title=Identification of some skeletal deformities in freshwater teleosts raised in Egyptian aquaculture; citation_author=AE Eissa, M Moustafa, IN El-Husseiny, S Saeid, O Saleh, T Borhan; citation_volume=77; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=419-425; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Appl Ichthyol; citation_title=Evaluation of fish sperm quality; citation_author=C Fauvel, M Suquet, J Cosson; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=636-643; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Food and agriculture organization (2009) Cyprinus carpio. In Cultured aquatic species fact sheets. https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm . Accessed 6 Sept 2023 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Guillen J, Motova A (2013) The economic performance of the EU aquaculture sector — 2012 exercise (STECF-13–03). Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (EUR 25975 EN, JRC 81620)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquac Res; citation_title=Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density; citation_author=P Hartvich, M Flajšhans, V Nýdl; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=1015-1021; citation_doi=10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cryobiology; citation_title=Cryopreservation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm in 1.2 and 5ml straws and occurrence of haploids among larvae produced with cryopreserved sperm; citation_author=Á Horváth, E Miskolczi, S Mihálffy, K Ősz, K Szabó, B Urbányi; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=251-257; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Application of sperm cryopreservation to hatchery practice and species conservation: a case of the Adriatic grayling (Thymallus thymallus); citation_author=Á Horváth, D Jesenšek, B Csorbai, Z Bokor, É Raboczki, D Kaczkó, G Bernáth, G Hoitsy, B Urbányi, SS Bajec, A Snoj; citation_volume=358–359; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=213-215; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kaspar V, Hulak M, Kohlmann K, et al (2008) In vitro study on sperm competition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2008-322SP-149 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture Res; citation_title=Mouth and fin deformities in common carp: is there a genetic basis?; citation_author=M Kocour, O Linhart, M Vandeputte; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=419-422; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=The opercular complex deformity in intensive gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) larviculture. Moment of Apparition and Description; citation_author=G Koumoundouros, G Oran, P Divanach, S Stefanakis, M Kentouri; citation_volume=156; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=165-177; citation_doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Vet Arhiv; citation_title=Description of head deformities in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758); citation_author=S Kužir, L Maleničić, D Stanin, T Trbojević, I Alić, E Gjurčević; citation_volume=85; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=437-449; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Theriogenology; citation_title=Effects of media, fertilization technique, extender, straw volume, and sperm to egg ratio on hatchability of cyprinid embryos, using cryopreserved semen; citation_author=F Lahnsteiner, B Berger, T Weismann; citation_volume=60; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=829-841; citation_doi=10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cryobiology; citation_title=The effects of cryopreservation and cold storage on sperm subpopulation structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.); citation_author=Z Marinović, I Šćekić, J Lujić, B Urbányi, Á Horváth; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=88-94; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Cryobanking of aquatic species; citation_author=S Martínez-Páramo, Á Horváth, C Labbé; citation_volume=472; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=156-177; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=ILAR J; citation_title=Anesthesia and euthanasia in zebrafish; citation_author=M Matthews, ZM Varga; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=192-204; citation_doi=10.1093/ilar.53.2.192; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Milton JB (1971) Meristic abnormalities in Fundulus heteroclitus. Technical Report No. 9. Marine Science Research Centre, State University of New York. pp 34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Bull Acad Pol Sci Biol; citation_title=Deep freezing of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) sperm; citation_author=M Moczarski; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_pages=187-190; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Anim Welfare Ethol Hous Syst; citation_title=The investigation of different growth and morphological parameters of larvae obtained from cryopreserved northern pike (Esox lucius) sperm; citation_author=J Molnár, L Várkonyi, E Füzes-Solymosi; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=146-155; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cryobiology; citation_title=The systematic development and optimization of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in northern pike (Esox lucius); citation_author=J Molnár, Z Bokor, L Várkonyi, T Izsák, E Füzes-Solymosi, ZL Láng, B Csorbai, T-K Zs, B Urbányi, G Bernáth; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=26-31; citation_doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Piironen J (1993) Thawing and insemination. p 11–13 In: Cryopreservation of fish eggs and sperm. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers. 589. p 28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur Ass Fish Pathol; citation_title=A lower jaw deformity in juvenile and adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Bull; citation_author=DTG Quigley; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=206-209; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=Short-term preservation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) semen; citation_author=A Saad, R Billard, MC Theron, MG Hollebecq; citation_volume=71; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=133-150; citation_doi=10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquat Toxicol; citation_title=Skeletal anomalies in fish from polluted surface waters; citation_author=W Slooff; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=157-173; citation_doi=10.1016/0166-445X(82)90013-3; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquaculture; citation_title=High sperm concentration during cryopreservation decreases post-thaw motility percentage without compromising in vitro fertilization outcomes in common carp; citation_author=A Sotnikov, M Rodina, T Stechkina, CF Benevente, D Gela, S Boryshpolets, V Kholodnyy, O Linhart, B Dzyuba; citation_volume=562; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=738746; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Tiersch TR (2011) Process pathways for cryopreservation research, application and commercialization. p. 646–671 In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA, p 1003"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="USAID (2011) How to Sample a Fish Pond. In: HARVEST Technical Bulletin #10. Fintrac Inc. p.1–2. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1-dy_xpWBAxUM76QKHYN5Cm4QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPA00K8MS.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0F9fQq8MzqXFZfjcsN7S1b&opi=89978449 . Accessed 06 September 2023"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Reprod Domest Anim; citation_title=The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio); citation_author=L Várkonyi, Z Bokor, J Molnár, F Fodor, Z Szári, Á Ferincz, Á Staszny, LZ Láng, B Csorbai, B Urbányi, G Bernáth; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=639-645; citation_doi=10.1111/rda.13383; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Fodor F, Szári Z, Urbányi B, Molnár J, Bernáth G (2018) The applicability of 10 ml cryotubes for sperm cryopreservation in a Hungarian carp landrace (Cyprinus carpio morpha accuminatus). Acta Agrar Debr 93–97. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/75/1653 "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Zebrafish earns its stripes in genetic screens; citation_author=G Vogel; citation_volume=288; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1160-1161; citation_doi=10.1126/science.288.5469.1160; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Aquacult Hung; citation_title=Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs; citation_author=E Woynarovich, A Woynárovich; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_pages=19-21; citation_id=CR49"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bokor, Zoltán"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Láng, Zete Levente"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Várkonyi, Levente"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fodor, Ferenc"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Balaton Fish Management Non-Profit Ltd, Siofok, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nagy, Borbála"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Csókás, Endre"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Molnár, József"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Csorbai, Balázs"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Csenki-Bakos, Zsolt"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ivánovics, Bence"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Griffitts, Jeffrey Daniel"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Urbányi, Béla"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bernáth, Gergely"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="Bernath.Gergely@uni-mate.hu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2024/10/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm - Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian aquaculture facility. The sperm was frozen in 5 mL straws using an extender method that was previously tested in common carp. Sperm motility was monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The hatching and malformation rates among the specimens were recorded before the stocking of larvae in both groups. The growth (body weight, total length) and survival rates of the fish were measured during the pre-nursing (from May to June: between 1 and 26 days post hatching) and grow-out periods (from June to October: between 26 and 105 days post hatching) of the same year. The fresh sperm, which was collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106 µm s−1), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84 µm). Prior to the fertilization trial of the cryopreserved sperm, low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61 µm s−1) values were observed in frozen-thawed sperm. A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the fresh sperm group (87%) when compared to the cryopreserved sperm group (42%). No significant difference in the overall malformation rate was observed in larvae originating from either the fresh or frozen sperm. A significant difference between the two test groups was observed in the incidence of deformed tails (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%). Except for one sampling period, no significant difference in the body weight and total length of the fish larvae was found between the two groups throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A significantly higher larvae survival rate was noted in the fresh sperm (72%) as compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) by the end of the pre-nursing stage. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) by the end of the grow-out stage. The results of this study showed, for the first time in large-scale pond culturing, an equal growth and viability in larvae propagated from cryopreserved sperm when compared to fresh sperm (despite the limited available rearing ponds provided by the commercial company)."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-5272567b64.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '10695.springer.com', siteWithPath: '10695.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '10695', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Hybrid Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s10695-023-01245-x","Journal Id":10695,"Journal Title":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","imprint":"Springer","Keywords":"Common carp, Cryopreserved sperm, Propagation, Pre-nursing and grow-out, Survival rate","kwrd":["Common_carp","Cryopreserved_sperm","Propagation","Pre-nursing_and_grow-out","Survival_rate"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"Y","hasAccess":"Y","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"open","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"vgzm.415900-10.1007-s10695-023-01245-x","Full HTML":"Y","Subject Codes":["SCL","SCL19066","SCL33030","SCL25015","SCL14013","SCL25007"],"pmc":["L","L19066","L33030","L25015","L14013","L25007"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1573-5168","pissn":"0920-1742"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Life Sciences","primarySubjectCode":"L","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Freshwater \u0026 Marine Ecology","2":"Animal Physiology","3":"Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology","4":"Animal Biochemistry","5":"Zoology"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"L19066","2":"L33030","3":"L25015","4":"L14013","5":"L25007"}},"sucode":"SC3","articleType":"Research"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm","description":"The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian aquaculture facility. The sperm was frozen in 5 mL straws using an extender method that was previously tested in common carp. Sperm motility was monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The hatching and malformation rates among the specimens were recorded before the stocking of larvae in both groups. The growth (body weight, total length) and survival rates of the fish were measured during the pre-nursing (from May to June: between 1 and 26 days post hatching) and grow-out periods (from June to October: between 26 and 105 days post hatching) of the same year. The fresh sperm, which was collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106 µm s−1), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84 µm). Prior to the fertilization trial of the cryopreserved sperm, low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61 µm s−1) values were observed in frozen-thawed sperm. A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the fresh sperm group (87%) when compared to the cryopreserved sperm group (42%). No significant difference in the overall malformation rate was observed in larvae originating from either the fresh or frozen sperm. A significant difference between the two test groups was observed in the incidence of deformed tails (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%). Except for one sampling period, no significant difference in the body weight and total length of the fish larvae was found between the two groups throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A significantly higher larvae survival rate was noted in the fresh sperm (72%) as compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) by the end of the pre-nursing stage. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) by the end of the grow-out stage. The results of this study showed, for the first time in large-scale pond culturing, an equal growth and viability in larvae propagated from cryopreserved sperm when compared to fresh sperm (despite the limited available rearing ponds provided by the commercial company).","datePublished":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"2001","pageEnd":"2012","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x","keywords":["Common carp","Cryopreserved sperm","Propagation","Pre-nursing and grow-out","Survival rate","Freshwater & Marine Ecology","Animal Physiology","Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology","Animal Biochemistry","Zoology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig4_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","issn":["1573-5168","0920-1742"],"volumeNumber":"50","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Netherlands","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Zoltán Bokor","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zete Levente Láng","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Levente Várkonyi","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Ferenc Fodor","affiliation":[{"name":"Balaton Fish Management Non-Profit Ltd","address":{"name":"Balaton Fish Management Non-Profit Ltd, Siofok, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Borbála Nagy","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Endre Csókás","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"József Molnár","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Balázs Csorbai","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zsolt Csenki-Bakos","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Bence Ivánovics","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Jeffrey Daniel Griffitts","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Béla Urbányi","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Gergely Bernáth","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences","address":{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"Bernath.Gergely@uni-mate.hu","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-19"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/10695" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">Fish Physiology and Biochemistry</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Research</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2023-10-03">03 October 2023</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 50</span>, pages 2001–2012, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2024</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <p class="app-article-masthead__access"> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use></svg> You have full access to this <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">open access</a> article</p> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/10695" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10695?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10695?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10695?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10695?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Fish Physiology and Biochemistry</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10695/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10695/3" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zolt_n-Bokor-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Zolt_n-Bokor-Aff1" data-author-search="Bokor, Zoltán">Zoltán Bokor</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zete_Levente-L_ng-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Zete_Levente-L_ng-Aff1" data-author-search="Láng, Zete Levente">Zete Levente Láng</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Levente-V_rkonyi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Levente-V_rkonyi-Aff1" data-author-search="Várkonyi, Levente">Levente Várkonyi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ferenc-Fodor-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Ferenc-Fodor-Aff2" data-author-search="Fodor, Ferenc">Ferenc Fodor</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Borb_la-Nagy-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Borb_la-Nagy-Aff1" data-author-search="Nagy, Borbála">Borbála Nagy</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Endre-Cs_k_s-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Endre-Cs_k_s-Aff1" data-author-search="Csókás, Endre">Endre Csókás</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_zsef-Moln_r-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-J_zsef-Moln_r-Aff1" data-author-search="Molnár, József">József Molnár</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bal_zs-Csorbai-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Bal_zs-Csorbai-Aff1" data-author-search="Csorbai, Balázs">Balázs Csorbai</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zsolt-Csenki_Bakos-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Zsolt-Csenki_Bakos-Aff3" data-author-search="Csenki-Bakos, Zsolt">Zsolt Csenki-Bakos</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bence-Iv_novics-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Bence-Iv_novics-Aff3" data-author-search="Ivánovics, Bence">Bence Ivánovics</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jeffrey_Daniel-Griffitts-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Jeffrey_Daniel-Griffitts-Aff3" data-author-search="Griffitts, Jeffrey Daniel">Jeffrey Daniel Griffitts</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-B_la-Urb_nyi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-B_la-Urb_nyi-Aff1" data-author-search="Urbányi, Béla">Béla Urbányi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 13 authors for this article" title="Show all 13 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gergely-Bern_th-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Gergely-Bern_th-Aff1" data-author-search="Bernáth, Gergely" data-corresp-id="c1">Gergely Bernáth<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>1544 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>2 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of utilizing cryopreserved common carp sperm (in comparison to fresh sperm) for propagation at a Hungarian aquaculture facility. The sperm was frozen in 5 mL straws using an extender method that was previously tested in common carp. Sperm motility was monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The hatching and malformation rates among the specimens were recorded before the stocking of larvae in both groups. The growth (body weight, total length) and survival rates of the fish were measured during the pre-nursing (from May to June: between 1 and 26 days post hatching) and grow-out periods (from June to October: between 26 and 105 days post hatching) of the same year. The fresh sperm, which was collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106 µm s<sup>−1</sup>), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84 µm). Prior to the fertilization trial of the cryopreserved sperm, low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61 µm s<sup>−1</sup>) values were observed in frozen-thawed sperm. A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the fresh sperm group (87%) when compared to the cryopreserved sperm group (42%). No significant difference in the overall malformation rate was observed in larvae originating from either the fresh or frozen sperm. A significant difference between the two test groups was observed in the incidence of deformed tails (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%). Except for one sampling period, no significant difference in the body weight and total length of the fish larvae was found between the two groups throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A significantly higher larvae survival rate was noted in the fresh sperm (72%) as compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) by the end of the pre-nursing stage. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) by the end of the grow-out stage. The results of this study showed, for the first time in large-scale pond culturing, an equal growth and viability in larvae propagated from cryopreserved sperm when compared to fresh sperm (despite the limited available rearing ponds provided by the commercial company).</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-022-01114-z/MediaObjects/10695_2022_1114_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10695-022-01114-z?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s10695-022-01114-z">In vivo and in vitro aging of common carp <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> sperm after multiple hormonal application and stripping of males </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">17 August 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-020-00902-9/MediaObjects/10695_2020_902_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10695-020-00902-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s10695-020-00902-9">Level of in vitro storage of the European catfish (<i>Silurus glanis</i> L.) eggs at different temperatures </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">26 November 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10499-022-00989-2/MediaObjects/10499_2022_989_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10499-022-00989-2?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s10499-022-00989-2">Extended in vitro storage of eggs and milt increases maternal but not paternal variation in embryo viability of landlocked Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> m. <i>sebago</i>) </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">30 September 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732954600, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10695" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The aquaculture industry produces fish and other aquatic products that provide nearly 20% of the protein intake for one-third of the world’s human population. The common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) is the third most farmed fish in the world, and in central and eastern Europe, it is the most cultivated fish (almost exclusively within ponds) (Adámek et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Adámek Z, Mössmer M, Hauber M (2019) Current principles and issues affecting organic carp (Cyprinus carpio) pond farming. Aquaculture 512:734261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e703">2019</a>). Cyprinid fish are traditionally cultured in extensive and semi-intensive polyculture systems (Adámek et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Adámek Z, Mössmer M, Hauber M (2019) Current principles and issues affecting organic carp (Cyprinus carpio) pond farming. Aquaculture 512:734261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e706">2019</a>; Guillen and Motova <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Guillen J, Motova A (2013) The economic performance of the EU aquaculture sector — 2012 exercise (STECF-13–03). Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (EUR 25975 EN, JRC 81620)" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e709">2013</a>). The research and development of carp cultivation methods that improve the vital aspects of controlled reproduction (e.g. reproductive physiology, hormonal stimulation, artificial propagation, sperm and egg production quality) began around 70 years ago (Chattopadhyay <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Chattopadhyay NR (2016) Induced fish breeding: a practical guide for hatcheries. Academic Press p. 325" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e712">2016</a>; Marinović et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Marinović Z, Šćekić I, Lujić J, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2021) The effects of cryopreservation and cold storage on sperm subpopulation structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Cryobiology 99:88–94. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e716">2021</a>). Large numbers of advanced fry can be profitably produced in ponds where the appropriate quantity and quality of a natural food source is available for the stocked larvae and developing fry (Horváth et al <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e719">2015</a>). In natural conditions, the survival rate of the fish is relatively low and is heavily dependent on the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators. Comparatively, in cultured conditions, fish survival can be enhanced with the use of some appropriate management strategies (physical and biological preparation of ponds, stocking of feeding larvae, monitoring of fish growth and health, harvesting process, etc.) (Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e722">2015</a>). These procedures have been largely standardized over the past four decades, resulting in the feeding conditions are being nearly identical between different hatcheries, although some variability still exists. There are inherent problems within aquaculture systems, such as inbreeding, genetic drift, and introgressive hybridization, all of which negatively influence fish production (Betsy et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Betsy CJ, Siva C, Kumar JSS (2021) Cryopreservation and its application in aquaculture, Animal Reproduction. IntechOpen. 
 https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99629
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e725">2021</a>). To counter some of these issues associated with aquaculture, the utilization of spermbanks can support the conservation of genetically pure common carp lines and enhance their controlled reproduction (Marinović et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Marinović Z, Šćekić I, Lujić J, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2021) The effects of cryopreservation and cold storage on sperm subpopulation structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Cryobiology 99:88–94. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e728">2021</a>; Martínez-Páramo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Martínez-Páramo S, Horváth Á, Labbé C et al (2017) Cryobanking of aquatic species. Aquaculture 472:156–177. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e731">2017</a>).</p><p>Effective sperm cryopreservation methods have been developed in recent decades due to the increasing number of potential applications in (1) aquaculture (genetic improvement programs, broodstock management, propagation in species with reproductive problems, asynchrony in gamete production), (2) biotechnology studies utilizing model fish species (preservation of transgenic or mutant lines), (3) the cryobanking of genetic resources (endangered species, species with high ecological and angling value) (Asturiano et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Asturiano JF, Cabrita E, Horváth Á (2017) Progress, challenges and perspectives on fish gamete cryopreservation: a mini-review. General Comp Endocrinol Proc Fifth Int Work Biol Fish Gametes 245:69–76. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e737">2017</a>; Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e740">2018</a>; Cabrita et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Cabrita E, Sarasquete C, Martínez-Páramo S, Robles V, Beirão J, Pérez-Cerezales S, Herráez MP (2010) Cryopreservation of fish sperm: applications and perspectives. J Appl Ichthyol 26:623–635. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e743">2010</a>; Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Horváth Á, Jesenšek D, Csorbai B, Bokor Z, Raboczki É, Kaczkó D, Bernáth G, Hoitsy G, Urbányi B, Bajec SS, Snoj A (2012) Application of sperm cryopreservation to hatchery practice and species conservation: a case of the Adriatic grayling (Thymallus thymallus). Aquaculture 358–359:213–215. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e746">2012</a>). Due to its economic and ecological value, the common carp is one of the most intensively studied freshwater species for the implementation of long-term preservation methods (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Bernáth G, Żarski D, Kása E, Staszny Á, Várkonyi L, Kollár T, Hegyi Á, Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2016) Improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm cryopreservation using a programable freezer. Gen Comp Endocrinol 237:78–88. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e749">2016</a>; Moczarski <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1977" title="Moczarski M (1977) Deep freezing of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) sperm. Bull Acad Pol Sci Biol 25(3):187–190" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e753">1977</a>). Several laboratories have achieved high post-thaw motility and high fertilization rates on a small scale at experimental conditions (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Bernáth G, Żarski D, Kása E, Staszny Á, Várkonyi L, Kollár T, Hegyi Á, Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2016) Improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm cryopreservation using a programable freezer. Gen Comp Endocrinol 237:78–88. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e756">2016</a>; Fauvel et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Fauvel C, Suquet M, Cosson J (2010) Evaluation of fish sperm quality. J Appl Ichthyol 26:636–643. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e759">2010</a>; Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e762">2019</a>). Despite the optimization of freezing protocols, thawed carp sperm is still not routinely used in industrial hatcheries during the production process. A number of papers have emphasized the need for the development of cryopreservation methods which can be implemented in industrial practices and are able to accommodate increased volumes of sperm and large-scale fertilization (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Bernáth G, Żarski D, Kása E, Staszny Á, Várkonyi L, Kollár T, Hegyi Á, Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2016) Improvement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm cryopreservation using a programable freezer. Gen Comp Endocrinol 237:78–88. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e765">2016</a>; Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Horváth Á, Miskolczi E, Mihálffy S, Ősz K, Szabó K, Urbányi B (2007) Cryopreservation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm in 1.2 and 5ml straws and occurrence of haploids among larvae produced with cryopreserved sperm. Cryobiology 54:251–257. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e768">2007</a>; Lahnsteiner et al <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Lahnsteiner F, Berger B, Weismann T (2003) Effects of media, fertilization technique, extender, straw volume, and sperm to egg ratio on hatchability of cyprinid embryos, using cryopreserved semen. Theriogenology 60:829–841. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e772">2003</a>; Sotnikov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Sotnikov A, Rodina M, Stechkina T, Benevente CF, Gela D, Boryshpolets S, Kholodnyy V, Linhart O, Dzyuba B (2023) High sperm concentration during cryopreservation decreases post-thaw motility percentage without compromising in vitro fertilization outcomes in common carp. Aquaculture 562:738746. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e775">2023</a>; Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e778">2019</a>). A crucial need in the development of a carp cryopreservation protocol is research into the health and physiology of hatched larvae originating from cryopreserved sperm (Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Horváth Á, Miskolczi E, Mihálffy S, Ősz K, Szabó K, Urbányi B (2007) Cryopreservation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm in 1.2 and 5ml straws and occurrence of haploids among larvae produced with cryopreserved sperm. Cryobiology 54:251–257. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e781">2007</a>). According to our knowledge, the growth and survival rate of carp larvae obtained from cryopreserved sperm has been not investigated in traditional extensive pond cultures.</p><p>The first aim of this study was to implement cryopreserved common carp sperm in large-scale hatchery propagation (fertilization of 1 kg of eggs). The second aim of this study was to compare the growth and survival rate of larvae obtained from both fresh and frozen sperm during the pre-nursing and grow-out periods in a traditional, extensive pond culture at a commercial Hungarian fish farm.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Materials and methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Materials and methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Broodstock management</h3><p>For sperm cryopreservation, a male broodstock (<i>N</i> = 13, standard length: 44 ± 3 cm, body weight: 1875 ± 371 g, purchased from the Balatoni Halgazdálkodási Nonprofit Ltd. fish farm in Buzsák, Hungary) was maintained in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) within the Department of Aquaculture at the Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The system contains a 1-m<sup>3</sup> tank with water change rate 1500 L per hour. The used water flowed through the bottom outlet by gravity onto a 500 × 500 mm 5-cm-thick TM 35 filter sponge (density: 22 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, cell size 1600–2200 μm). From there it flowed to the biofilter with a net volume of 0.125 m<sup>3</sup>, in which 60 L of biomedia with a total surface area of 800 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> and a protected surface area of 500 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> provided for the bacteria carrying out the biofiltration. The air flow through the biofilter was 750 L per hour. The system also included a 40-W UV lamp and a 0.5-m<sup>3</sup> equalization tank. Fish were kept in 1 m<sup>3</sup> polypropylene tanks (temperature: 19 °C, dissolved oxygen: 8.4 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, stable balanced photophase duration (light:dark 12:12)). The individuals were fed with 100 g per day dry feed (Aqua Garant UNI 4 mm, Aqua Garant GmbH, Austria) body weight. The broodstock for fertilization experiments was maintained at the Balatoni Halgazdálkodási Nonprofit Ltd. fish farm. Males (<i>N</i> = 6, body weight: 8100 ± 1980 g) and females (<i>N</i> = 9, body weight: 9100 ± 3300 g) were kept in concrete tanks in a flow-through system at approximately 20 ± 3 °C (varied during the rearing period according to the input water source).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">The hormonal stimulation and collection of gametes</h3><p>Fish were anaesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol (99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) at a dose of 0.4 ml L<sup>−1</sup> (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e840">2018</a>). Based on our former study, males (<i>N</i> = 13, for sperm cryopreservation) kept in a RAS were injected using dissolved (0.9% NaCl solution) carp pituitary (purchased from a fish farm) at a single dose of 2.5 mg body weight kg<sup>−1</sup> (Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e848">2019</a>). The water temperature was raised to 20 °C following injection. The individuals maintained at the hatchery of the fish farm were hormonally stimulated (followed the maintainer’s hatchery practice) using 1 pellet body weight kg<sup>−1</sup> of OVOPEL ((D-Ala<sup>6</sup>, Pro<sup>9</sup>NEt)-mGnRH + metoclopramide), Interfish Ltd., Budapest, Hungary). Males (<i>N</i> = 6, for fresh sperm controls) were injected with 1 dose of OVOPEL 24 h prior to gamete collection. Females were stimulated with two doses of OVOPEL: 1, 10% 24 h, 2, 90% 12 h before the expected ovulation. Males were stripped (24 h post hormonal stimulation) using a 5-mL syringe and sperm was stored at 4 °C before the experimental procedures of this study. Eggs were collected in plastic bowls and gametes were stored at hatchery temperature (25 °C). Sperm and eggs were collected avoiding contamination with mucus, faeces and water. Gametes were stored for approximately 30 min before application.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Sperm motility assessment</h3><p>The total motility (MOT, %), progressive motility (criteria according to the Sperm VisionTM v. 3.7.4.- threshold: straight line distance > 5 µm s<sup>−1</sup>, pixel to µm ratio: 151 to 100, pMOT %), curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm s<sup>−1</sup>), linearity (LIN, %), and amplitude lateral head displacement (ALH, µm) of fresh and thawed sperm were measured using a CASA (Computer-assisted Sperm Analysis) system (Sperm VisionTM v. 3.7.4., Minitube of America, Venture Court Verona, USA) (Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e873">2019</a>). Spermatozoa were activated (ratio: 1:50) at a temperature 20 °C with a simple saline solution (45 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 30 mM Tris, pH: 8.0 ± 0.02, Saad et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1988" title="Saad A, Billard R, Theron MC, Hollebecq MG (1988) Short-term preservation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) semen. Aquaculture 71:133–150. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e876">1988</a>) designed for common carp in a mixture with 0.01 g mL<sup>−1</sup> bovine serum albumin (BSA, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) on Makler counting chamber (depth: 10 µm, Sefi Medical Instruments Ltd., Haifa, Israel). Measurements were carried out (in 15 s) at minimum in duplicates, where moving cells were captured (cell identification range: 1 to 100 µm<sup>2</sup>) with a digital camera (JAI CV-A10 CL, Minitube of America, Venture Court Verona, USA) using a frame rate of 60 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6">Cryopreservation method</h3><p>The cryopreservation of common carp sperm was carried out earlier prior day of the propagation (to reduce storage time of egg) in the laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Following the motility analysis of the male broodstock (<i>N</i> = 13), 9 males (showing the highest pMOT values in a range of 73–97%) were selected for cryopreservation. The total volume of samples (<i>x̄</i> = 9 mL per sample, <i>N</i> = 9) were pooled and diluted using a modified sugar and ion based extender (205 mM glucose, 20 mM NaCl, 25 mM KCl, 1 mM Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> • 12H<sub>2</sub>O, 1 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub> • 6H<sub>2</sub>O, 1 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub> • 2H<sub>2</sub>O, 20 mM Tris and 0.5% BSA, pH: 8.0 ± 0.02; Molnár et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Molnár J, Várkonyi L, Füzes-Solymosi E et al (2020) The investigation of different growth and morphological parameters of larvae obtained from cryopreserved northern pike (Esox lucius) sperm. Anim Welfare Ethol Hous Syst 16:146–155" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e918">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Molnár J, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Izsák T, Füzes-Solymosi E, Láng ZL, Csorbai B, Zs T-K, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2020) The systematic development and optimization of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in northern pike (Esox lucius). Cryobiology 94:26–31. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e922">b</a>; Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e925">2019</a>), previously designed for pike and common carp by our group, at a ratio of 1:9 (sperm:extender + cryoprotectant). As a cryoprotectant, a 10% methanol solution was used. Diluted sperm were loaded into 5 mL straws (4 mL total volume of sample) and frozen in a Styrofoam box (internal dimensions of height: 22 cm, width: 25.5 cm, length: 36 cm, and the thickness of the walls 2.5 cm) for 7 min at 3 cm above the level of liquid nitrogen (Bokor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth L, Horváth Á (2010) Commercial-scale cryopreservation of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) semen. Aquac Res 41:1549–1551. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e928">2010</a>; Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e931">2019</a>). Altogether, 103 straws (~ 41 mL of fresh sperm) were preserved for fertilization of an elevated amount of eggs. Frozen sperm was stored in a 10 L transport canister tank (Statebourne Cryogenics, United Kingdom). All chemicals were purchased from Reanal (Budapest, Hungary) and Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary). Straws were thawed under hatchery conditions for 35 s at 40 °C using a bucket with aquarium heaters (Bokor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth L, Horváth Á (2010) Commercial-scale cryopreservation of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) semen. Aquac Res 41:1549–1551. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e934">2010</a>; Várkonyi et al <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e937">2019</a>). Straws were used for fertilization immediately following thawing.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7">Propagation process</h3><p>The experiment was incorporated to the seasonal propagation period of the fish farm. Fish propagation was carried out following the maintainer’s protocol at the Balatoni Halgazdálkodási Nonprofit Ltd. hatchery in Buzsák. As a first step, 4.5 kg of eggs were collected and pooled from 4 females. Fresh sperm was stripped from 5 males and pooled. Motility was recorded according to the abovementioned method (2.3.). Egg batches (1 kg for fresh and 1 kg for cryopreserved group) were fertilized using both fresh (25 mL) and thawed sperm (250 mL: containing 25 mL sperm, 225 mL extender + methanol). Sperm were activated using hatchery water (100 mL, 20 °C, 198 mosmol kg<sup>−1</sup>). A traditional Woynárovich solution (68 mM NaCl and 50 Mm urea, Woynárovich and Woynárovich <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1980" title="Woynarovich E, Woynárovich A (1980) Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Aquacult Hung 2:19–21" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e951">1980</a>) was used to remove the stickiness of the egg. The eggs were incubated (using Woynárovich solution) for 90 min using a horizontal shaker (HS 501 Digital Plus Horizontal Shaker, IKA, Germany) at 60 rpm. The final step of the procedure was the application of the tannin solution (0.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>) in triplicate (1: 20 s, 2:15 s, 3:10 s). Between each step, the batches were washed with pure hatchery water (Woynárovich and Woynárovich <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1980" title="Woynarovich E, Woynárovich A (1980) Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Aquacult Hung 2:19–21" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e956">1980</a>). The maintainer provided two separate 100 L Zuger jars (according to the availability). The fresh and cryopreserved groups were incubated separately at 20 °C for 3.5 days up to hatching. The hatching rate (hatched larvae per total egg number) was visually calculated using bright field stereo microscope at the moment of hatching (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig1">1</a>; 300 ~ 300 individuals or eggs, Bokor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Bokor Z, Bernáth G, Várkonyi L et al (2019) The applicability of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in wels catfish (Silurus glanis) optimized for hatchery practice. Aquaculture 506:337–340. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e963">2019</a>). During sampling, a reduced number of individuals were collected based on the request of the hatchery manager (no influencing production process).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="703"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>The graphical abstract of the experimental design</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Larval morphology</h3><p>The evaluation of larval malformation (curved body, deformed tail development, yolk-sac deformity, head deformity, oedema, aberrant swim bladder, aneurysm haemorrhage) was carried out as described in our previous study (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e991">2018</a>). During sampling, a reduced number of individuals were collected based on the request of the hatchery manager (no influencing production process). At hatching, 20 randomly selected (based on our former study) individuals from both the fresh and cryopreserved groups were examined (Molnár et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020a" title="Molnár J, Várkonyi L, Füzes-Solymosi E et al (2020) The investigation of different growth and morphological parameters of larvae obtained from cryopreserved northern pike (Esox lucius) sperm. Anim Welfare Ethol Hous Syst 16:146–155" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e994">2020a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Molnár J, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Izsák T, Füzes-Solymosi E, Láng ZL, Csorbai B, Zs T-K, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2020) The systematic development and optimization of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in northern pike (Esox lucius). Cryobiology 94:26–31. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e997">b</a>). The larvae were anaesthetized with tricaine methane sulfonate (MS222, 168 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, Matthews and Varga <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Matthews M, Varga ZM (2012) Anesthesia and euthanasia in zebrafish. ILAR J 53:192–204. 
 https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.2.192
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1002">2012</a>). The body of the fish was fixed using a methylcellulose solution (3%). Pictures were taken using a Leica DFC 7000 T digital camera connected to a Leica M205 FA stereomicroscope using a bright field setting. During this process, a 20-fold magnification and 80 ms shutter speed were used. Fish were visually investigated using Leica Application Suite X software (Leica Microsystems GmbH; Wetzlar, Germany). All chemicals were purchased from Reanal (Budapest, Hungary) and Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary). Malformation rate was calculated in overall and type of the malformation separately (%, malformed larvae per 20 individuals; Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig1">1</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Larval rearing</h3><p>The experiment was incorporated to the seasonal rearing period of the fish farm. The larval rearing was separated for two periods, following the maintainer’s protocol. The maintainer provided ponds (according to the availability) for the pre-nursing (2 ponds) and grow-out (2 ponds) period separately. The pre-nursing was carried out for 3 weeks (from May to June: between 1 and 26 days post hatching) in 2 (0.1 ha) earthen ponds. From both fresh and cryopreserved groups, 200,000 (400,000 total) individuals were stocked in two different ponds (Pond fresh: water temperature 22.5 ± 1.3 °C, dissolved oxygen 16.2 ± 0.64 mg L<sup>−1</sup>; pond cryo:water temperature 22.3 ± 1.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 16.5 ± 0.72 mg L<sup>−1</sup>). Larvae were fed using Hungarian commercial dry feed (Ponty előnevelő táp II., Haltáp Ltd., Szarvas, Hungary). Grow-out was performed in two 0.5 ha earthen ponds (from June to October: between 26 and 105 days post hatching). In this period, 65,000–65,000 fingerlings were stocked in two different ponds (pond fresh: water temperature 17.2 ± 5.5 °C, dissolved oxygen 11.1 ± 0.82 mg L<sup>−1</sup>; pond cryo:water temperature 17.6 ± 5.2 °C, dissolved oxygen 11.3 ± 0.56 mg L<sup>−1</sup>). The individuals utilized the natural food supply (zooplankton, balanced availability during the experiment) and were also fed using commercial dry feed (Aller Aqua master 2 mm, Aller Aqua, Denmark). The natural food supply was monitored by the colleagues of the fish farm.</p><p>During both rearing periods, regular growth parameters (20 individuals per group, Anton-Pardo et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Anton-Pardo M, Hlaváč D, Másílko J, Hartman P, Adámek Z (2014) Natural diet of mirror and scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) phenotypes in earth ponds. Fozo 63:229–237. 
 https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a1.2014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1028">2014</a>; Hartvich et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Hartvich P, Flajšhans M, Nýdl V et al (2003) Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density. Aquac Res 34:1015–1021. 
 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1031">2003</a>; USAID <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="USAID (2011) How to Sample a Fish Pond. In: HARVEST Technical Bulletin #10. Fintrac Inc. p.1–2. 
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1-dy_xpWBAxUM76QKHYN5Cm4QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPA00K8MS.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0F9fQq8MzqXFZfjcsN7S1b&opi=89978449
 
 . Accessed 06 September 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1034">2011</a>) were measured at different intervals (pre-nursing: at the stocking and harvesting (2 times), grow-out: in two weeks interval (8 times) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig1">1</a>). A reduced number of individuals were collected based on the request of the hatchery manager (no influencing production process). The body weight (g) was measured with two types of scale (Mettler Toledo AB204-S, Mettler Toledo, USA and KERN EMB 200–3, KERN & SOHN GmbH, Germany) according to the size of the fish. Total length (cm) was measured using a ruler. The survival rate (%, all surviving individual per stocking number) was recorded at harvesting, following the pre-nursing and grows-out (2 times). All fish was harvested using traditional fishing net where caught individuals were counted using a 200-mL beaker (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig1">1</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">Statistical analysis</h3><p>The data were analysed using the SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8.01 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA) software. The normal distribution was evaluated with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test at a significance level of <i>P</i> < 0.05. The dataset not showing normal distribution was transformed using a logarithmic (total length and body weight) function. Different groups of total length and average body weight were compared using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test (significance level: <i>P</i> < 0.05). Hatching, larvae malformation, and survival rate were compared with an odds ratio test (significance level: <i>P</i> < 0.05).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec11-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec11">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec11-content"><p>Pooled fresh sperm samples, prior to cryopreservation, exhibited high MOT (88%), pMOT (79%), VCL (102 µm s<sup>−1</sup>), LIN (77%), and ALH (1.63 µm). In the fertilization trial, a low MOT (34%), pMOT (14%), and VCL (61 µm s<sup>−1</sup>) values of frozen sperm were observed following thawing. In LIN (80%) and ALH (1.67 µm) parameters, the reduction was not apparent. Fresh sperm, collected and pooled prior to fertilization, showed high MOT (97%), pMOT (92%), VCL (106 µm s<sup>−1</sup>), LIN (75%), and ALH (1.84 µm).</p><p>A significantly higher hatching rate was measured in the case of the fresh group of sperm (87%) compared to the cryopreserved sperm (42%) (odds ratio: 10.3455, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). No significant difference (odds ratio: 2.2698, <i>P</i> = 0.2069) in overall malformation rate was recorded in both fresh and frozen groups (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Tab1">1</a>). Larvae malformations occurred in many cases jointly by the investigated individuals. The prevalence of deformed tail development (fresh: 20%, cryopreserved: 55%) and head deformity (fresh: 35%, cryopreserved: 50%) was the most conspicuous malformation in both the control and cryopreserved groups (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig2">2</a>A–C). Significant difference was observed only in the deformed tail development (odds ratio: 4.8889, <i>P</i> = 0.0269). Head deformity did not show significant difference between fresh and cryopreserved groups (odds ratio: 1.8571, <i>P</i> = 0.3394).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 The hatching (<i>N</i> = ~ 300–300 larvae or egg), malformation (<i>N</i> = 20–20 larvae), and survival rate (<i>N</i> pre-nusing = 200,000–200,000, <i>N</i> grow-out = 65,000–65,000) in fresh and cryopreserved groups. Larvae malformation rate was analysed at the moment of hatching. The table represents mean values. The different letters correspond to a significant difference between the fresh and cryopreserved groups at the given parameters</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig2_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig2_HTML.jpg" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="507"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Representative developmental dysfunctions of carp larvae obtained from fresh and cryopreserved groups following hatching. <b>A</b> Normal development, <b>B</b>–<b>C</b> deformed tail development and head deformity (<i>N</i> = 20)</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In both fresh and cryopreserved groups, obvious developmental progression in body weight (<i>P</i> = 0.0103) and total length (<i>P</i> = 0.0021) of larvae was noted at the 31st of August and the 15th of September time points. Except for the sampling on the 4th of August (body weight: <i>P</i> < 0.05, total length: <i>P</i> < 0.01), no significant difference was measured in the body weight and total length of larvae between the two groups (Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig3">3</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Fig4">4</a>). Significantly higher larvae survival rate was found in the fresh (72%) compared to the cryopreserved group (43%) at the end of pre-nursing (odds ratio: 3.4790, <i>P</i> < 0.0001). Contrary, no significant difference in survival rate was calculated for the cryopreserved sperm (96%) in comparison to the fresh sperm (95%) at the end of the grow-out stage (odds ratio: 0.8155, <i>P</i> = 0.245) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#Tab1">1</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="287"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>The body weight (g) measured in fresh and cryopreserved groups (<i>N</i> = 20–20 per sampling date) during the pre-nursing (marked with asterisk) and grow-out periods. The columns represent the mean and standard deviation. Different letters represent a significant difference between the two groups at each given sampling date</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x/MediaObjects/10695_2023_1245_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="221"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>The total length (cm) measured in the fresh and cryopreserved groups (<i>N</i> = 20–20 per sampling date) during the pre-nursing (marked with asterisk) and grow-out periods. The columns represent the mean and standard deviation. Different letters represent a significant difference between the two groups at each given sampling date</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec12-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec12">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec12-content"><p>Despite of the unique farm environment and the special requirements of the fish farm during the production process (lowered jar and pond repetition, reduced sample size in the experiments), novel tendencies in hatching, malformation, and growth rate were recorded following application of cryopreserved sperm in traditional pond culture.</p><p>In the present study, the application of our formerly developed (Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1362">2019</a>), large-scale cryopreservation method was successfully implemented in hatchery conditions for the fertilization of an industrial volume of eggs (1 kg). To assess the effectiveness of our cryopreservation method, the growth and survival rates of larvae were monitored throughout the pre-nursing and grow-out periods. A clear negative effect of cryopreservation and thawing on spermatozoa movement was observed. This result is in contrast with our former study when the method was optimized for common carp. Várkonyi et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1365">2019</a>) used a similar extender and Styrofoam box method for 5 mL straws, resulting in a ~ fourfold higher pMOT (64 ± 8%) with similar VCL (64 ± 14 µm s<sup>−1</sup>) in comparison with our study (pMOT: 14%, VCL: 61 µm s<sup>−1</sup>). According to our hypothesis, the formerly developed thawing method (Várkonyi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1372">2019</a>) was optimal for a few individual 5 mL straws; however, the thawing of 100 straws, as in our study, at the same time caused irreversible damage to the frozen cells (Denniston et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Denniston RS, Michelet S, Bondioli KR, Godke RA (2011) Principles of embryo cryopreservation. 274–290 p. In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA p 1003" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1376">2011</a>; Piironen <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Piironen J (1993) Thawing and insemination. p 11–13 In: Cryopreservation of fish eggs and sperm. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers. 589. p 28" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1379">1993</a>; Tiersch <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Tiersch TR (2011) Process pathways for cryopreservation research, application and commercialization. p. 646–671 In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA, p 1003" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1382">2011</a>). Further industry innovations are needed in order to develop specialized equipment which can handle such a high volume of large straws while maintaining a stable environment during the thawing process. Furthermore, Várkonyi et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Fodor F, Szári Z, Urbányi B, Molnár J, Bernáth G (2018) The applicability of 10 ml cryotubes for sperm cryopreservation in a Hungarian carp landrace (Cyprinus carpio morpha accuminatus). Acta Agrar Debr 93–97. 
 https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/75/1653
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1385">2018</a>) proved that carp sperm could be cryopreserved at a large-scale (10 mL cryotube) using a dilution ratio of 1:1. A lower dilution ratio with larger freezing capacity can reduce the adequate straw number. Furthermore, low dilution rate facilitates a sufficient high sperm concentration for fertilization of large egg volumes (Sotnikov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Sotnikov A, Rodina M, Stechkina T, Benevente CF, Gela D, Boryshpolets S, Kholodnyy V, Linhart O, Dzyuba B (2023) High sperm concentration during cryopreservation decreases post-thaw motility percentage without compromising in vitro fertilization outcomes in common carp. Aquaculture 562:738746. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1388">2023</a>).</p><p>In comparison with former studies, the decrement in MOT, pMOT, and VCL could affect hatching rate drastically in our case. Horváth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Horváth Á, Miskolczi E, Mihálffy S, Ősz K, Szabó K, Urbányi B (2007) Cryopreservation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm in 1.2 and 5ml straws and occurrence of haploids among larvae produced with cryopreserved sperm. Cryobiology 54:251–257. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1394">2007</a>) cryopreserved common carp sperm in 5 mL straws using a Styrofoam box and a sugar-based extender. The results showed a higher hatching rate (65 ± 18%) than in our study (42%) when 1 straw was used for 40 g of eggs. An identical high hatching success (60 ± 2%) was recorded using 1.2 mL straws for fertilization at a laboratory scale (300 ± 10 eggs) by Lahnsteiner et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Lahnsteiner F, Berger B, Weismann T (2003) Effects of media, fertilization technique, extender, straw volume, and sperm to egg ratio on hatchability of cyprinid embryos, using cryopreserved semen. Theriogenology 60:829–841. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1397">2003</a>). Our results indicate that not enough viable and moving cells were available following the thawing process for effective fertilization of 1 kg of eggs. Former studies in common carp highlighted that sperm motility and swimming velocity have main effect on the variability of fertilization and hatching rate (Fauvel et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Fauvel C, Suquet M, Cosson J (2010) Evaluation of fish sperm quality. J Appl Ichthyol 26:636–643. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1400">2010</a>; Kaspar et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Kaspar V, Hulak M, Kohlmann K, et al (2008) In vitro study on sperm competition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). 
 https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2008-322SP-149
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1403">2008</a>). Despite to the reduced motility parameters obtained following thawing, a moderate hatching rate was observed in our study. The phenomenon was caused by the sufficient amount of spermatozoa provided by the propagation protocol used in our experiment.</p><p>In our study, a relatively high percentage of malformed larvae were recorded. In contrast, a low severity and variety of the occurring malformations was observed possibly caused by reduced number of collected individuals. The most typical anatomical abnormalities were deformed tail development and head deformity. However, this phenomenon is not thought to be caused solely by the cryopreservation process, as malformation occurred at a similar proportion in the control group. In general, skeletal morphological changes occur both in wild populations and under farm conditions (Koumoundouros et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Koumoundouros G, Oran G, Divanach P, Stefanakis S, Kentouri M (1997) The opercular complex deformity in intensive gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) larviculture. Moment of Apparition and Description. Aquaculture 156:165–177" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1409">1997</a>; Kužir et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Kužir S, Maleničić L, Stanin D, Trbojević T, Alić I, Gjurčević E (2015) Description of head deformities in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Vet Arhiv 85(4):437–449" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1412">2015</a>; Slooff <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1982" title="Slooff W (1982) Skeletal anomalies in fish from polluted surface waters. Aquat Toxicol 2:157–173" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1415">1982</a>). The prevalence of malformations in captive breeding is higher than in the natural environment (Cobcroft et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Cobcroft JM, Pankhurst PM, Sadler J, Hart PR (2001) Jaw development and malformation in cultured striped trumpeter Latris lineata. Aquaculture 199:267–282" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1418">2001</a>; Kužir et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Kužir S, Maleničić L, Stanin D, Trbojević T, Alić I, Gjurčević E (2015) Description of head deformities in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Vet Arhiv 85(4):437–449" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1421">2015</a>). Former studies suggested that abnormalities are also induced during the embryonic and post-embryonic periods of life (Al-Harbi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Al-Harbi AH (2001) Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L. AFS 14. 
 https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2001.14.3.001
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1425">2001</a>). Various parameters can combine to result in skeletal and head deformities and injuries: genetics, cultivation conditions, nutritional deficiencies, environmental contamination, mechanical trauma, infectious, and parasitic diseases (Brown & Nuňez <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1998" title="Brown CL, Nuňez JM (1998) Disorders of development. In: Leatherlan JF, Woo PTK (eds) Fish Diseases and Disorders, vol 2. CABI Publishing, Oxon, p 340" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1428">1998</a>; Eissa et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Eissa AE, Moustafa M, El-Husseiny IN, Saeid S, Saleh O, Borhan T (2009) Identification of some skeletal deformities in freshwater teleosts raised in Egyptian aquaculture. Chemosphere 77:419–425. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1431">2009</a>; Kužir et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Kužir S, Maleničić L, Stanin D, Trbojević T, Alić I, Gjurčević E (2015) Description of head deformities in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Vet Arhiv 85(4):437–449" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1434">2015</a>; Milton <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1971" title="Milton JB (1971) Meristic abnormalities in Fundulus heteroclitus. Technical Report No. 9. Marine Science Research Centre, State University of New York. pp 34" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1437">1971</a>; Quigley <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Quigley DTG (1995) A lower jaw deformity in juvenile and adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Bull. Eur Ass Fish Pathol 15:206–209" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1440">1995</a>; Vogel <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Vogel G (2000) Zebrafish earns its stripes in genetic screens. Science 288:1160–1161" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1444">2000</a>). In our study, the genetic background of the fish, as well as possible thermal shock (variations in the temperature and quality of the input water in the flow-through system) could have had a great effect on the malformation rate of hatched larvae. Further studies on selective breeding and embryo incubation (using different water temperatures and quality) may support our hypothesis (Brown & Nuňez <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1998" title="Brown CL, Nuňez JM (1998) Disorders of development. In: Leatherlan JF, Woo PTK (eds) Fish Diseases and Disorders, vol 2. CABI Publishing, Oxon, p 340" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1447">1998</a>; Eissa et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Eissa AE, Moustafa M, El-Husseiny IN, Saeid S, Saleh O, Borhan T (2009) Identification of some skeletal deformities in freshwater teleosts raised in Egyptian aquaculture. Chemosphere 77:419–425. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1450">2009</a>; Kocour et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Kocour M, Linhart O, Vandeputte M (2006) Mouth and fin deformities in common carp: is there a genetic basis? Aquaculture Res 37:419–422. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1453">2006</a>; Milton <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1971" title="Milton JB (1971) Meristic abnormalities in Fundulus heteroclitus. Technical Report No. 9. Marine Science Research Centre, State University of New York. pp 34" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1456">1971</a>; Vogel <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Vogel G (2000) Zebrafish earns its stripes in genetic screens. Science 288:1160–1161" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1459">2000</a>). Interestingly, a similar dominance of head deformities (craniofacial and eye) was detected in ide (<i>Leuciscus idus</i>) larvae originating from fertilization using cryopreserved sperm (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1466">2018</a>; Cabrita et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Cabrita E, Martínez-Páramo S, Gavaia PJ, Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Sarasquete C, Herráez MP, Robles V (2014) Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture 432:389–401. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1469">2014</a>). In present study, deformed tail development was also relevant in the cryopreserved group. Cryopreservation can affect the chromatin stability of fish sperm and DNA integrity has a high impact on early embryo development (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1472">2018</a>; Cabrita et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Cabrita E, Martínez-Páramo S, Gavaia PJ, Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Sarasquete C, Herráez MP, Robles V (2014) Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture 432:389–401. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1475">2014</a>). Further studies are required to analyse the specific gene regions injured during the cryopreservation process that cause the specific head malformation in common carp and other cyprinids (Bernáth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (Leuciscus idus) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1478">2018</a>; Cabrita et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Cabrita E, Martínez-Páramo S, Gavaia PJ, Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Sarasquete C, Herráez MP, Robles V (2014) Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture 432:389–401. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1482">2014</a>).</p><p>To our knowledge, this is the first report on the growth rate of common carp larvae (limited information available in other species as well) originating from frozen sperm reared in traditional pond culture. Growth parameters of larvae reported in former studies were obtained using fresh sperm for fertilization. Cryopreservation did not have a significantly negative effect on the growth rate of common carp larvae either in the pre-nursing or grow-out periods. A rapid increase in average body weight and total length was recorded during our experiment. This growth tendency was in accordance with the observations presented by Horváth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1489">2015</a>). In their previous studies, these authors confirmed that in traditional pond culture, the live body weight and total length vary between 0.2–0.3 g and 2.5–3 cm, respectively, at the end of the rearing period (Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1492">2002</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1495">2015</a>). A similar average total length (2.5–3 cm) was presented by Billard et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Billard R, Cosson J, Perchec G, Linhart O (1995) Biology of sperm and artificial reproduction in carp. Aquaculture 129:95–112. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1498">1995</a>) for 1-month-old common carp larvae. The final weight of common carp fry described by the FAO (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Food and agriculture organization (2009) Cyprinus carpio. In Cultured aquatic species fact sheets. 
 https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm
 
 . Accessed 6 Sept 2023 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1501">2009</a>) is similarly between 0.2 and 0.5 g at the end of the nursing period. In our experiment, identical body parameters of common carp fry were observed in both controls (body weight: 0.5 ± 0.2 g, total length: 3 ± 0.3 cm) and cryopreserved (body weight: 0.5 ± 0.3 g, total length: 3 ± 0.4 cm) groups at the end of the pre-nursery period. Similarly, the growth rate was not affected by our cryopreservation method during the grow-out period. The body weight (fresh: 64 ± 19 g, cryopreserved: 66 ± 30 g) and total length (fresh: 16 ± 2 cm, cryopreserved: 16 ± 2 cm) measured at the end of the grow-out period were in accordance with the values (body weight: 10–40 g, total length: 8–12 cm) presented in the former study by Horváth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1505">2015</a>). The successful fingerling production in both groups was supported by the data presented in FAO <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Food and agriculture organization (2009) Cyprinus carpio. In Cultured aquatic species fact sheets. 
 https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm
 
 . Accessed 6 Sept 2023 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1508">2009</a> (common carp fingerling body weight: 30–100 g). In contrast, a lower final weight (22 g) of common carp fingerlings (using fresh sperm for propagation) was reported in Uzbekistan (Akromov et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Akromov UK, Ismailkhodjaev KB, Yuldashov MA, Kamilov BG (2022) The dependence of the growth of carp yearlings (Cyprinus carpio) on the density of planting in cages in the conditions of the Karkidon reservoir of Uzbekistan. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1068:012038. 
 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1511">2022</a>). According to our study, common carp larvae originating from propagation using cryopreserved sperm showed a similar growth rate in traditional pond culture as the larvae originating from propagation using fresh sperm. Further studies should investigate the growth tendencies of common carp fingerlings (from frozen sperm) after the wintering period until they reach market size.</p><p>A significantly reduced survival rate of pre-nursed fish was detected in the cryopreserved sperm group in comparison to the fresh sperm control group. This period lasts on average 21–30 days, with the survival of individuals dependant on several factors: (1) water temperature, (2) quantity and quality of natural foods (and supplementary feed), (3) oxygen, (4) predators, and (5) water conditions (Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1517">2015</a>). According to the observation of the hatchery director at the fish farm, the pond selection and preparation had a major effect on the fish survival rate at the end of the pre-nursing period (more predator organisms) in the frozen sperm group. The observation (pond selection and preparation has an effect on fish survival rate) was also proved in the former studies by Horváth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1520">2002</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1523">2015</a>). Zooplankton is the most important feed source at the beginning of the pre-nursing period. However, inadequate pond preparation can limit the availability of essential organisms (e.g. rotifers) and thus allows for the growth of dangerous crustaceans (e.g. copepods) (Horváth et a. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1526">2015</a>). Nevertheless, the survival rate in both groups (fresh: 72%, cryopreserved: 43%) was in accordance with the expected average result (30–70%) of larvae pre-nursery survival rates in traditional pond cultures (Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1529">2002</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1533">2015</a>). Interestingly, this difference was not detectable during the grow-out period in the fresh and frozen groups. The less sensitive, advanced fry showed a higher survival rate (fresh: 95%, cryopreserved: 96%) compared to the data available in former studies (25–80%; Horváth et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1536">2002</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32" href="/article/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d154937838e1539">2015</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec13-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec13">Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec13-content"><p>Large-scale cryopreserved sperms were effectively applied in the fertilization of large (industrial-scale) amounts of common carp eggs. According to our findings, the handling of large numbers of high-volume straws during the thawing process is difficult and can notably affect the fertilization rate. Future innovations (technical and technological also) will hopefully allow for the establishment of standardized methods (or equipment) to provide a more controlled environment for thawing process. Novel tendencies were observed in hatching and malformation rate regardless of the lowered sample size. Despite the limited available rearing ponds (1–1) provided by the commercial company, the equal growth and viability in larvae obtained from fertilization using cryopreserved sperm were recorded for the first time in traditional pond culture. Importantly, proper pond selection and preparation should be considered as a limiting factor to successful fry production during the pre-nursing period. Furthermore, future experiments could reveal the detailed effects of the hatchery progress and environment on the dynamics of larvae (obtained from cryopreserved sperm) growth in an elevated number of traditional rearing ponds.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>The dataset presented in this study is available from the corresponding author following direct request.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Adámek Z, Mössmer M, Hauber M (2019) Current principles and issues affecting organic carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) pond farming. Aquaculture 512:734261. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2019.734261" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734261">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Current%20principles%20and%20issues%20affecting%20organic%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20pond%20farming&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2019.734261&volume=512&publication_year=2019&author=Ad%C3%A1mek%2CZ&author=M%C3%B6ssmer%2CM&author=Hauber%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Akromov UK, Ismailkhodjaev KB, Yuldashov MA, Kamilov BG (2022) The dependence of the growth of carp yearlings (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) on the density of planting in cages in the conditions of the Karkidon reservoir of Uzbekistan. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1068:012038. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038">https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038" data-track-item_id="10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F1068%2F1%2F012038" aria-label="Article reference 2" data-doi="10.1088/1755-1315/1068/1/012038">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20dependence%20of%20the%20growth%20of%20carp%20yearlings%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20on%20the%20density%20of%20planting%20in%20cages%20in%20the%20conditions%20of%20the%20Karkidon%20reservoir%20of%20Uzbekistan&journal=IOP%20Conf%20Ser%3A%20Earth%20Environ%20Sci&doi=10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F1068%2F1%2F012038&volume=1068&publication_year=2022&author=Akromov%2CUK&author=Ismailkhodjaev%2CKB&author=Yuldashov%2CMA&author=Kamilov%2CBG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Al-Harbi AH (2001) Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Common Carp <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L. AFS 14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2001.14.3.001" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.33997/j.afs.2001.14.3.001">https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2001.14.3.001</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Anton-Pardo M, Hlaváč D, Másílko J, Hartman P, Adámek Z (2014) Natural diet of mirror and scaly carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) phenotypes in earth ponds. Fozo 63:229–237. <a href="https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a1.2014" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a1.2014">https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v63.i4.a1.2014</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Asturiano JF, Cabrita E, Horváth Á (2017) Progress, challenges and perspectives on fish gamete cryopreservation: a mini-review. General Comp Endocrinol Proc Fifth Int Work Biol Fish Gametes 245:69–76. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2016.06.019" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.019">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtFWhsbrO" aria-label="CAS reference 5">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Progress%2C%20challenges%20and%20perspectives%20on%20fish%20gamete%20cryopreservation%3A%20a%20mini-review&journal=General%20Comp%20Endocrinol%20Proc%20Fifth%20Int%20Work%20Biol%20Fish%20Gametes&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2016.06.019&volume=245&pages=69-76&publication_year=2017&author=Asturiano%2CJF&author=Cabrita%2CE&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Bernáth G, Żarski D, Kása E, Staszny Á, Várkonyi L, Kollár T, Hegyi Á, Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2016) Improvement of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) sperm cryopreservation using a programable freezer. Gen Comp Endocrinol 237:78–88. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2016.08.013" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.013">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27570061" aria-label="PubMed reference 6">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsVKqs7bF" aria-label="CAS reference 6">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Improvement%20of%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20sperm%20cryopreservation%20using%20a%20programable%20freezer&journal=Gen%20Comp%20Endocrinol&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2016.08.013&volume=237&pages=78-88&publication_year=2016&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG&author=%C5%BBarski%2CD&author=K%C3%A1sa%2CE&author=Staszny%2C%C3%81&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL&author=Koll%C3%A1r%2CT&author=Hegyi%2C%C3%81&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Bernáth G, Csenki Z, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Molnár J, Szabó T, Staszny Á, Ferincz Á, Szabó K, Urbányi B, Pap LO, Csorbai B (2018) The effects of different preservation methods on ide (<i>Leuciscus idus</i>) sperm and the longevity of sperm movement. Cryobiology 81:125–131. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.01.014" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.014">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29397922" aria-label="PubMed reference 7">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXisFGqur8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20effects%20of%20different%20preservation%20methods%20on%20ide%20%28Leuciscus%20idus%29%20sperm%20and%20the%20longevity%20of%20sperm%20movement&journal=Cryobiology&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2018.01.014&volume=81&pages=125-131&publication_year=2018&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG&author=Csenki%2CZ&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL&author=Moln%C3%A1r%2CJ&author=Szab%C3%B3%2CT&author=Staszny%2C%C3%81&author=Ferincz%2C%C3%81&author=Szab%C3%B3%2CK&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Pap%2CLO&author=Csorbai%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Betsy CJ, Siva C, Kumar JSS (2021) Cryopreservation and its application in aquaculture, Animal Reproduction. IntechOpen. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99629" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.5772/intechopen.99629">https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99629</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Billard R, Cosson J, Perchec G, Linhart O (1995) Biology of sperm and artificial reproduction in carp. Aquaculture 129:95–112. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C">https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2894%2900231-C" aria-label="Article reference 9" data-doi="10.1016/0044-8486(94)00231-C">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biology%20of%20sperm%20and%20artificial%20reproduction%20in%20carp&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2F0044-8486%2894%2900231-C&volume=129&pages=95-112&publication_year=1995&author=Billard%2CR&author=Cosson%2CJ&author=Perchec%2CG&author=Linhart%2CO"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Bokor Z, Urbányi B, Horváth L, Horváth Á (2010) Commercial-scale cryopreservation of wels catfish (<i>Silurus glanis</i>) semen. Aquac Res 41:1549–1551. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2109.2009.02445.x" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02445.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCrurnE" aria-label="CAS reference 10">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Commercial-scale%20cryopreservation%20of%20wels%20catfish%20%28Silurus%20glanis%29%20semen&journal=Aquac%20Res&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2109.2009.02445.x&volume=41&pages=1549-1551&publication_year=2010&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2CL&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Bokor Z, Bernáth G, Várkonyi L et al (2019) The applicability of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in wels catfish (<i>Silurus glanis</i>) optimized for hatchery practice. Aquaculture 506:337–340. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2019.03.064" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.064">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20applicability%20of%20large-scale%20sperm%20cryopreservation%20in%20wels%20catfish%20%28Silurus%20glanis%29%20optimized%20for%20hatchery%20practice&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2019.03.064&volume=506&pages=337-340&publication_year=2019&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Brown CL, Nuňez JM (1998) Disorders of development. In: Leatherlan JF, Woo PTK (eds) Fish Diseases and Disorders, vol 2. CABI Publishing, Oxon, p 340</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Disorders%20of%20development&publication_year=1998&author=Brown%2CCL&author=Nu%C5%88ez%2CJM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Cabrita E, Sarasquete C, Martínez-Páramo S, Robles V, Beirão J, Pérez-Cerezales S, Herráez MP (2010) Cryopreservation of fish sperm: applications and perspectives. J Appl Ichthyol 26:623–635. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0426.2010.01556.x" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01556.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlKrtL%2FL" aria-label="CAS reference 13">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cryopreservation%20of%20fish%20sperm%3A%20applications%20and%20perspectives&journal=J%20Appl%20Ichthyol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1439-0426.2010.01556.x&volume=26&pages=623-635&publication_year=2010&author=Cabrita%2CE&author=Sarasquete%2CC&author=Mart%C3%ADnez-P%C3%A1ramo%2CS&author=Robles%2CV&author=Beir%C3%A3o%2CJ&author=P%C3%A9rez-Cerezales%2CS&author=Herr%C3%A1ez%2CMP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Cabrita E, Martínez-Páramo S, Gavaia PJ, Riesco MF, Valcarce DG, Sarasquete C, Herráez MP, Robles V (2014) Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture 432:389–401. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2014.04.034" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXosFWiu78%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 14">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Factors%20enhancing%20fish%20sperm%20quality%20and%20emerging%20tools%20for%20sperm%20analysis&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2014.04.034&volume=432&pages=389-401&publication_year=2014&author=Cabrita%2CE&author=Mart%C3%ADnez-P%C3%A1ramo%2CS&author=Gavaia%2CPJ&author=Riesco%2CMF&author=Valcarce%2CDG&author=Sarasquete%2CC&author=Herr%C3%A1ez%2CMP&author=Robles%2CV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Chattopadhyay NR (2016) Induced fish breeding: a practical guide for hatcheries. Academic Press p. 325</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Cobcroft JM, Pankhurst PM, Sadler J, Hart PR (2001) Jaw development and malformation in cultured striped trumpeter <i>Latris lineata</i>. Aquaculture 199:267–282</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00592-0" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00592-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2801%2900592-0" aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00592-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Jaw%20development%20and%20malformation%20in%20cultured%20striped%20trumpeter%20Latris%20lineata&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2801%2900592-0&volume=199&pages=267-282&publication_year=2001&author=Cobcroft%2CJM&author=Pankhurst%2CPM&author=Sadler%2CJ&author=Hart%2CPR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Denniston RS, Michelet S, Bondioli KR, Godke RA (2011) Principles of embryo cryopreservation. 274–290 p. In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA p 1003</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Eissa AE, Moustafa M, El-Husseiny IN, Saeid S, Saleh O, Borhan T (2009) Identification of some skeletal deformities in freshwater teleosts raised in Egyptian aquaculture. Chemosphere 77:419–425. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2009.06.050" aria-label="Article reference 18" data-doi="10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.050">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19647852" aria-label="PubMed reference 18">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFGktLfO" aria-label="CAS reference 18">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Identification%20of%20some%20skeletal%20deformities%20in%20freshwater%20teleosts%20raised%20in%20Egyptian%20aquaculture&journal=Chemosphere&doi=10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2009.06.050&volume=77&pages=419-425&publication_year=2009&author=Eissa%2CAE&author=Moustafa%2CM&author=El-Husseiny%2CIN&author=Saeid%2CS&author=Saleh%2CO&author=Borhan%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Fauvel C, Suquet M, Cosson J (2010) Evaluation of fish sperm quality. J Appl Ichthyol 26:636–643. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0426.2010.01529.x" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01529.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlKrtL%2FE" aria-label="CAS reference 19">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evaluation%20of%20fish%20sperm%20quality&journal=J%20Appl%20Ichthyol&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1439-0426.2010.01529.x&volume=26&pages=636-643&publication_year=2010&author=Fauvel%2CC&author=Suquet%2CM&author=Cosson%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Food and agriculture organization (2009) <i>Cyprinus carpio</i>. In Cultured aquatic species fact sheets. <a href="https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm">https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/aquaculture/CulturedSpecies/file/en/en_commoncarp.htm</a>. Accessed 6 Sept 2023 </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Guillen J, Motova A (2013) The economic performance of the EU aquaculture sector — 2012 exercise (STECF-13–03). Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF). Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (EUR 25975 EN, JRC 81620)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Hartvich P, Flajšhans M, Nýdl V et al (2003) Growth testing of two breeds of common carp, <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L. (Hungarian mirror and Třeboň scaly carp), in ponds with low and high stocking density. Aquac Res 34:1015–1021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x" data-track-item_id="10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2109.2003.00903.x" aria-label="Article reference 22" data-doi="10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00903.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Growth%20testing%20of%20two%20breeds%20of%20common%20carp%2C%20Cyprinus%20carpio%20L.%20%28Hungarian%20mirror%20and%20T%C5%99ebo%C5%88%20scaly%20carp%29%2C%20in%20ponds%20with%20low%20and%20high%20stocking%20density&journal=Aquac%20Res&doi=10.1046%2Fj.1365-2109.2003.00903.x&volume=34&pages=1015-1021&publication_year=2003&author=Hartvich%2CP&author=Flaj%C5%A1hans%2CM&author=N%C3%BDdl%2CV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Horváth Á, Miskolczi E, Mihálffy S, Ősz K, Szabó K, Urbányi B (2007) Cryopreservation of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) sperm in 1.2 and 5ml straws and occurrence of haploids among larvae produced with cryopreserved sperm. Cryobiology 54:251–257. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2007.02.003" aria-label="Article reference 23" data-doi="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.02.003">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17400204" aria-label="PubMed reference 23">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1Cisbo%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 23">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cryopreservation%20of%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20sperm%20in%201.2%20and%205ml%20straws%20and%20occurrence%20of%20haploids%20among%20larvae%20produced%20with%20cryopreserved%20sperm&journal=Cryobiology&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2007.02.003&volume=54&pages=251-257&publication_year=2007&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81&author=Miskolczi%2CE&author=Mih%C3%A1lffy%2CS&author=%C5%90sz%2CK&author=Szab%C3%B3%2CK&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Horváth Á, Jesenšek D, Csorbai B, Bokor Z, Raboczki É, Kaczkó D, Bernáth G, Hoitsy G, Urbányi B, Bajec SS, Snoj A (2012) Application of sperm cryopreservation to hatchery practice and species conservation: a case of the Adriatic grayling (<i>Thymallus thymallus</i>). Aquaculture 358–359:213–215. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2012.07.012" aria-label="Article reference 24" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.07.012">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Application%20of%20sperm%20cryopreservation%20to%20hatchery%20practice%20and%20species%20conservation%3A%20a%20case%20of%20the%20Adriatic%20grayling%20%28Thymallus%20thymallus%29&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2012.07.012&volume=358%E2%80%93359&pages=213-215&publication_year=2012&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81&author=Jesen%C5%A1ek%2CD&author=Csorbai%2CB&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=Raboczki%2C%C3%89&author=Kaczk%C3%B3%2CD&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG&author=Hoitsy%2CG&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Bajec%2CSS&author=Snoj%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Horváth L, Tamas G, Seagrave C (2002) Carp and pond fish culture: second edition. Fishing New books, Blackwell Science, pp 1–170. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1002/9780470995662">https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470995662</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Horváth L, Tamás G, Coche AG, Kovács E, Moth-Poulsen T, Woynarovich A (2015) Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Second revised edition. Budapest, FAO-REU. pp 32</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Kaspar V, Hulak M, Kohlmann K, et al (2008) In vitro study on sperm competition in common carp (<i>Cyprinus</i> <i>carpio</i> L.). <a href="https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2008-322SP-149" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.26028/CYBIUM/2008-322SP-149">https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2008-322SP-149</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Kocour M, Linhart O, Vandeputte M (2006) Mouth and fin deformities in common carp: is there a genetic basis? Aquaculture Res 37:419–422. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x" data-track-item_id="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2109.2005.01425.x" aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01425.x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mouth%20and%20fin%20deformities%20in%20common%20carp%3A%20is%20there%20a%20genetic%20basis%3F&journal=Aquaculture%20Res&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-2109.2005.01425.x&volume=37&pages=419-422&publication_year=2006&author=Kocour%2CM&author=Linhart%2CO&author=Vandeputte%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Koumoundouros G, Oran G, Divanach P, Stefanakis S, Kentouri M (1997) The opercular complex deformity in intensive gilthead sea bream (<i>Sparus aurata</i> L.) larviculture. Moment of Apparition and Description. Aquaculture 156:165–177</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2897%2989294-0" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20opercular%20complex%20deformity%20in%20intensive%20gilthead%20sea%20bream%20%28Sparus%20aurata%20L.%29%20larviculture.%20Moment%20of%20Apparition%20and%20Description&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2897%2989294-0&volume=156&pages=165-177&publication_year=1997&author=Koumoundouros%2CG&author=Oran%2CG&author=Divanach%2CP&author=Stefanakis%2CS&author=Kentouri%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Kužir S, Maleničić L, Stanin D, Trbojević T, Alić I, Gjurčević E (2015) Description of head deformities in cultured common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> Linnaeus, 1758). Vet Arhiv 85(4):437–449</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Description%20of%20head%20deformities%20in%20cultured%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%29&journal=Vet%20Arhiv&volume=85&issue=4&pages=437-449&publication_year=2015&author=Ku%C5%BEir%2CS&author=Maleni%C4%8Di%C4%87%2CL&author=Stanin%2CD&author=Trbojevi%C4%87%2CT&author=Ali%C4%87%2CI&author=Gjur%C4%8Devi%C4%87%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Lahnsteiner F, Berger B, Weismann T (2003) Effects of media, fertilization technique, extender, straw volume, and sperm to egg ratio on hatchability of cyprinid embryos, using cryopreserved semen. Theriogenology 60:829–841. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6" data-track-item_id="10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0093-691X%2802%2901300-6" aria-label="Article reference 31" data-doi="10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01300-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12935861" aria-label="PubMed reference 31">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szpvFCgtQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 31">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Effects%20of%20media%2C%20fertilization%20technique%2C%20extender%2C%20straw%20volume%2C%20and%20sperm%20to%20egg%20ratio%20on%20hatchability%20of%20cyprinid%20embryos%2C%20using%20cryopreserved%20semen&journal=Theriogenology&doi=10.1016%2FS0093-691X%2802%2901300-6&volume=60&pages=829-841&publication_year=2003&author=Lahnsteiner%2CF&author=Berger%2CB&author=Weismann%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Marinović Z, Šćekić I, Lujić J, Urbányi B, Horváth Á (2021) The effects of cryopreservation and cold storage on sperm subpopulation structure of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.). Cryobiology 99:88–94. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2021.01.007" aria-label="Article reference 32" data-doi="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.01.007">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33450240" aria-label="PubMed reference 32">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXkvVehs7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 32">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20effects%20of%20cryopreservation%20and%20cold%20storage%20on%20sperm%20subpopulation%20structure%20of%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%20L.%29&journal=Cryobiology&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2021.01.007&volume=99&pages=88-94&publication_year=2021&author=Marinovi%C4%87%2CZ&author=%C5%A0%C4%87eki%C4%87%2CI&author=Luji%C4%87%2CJ&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Martínez-Páramo S, Horváth Á, Labbé C et al (2017) Cryobanking of aquatic species. Aquaculture 472:156–177. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2016.05.042" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.042">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29276317" aria-label="PubMed reference 33">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cryobanking%20of%20aquatic%20species&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2016.05.042&volume=472&pages=156-177&publication_year=2017&author=Mart%C3%ADnez-P%C3%A1ramo%2CS&author=Horv%C3%A1th%2C%C3%81&author=Labb%C3%A9%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Matthews M, Varga ZM (2012) Anesthesia and euthanasia in zebrafish. ILAR J 53:192–204. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.2.192" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1093/ilar.53.2.192">https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.2.192</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/ilar.53.2.192" data-track-item_id="10.1093/ilar.53.2.192" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Filar.53.2.192" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1093/ilar.53.2.192">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23382350" aria-label="PubMed reference 34">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXitFalu7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 34">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Anesthesia%20and%20euthanasia%20in%20zebrafish&journal=ILAR%20J&doi=10.1093%2Filar.53.2.192&volume=53&pages=192-204&publication_year=2012&author=Matthews%2CM&author=Varga%2CZM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Milton JB (1971) Meristic abnormalities in Fundulus heteroclitus. Technical Report No. 9. Marine Science Research Centre, State University of New York. pp 34</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Moczarski M (1977) Deep freezing of carp (<i>Cyprinus</i> <i>carpio</i> L.) sperm. Bull Acad Pol Sci Biol 25(3):187–190</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=890530" aria-label="PubMed reference 36">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DyaE2s3ktlGrtw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 36">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Deep%20freezing%20of%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%20L.%29%20sperm&journal=Bull%20Acad%20Pol%20Sci%20Biol&volume=25&issue=3&pages=187-190&publication_year=1977&author=Moczarski%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Molnár J, Várkonyi L, Füzes-Solymosi E et al (2020) The investigation of different growth and morphological parameters of larvae obtained from cryopreserved northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) sperm. Anim Welfare Ethol Hous Syst 16:146–155</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20investigation%20of%20different%20growth%20and%20morphological%20parameters%20of%20larvae%20obtained%20from%20cryopreserved%20northern%20pike%20%28Esox%20lucius%29%20sperm&journal=Anim%20Welfare%20Ethol%20Hous%20Syst&volume=16&pages=146-155&publication_year=2020&author=Moln%C3%A1r%2CJ&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL&author=F%C3%BCzes-Solymosi%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Molnár J, Bokor Z, Várkonyi L, Izsák T, Füzes-Solymosi E, Láng ZL, Csorbai B, Zs T-K, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2020) The systematic development and optimization of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in northern pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>). Cryobiology 94:26–31. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2020.05.003" aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.05.003">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32389624" aria-label="PubMed reference 38">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXptF2jsb8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 38">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20systematic%20development%20and%20optimization%20of%20large-scale%20sperm%20cryopreservation%20in%20northern%20pike%20%28Esox%20lucius%29&journal=Cryobiology&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2020.05.003&volume=94&pages=26-31&publication_year=2020&author=Moln%C3%A1r%2CJ&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL&author=Izs%C3%A1k%2CT&author=F%C3%BCzes-Solymosi%2CE&author=L%C3%A1ng%2CZL&author=Csorbai%2CB&author=Zs%2CT-K&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Piironen J (1993) Thawing and insemination. p 11–13 In: Cryopreservation of fish eggs and sperm. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers. 589. p 28</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Quigley DTG (1995) A lower jaw deformity in juvenile and adult Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.) Bull. Eur Ass Fish Pathol 15:206–209</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20lower%20jaw%20deformity%20in%20juvenile%20and%20adult%20Atlantic%20salmon%20%28Salmo%20salar%20L.%29%20Bull&journal=Eur%20Ass%20Fish%20Pathol&volume=15&pages=206-209&publication_year=1995&author=Quigley%2CDTG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Saad A, Billard R, Theron MC, Hollebecq MG (1988) Short-term preservation of carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) semen. Aquaculture 71:133–150. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3">https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0044-8486%2888%2990280-3" aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.1016/0044-8486(88)90280-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Short-term%20preservation%20of%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20semen&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2F0044-8486%2888%2990280-3&volume=71&pages=133-150&publication_year=1988&author=Saad%2CA&author=Billard%2CR&author=Theron%2CMC&author=Hollebecq%2CMG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Slooff W (1982) Skeletal anomalies in fish from polluted surface waters. Aquat Toxicol 2:157–173</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/0166-445X(82)90013-3" data-track-item_id="10.1016/0166-445X(82)90013-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-445X%2882%2990013-3" aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.1016/0166-445X(82)90013-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Skeletal%20anomalies%20in%20fish%20from%20polluted%20surface%20waters&journal=Aquat%20Toxicol&doi=10.1016%2F0166-445X%2882%2990013-3&volume=2&pages=157-173&publication_year=1982&author=Slooff%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Sotnikov A, Rodina M, Stechkina T, Benevente CF, Gela D, Boryshpolets S, Kholodnyy V, Linhart O, Dzyuba B (2023) High sperm concentration during cryopreservation decreases post-thaw motility percentage without compromising in vitro fertilization outcomes in common carp. Aquaculture 562:738746. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2022.738746" aria-label="Article reference 43" data-doi="10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738746">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=High%20sperm%20concentration%20during%20cryopreservation%20decreases%20post-thaw%20motility%20percentage%20without%20compromising%20in%20vitro%20fertilization%20outcomes%20in%20common%20carp&journal=Aquaculture&doi=10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2022.738746&volume=562&publication_year=2023&author=Sotnikov%2CA&author=Rodina%2CM&author=Stechkina%2CT&author=Benevente%2CCF&author=Gela%2CD&author=Boryshpolets%2CS&author=Kholodnyy%2CV&author=Linhart%2CO&author=Dzyuba%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Tiersch TR (2011) Process pathways for cryopreservation research, application and commercialization. p. 646–671 In: Tiersch TR, Green CC (eds.) Cryopreservation in Aquatic Species. 2nd Edition. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Luisiana, USA, p 1003</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">USAID (2011) How to Sample a Fish Pond. In: HARVEST Technical Bulletin #10. Fintrac Inc. p.1–2. <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1-dy_xpWBAxUM76QKHYN5Cm4QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPA00K8MS.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0F9fQq8MzqXFZfjcsN7S1b&opi=89978449" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1-dy_xpWBAxUM76QKHYN5Cm4QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPA00K8MS.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0F9fQq8MzqXFZfjcsN7S1b&opi=89978449">https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi1-dy_xpWBAxUM76QKHYN5Cm4QFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPA00K8MS.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0F9fQq8MzqXFZfjcsN7S1b&opi=89978449</a>. Accessed 06 September 2023</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Molnár J, Fodor F, Szári Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Láng LZ, Csorbai B, Urbányi B, Bernáth G (2019) The comparison of two different extenders for the improvement of large-scale sperm cryopreservation in common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>). Reprod Domest Anim 54:639–645. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.1111/rda.13383">https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13383</a></p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/rda.13383" data-track-item_id="10.1111/rda.13383" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frda.13383" aria-label="Article reference 46" data-doi="10.1111/rda.13383">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30488550" aria-label="PubMed reference 46">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXlsFensLc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 46">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20comparison%20of%20two%20different%20extenders%20for%20the%20improvement%20of%20large-scale%20sperm%20cryopreservation%20in%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29&journal=Reprod%20Domest%20Anim&doi=10.1111%2Frda.13383&volume=54&pages=639-645&publication_year=2019&author=V%C3%A1rkonyi%2CL&author=Bokor%2CZ&author=Moln%C3%A1r%2CJ&author=Fodor%2CF&author=Sz%C3%A1ri%2CZ&author=Ferincz%2C%C3%81&author=Staszny%2C%C3%81&author=L%C3%A1ng%2CLZ&author=Csorbai%2CB&author=Urb%C3%A1nyi%2CB&author=Bern%C3%A1th%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Várkonyi L, Bokor Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Fodor F, Szári Z, Urbányi B, Molnár J, Bernáth G (2018) The applicability of 10 ml cryotubes for sperm cryopreservation in a Hungarian carp landrace (<i>Cyprinus carpio morpha accuminatus</i>). Acta Agrar Debr 93–97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/75/1653" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.34101/actaagrar/75/1653">https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/75/1653</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Vogel G (2000) Zebrafish earns its stripes in genetic screens. Science 288:1160–1161</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.288.5469.1160" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.288.5469.1160" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1160" aria-label="Article reference 48" data-doi="10.1126/science.288.5469.1160">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10841731" aria-label="PubMed reference 48">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFOkt7Y%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 48">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Zebrafish%20earns%20its%20stripes%20in%20genetic%20screens&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1160&volume=288&pages=1160-1161&publication_year=2000&author=Vogel%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Woynarovich E, Woynárovich A (1980) Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) eggs. Aquacult Hung 2:19–21</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Modified%20technology%20for%20elimination%20of%20stickiness%20of%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20eggs&journal=Aquacult%20Hung&volume=2&pages=19-21&publication_year=1980&author=Woynarovich%2CE&author=Woyn%C3%A1rovich%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>Open access funding provided by Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The work was funded by the MGEF/20–3/2021, GINOP-2.3.2–15-2016–00004. Our study was co-financed by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology within the framework of the Thematic Excellence Programme 2020, National Challenges Subprogramme (TKP2020-NKA-16). The experiments were supported by the ÚNKP-22–3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. The experiments were also supported by Zsolt Szári, Tamás Koltai, and Ádám Bodnár (Balaton Fish Management Non-Profit Ltd.).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Godollo, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Zoltán Bokor, Zete Levente Láng, Levente Várkonyi, Borbála Nagy, Endre Csókás, József Molnár, Balázs Csorbai, Béla Urbányi & Gergely Bernáth</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Balaton Fish Management Non-Profit Ltd, Horgony U. 1., 8600, Siofok, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ferenc Fodor</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Godollo, Hungary</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Zsolt Csenki-Bakos, Bence Ivánovics & Jeffrey Daniel Griffitts</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Zolt_n-Bokor-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zoltán Bokor</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Bokor" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Bokor" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zolt%C3%A1n%20Bokor%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zete_Levente-L_ng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zete Levente Láng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Zete%20Levente%20L%C3%A1ng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zete%20Levente%20L%C3%A1ng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zete%20Levente%20L%C3%A1ng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Levente-V_rkonyi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Levente Várkonyi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Levente%20V%C3%A1rkonyi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Levente%20V%C3%A1rkonyi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Levente%20V%C3%A1rkonyi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Ferenc-Fodor-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Ferenc Fodor</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Ferenc%20Fodor" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ferenc%20Fodor" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ferenc%20Fodor%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Borb_la-Nagy-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Borbála Nagy</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Borb%C3%A1la%20Nagy" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Borb%C3%A1la%20Nagy" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Borb%C3%A1la%20Nagy%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Endre-Cs_k_s-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Endre Csókás</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Endre%20Cs%C3%B3k%C3%A1s" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Endre%20Cs%C3%B3k%C3%A1s" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Endre%20Cs%C3%B3k%C3%A1s%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-J_zsef-Moln_r-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">József Molnár</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=J%C3%B3zsef%20Moln%C3%A1r" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=J%C3%B3zsef%20Moln%C3%A1r" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22J%C3%B3zsef%20Moln%C3%A1r%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Bal_zs-Csorbai-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Balázs Csorbai</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Bal%C3%A1zs%20Csorbai" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Bal%C3%A1zs%20Csorbai" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Bal%C3%A1zs%20Csorbai%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zsolt-Csenki_Bakos-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zsolt Csenki-Bakos</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Zsolt%20Csenki-Bakos" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zsolt%20Csenki-Bakos" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zsolt%20Csenki-Bakos%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Bence-Iv_novics-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Bence Ivánovics</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Bence%20Iv%C3%A1novics" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Bence%20Iv%C3%A1novics" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Bence%20Iv%C3%A1novics%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Jeffrey_Daniel-Griffitts-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jeffrey Daniel Griffitts</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Jeffrey%20Daniel%20Griffitts" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jeffrey%20Daniel%20Griffitts" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jeffrey%20Daniel%20Griffitts%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-B_la-Urb_nyi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Béla Urbányi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=B%C3%A9la%20Urb%C3%A1nyi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=B%C3%A9la%20Urb%C3%A1nyi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22B%C3%A9la%20Urb%C3%A1nyi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Gergely-Bern_th-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Gergely Bernáth</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Gergely%20Bern%C3%A1th" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gergely%20Bern%C3%A1th" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Gergely%20Bern%C3%A1th%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>Zoltán Bokor: supervision, conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft; Zete Levente Láng: investigation, data curation; Levente Várkonyi: investigation, data curation; Ferenc Fodor: investigation, data curation; Borbála Nagy: investigation, data curation; Endre Csókás: investigation, data curation; József Molnár: investigation, data curation; Balázs Csorbai: investigation, data curation; Zsolt Csenki-Bakos: investigation, data curation; Bence Ivánovics: investigation, data curation; Jeffrey Daniel Griffitts: writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; Béla Urbányi: project administration; funding acquisition; Gergely Bernáth: supervision, conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:Bernath.Gergely@uni-mate.hu">Gergely Bernáth</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Ethics approval</h3> <p>The experiments were carried out in accordance with the Government Decree 40/2013 (II. 14.) on Animal Experiments and Act XXVIII of the 1998 Hungarian Parliament on the protection and humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, the study was performed with the knowledge and permission of the Institutional Animal Welfare Committee of the Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus (Certification number: MATE-SZIC/1742–1/2022).</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Consent to participate</h3> <p>All co-authors agreed to participate to the submission.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Consent for publication</h3> <p>All co-authors agreed to publish this study.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher's note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=The%20growth%20performance%20of%20pond-reared%20common%20carp%20%28Cyprinus%20carpio%29%20larvae%20propagated%20using%20cryopreserved%20sperm&author=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Bokor%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs10695-023-01245-x&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=0920-1742&publicationDate=2023-10-03&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Bokor, Z., Láng, Z.L., Várkonyi, L. <i>et al.</i> The growth performance of pond-reared common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) larvae propagated using cryopreserved sperm. <i>Fish Physiol Biochem</i> <b>50</b>, 2001–2012 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-01-10">10 January 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-09-22">22 September 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-10-03">03 October 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-10">October 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-023-01245-x</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Common%20carp&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Common carp</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Cryopreserved%20sperm&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Cryopreserved sperm</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Propagation&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Propagation</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Pre-nursing%20and%20grow-out&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Pre-nursing and grow-out</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Survival%20rate&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Survival rate</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10695" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div data-test="collections"> <aside> <div class="c-article-associated-content__container"> <h2 class="c-article-associated-content__title u-h3 u-mb-24 u-visually-hidden">Associated Content</h2> <div class="c-article-associated-content__collection collection u-mb-24"> <p class="c-article-associated-content__collection-label u-sans-serif u-text-bold u-mb-8">Part of a collection:</p> <h3 class="c-article-associated-content__collection-title u-mt-0 u-h3 u-mb-8" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/collections/iadjjbdcda" data-track="click" data-track-action="view collection" data-track-label="link">Special Issue: International Workshop on Biology of Fish Gametes</a> </h3> </div> </div> </aside> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer[0] = window.dataLayer[0] || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content = window.dataLayer[0].content || {}; window.dataLayer[0].content.collections = 'iadjjbdcda'; </script> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/10695/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s10695-023-01245-x;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>