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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_states_often_labelled_as_microstates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_states_often_labelled_as_microstates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List of states often labelled as microstates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_states_often_labelled_as_microstates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies_and_relationship_with_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies_and_relationship_with_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic policies and relationship with the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies_and_relationship_with_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_entities_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_entities_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Similar entities and definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_entities_and_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Similar entities and definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_entities_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dependencies_and_autonomous_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependencies_and_autonomous_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dependencies and autonomous areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependencies_and_autonomous_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sovereign Military Order of Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_small_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_small_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical small territories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_small_territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical small territories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_small_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical dependencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture and sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Zwergstaaten" title="Europäische Zwergstaaten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europäische Zwergstaaten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="دول أوروبية صغيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دول أوروبية صغيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microestats_europeus" title="Microestats europeus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microestats europeus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Zwergstaaten" title="Europäische Zwergstaaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäische Zwergstaaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-Estados_de_Europa" title="Micro-Estados de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micro-Estados de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کشورک‌های اروپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشورک‌های اروپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-%C3%89tats_europ%C3%A9ens" title="Micro-États européens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Micro-États européens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meegrasteatyn_Oarpagh" title="Meegrasteatyn Oarpagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Meegrasteatyn Oarpagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B7%B9%EC%86%8C_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="유럽의 극소 국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽의 극소 국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եվրոպայի քաղաք-պետություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպայի քաղաք-պետություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europske_mikrodr%C5%BEave" title="Europske mikrodržave – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europske mikrodržave" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_mikro_Eropa" title="Negara mikro Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara mikro Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstatos_europee" title="Microstatos europee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Microstatos europee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstati_europei" title="Microstati europei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microstati europei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_t%C3%B6rpe%C3%A1llamok" title="Európai törpeállamok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai törpeállamok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_europene" title="Microstate europene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microstate europene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Карликовые государства Европы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карликовые государства Европы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="European microstates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa%27daki_mikrodevletler" title="Avrupa'daki mikrodevletler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa'daki mikrodevletler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European sovereign states having very small population or very small land area</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_ministates_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/European_ministates_map.png/220px-European_ministates_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/European_ministates_map.png/330px-European_ministates_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/European_ministates_map.png/440px-European_ministates_map.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Map of the European microstates</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco,_2016-06-23,_DD_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg/220px-Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg/330px-Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg/440px-Vista_de_M%C3%B3naco%2C_2016-06-23%2C_DD_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7973" data-file-height="4871" /></a><figcaption>Monaco</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>European microstate</b> or <b>European ministate</b> is a very small <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. In modern usage, it typically refers to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">six smallest states in Europe by area</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Vatican City are <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> (Vatican City is an elective monarchy ruled by the Pope). These states trace their status back to the first millennium or the early second millennium except for Liechtenstein, created in the 17th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">Microstates</a> are small independent states recognised by larger states. According to the qualitative definition suggested by Zbigniew Dumieński (2014), microstates can also be viewed as "modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In line with this definition, only Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino qualify as "microstates" as only these states are sovereignties functioning in close, but voluntary, association with their respective larger neighbours. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, which is far larger than all the European microstates combined, nonetheless shares some of these characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_states_often_labelled_as_microstates">List of states often labelled as microstates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of states often labelled as microstates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>These may or may not be considered microstates.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Capital city </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Area </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/20px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/40px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="911" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> </td> <td>468 km<sup>2</sup> (181 sq mi) </td> <td>The Principality of Andorra used to be a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> remnant high in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdom</a> held jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">Count of Foix</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, with a population of approximately 89,000. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">County of Foix</a> merged into the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French Crown</a> in 1607 and thus the King of France and then the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> took the place of the Count of Foix. Since 1993 Andorra has been a parliamentary democracy, but it maintains two Co-Princes, one being France's elected head of state and the other being the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a>. It has been independent since 1278. <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> is its sole official language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/20px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/30px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/40px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="352" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> </td> <td>160 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi) </td> <td>The Principality of Liechtenstein is the sole remaining <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, having been created out of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schellenberg" title="Schellenberg">Schellenberg</a> in 1719 as a sovereign fief for the wealthy Austrian <a href="/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Family of Liechtenstein">House of Liechtenstein</a>. Its population is over 35,000. Owing to its geographic position between <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, it was not swallowed up during the reorganisation of Germany following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and avoided incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> later in the 19th century. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/20px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/30px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/40px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td> <td>316 km<sup>2</sup> (122 sq mi) </td> <td>The Republic of Malta is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of seven islands in the central <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and has a population of around 446,000 (2013 estimate),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning it has a larger population than several non-microstates, notably <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> which has a population of around 325,000 (2014 estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People first arrived about 5200 BC from the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. It gained <a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> in 1964, and became a republic in 1974. Malta is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the only microstate to be a full member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/20px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/30px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/40px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None (city-state) </td> <td>2.02 km<sup>2</sup> (0.78 sq mi) </td> <td>The Principality of Monaco on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">House of Grimaldi</a> since the 13th century, achieved full independence only following the cession of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a> region from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmont</a> to France in 1860. <p>Monaco is located on the Mediterranean Sea, tucked into the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Alps" title="Maritime Alps">Maritime Alps</a> and has a population of around 35,000. Its constitutional monarchy is led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Prince Albert II</a>. The population is 95% Roman Catholic. French, English, Italian, and <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Monégasque language">Monégasque</a> are the most widely spoken languages. Its economy is based on light manufacturing, banking and financial services, shipping and trade, R&D in biotechnology, marine environments, and tourism. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/20px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/30px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/40px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">Città di San Marino</a> </td> <td>61 km<sup>2</sup> (24 sq mi) </td> <td>The Republic of San Marino,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a> of San Marino,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the oldest surviving sovereign constitutional <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the continuation of a monastic community founded in 301 A.D. and is the last survivor of a large number of self-governing Italian communes from the Middle Ages, having survived the consolidation of Italy into medium-sized territorial states in the 15th century and the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> in the 19th century, largely owing to its remote location in a valley of the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine mountains">Apennines</a> and its decision to offer sanctuary to leaders of the unification movement. It has a population of approximately 30,000. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">None (city-state) </td> <td>0.49 km<sup>2</sup> (0.19 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A sovereign Vatican state was established by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929 between the Pope and the government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, in which the Pope recognised the Italian state in exchange for establishing <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and recognition of the Pope's sovereignty over a tiny state entirely surrounded by the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Its population is about 800, of whom about 450 reside in its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> is a unique sovereign entity under international law distinct from Vatican City with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> as the head of both, maintaining diplomatic and official relations with over 170 states and entities and participating in various <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisations</a> either in its own capacity or on behalf of Vatican City. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_policies_and_relationship_with_the_European_Union">Economic policies and relationship with the European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic policies and relationship with the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG/220px-Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG/330px-Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG/440px-Maria_Enzersdorf_-_Burg_Liechtenstein_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4650" data-file-height="2846" /></a><figcaption>Liechtenstein castle</figcaption></figure> <p>The European microstates are all of limited size and population. They also have limited natural resources. As a result, they often have adopted special economic policies, typically involving low levels of taxation and few restrictions on external financial investment. Malta is a full member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, while the other five European microstates have obtained special <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">relations with the European Union</a> and San Marino, Andorra and Monaco are part of the <a href="/wiki/EU_customs_union" class="mw-redirect" title="EU customs union">EU customs union</a> while Liechtenstein is in a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_entities_and_definitions">Similar entities and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar entities and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png/220px-LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png/330px-LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Luxembourg territorial changes over the centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg/220px-Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg/330px-Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg/440px-Malta_from_space_via_laser_ESA378503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5046" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>The island nation of Malta in the Mediterranean is the smallest EU Member</figcaption></figure> <p>What countries are microstates is not clearly defined. However, some institutions use specific definitions. Two institutions, the World Bank and the IMF, define them as states with a population of no more than 200,000. However, others have focused on area, not population. The larger microstates are less likely to be considered such, and while Malta may sometimes be considered one, it is not common to describe Iceland, Montenegro, or Luxembourg as microstates. These are more likely to be deemed a <i><a href="/wiki/Small_state" title="Small state">small state</a></i>, which has been defined as a state of fewer than 1.5 million people, though some go as high as several million if the state has limited land area. </p><p>The World Bank uses a threshold of 1.5 million people to describe a small state, and less than 200,000 for microstates.<sup id="cite_ref-wb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have suggested that a microstate has up to one million in population, and one as 1.5 million, but that is also used as threshold for small states, not microstates.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Bank settled on 200 thousand for a microstate as does the IMF.<sup id="cite_ref-wb_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A microstate has also been defined as less than the 100 thousand population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Czech study on microstates in the year 2000 defined three sizes of microstate and one subtype. The Czech definition focuses on land area, but also noted population: </p> <ol><li>small microstates (0–100 km<sup>2</sup>),</li> <li>medium microstates (100–500 km<sup>2</sup>),</li> <li>large microstates (500–1000 km<sup>2</sup>),</li></ol> <p>with a fourth category for large microstate with a large population.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A paper in 2020 discussed the history of the smallest European states, and compared Malta and Cyprus to Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino.<sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Including both traditional microstates and small states in the European region yields several more examples, such as Cyprus, Luxembourg, and Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cyprus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup id="cite_ref-simpson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-simpson_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a><sup id="cite_ref-compare_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compare-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependencies_and_autonomous_areas">Dependencies and autonomous areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dependencies and autonomous areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg/220px-20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg/330px-20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg/440px-20211117.Gibraltar.-021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4662" /></a><figcaption>Gibraltar</figcaption></figure> <p>While the microstates have sovereignty over their own territory, there are also a number of small <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous territories</a>, which, despite having (in almost all cases) their own independent government, executive branch, legislature, judiciary, police, and other trappings of independence, are nonetheless under the sovereignty of another <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Finland#Åland" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Finland">autonomous county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a>), a part of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, consisting of three separate sub-jurisdictions: <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a> (British Crown Dependency), a part of the Channel Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm#Home_rule_and_self_rule" title="Danish Realm">self-governing territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Kingdom of Denmark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (British Overseas Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (British Crown Dependency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> (autonomous monastic community in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_areas_by_country" title="List of autonomous areas by country">List of autonomous areas by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_(various).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">lay order</a> that is a sovereign entity under international law rather than a state. </p><p>Unlike the Holy See, which is sovereign over the Vatican City, the Order has no territory. However, its headquarters, located in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Priorato_di_Malta" title="Villa del Priorato di Malta">Villa Malta</a>, are granted <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a> by Italy, and the same status is recognised by <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> regarding its historical headquarters, located in <a href="/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St Angelo">Fort St Angelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Order is the direct successor to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, also known as the Knights of Malta, and today operates as a largely charitable and ceremonial organisation. </p><p>It has <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">permanent non-state observer status</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, has full diplomatic relations, including embassies, with 100 states,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is in more informal relationships with five others. It issues its own stamps, coins, passports, and license plates, and has its own <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Sovereign_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Sovereign Order of Malta">army medical corps</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_small_territories">Historical small territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical small territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wars of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> caused the European map to be redrawn several times. A number of short-lived <a href="/wiki/French_client_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French client republic">client republics</a> were created, and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> gave sovereignty to each of its many surviving <i><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Kleinstaaten</a></i>. The situation was not stabilised until after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> a number of territories gained temporary status as <a href="/wiki/International_zone" title="International zone">international zones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> or occupied territories. A few of them are mentioned here: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Historical small territories </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Start date </th> <th scope="col">End date </th> <th scope="col">Modern-day state(s) </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Couto_Misto" title="Couto Misto">Couto Misto</a></td> <td>10th century</td> <td>1868</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>Independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></td> <td>840</td> <td>1137</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>The Duchy survived the withdrawal of the Byzantine Empire and remained independent until subsumed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> in 1137 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></td> <td>1160</td> <td>1805</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>The Republic was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Principality of Lucca and Piombino</a> (a client state of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>) between 1805 and 1815, and formed the independent <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> between 1815 and 1847, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></td> <td>1274</td> <td>1633</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senarica" title="Senarica">Senarica</a></td> <td>1343</td> <td>1797</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>Smallest independent state to hold that distinction for so long </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gersau" title="Gersau">Gersau</a></td> <td>1433</td> <td>1798</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Republic of Mulhouse</a></td> <td>1347</td> <td>1798</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></td> <td>1358</td> <td>1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></td> <td>1440</td> <td>1826</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>Created after an error by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> during the sale of territory to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>. A small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty and its inhabitants promptly declared themselves independent. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Republic of Saint-Malo</a></td> <td>1590</td> <td>1594</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Paulava" title="Republic of Paulava">Republic of Paulava</a></td> <td>1769</td> <td>1795</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>A completely independent <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> founded by a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian noble</a> <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Ksawery_Brzostowski" title="Paweł Ksawery Brzostowski">Paweł Ksawery Brzostowski</a> with its own President, parliament, laws and army. The state was recognised by the Grand Duke and King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></td> <td>1798</td> <td>1800</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gozo (region)">Gozo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Kraków">Free City of Kraków</a></td> <td>1815</td> <td>1846</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a></td> <td>1816</td> <td>1920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">Kelmis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>Neutral Moresnet was a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> over a disputed zinc mine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Free Cities of <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Menton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roquebrune-Cap-Martin" title="Roquebrune-Cap-Martin">Roquebrune</a></td> <td>1848</td> <td>1849</td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune</a> seceded from <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in 1848. In November 1849 they were annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>, and in 1861 were annexed by France. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kru%C5%A1evo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kruševo">Republic of Kruševo</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001903-08-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 August 1903</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001903-08-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 August 1903</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_Kru%C5%A1evo" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipality of Kruševo">Municipality of Kruševo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schwenten" title="Free State of Schwenten">Free State of Schwenten</a></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001919-01-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 January 1919</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001919-08-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 August 1919</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tno" class="mw-redirect" title="Świętno">Świętno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bottleneck" title="Free State of Bottleneck">Free State of Bottleneck</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001919-01-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 January 1919</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001923-02-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 February 1923</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td>1939</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaipeda_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaipeda Region">Klaipeda Region</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>The territory was placed under French control under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1920, but was occupied by Lithuania in 1923 in the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td>1924</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Territory of the Saar Basin</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td>1935</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>Following World War I, the Saar was a League of Nations mandate under French control, until a <a href="/wiki/Saar_status_referendum,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar status referendum, 1935">referendum in 1935</a> saw over 90% of voters opt to return to Germany. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a></td> <td>1945</td> <td>1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>Following World War II, France governed the Saar directly as a protectorate, surrounded by France proper to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#French_Zone_of_Occupation" title="Allied-occupied Germany">French Zone of Occupation</a> of Germany to the east. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a></td> <td>1947</td> <td>1954</td> <td>Divided between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>Trieste had been occupied by Italy following the end of World War I, and was notionally recreated as a Free Territory following the end of World War II, when it was divided between areas of Allied and Yugoslav control, formalised in 1954 with the Allied part being returned to Italy. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_dependencies">Historical dependencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical dependencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Heligoland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Heligoland</figcaption></figure> <p>Several historical territorial dependencies and colonies have also formerly existed in Europe, under the sovereignty of another <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> from 1807 to 1890), an island off the coast of Germany (of which it is now part)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_sports">Culture and sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture and sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> club <a href="/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC" title="AS Monaco FC">AS Monaco</a>, though based in Monaco, plays in the <a href="/wiki/French_football_league_system" title="French football league system">French football league system</a>. In contrast, Malta maintains its own <a href="/wiki/Maltese_football_league_system" title="Maltese football league system">league system</a> with a 14-team <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Premier_League" title="Maltese Premier League">top division</a>.</li> <li>Some of the European microstates are members of the <a href="/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe" title="Games of the Small States of Europe">Games of the Small States of Europe</a> (GSSE); several of the island dependencies compete in the <a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a>, alongside several other island dependencies from elsewhere in the world. Countries that participate at the Games of the Small States of Europe are: Andorra, Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and San Marino.</li> <li>Monaco (<a href="/wiki/Monaco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest">from 1959 to 1979 and 2004 to 2006</a>), Malta (<a href="/wiki/Malta_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest">since 1971</a>), Andorra (<a href="/wiki/Andorra_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Andorra in the Eurovision Song Contest">from 2004 to 2009</a>), and San Marino (<a href="/wiki/San_Marino_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest">debut in 2008, then from 2011 onwards</a>) are or were contestant countries of <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/San_Marino_national_football_team" title="San Marino national football team">San Marino national football team</a> is the lowest-ranked FIFA-affiliated national football team, and is widely considered to be the worst association football team of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe" title="Games of the Small States of Europe">Games of the Small States of Europe</a>, a biannual sports competition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cyprus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in <a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a> includes Cyprus in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klieger, P. C. (2012). <i>The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World</i>. Lexington Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDumieński2014" class="citation web cs1">Dumieński, Zbigniew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uniset.ca/microstates2/Microstates_OccasionalPaper.pdf">"Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Occasional Paper. Centre for Small State Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microstates+as+Modern+Protected+States%3A+Towards+a+New+Definition+of+Micro-Statehood&rft.series=Occasional+Paper&rft.pub=Centre+for+Small+State+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dumie%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiset.ca%2Fmicrostates2%2FMicrostates_OccasionalPaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccardt2017" class="citation book cs1">Eccardt, Thomas M. (26 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQFzO_v_uwwC"><i>Secrets of the Seven Smallest States of Europe: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781810326" title="Special:BookSources/9780781810326"><bdi>9780781810326</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Seven+Smallest+States+of+Europe%3A+Andorra%2C+Liechtenstein%2C+Luxembourg%2C+Malta%2C+Monaco%2C+San+Marino%2C+and+Vatican+City&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.isbn=9780781810326&rft.aulast=Eccardt&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQFzO_v_uwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184236/http://www.lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Population%2031-3-13.pdf">"Estimated Population by Locality - 31st March, 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Malta Government Gazette no. 19094. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lc.gov.mt/mediacenter/PDFs/1_Population%2031-3-13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Population+by+Locality+-+31st+March%2C+2013&rft.pub=Malta+Government+Gazette+no.+19094&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lc.gov.mt%2Fmediacenter%2FPDFs%2F1_Population%252031-3-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statice.is/?PageID=1390">"Key figures"</a>. Statistics Iceland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+figures&rft.pub=Statistics+Iceland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statice.is%2F%3FPageID%3D1390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521449/San-Marino">"San Marino"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 1 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=San+Marino&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F521449%2FSan-Marino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/europes-micro-states-04-san-marino/av-17804426">"San Marino is the oldest republic in the world"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=San+Marino+is+the+oldest+republic+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feuropes-micro-states-04-san-marino%2Fav-17804426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpJXsBX_6uUC&q=vaticano">De Agostini Atlas Calendar</a>, 1945–46, p. 128. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html">"Population"</a> (in Italian). Vatican City State. 1 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fsmallstates%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simpson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/content/identification-and-definition-microstates">On the Identification and Definition of Microstates By Archie Simpson vol. 74, no. 2, "Microstates and Small Island States in International Affairs" (Spring/Summer 2022) </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2013/09/jahan.htm">A Big Question on Small States Finance & Development, September 2013, Vol. 50, No. 3 Sarwat Jahan and Ke Wang</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100156777">Oxford Reference micro-state</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://czechpolsci.eu/article/view/34129">Big Systems in Small Countries (A Comparative Analysis) No.3(2000) Michal Kubát Petr Sokol </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compare-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-61537-6_27">European Regions, 1870 – 2020 Chapter Cyprus, Malta and Microstates: Andorra, Lichtenstein, Monaco, San Marino First Online: 21 August 2021 pp 371–383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916163852/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2001/03/13/after-two-centuries-the-order-of-malta-flag-flies-over-fort-st-angelo-beside-the-maltese-flag/">"After Two Centuries, The Order of Malta Flag Flies Over Fort St. Angelo, Beside The Maltese Flag " Sovereign Order of Malta - Official Site"</a>. Orderofmalta.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orderofmalta.int/2001/03/13/after-two-centuries-the-order-of-malta-flag-flies-over-fort-st-angelo-beside-the-maltese-flag/">the original</a> on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Two+Centuries%2C+The+Order+of+Malta+Flag+Flies+Over+Fort+St.+Angelo%2C+Beside+The+Maltese+Flag+%22+Sovereign+Order+of+Malta+-+Official+Site&rft.pub=Orderofmalta.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofmalta.int%2F2001%2F03%2F13%2Fafter-two-centuries-the-order-of-malta-flag-flies-over-fort-st-angelo-beside-the-maltese-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Order's official website lists them <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/">in this table</a> |date=19 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigaliūnaitė" class="citation web cs1">Grigaliūnaitė, Violeta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.15min.lt/pasaulis-kiseneje/naujiena/per-lietuva/paulavos-respublika-vieta-galejusi-tapti-lietuviskuoju-monaku-ar-lichtensteinu-642-430741">"Paulavos respublika: vieta, galėjusi tapti lietuviškuoju Monaku ar Lichtenšteinu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/15min.lt" class="mw-redirect" title="15min.lt">15min.lt</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=15min.lt&rft.atitle=Paulavos+respublika%3A+vieta%2C+gal%C4%97jusi+tapti+lietuvi%C5%A1kuoju+Monaku+ar+Lichten%C5%A1teinu&rft.aulast=Grigali%C5%ABnait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Violeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.15min.lt%2Fpasaulis-kiseneje%2Fnaujiena%2Fper-lietuva%2Fpaulavos-respublika-vieta-galejusi-tapti-lietuviskuoju-monaku-ar-lichtensteinu-642-430741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turistopasaulis.lt/paulavos-respublika-kas-tai/">"Paulavos respublika. Kas tai? - Lankytina vieta Merkinėje"</a>. <i>TuristoPasaulis.lt</i> (in Lithuanian). 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TuristoPasaulis.lt&rft.atitle=Paulavos+respublika.+Kas+tai%3F+-+Lankytina+vieta+Merkin%C4%97je&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turistopasaulis.lt%2Fpaulavos-respublika-kas-tai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dröge, Philip, <i>Moresnet</i>, Unieboek, Antwerp, Belgium, March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/sports/a/corey-pellatt/9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time">"9 Reasons Why San Marino Really Is the Worst Football Team of All Time"</a>. <i>www.complex.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.complex.com&rft.atitle=9+Reasons+Why+San+Marino+Really+Is+the+Worst+Football+Team+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fsports%2Fa%2Fcorey-pellatt%2F9-reasons-why-san-marino-worst-football-team-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+microstates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_microstates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uniset.ca/naty/news/econ_micronations.html">Article from <i>The Economist</i>, 24 December 2005, "Castles in the Air"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Microstates.htm">GlobaLex, "The Micro-States and Small Jurisdictions of Europe"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in 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Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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