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mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=et.wikipedia.org&uselang=et" class=""><span>Anneta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Konto_loomine&returnto=Kohasus" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub konto luua ja sisse logida." class=""><span>Loo konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sisselogimine&returnto=Kohasus" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub sisse logida. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logi sisse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sisselogimata kasutaja leheküljed <a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sissejuhatus" aria-label="Lisateave redigeerimise kohta"><span>lisateave</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_kaast%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste loend [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kaastöö</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_aruteluleht" title="Arutelu sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste kohta [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisukord" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kohasuse_käsitlused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasuse_käsitlused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kohasuse käsitlused</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kohasuse_käsitlused-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Kohasuse käsitlused"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kohasuse_käsitlused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kohasus_kui_alleeli_omadus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasus_kui_alleeli_omadus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kohasus kui alleeli omadus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohasus_kui_alleeli_omadus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaasuv_kohasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaasuv_kohasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kaasuv kohasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaasuv_kohasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohasus_populatsioonigeneetikas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasus_populatsioonigeneetikas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kohasus populatsioonigeneetikas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohasus_populatsioonigeneetikas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absoluutne_ja_suhteline_kohasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absoluutne_ja_suhteline_kohasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Absoluutne ja suhteline kohasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absoluutne_ja_suhteline_kohasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohasuse_omadused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasuse_omadused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kohasuse omadused</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kohasuse_omadused-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Kohasuse omadused"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kohasuse_omadused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kohasus_ajas_ja_ruumis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasus_ajas_ja_ruumis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kohasus ajas ja ruumis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohasus_ajas_ja_ruumis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohasus_kui_soodumus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasus_kui_soodumus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kohasus kui soodumus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohasus_kui_soodumus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohasuse_mõõtmine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohasuse_mõõtmine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kohasuse mõõtmine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohasuse_mõõtmine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kohasus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 39 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="صلاحية (أحياء) – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صلاحية (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecocokan" title="Kecocokan – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecocokan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Прыстасаванасць – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыстасаванасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptivna_vrijednost" title="Adaptivna vrijednost – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adaptivna vrijednost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Приспособимост (биология) – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Приспособимост (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptitud_(biologia)" title="Aptitud (biologia) – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aptitud (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_zdatnost" title="Biologická zdatnost – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologická zdatnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(Biologie)" title="Fitness (Biologie) – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fitness (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αρμοστικότητα – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμοστικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology) – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fitness (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptitud_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Aptitud (biología) – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aptitud (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfarto_(biologio)" title="Bonfarto (biologio) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bonfarto (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraginkortasun_biologiko" title="Eraginkortasun biologiko – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraginkortasun biologiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="برازش – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برازش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeur_s%C3%A9lective" title="Valeur sélective – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valeur sélective" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fitness (bioloxía) – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fitness (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%ED%95%A9%EB%8F%84" title="적합도 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적합도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Հարմարվածություն (կենսաբանություն) – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարմարվածություն (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sposobnost_opstanka" title="Sposobnost opstanka – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sposobnost opstanka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(genetica)" title="Fitness (genetica) – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fitness (genetica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כשירות – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כשירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitnesz" title="Fitnesz – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fitnesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Адаптивна вредност – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адаптивна вредност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biologie)" title="Fitness (biologie) – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fitness (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E5%BF%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="適応度 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="適応度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness" title="Fitness – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fitness" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dostosowanie" title="Dostosowanie – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dostosowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptid%C3%A3o" title="Aptidão – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aptidão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Приспособленность – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Приспособленность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology) – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fitness (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Адаптивна вредност – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адаптивна вредност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptivna_vrednost" title="Adaptivna vrednost – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adaptivna vrednost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelpoisuus" title="Kelpoisuus – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kelpoisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biologi)" title="Fitness (biologi) – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fitness (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1" title="ความเหมาะสม – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเหมาะสม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7ilim_de%C4%9Feri" title="Seçilim değeri – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçilim değeri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Пристосованість – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пристосованість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="進化適應度 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="進化適應度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89%E5%BA%A6" title="適應度 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="適應度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q331710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kohasus" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" 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accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kohasus</b> (ka <i>kohanemus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Villems_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villems-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>valikuväärtus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i>adaptiivväärtus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, inglise keeles <i>fitness</i>) on keskne mõiste paljudes <a href="/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia">bioloogia</a> harudes ja ta kirjeldab <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">isendi</a> või teatud tüüpi isendite <a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">hulga</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigimine" title="Sigimine">sigimisedukust</a> oma <a href="/wiki/Keskkond_(%C3%B6koloogia)" title="Keskkond (ökoloogia)">elukeskkonnas</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Populatsioon" title="Populatsioon">populatsioonis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kohasust võib väljendada <a href="/wiki/Kvantitatiivne_tunnus" title="Kvantitatiivne tunnus">arvuliselt</a> või vähemalt peab saama erinevaid kohasusi järjestada. </p><p>Kohasuse täpsemaid <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4%C3%A4ratlus" title="Määratlus">määratlusi</a> on väga palju<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, näiteks: "kohasus on <a href="/wiki/Suhe_(matemaatika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhe (matemaatika)">suhtarv</a>, mis näitab, kui edukas on <a href="/wiki/Sigimine" title="Sigimine">reproduktiivses mõttes</a> olnud isend võrreldes <a href="/wiki/Aritmeetiline_keskmine" title="Aritmeetiline keskmine">keskmise</a> isendiga populatsioonis tervikuna" <sup id="cite_ref-Villems_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villems-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Isendi sigimisedu võib võrrelda ka vaadeldava populatsiooni kõige edukama isendiga <sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Reproduktiivset edu ehk sigimisedu mõõdetakse tavaliselt sigimisikka jõudnud järglaste arvuna <sup id="cite_ref-Villems_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villems-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lihtsustatud teoreetilistes käsitlustes vaadatakse kohasust tihti kui isendite rühma tõenäosust elada paljunemiseni<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ühe isendi puhul vastab sellele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernoulli_jaotus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernoulli jaotus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kahe võimaliku väärtusega juhuslik suurus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: kas isend elab sigimiseani või ei ela. </p><p>Rääkida saab ka <a href="/wiki/Alleel" title="Alleel">alleeli</a>, osapopulatsiooni, <a href="/wiki/Genot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Genotüüp">genotüübi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Fenot%C3%BC%C3%BCp" title="Fenotüüp">fenotüübi</a> kohasusest. Alleeli kohasus väljendab vaadeldavat alleeli kandvate isendite (keskmist) kohasust, osapopulatsiooni kohasus on sinna kuuluvate isendite (keskmine) kohasus. Fenotüübi või genotüübi kohasus tähendab antud feno- või genotüübiga isendite (keskmist) kohasust <sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tihti räägitaksegi kohasusest pigem kui genotüübi omadusest ja mitte isendite omadusest. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kohasuse_käsitlused"><span id="Kohasuse_k.C3.A4sitlused"></span>Kohasuse käsitlused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse käsitlused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse käsitlused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohasus_kui_alleeli_omadus">Kohasus kui alleeli omadus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus kui alleeli omadus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus kui alleeli omadus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuna järgmisse <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lvkond_(bioloogia)" title="Põlvkond (bioloogia)">põlvkonda</a> päranduvad omaette tervikutena ainult alleelid, siis <a href="/wiki/Mikroevolutsioon" title="Mikroevolutsioon">mikroevolutsiooni</a> silmas pidades on hea rääkida kohasusest kui alleelide kohasusest<sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Isendid <a href="/wiki/Surm" title="Surm">surevad</a> või lõpeb nende <a href="/wiki/Olemine" title="Olemine">olemasolu</a> muul moel, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Bakter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakter">bakteril</a> <a href="/wiki/Pooldumine" title="Pooldumine">pooldumisega</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suguline_sigimine" title="Suguline sigimine">Sugulise paljunemise</a> korral segatakse omavahel ära ka genotüübid ja nad ei pärandu järglastele täpselt sellistena, nagu nad vanematel olid: kahe <a href="/wiki/Heteros%C3%BCgootsus" title="Heterosügootsus">heterosügoodi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ristamine" title="Ristamine">ristamisel</a> on järglaste hulgas oodata ka <a href="/wiki/Homos%C3%BCgootsus" title="Homosügootsus">homosügoote</a>. Ainult alleelid jäävad püsima. </p><p>Teisest küljest, igasugune sigimisedu kujuneb isendi fenotüübi kaudu. Lisaks vaadeldavale alleelile mõjutavad fenotüüpi ka teised alleelid, <a href="/wiki/Geen" title="Geen">geenid</a>, keskkond ning nende <a href="/wiki/Interaktsioon_(statistika)" title="Interaktsioon (statistika)">vastastikused mõjud</a>. Sellest tulenevalt võib erinevatel isenditel, kellel on sama alleel, olla väga erinev kohasus. Olgu geen, millel on alleelid A ja a, kusjuures A on <a href="/wiki/Dominantsus" title="Dominantsus">dominantne</a> a suhtes. Genotüüpi Aa kandvate isendite kohasus võib olla väga erinev aa genotüübiga isendite kohasusest, kuigi mõlemal on samasugune <a href="/wiki/Retsessiivsus" title="Retsessiivsus">retsessiivne</a> alleel<sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaasuv_kohasus">Kaasuv kohasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Kaasuv kohasus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Kaasuv kohasus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organismi <a href="/wiki/Geneetiline_info" title="Geneetiline info">geneetiline info</a> on suuresti sarnane, kui mitte identne (näiteks ühemunakaksikutel), tema sugulaste geneetilise infoga. Seega satuvad isendi alleelid järglaspõlvkonda ka tänu tema <a href="/wiki/Sugulane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugulane">sugulaste</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigimine" title="Sigimine">sigimisele</a>. Vaadeldav isend võib oma alleelide kohasust suurendada, aidates oma sugulastel sigida. Siin tuleb arvesse võtta ka seda, kui kauge sugulasega on tegemist. Täpsemalt, tuleb hinnata, et kui suur osa geneetilisest infost on ühise päritolu tõttu identne. Seda mõõdetakse suguluskoefitsiendi abil. <a href="/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene">Inimeste</a> puhul on suguluskoefitsient <a href="/wiki/Laps" title="Laps">lapse</a> ja vanema vahel 0,5, sest pool lapse geneetilisest materjalist tuleb ühelt vanemalt ja pool teiselt vanemalt<sup id="cite_ref-Teinberg_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teinberg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nüüd saab rääkida kaasuvast kohasusest (inglise keeles <i>inclusive fitness</i>). Selle moodustab organismi enda sigimisedu koos tema sugulaste sigimisedu tõusuga, mis on tekkinud tänu vaadeldava isendi abile<sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sealjuures sugulaste sigimisedud on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaalud_(statistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalud (statistika) (pole veel kirjutatud)">kaalutud</a> vastavate suguluskoefitsientidega<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kaasuva kohasuse kasutamine üksikisendi enda kohasuse asemel võimaldab paremini seletada mitmeid esmapilgul <a href="/wiki/Vastuolulisus" title="Vastuolulisus">vastuolulisi</a> olukordi, kus isend täielikult loobub sigimisest kellegi teise teenimiseks (näiteks <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6mesilane" title="Töömesilane">töömesilased</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Gadagkar_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadagkar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohasus_populatsioonigeneetikas">Kohasus populatsioonigeneetikas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus populatsioonigeneetikas"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus populatsioonigeneetikas" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Populatsioonigeneetika" title="Populatsioonigeneetika">Populatsioonigeneetika</a> kontekstis vaadatakse kohasust peamiselt kui genotüübi omadust ja seda mõõdetakse maksimaalse kohasusega genotüübi suhtes. Seega, maksimaalse sigimisedukusega genotüübi kohasus on 1 ja geneetiliselt letaalse genotüübi kohasus on 0. Geneetiliselt letaalseks nimetatakse sellist genotüüpi, mis ei võimalda saada sigimisvõimelisi järglasi. Nii määratud kohasuse juures võime rääkida selektsioonikoefitsiendist, mis näitab genotüübi vastu toimiva <a href="/wiki/Looduslik_valik" title="Looduslik valik">valiku</a> intensiivsust. Selektsioonikoefitsienti tähistatakse <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" /></span>. Selektsioonikoefitsiendi ja kohasuse <a href="/wiki/Liitmine" title="Liitmine">summa</a> on 1<sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Klassikaliselt uuritakse kohasust populatsioonigeneetikas ühe <a href="/wiki/Autosoom" title="Autosoom">autosoomse</a> <a href="/wiki/Alleel" title="Alleel">dialleelse</a> <a href="/wiki/Lookus" title="Lookus">lookuse</a> näitel<sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Saab eristada mitmeid kohasuse tüüpe<sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul><li>Püsiva kohasusega on tegu juhul, kui samas <a href="/wiki/%C3%96kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Ökosüsteem">ökosüsteemis</a> erinevate genotüüpide kohasuste suhted ajas ei muutu.</li> <li>Fluktueeruva kohasusega on tegu siis, kui genotüüpide kohasuste suhted muutuvad olenevalt keskkonnatingimuste perioodilisest muutumisest.</li> <li>Sagedusest sõltuva kohasuse puhul on genotüübi kohasus seda suurem, mida väiksem on tema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagedus_(t%C3%B5en%C3%A4osusteooria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagedus (tõenäosusteooria) (pole veel kirjutatud)">sagedus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absoluutne_ja_suhteline_kohasus">Absoluutne ja suhteline kohasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Absoluutne ja suhteline kohasus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Absoluutne ja suhteline kohasus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Absoluutseks kohasuseks nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Arv" title="Arv">arvu</a>, mis saadakse, kui vaadeldava isendite rühma <a href="/wiki/Arvukus" title="Arvukus">arvukus</a> mingis <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lvkond_(bioloogia)" title="Põlvkond (bioloogia)">põlvkonnas</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagamine" title="Jagamine">jagatakse</a> sellesama rühma arvukusega eelmises põlvkonnas<sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Vaadeldav isendite rühm võib olla näiteks teatud genotüübiga <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loomade</a> hulk populatsioonis. Kui põlvkonnad <a href="/wiki/Aeg" title="Aeg">ajaliselt</a> kattuvad, siis võib absoluutse kohasusena kasutada lihtsalt vaadeldava isendite rühma kasvukiirust (täpsemalt <a href="/wiki/Populatsioonid%C3%BCnaamika" title="Populatsioonidünaamika">populatsiooni lihtsa eksponentsiaalse kasvu</a> võrrandi parameetrit) <sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Suhteline kohasus leitakse uuritava isendite rühma ja teatud võrdlusrühma absoluutsete kohasuste suhtena. Tavaliselt valitakse selleks võrdlusrühmaks kõige edukamalt paljunev isendite rühm. Sellisel juhul on maksimaalseks kohasuse väärtuseks 1 ja minimaalseks 0.<sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suhtelist kohasust tähistatakse tihti tähega <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" /></span><sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kohasuse_omadused">Kohasuse omadused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse omadused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse omadused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohasus_ajas_ja_ruumis">Kohasus ajas ja ruumis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus ajas ja ruumis"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus ajas ja ruumis" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suur laste arv võib kaasa tuua väikse lastelaste arvu, näiteks siis, kui järglaste hulk ja kvaliteet on tugevalt negatiivselt seotud<sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kui käsitleda kohasust otseselt sigimisedukusena ehk arvestada paljuneja panust vahetult järgmisse põlvkonda, siis selline kohasus ei pruugi mikroevolutsioonilisi protsesse hästi kirjeldada juba ülejärgmises põlvkonnas. Seetõttu on mõnikord kohasust otstarbekam määratleda kui (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rilikkus" title="Pärilikkus">pärilikku</a>) panust mitme põlvkonna tagusesse või lausa määramatusse tulevikku. Üks võimalus selleks on nimetada teatud tüüpi isendite hulga kohasuseks <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5en%C3%A4osus" title="Tõenäosus">tõenäosust</a>, et selliseid isendeid (nende järglasi) on elus ka väga pika aja järel, näiteks saja miljoni aasta pärast<sup id="cite_ref-Thoday_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoday-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Taoline käsitlus teeb aga veelgi raskemaks kohasuse reaalse <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B5%C3%B5tmine" title="Mõõtmine">mõõtmise</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kuna sigimisedu sõltub keskkonnast ja keskkond muutub ajas, siis võib ka kohasus muutuda vastavalt konkreetsele ajahetkele. Samuti ei ole keskkonnatingimused populatsiooni ega ka isendi <a href="/wiki/Elupaik" title="Elupaik">elupaigas</a> täiesti ühetaolised, nii et isendi kohasus võib sõltuda ka tema täpsest paiknemisest<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sigimine on põlvkondade lõikes pigem multiplikatiivne protsess. See tähendab, et järgnevate põlvkondade sigimisedukused on tõepärasem korrutada, aga mitte <a href="/wiki/Liitmine" title="Liitmine">liita</a>. Näiteks kui <a href="/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene">inimesel</a> on kolm <a href="/wiki/Laps" title="Laps">last</a> ja igal lapsel üks lapselaps, siis kahe põlvkonna pärast on tal kolm, aga mitte neli järeltulijat. Sellest tulenevalt on pikaajalise keskmise sigimisedu loomulikumaks mõõduks mitte üksikpõlvkondade sigimisedude <a href="/wiki/Aritmeetiline_keskmine" title="Aritmeetiline keskmine">aritmeetiline keskmine</a>, vaid <a href="/wiki/Geomeetriline_keskmine" title="Geomeetriline keskmine">geomeetriline keskmine</a>. Seetõttu mõjutab pikaajalist kohasust ka tema <a href="/wiki/Hajuvusm%C3%B5%C3%B5dud" title="Hajuvusmõõdud">varieeruvus</a>: kui kahel alleelil on samasugune (aritmeetiline) keskmine kohasus, aga kohasuste hajuvus on erinev, siis mitme põlvkonna pärast on rohkem seda alleeli, mille kohasusel on väiksem hajuvus<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohasus_kui_soodumus">Kohasus kui soodumus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus kui soodumus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasus kui soodumus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juba realiseerunud sigimisedu asemel võib kohasust vaadata ka kui kalduvust või potentsiaali realiseerida teatud sigimisedu; kui <a href="/wiki/Keskv%C3%A4%C3%A4rtus" title="Keskväärtus">oodatavat</a> sigimisedu<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kohasuse_mõõtmine"><span id="Kohasuse_m.C3.B5.C3.B5tmine"></span>Kohasuse mõõtmine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse mõõtmine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Kohasuse mõõtmine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kohasuse <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B5%C3%B5tmine" title="Mõõtmine">mõõtmiseks</a> on vaja valida üks konkreetne <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4%C3%A4ratlus" title="Määratlus">määratlus</a>, mida oleks võimalik reaalselt rakendada. Alternatiivselt võib valida tunnuse, mis arvatavasti <a href="/wiki/Korrelatsioon" title="Korrelatsioon">korreleerub</a> hästi tegeliku kohasusega mingis mõttes<sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kui uurida genotüüpide kohasusi ühe dialleelse lookuse suhtes, tuleb mõõta genotüüpide sagedused vähemalt kahes järjestikuses põlvkonnas ja siis vaadata genotüüpide sageduste muutumist või uurida igas järglaspõlvkonnas kõrvalekallet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardy-Weinbergi_tasakaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardy-Weinbergi tasakaal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Hardy-Weinbergi tasakaalust</a><sup id="cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Paraku Hardy-Weinbergi tasakaalu kehtimisest ei järeldu genotüüpide võrdne kohasus<sup id="cite_ref-Lewontin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewontin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Samuti võib isendi kohasust kirjeldada lihtsalt kui tema järglaste arvu, sigimisikka jõudnud järglaste arvu või sigimisealiste järeltulijate arvu mitme põlvkonna pärast. Juhul kui järglaste ülelugemine ei ole võimalik või otstarbekas, võib isendi kohasuse lähendina kasutada mingit tema keha parameetrit või muud omadust. Näiteks võib isendi kohasus olla positiivses seoses tema <a href="/wiki/Eluiga" title="Eluiga">eluea</a> või kehamassiga<sup id="cite_ref-Tammaru_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kohasuse oluline komponent on tihti ellujäämisvõime. Seda komponenti on lihtsam mõõta: on reaalne üle lugeda iga genotüübi sagedus enne mingit <a href="/wiki/Eluts%C3%BCkkel" title="Elutsükkel">elutsükli</a> etappi ja siis pärast seda ning võrrelda <a href="/wiki/Elluj%C3%A4%C3%A4mus" title="Ellujäämus">ellujäämust</a><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptatsioon" class="mw-disambig" title="Adaptatsioon">adaptatsioon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutsiooni_mehhanismid" title="Evolutsiooni mehhanismid">evolutsiooni mehhanismid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohanemine" title="Kohanemine">kohanemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohastumine" title="Kohastumine">kohastumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohastumus" title="Kohastumus">kohastumus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looduslik_valik" title="Looduslik valik">looduslik valik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96koloogiline_sobitumine" title="Ökoloogiline sobitumine">ökoloogiline sobitumine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohasus&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Villems-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Villems_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Villems_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Villems_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Villems. <i>Loengukursus evolutsioonilisest bioloogiast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624074224/http://www.ebc.ee/loengud/evol/">https://web.archive.org/web/20130624074224/http://www.ebc.ee/loengud/evol/</a> 02.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viikmaa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-0">2,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-1">2,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-2">2,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-3">2,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-4">2,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-5">2,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-6">2,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-7">2,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-8">2,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-9">2,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-10">2,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viikmaa_2-11">2,11</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mart Viikmaa (toim. Ivar Puura). 2000. <i>Kohasus ehk genotüübi adaptiivväärtus</i>, Adaptatsiooni teooria. Tartu, EPMÜ Zooloogia ja Botaanika Instituut, kirjastus OÜ Sulemees, lk 22–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610005619/http://biomedicum.ut.ee/~martv/kohasus">https://web.archive.org/web/20070610005619/http://biomedicum.ut.ee/~martv/kohasus</a> 07.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-4">3,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-5">3,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-6">3,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orr_3-7">3,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Allen Orr. 2009. <i>Fitness and its role in evolutionary genetics</i>. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, lk 531–539. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753274/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753274/</a> 07.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James S.F. (Stuart) Barker (toim. J. van der Werf jt.). 2009. <i>Defining fitness in natural and domesticated populations</i>, Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. lk 3–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie1_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Gillespie. 2004. <i>Population genetics: a concise guide</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press, USA. lk 61–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tammaru-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-2">6,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-3">6,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-4">6,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-5">6,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-6">6,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tammaru_6-7">6,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Toomas Tammaru. <i>Evolutsiooniline ökoloogia</i>, 1.-2. loeng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lepo.it.da.ut.ee/~tammarut/evol.htm">http://lepo.it.da.ut.ee/~tammarut/evol.htm</a> 02.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teinberg-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Teinberg_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Teinberg (toim. M. Viikmaa). 1978. <i>Põllumajandusloomade geneetika</i>. Tallinn, "Valgus" lk 231 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021554/http://kodu.ut.ee/~masso/Teinberg2.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021554/http://kodu.ut.ee/~masso/Teinberg2.htm</a> 13.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stearns_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen C. Stearns, Rolf F. Hoekstra. 2005. <i>Evolution: an introduction</i>, second edition. New York, Oxford University Press Inc. lk 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gadagkar-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gadagkar_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raghavendra Gadagkar. 1997. <i>Survival strategies: cooperation and conflict in animal societies</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, Harvard University Press. lk 95–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan O.S. Gillespie, Andrew F. Russell, Virpi Lummaa. 2008. <i>When fecundity does not equal fitness: evidence of an offspring quantity versus quality trade-off in pre-industrial humans</i>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 275 lk 713–722 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1635/713.full">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1635/713.full</a> 16.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoday-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thoday_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Thoday. 1953. <i>Components of fitness</i>. Symposia of the society for experimental biology, 7, lk 96–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Rosenberg, Frederic Bouchard (toim. Edward N. Zalta). 2010. <i>Fitness</i>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/fitness/">http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/fitness/</a> 02.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewontin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. C. Lewontin, C. Clark Cockerham. 1959. <i>The goodness-of-fit test for detecting natural selection in randomly mating populations</i>. 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