The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NERW281ny9MBob4hN195KXGAXS93YetZqON9B4j0ZPXcM4FaH0yc532Pm6p8YGZx"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NERW281ny9MBob4hN195KXGAXS93YetZqON9B4j0ZPXcM4FaH0yc532Pm6p8YGZx"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="NERW281ny9MBob4hN195KXGAXS93YetZqON9B4j0ZPXcM4FaH0yc532Pm6p8YGZx"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." 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class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Journal of anatomy"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22J+Anat%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22J+Anat%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=J Anat" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="J Anat"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22J+Anat%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="J Anat"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" 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href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bonner+LL&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="L L Bonner">L L Bonner</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Scott+JE&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="J E Scott">J E Scott</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Marshall+SD&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="S D Marshall">S D Marshall</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Franciscus+RG&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R G Franciscus">R G Franciscus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Southard+TE&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="T E Southard">T E Southard</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button 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</span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">25865897</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC4450959&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4450959/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC4450959 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1111/joa.12307&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1111/joa.12307 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">N E Holton</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> J Anat<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2015 Jun</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/25865897/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" 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IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bonner+LL&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="L L Bonner">L L Bonner</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Scott+JE&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="J E Scott">J E Scott</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Marshall+SD&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="S D Marshall">S D Marshall</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Franciscus+RG&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="R G Franciscus">R G Franciscus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Southard+TE&cauthor_id=25865897" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="T E Southard">T E Southard</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">25865897</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC4450959&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4450959/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC4450959 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1111/joa.12307&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12307" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1111/joa.12307 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/25865897/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/25865897/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button 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id="eng-abstract"> <p> The presence of a prominent chin in modern humans has been viewed by some researchers as an architectural adaptation to buttress the anterior corpus from bending stresses during mastication. In contrast, ontogenetic studies of mandibular symphyseal form suggest that a prominent chin results from the complex spatial interaction between the symphysis and surrounding soft tissue and skeletal anatomy during development. While variation in chin prominence is clearly influenced by differential growth and spatial constraints, it is unclear to what degree these developmental dynamics influence the mechanical properties of the symphysis. That is, do ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape result in increased symphyseal bending resistance? We examined ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties and shape of the symphysis using subjects from a longitudinal cephalometric growth study with ages ranging from 3 to 20+ years. We first examined whether ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape were correlated with symphyseal vertical bending and wishboning resistance using multivariate regression. Secondly, we examined ontogenetic scaling of bending resistance relative to bending moment arm lengths. An ontogenetic increase in chin prominence was associated with decreased vertical bending resistance, while wishboning resistance was uncorrelated with ontogenetic development of the chin. Relative to bending moment arm lengths, vertical bending resistance scaled with significant negative allometry whereas wishboning resistance scaled isometrically. These results suggest a complex interaction between symphyseal ontogeny and bending resistance, and indicate that ontogenetic increases in chin projection do not provide greater bending resistance to the mandibular symphysis. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> Homo; Mandibular symphysis; growth and development. </p> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> © 2015 Anatomical Society. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/3fb34f2d06f5/joa0226-0549-f1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="572" data-image-height="307" data-image-alt="Fig 1" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig01"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/17847b18583c/joa0226-0549-f1.gif" alt="Fig 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="572"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="307"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Examples of two 13-year-old male… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Examples of two 13-year-old male subjects who exhibit variation in mandibular growth resulting… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Examples of two 13-year-old male subjects who exhibit variation in mandibular growth resulting in morphological differences in mandibular symphyseal form. The individual in (A) is characterized by a pattern of forward mandibular rotation, while the individual in (B) exhibits backward mandibular rotation. Forward mandibular rotation is associated with greater vertical growth at the mandibular condyle and with a brachyfacial morphology (i.e. relatively shorter vertical facial dimensions, flat mandibular plane, reduced gonial angle, etc.). Backward mandibular rotation is associated with greater posteriorly oriented growth at the mandibular condyle. Individuals with greater posterior mandibular rotation exhibit a dolicofacial morphology (i.e. relatively longer anterior vertical facial dimensions, steep mandibular plane, larger gonial angle, etc.).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/412a991724ed/joa0226-0549-f2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="572" data-image-height="420" data-image-alt="Fig 2" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig02"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/f2820ddfea8d/joa0226-0549-f2.gif" alt="Fig 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="572"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="420"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Lateral cephalograms of a subject… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Lateral cephalograms of a subject at 6 years of age (A) and at… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Lateral cephalograms of a subject at 6 years of age (A) and at 17 years of age (B). External symphyseal contours in the same subjects are outlined in (C) and (D).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/08ed8aa2dda4/joa0226-0549-f3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="622" data-image-height="649" data-image-alt="Fig 3" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig03"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/337052e5fc88/joa0226-0549-f3.gif" alt="Fig 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="622"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Axes used to calculate second… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Axes used to calculate second moments of area. The <i> X </i> - and <i> Y… </i> </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Axes used to calculate second moments of area. The <i>X</i>- and <i>Y</i>-axes are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the mandibular plane, respectively. <i>I</i><sub>xx</sub> is calculated relative to the <i>X</i>-axis and <i>I</i><sub>yy</sub> is calculated relative to the <i>Y</i>-axis. <i>X′</i> and <i>Y′</i> are the axes for the major and minor principal axes, respectively. <i>I</i><sub>max</sub> is calculated relative to <i>X′</i> and <i>I</i><sub>min</sub> relative to <i>Y′</i>.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/01c02cec6161/joa0226-0549-f4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="622" data-image-height="593" data-image-alt="Fig 4" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig04"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/085f62540f29/joa0226-0549-f4.gif" alt="Fig 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="622"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="593"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Landmarks used to quantify mandibular… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Landmarks used to quantify mandibular shape. 1 = infradentale; 2 = B point;… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Landmarks used to quantify mandibular shape. 1 = infradentale; 2 = B point; 3 = pogonion; 4 = menton; 5 = genion; 6 = mandibular orale; 7 = gonion; 8 = articulare.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/978cda479db4/joa0226-0549-f5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="572" data-image-height="378" data-image-alt="Fig 5" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig05"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/5a4ab08b0290/joa0226-0549-f5.gif" alt="Fig 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="572"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="378"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Wireframe images illustrating mandibular shape… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Wireframe images illustrating mandibular shape variation (black wireframes) correlated with centroid size (A),… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Wireframe images illustrating mandibular shape variation (black wireframes) correlated with centroid size (A), scaled <i>I</i><sub>xx</sub> (B) and scaled <i>I</i><sub>yy</sub> (C). The gray wireframes represent the mean shape configuration.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/e7b13a9c988a/joa0226-0549-f6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="572" data-image-height="455" data-image-alt="Fig 6" data-pmc-id="PMC4450959" data-figure-id="fig06"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/887e/4450959/e675857a934b/joa0226-0549-f6.gif" alt="Fig 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="572"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="455"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Bivariate relationship between second moments… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Bivariate relationship between second moments of area and bending moment arm proxies. Males… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Bivariate relationship between second moments of area and bending moment arm proxies. Males (gray circles) and females (open circles) exhibit the same scaling relationships for vertical bending resistance (A and B) and lateral transverse bending resistance (C and D).</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/9438974/" ref="article_id=9438974&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="9438974" data-ga-label=""> Ontogeny, function, and scaling of the mandibular symphysis in papionin primates. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Vinyard CJ, Ravosa MJ.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Vinyard CJ, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Morphol. 1998 Feb;235(2):157-75. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199802)235:2<157::AID-JMOR5>3.0.CO;2-6.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">J Morphol. 1998.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">9438974</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26381610/" ref="article_id=26381610&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="26381610" data-ga-label=""> Symphyseal surface strain during in vitro human mandibular wishboning. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Pampush JD, Daegling DJ.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Pampush JD, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Am J Phys Anthropol. 2016 Feb;159(2):256-66. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22863. 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dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Biomechanical Phenomena" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Biomechanical Phenomena </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Biomechanical Phenomena"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Biomechanical+Phenomena%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Biomechanical+Phenomena%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Biomechanical Phenomena"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Biomechanical Phenomena"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link 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Child"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Child%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Child"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Child" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Child"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Child"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Child"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Child, Preschool </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Child, Preschool"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Child%2C+Preschool%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Child, Preschool"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Child, Preschool"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" 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keyword Chin / anatomy & histology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Chin%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Chin%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Chin/anatomy and histology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Chin / anatomy & histology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Chin" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Chin / anatomy & histology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Chin/anatomy and histology"[MAJR]" 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class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mandible%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mandible%2Fanatomy+and+histology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mandible/anatomy and histology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mandible / anatomy & histology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mandible" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mandible / anatomy & histology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mandible/anatomy and histology"[MAJR]" 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