CINXE.COM
UK Government Web Archive
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-gb" class="no-js"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/","20230923104553","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1695465953"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="initial-scale = 1.0" name="viewport"> <!-- tna_wp_head --> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"/> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.11 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>UK Government Web Archive</title> <meta name="description" content="We capture, preserve, and make accessible UK central government information published on the web from 1996 to present."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:title" content="UK Government Web Archive"/> <meta property="og:description" content="We capture, preserve, and make accessible UK central government information published on the web from 1996 to present."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="UK Government Web Archive"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-07-21T16:17:22+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2017/06/WORK-25_72-B3-A16-_2_1948-1952.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2359"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1049"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/","name":"UK Government Web Archive","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2017/06/WORK-25_72-B3-A16-_2_1948-1952.jpg","datePublished":"2017-06-20T12:19:46+00:00","dateModified":"2022-07-21T16:17:22+00:00","description":"We capture, preserve, and make accessible UK central government information published on the web from 1996 to present.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#primaryimage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2017/06/WORK-25_72-B3-A16-_2_1948-1952.jpg","contentUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2017/06/WORK-25_72-B3-A16-_2_1948-1952.jpg","width":2359,"height":1049,"caption":"Science Exhibition poster artist Robin Day"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/","name":"UK Government Web Archive","description":"Just another The National Archives site","inLanguage":"en-GB"}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://fonts.googleapis.com/"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="/web/20230923104553cs_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.2.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="classic-theme-styles-css" href="/web/20230923104553cs_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=6.2.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ds-cookie-consent-css-css" href="/web/20230923104553cs_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/plugins/ds-cookie-consent/dist/ds-cookie-consent.css?ver=6.2.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-parent-styles-css" href="/web/20230923104553cs_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/css/base-sass.min.css?ver=2.21" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-child-styles-css" href="/web/20230923104553cs_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-child-web-archive/css/main.min.css?ver=0.1" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tna-google-fonts-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400%2C400i%2C700%2C700i%7CRoboto+Mono%3A400%2C700&display=swap&ver=6.2.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/lib/jquery-1.11.3.min.js?ver=1.11.3" id="global-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/lib/modernizr.js?ver=2.8.3" id="modernizr-js"></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.website.live.local%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.website.live.local%2F&format=xml"/> <!-- end tna_wp_head --> <!-- Start tna head partial --> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.URI" content="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" name="DC.identifier"> <meta content="The National Archives - UK Government Web Archive" name="DC.title"> <meta content="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/copyright.htm" name="DC.rights"> <meta content="The National Archives" name="DC.publisher"> <meta content="The National Archives" name="DC.creator"> <meta content="en-GB" name="DC.language"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.IMT" content="text/html" name="DC.format"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.DCMIType" content="text" name="DC.type"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2017-06-20" name="DCTERMS.created"> <meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2022-07-21" name="DCTERMS.modified"> <meta content="Public Records, National Archives, History, Government, Documents" name="DC.subject"> <meta content="2000-2100" name="DCTERMS.temporal"> <meta content="England,Wales,UnitedKingdom" name="DCTERMS.spatial"> <meta content="The National Archives is the UK government's official archive. Our main duties are to preserve Government records and to set standards in information management and re-use." name="DC.description"> <meta content="MSHTML 6.00.6000.21352" name="GENERATOR"> <link title="The National Archives - latest news" href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/news.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"> <link title="The National Archives - new Freedom of Information releases" href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/foireleasesnews.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"> <link title="The National Archives - podcast series" href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/podcasts.xml" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"> <!-- Fav icon --> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/favicon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/favicon.png"> <!-- End tna head partial --> <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js for IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries --> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <!-- Manage Google Analytics Cookies --> </head> <body class="home page-template page-template-page-level-1-landing page-template-page-level-1-landing-php page page-id-2"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T8DSWV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div id="ds-cookie-consent-banner" class="cookieConsent" role="region" aria-label="Cookie banner"> <div class="container" role="region" aria-label="Cookies on The National Archives"> <div class="row"> <p class="cookie_head">This website uses cookies</p> <p class="cookie-p"> We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. <br><br> We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. <br><br> This information will help us make improvements to the website. </p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/cookies/" id="btn_preferences" class="button">Set cookie preferences</a> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" role="banner"> <a id="skip-to-main-content" href="#breadcrumb-holder">Skip to Main Content</a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-5" id="logo-holder"> <button aria-label="Toggle menu" id="mega-menu-mobile"></button> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" class="visible-lg visible-md visible-sm"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-white.png" srcset="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-horizontal-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive logo"> </a> </div> <div class="col-xs-8 col-sm-2" id="mobile-logo-holder"> <button title="Main menu" aria-label="Toggle menu" id="mega-menu-pull-down" class="hidden-xs"><span>Menu</span></button> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/" class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-white.png" srcset="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-horizontal-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive"> </a> </div> <div id="global-search-desktop-component" class="gs-tna-base"> <div class="global-search-no-js-fallback desktop"> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/">Search our website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="global-search-mobile-component"> <div class="global-search-no-js-fallback mobile"> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/">Search our website</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav id="nav" role="navigation" class="navigation"> <div class="mega-menu clearfix"> <!-- NORMAL mega menu --> <ul class="main-ul"><li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about" class="toggle-sub-menu">About us</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about">About us home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/our-role/">Our role</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/">Visit us</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/opening-times/">Opening times</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/">What’s on</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/exhibitions/">Exhibitions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/visit-us/whats-on/events/">Events</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/get-involved/">Get involved</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/news/">News</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/commercial-opportunities/">Commercial opportunities</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/" class="toggle-sub-menu">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/">Education home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?time-period=medieval,early-modern,empire-and-industry,victorians,early-20th-century,interwar,second-world-war,postwar">Time periods</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?resource-type=lesson">Lessons</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/sessions-and-resources/?resource-type=workshop">Workshops</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/teachers/professional-development/">Professional development</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/teachers/">For teachers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/students/">For students</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research" class="toggle-sub-menu">Help with your research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research">Help with your research home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Search Discovery, our catalogue</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/start-here/">Start your research here</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides-keywords/">Research guides A-Z</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/?research-category=online">Online collections</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">UK Government Web Archive</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/british-citizenship-services/">British citizenship services</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/record-copying/">Record copying</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/" class="toggle-sub-menu">Information management</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/">Information management home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/browse-guidance-standards/">Guidance and standards A-Z</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/">Copyright</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/manage-information/">How to manage your information</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/">Re-using PSI</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/producing-official-publications/">Producing official publications</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/legislation/">Legislation and regulations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/training/">Training</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector" class="toggle-sub-menu">Archives sector</a> <ul class="sub-menu"><li class="mobile-home-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector">Archives sector home</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/our-archives-sector-role/historical-manuscripts-commission/">Historical Manuscripts Commission</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/finding-funding/">Finding funding</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/projects-and-programmes/">Projects and programmes</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/case-studies-and-research-reports/">Case studies and research reports</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/advice-and-guidance/">Operating your archive</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archives-sector/our-archives-sector-role/">Our role in the archives sector</a></li> </ul></li> <li><div class="toggle-sub-menu" id="more-link">More…</div> <ul class="sub-menu"><li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://shop.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Shop</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Image library</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Blog</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Podcasts and videos</a></li> <li><a data-gtm="mega-menu" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li></ul></li> </ul> <!-- end mega-menu --> </div> </nav> <div id="breadcrumb-holder" class="tna-breadcrumb" tabindex="-1"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="breadcrumbs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Home</a> <span class="sep">></span> <span>UK Government Web Archive</span> </div><!-- .breadcrumbs --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="primary" class="level-one"> <div class="container"> <div class="row" role="banner"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="banner feature-img feature-img-bg" style="background-image: url(/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2017/06/WORK-25_72-B3-A16-_2_1948-1952-1196x288.jpg);"> <div class="entry-header"> <h1>UK Government Web Archive</h1> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="tag-line"> <p>We capture, preserve and make accessible UK central government information published on the web. The Web Archive includes videos, tweets, images and websites dating from 1996 to the present day.</p> </div> </div> <div class="feature-img-caption img-caption-top"> <button class="eye_caption" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="View image description"><span class="sr-only">Feature image caption</span><span class="icon-circle icon-info icon-size-44"></span></button> <div class="image_caption_back" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="clearfix">Science Exhibition poster artist Robin Day</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=35505&index=17&total=18&view=viewSearchItem" target="_blank"> View in the image library </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" role="main"> <div class="row equal-heights"> <div class="col-md-6 box-half box"> <article> <div class="entry-header"> <h2> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/find-a-website/"> Find archived websites </a> </h2> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p>Find archived websites by browsing our A-Z list or by using our full text search facility. Learn about the limitations of archived websites and see legal information about re-using web archive content.</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-6 box-half box"> <article> <div class="entry-header"> <h2> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/find-archived-uk-government-social-media-channels-in-the-uk-government-web-archive/"> Find archived social media channels </a> </h2> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p>Find archived Twitter, YouTube and Flickr channels by browsing our access pages or using our full text search facility.</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-6 box-half box"> <article> <div class="entry-header"> <h2> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/archive-a-website/"> Archive a website or social media channel </a> </h2> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p>Find out how to get a website or social media channel added to our archiving programme. Discover how to link to archived websites and see technical information about how to make your website archive compliant. Read about our take down process and learn what to do if your website is closing.</p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-6 box-half box"> <article> <div class="entry-header"> <h2> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/about/"> About the UK Government Web Archive </a> </h2> </div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p>Read general information about the web archiving programme. Find out how to contact us and see our accessibility statement.</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer</h2> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="container"> <div class="row newsletter-content"> <div class="col-md-1"> <div class="news-icon"> <div class="icon-circle icon-envelope icon-size-64"></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-11"> <div class="news-content" id="newsletterAccessibility"> <h3>Sign me up to The National Archives' mailing list</h3> <p>Subscribe now for regular news, updates and priority booking for events.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/email-updates/" class="button">Sign up</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3 col-lg-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-square-white-logo.png" srcset="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/tna-square-white-logo.svg" alt="The National Archives" class="img-responsive square-logo"> <address> The National Archives<br/> Kew, Richmond<br/> TW9 4DU </address> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Find out more</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/press-room/">Press room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/jobs/">Jobs and careers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/get-involved/friends-of-the-national-archives/">Friends of The National Archives</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Websites</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Podcasts and videos</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://shop.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Shop</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Image library</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">UK Government Web Archive</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/" target="_blank" title="Opens a new window">Legislation.gov.uk <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Find case law</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/" target="_blank" title="Opens a new window">The Gazette <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Site help</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/a-to-z/">Website A-Z index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/web-accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-6"> <h3>Legal</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/">Terms of use</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/privacy.htm">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/cookies/">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/freedom-of-information/">Freedom of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/about/our-role/transparency/">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/legal/our-fees.htm">Our fees</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12"> <h3>Follow us</h3> <div class="follow-us"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://twitter.com/@UKNatArchives" title="Follow us on Twitter - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/twitter.png" alt="Twitter logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.youtube.com/c/TheNationalArchivesUK" title="Follow us on YouTube - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/youtube-play.png" alt="YouTube logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives" title="Follow us on Flickr - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/flickr.png" alt="Flickr logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.facebook.com/TheNationalArchives" title="Follow us on Facebook - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/facebook.png" alt="Facebook logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.instagram.com/nationalarchivesuk/" title="Follow us on Instagram - Opens a new window" target="_blank"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/instagram.png" alt="Instagram logo"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/rss/" title="Follow us via RSS"> <img src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/social/rss.png" alt="RSS logo"></a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-col col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer-base"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9 col-md-9 ogl"> <img alt="Open Government License logo" src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/logo-ogl.png"> <p>All content is available under the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a>, except where otherwise stated </p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-3 gov-uk"> <a title="External website - opens in a new window" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/http://gov.uk/" target="_blank"> <img alt="GOV.UK logo" src="/web/20230923104553im_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/img/gov-uk.png"> <span class="sr-only">Opens a new window</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" id="ds-cookie-consent-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var object_name = {"templateUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/wp-content\/plugins\/ds-cookie-consent\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/plugins/ds-cookie-consent/dist/ds-cookie-consent.js?ver=1.0.0" id="ds-cookie-consent-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/lib/jQuery.equalHeights.js?ver=2.21" id="equal-heights-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/equalHeights.js?ver=2.21" id="equal-heights-var-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20230923104553js_/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna-base/js/compiled/tna-base.min.js?ver=2.21" id="tna-base-min-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923104553js_/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/react-components/dist/website-1.1.8.js?ver=2.21" id="tna-components-js"></script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 10:45:53 Sep 23, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 00:35:01 Nov 29, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.473 exclusion.robots: 0.027 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.008 cdx.remote: 14.96 LoadShardBlock: 236.591 (3) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 267.351 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 97.238 (4) load_resource: 157.592 -->