Remote Witnessing and Electronic Signatures

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cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Type of document</span></strong></p></td><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Method</strong></span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Legislation</strong></span></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Affidavits and statutory declarations</strong></span></p></td><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><u>In person witnessing</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Affidavits and statutory declarations can be signed electronically where the witness is physically present.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">See<em> Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld), Part 4, div 2 and 3 –specifically, ss <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.1B">1B</a> re “accepted method”, <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.13A">13A</a>, <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.16C">16C</a> and <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.16D">16D</a>; <em>Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 </em>(Qld)<em> </em>rr <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-1999-0111#sec.429W">429W</a> and <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-1999-0111#sec.429X">429X</a>.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><u>Remote witnessing </u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Affidavits, statutory declarations and oaths (except for oaths of office and oaths of allegiance) can be witnessed over AV link by special witnesses or prescribed persons.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Affidavits and statutory declarations that are witnessed over AV link can be physically signed or electronically signed, and/or made using counterparts, if witnessed by a special witness or prescribed person, with procedural requirements to apply.</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">After a witness confirms a document, witnessed via AV, the witness must give the document, a true copy or a counterpart of the document to the relevant person for the document.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">A document made, signed and witnessed under Part 6A starts to be effective when the signatory (or substitute signatory) signs the document even if the witness confirms the document on a later day.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">There are requirements to keep the original physical version of the document in addition to the official document.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">A ‘special witness’ includes:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">an Australian legal practitioner</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">a government legal officer who is an Australian lawyer and who witnesses documents in the course of the government work engaged in by the officer, and</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">a notary public; a Justice of the Peace or a Commissioner of Declarations who is employed by a law practice that prepared the document.</span></li></ul></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">See<em> Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld)<em> </em>ss <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.1B">1B</a> and <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.13A">13A</a>; Part 4, div 2 and Part 6A, div 2 and; <em>Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 </em>(Qld)<em> </em>rr <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-1999-0111#sec.429W">429W</a> and <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-1999-0111#sec.429X">429X</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">See specifically <em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld)<em> </em>Part 6A, <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#pt.6A-div.5">div 5</a>.</span></p><p><br></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.31V">s31V</a>.                  </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld) s <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.31W">31W</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld) ss <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.31B">31B</a> re “official version” and “original physical version” and <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.31Y">31Y</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld)<em> </em><a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.12">s 12.</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><u>E-conveyancing</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Electronic signatures on statutory declarations can only be used for a land or water dealing where electronic conveyancing or e-conveyancing is used.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Electronic Conveyancing National Law (Queensland) Act 2013 </em>(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2013-ecnlq#sec.7">s 7</a>.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><u>Physical signing and witnessing</u></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">If a statutory declaration is lodged or deposited in the land registry or register of water allocations, it must be physically signed and must otherwise be made, signed and witnessed in accordance with the Oaths Act.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Oaths Act 1867 </em>(Qld)<em> </em><a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1867-012#sec.31K">s 31K(2).</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Powers of attorney</span></strong></p></td><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">Businesses</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Powers of attorney for businesses (corporations, partnerships and unincorporated associations, but <strong>not</strong> sole traders) can be signed electronically, in counterparts and by split execution and without a witness.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><br></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Powers of Attorney Act 1998 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld)<em> </em></span><a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1998-022#ch.2-pt.3A"><span style="font-size: 18px;">ch 2 pt 3A.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">Individual - commercial</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">A general power of attorney for an individual under the <em>Powers of Attorney Act 1988</em> or a power of attorney for an individual <strong>given under a deed</strong> must be a physical document that is signed in the presence of a witness, unless:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">the document containing the power of attorney given by an individual under a deed is part of a commercial or other arm’s length transaction, and</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 18px;">the power of attorney is given for the purpose of the commercial or other arm’s length transaction.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">A document containing a power of attorney given by an individual under a deed may be characterised as part of a commercial or arm’s length transaction even if the document is <strong>executed at a different time, and is separate to,</strong> other documents that form part of the transaction.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><br></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Property Law Act 1974 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#sec.46A">s 46A</a>.</span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">General</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">A general power of attorney under the <em>Powers of Attorney Act</em> <em>1988 </em>or a power of attorney under a deed that is used for a land or water dealing must continue to be executed in accordance with the <em>Land Title Act 1994</em> and <em>Land Act 1994</em>.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><em> </em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Powers of Attorney Act 1998 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1998-022#ch.2-pt.3A">s 24D</a>.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Deeds</span></strong></p></td><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">Electronic signing</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Deeds can be made in the form of an electronic document and electronically signed when using an ‘accepted method’.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">An “accepted method” for electronically signing is a method which identifies the signatory and the signatory’s intention in relation to the contents of the document, is as reliable as appropriate for the purposes of the document and is consented to by all the signatories to the document.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Deeds do not need to be sealed or stated to be sealed, though it must contain a clear statement that it is executed as a deed.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Deeds can be made in counterparts and by split execution; each signatory can sign an identical copy of the deed that need not contain a signature of any other person who is to sign the document.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><em> </em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Property Law Act 1974 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#pt.6-div.1-sdiv.1">ss 44-46</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Property Law Act 1974 </em>(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#pt.6-div.1-sdiv.2">sub-div 2</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em> </em></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>Property Law Act 1974 </em>(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#pt.6-div.1-sdiv.2:~:text=represents%20the%20State.-,46H,Signing%20counterpart%20or%20true%20copy,-(1)">s 46H</a>.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">No witness</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">An individual can sign a deed on behalf of a partnership or unincorporated association without a witness.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><em> </em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Property Law Act 1974 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) </span><a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#sec.46E"><span style="font-size: 18px;">s 46E.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="63.65384615384615%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">Land and water dealings </span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Deeds lodged or deposited in relation to land and water dealings must continue to be executed in accordance with the <em>Land Title Act 1994 </em>and </span><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Land Act 1994.</span></em></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="36.34615384615385%"><p><em> </em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Property Law Act 1974 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) </span><a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#sec.46B"><span style="font-size: 18px;">s 46B.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Mortgages</span></strong></p></td><td style="width: 55.8047%;" valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><u><span style="font-size: 18px;">E-conveyancing</span></u></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">E-conveyancing allows instruments and documents needed for property transactions to be digitally prepared, signed, settled and lodged. The participation rules under the <em>Electronic Conveyancing National Law (ECNL) </em>provide that when a mortgage is lodged through e-conveyancing, the mortgagee must obtain and hold a duplicate of the mortgage on the same terms as the lodged mortgage signed by the mortgagor.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">The duplicate same terms mortgage can be made as an electronic document and signed electronically by the mortgagor or mortgagee, without the need for any witnessing, as long as it complies with s 11 of the <em>Property Law Act 1974</em>.</span></p></td><td style="width: 23.8234%;" valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><br></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Property Law Act 1974 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1974-076#sec.78A">s 78A</a>.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">The Property Law Act 2023 was recently passed by Parliament and is yet to commence. Accordingly, we have referenced provisions from the current Act. We will update the table with the provisions in the new Act once it commences.</span></em></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Wills, enduring powers of attorney and general powers of attorney executed by an individual, with the exception of those relating to a commercial transaction must be executed in the existing way and are not subject to changes by the <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2021-023" target="_blank"><em>Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2021</em></a><em> </em>(Qld).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Wills</span></strong></p></td><td valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Must be in writing and signed by the testator.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Cannot</strong> be witnessed electronically.</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Succession Act 1981 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) </span><a href="https://legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1981-069#sec.10"><span style="font-size: 18px;">s 10.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">Enduring powers of attorney </span></strong></p></td><td valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Must be in an approved formed and signed by the principal.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Cannot</strong> be witnessed electronically.   </span></p></td><td valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Refer to formal requirements in <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1998-022#sec.44">s 44</a> of the <em>Powers of Attorney Act 1998 </em>(Qld).</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="20.245398773006134%"><p><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">General powers of attorney not for a business</span></strong></p></td><td valign="top" width="50.76687116564417%"><p><span style="font-size: 18px;">Must be in writing and signed by the principal.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong>Cannot</strong> be witnessed electronically.</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="28.987730061349694%"><p><em><span style="font-size: 18px;">Powers of Attorney Act 1998 </span></em><span style="font-size: 18px;">(Qld) <a href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1998-022#sec.12">s 12</a>.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script> //$('p > .fr-video').wrapAll('<div class="fr-view"></div>'); 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