Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade - Just Security</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Kathryn Sikkink | The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics (W.W. Norton: 2012) by Chad M. Remus, a law student at New York University School of Law Kathryn Sikkink’s book, The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics, provides a personal, historical and empirical account of human rights […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2014-06-19T16:38:01+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/npth-cover.jpg?fit=1400%2C2101&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1400" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2101" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="19 minutes" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="Ryan Goodman" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/","name":"Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade - Just Security","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/npth-cover.jpg?fit=1400%2C2101&ssl=1","datePublished":"2013-08-09T08:19:08+00:00","dateModified":"2014-06-19T16:38:01+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/books-read/books-synopsis-justice-cascade-rights-prosecutions-world-politics/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/npth-cover.jpg?fit=1400%2C2101&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/npth-cover.jpg?fit=1400%2C2101&ssl=1","width":1400,"height":2101,"caption":"The cover of No Place to Hide by Glenn Greenwald. 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print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="border-title" id="js-title-early edition"><h3 class="widget-title">Early Edition</h3></div><h3 class="widget-title mobile-only">Early Edition</h3> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105075/early-edition-november-22-2024/" class="widget early-edition clearfix"> <div class="full-img-bg"></div> <div class="post-data"> <h4> <span class="month">November</span> <span class="day">22</span> <span class="year">2024</span> </h4> <span class="more-arrow">Curated News Roundup</span> </div> </a></div><main id="primary" class="client-ui clearfix" role="main"><h1 class="page-title">Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade</h1><p><em>Kathryn Sikkink </em>| The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics (W.W. Norton: 2012)</p> <p><em>by Chad M. Remus, a law student at New York University School of Law</em></p> <p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/KathrynSikkinkJusticeCascade.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-11763" style="float: left; margin: 0px 15px 10px 0;" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/KathrynSikkinkJusticeCascade-e1376037434258.jpg?resize=199%2C300&ssl=1" alt="KathrynSikkinkJusticeCascade" width="199" height="300" /></a></p> <p>Kathryn Sikkink’s book, <i>The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics</i>, provides a personal, historical and empirical account of human rights prosecutions in international politics. As discussed below, its themes have direct and indirect implications for U.S. national security law and policy. The author describes the justice cascade as the emergence of a “dramatic new trend in world politics toward holding individual state officials, including heads of state, criminally accountable for human rights violations.” Traditionally, the prevailing model was immunity for both states and officials. Following World War II, the immunity model began to erode and would be replaced as the dominant model by state accountability, which continues to dominate in human rights regimes. Finally, a model of individual criminal responsibility began to develop through human rights prosecutions, with all three models continuing in existence today. Throughout the book, Sikkink focuses on the role that individuals, NGOs and states have played in creating, developing, and responding to the justice cascade.</p> <p>In Part I, Sikkink examines the first instances, in Greece, Portugal and Argentina, of countries’ holding individuals accountable for human rights violations. In the Greek example, prosecutions were the result of a combination of external pressure, individual ambition, and state temperance. The external pressure stemmed from an Amnesty International report on torture which led to a claim against Greece, as a state, before the European Commission of Human Rights (ECHR). Individual accountability did not occur until Alexandros Lykourezos, an individual lawyer, utilized a Greek law allowing for civilian criminal prosecutions to charge the leaders of the military government with high treason. The government was then obliged to investigate the validity of these treason charges, and eventually successfully prosecuted several leaders. However, President Karamanlis refused to execute the military leaders, breaking from the traditional Greek political trials. Sikkink suggests that this decision gave the prosecutions more legitimacy in the long-term, because they could no longer be viewed as mere political vengeance.</p> <p>Sikkink contrasts the Greek case with the Portuguese trials, where prosecutions were viewed as less successful. Portugal was not a member of the Council of Europe, and thus could not be brought before the ECHR. While the Portuguese system also allowed for civilian-led criminal prosecutions, these were not utilized by individuals. This lack of external pressure, combined with the government’s decision to hand down weak punishments after speedy trials resulted in a negative public perception regarding the trials.</p> <p>While the prosecutions in Greece and Portugal were isolated and did not have a transnational impact, the prosecutions in Argentina had an effect that was felt across South America. Luis Moreno Ocampo was a young lawyer working on the prosecutions, and his team implemented a strategy of focusing on cases with sufficient evidence to sustain convictions, and then pursued the most attention-grabbing cases first. These first trials were highly publicized, capturing national and international media attention. They further instilled in the populace a sense of efficacy for the justice system and developed a national understanding of past abuses. When the prosecution encountered roadblocks in the form of amnesty laws, it sought international allies to gain leverage and bring pressure on their government from the outside, what Sikkink describes as the “boomerang effect.” In the Argentine example, domestic groups challenged amnesty laws before the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and successfully brought cases to foreign courts in Europe. Judges in Argentina also had relatively high levels of autonomy which allowed them to overturn laws by combining domestic and regional human rights law. These early prosecutions, particularly those in Argentina which were highly publicized, altered expectations of prosecutions, and likely emboldened the citizenry to demand justice.</p> <p>Part II examines the spread of individual accountability across regions and eventually, according to Sikkink, across the globe. While the end result of this “justice cascade” was the creation of the International Criminal Court, Sikkink focuses on the buildup to the Rome Statute and the efforts of individuals and organizations to develop norms and institutions to combat human rights violations. In 1968, Cherif Bassiouni authored a groundbreaking paper suggesting that individuals should have standing in international criminal law. This shift, spanning the three (previously) distinct fields of human rights law, humanitarian law, and international criminal law, affected accountability for perpetrators and reparations for victims. Bassiouni also drafted much of what would eventually become the Convention Against Torture (CAT) with a focus on individual perpetrators. Furthermore, Amnesty International played an invaluable role in convincing states to include a form of universal jurisdiction in the CAT, allowing for decentralized enforcement in any national judicial system against individuals.</p> <p>In the early 1990s, the UN Security Council resurrected the use of international tribunals, which had laid dormant since Nuremberg, first with the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Richard Goldstone, chief prosecutor for the ICTY suggested that several conditions needed to be in place for such a path-breaking tribunal. All of these factors converged in Yugoslavia; the Cold War had recently ended, media presented images of ethnic cleansing, and finally national and international NGOs were campaigning for the tribunal and swaying public opinion. The ICTY was important both for the resurrection of the use of international tribunals and for the impact that it had in the creation of other tribunals to deal with violations in Bosnia, Rwanda and Cambodia. The resolution of complex legal issues surrounding the ICTY, combined with the desire to prosecute individuals in Somalia and Syria, helped ease the US government’s reluctance to support an international criminal court. The US supported the original draft of the ICC which presented a relatively weak court. However, through the efforts of a large number of NGOs and the so-called Like-Minded Group of States (including Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and several European countries), the end result was a strong and independent court, which was capable of ratification without US support. While international prosecutions were developing rapidly throughout the 1990s, domestic and foreign prosecutions continued to play an important role in the justice cascade, most notably the British decision that former Chilean President Augusto Pinochet was not immune from extradition based on the CAT.</p> <p>In Part III, Sikkink uses empirical analyses to examine the effects of human rights prosecutions and considers whether the United States is immune to the justice cascade. The empirical analyses attempt to evaluate arguments presented by trial skeptics and enthusiasts, and to test conventional wisdoms about the impact of human rights trials. Sikkink finds that, contrary to conventional wisdom, prosecutions need not be brought immediately after transition in order to be effective. Another conventional belief is that a decision must be made immediately after the transition on how to proceed – whether to punish through prosecutions or to learn through truth commissions. The analysis shows that transitions are actually more effective when they <i>combine</i> these elements, rather than treat them separately.</p> <p>Latin America, which has seen the most extensive use of human rights prosecutions, is also the region that has had one of the most stable democratic transitions, according to Sikkink, suggesting that prosecutions help rather than hinder democracy. Sikkink found that human rights prosecutions improve a country’s record of violating physical integrity rights. This impact was stronger both for countries with a long history of prosecutions and for those with a larger number of prosecutions. Sikkink also refutes the belief that prosecutions will exacerbate internal conflicts-the theory being that both leaders and insurgent groups may entrench themselves in war for fear of prosecution after the end of the conflict. Sikkink suggests that the rule of law and human rights prosecutions can develop simultaneously, working as mutually reinforcing processes. Human rights prosecutions also appear to have a positive effect on placing the military under civilian control and diminishing a culture of impunity. The data suggests also that human rights prosecutions have a cross-border effect, improving the human rights records of neighboring countries.</p> <p>Sikkink examines the actions of the Bush Administration regarding torture post 9/11 to test whether the United States may be immune to accountability. She first examines the legal framework which binds the United States, both in international law through the CAT and the Geneva Conventions, and in domestic law through the War Crimes Act. Despite these legal obligations, the ICRC investigated actions taken at Guantanamo, and found the actions were “tantamount to torture.” Sikkink contends that many actions that seem to suggest American exceptionalism may have actually been taken in response to the justice cascade, in particular seeking immunities for CIA agents and narrowing the definition of torture. While senior officials have not been prosecuted, there have been prosecutions brought domestically before courts-martial against lower-level officials. There have also been attempts to prosecute senior officials overseas, and the threat of prosecution could make it difficult for these officials to travel internationally. According to Sikkink, these effects indicate the growing relevance of the justice cascade to deterring US violations of international norms.</p> <p>In sum, the <i>Justice Cascade </i>includes at least two discussions that relate to US national security law and policy. First, Sikkink suggests that individual norm entrepreneurs and civil society actors wield significant power in effectuating changes in international justice and accountability – a factor with which US policymakers would have to contend in navigating international affairs. Second, she provides an optimistic account of the effect of human rights prosecutions in foreign countries – an effect which the United States must take into account when determining whether to support either forms of immunity or accountability in dealing with crises in other countries.</p> <h4><a style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.22;" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/"><b>Harold Hongju Koh </b></a><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.22;">on Sikkink’s </span><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 2.22;">The Justice Cascade</i></h4> <blockquote><p>An eminent political scientist deploys rigorous empirical research to prove that world politics has witnessed a dramatic new trend toward holding individual state officials, including heads of state, criminally accountable for human rights violations. Reviewing decades of prosecutions in Latin American courts, judicial outcomes following transitions in Greece, Portugal, and Spain, and the work of international criminal tribunals, Sikkink concludes: (1) that countries with human rights prosecutions tend to have lower levels of repression; (2) that prosecutions tend to work better when paired with truth commissions; and (3) that on balance, human rights prosecutions do in fact tend to deter human rights violations (Harold Hongju Koh).</p></blockquote> <h4></h4> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/">Ryan Goodman</a> on Sikkink’s <i>The Justice Cascade</i></h4> <blockquote><p>Kathryn Sikkink’s <i>The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics </i>is an important book. It involves the kind of social science scholarship that can inform policymakers. But does it provide “actionable” empirical evidence? Or is it too soon to base policy recommendations on the book’s findings? Here are three sets of questions that cast doubt on some of the book’s central empirical claims.</p> <p><b style="color: #000000;">1. The world has experienced a “global” justice “cascade”?</b> It is questionable whether the spread of accountability systems is truly <i style="color: #000000;">global</i> or accurately described as a <i style="color: #000000;">cascade</i>. For example, with the exception of such places as Cambodia, the Asian region seems to have hardly experienced the cascade. And countries in Latin America appear to represent the bulk of positive cases. For researchers and policymakers, the question should not be what factors caused a <i style="color: #000000;">global</i> <i style="color: #000000;">cascade</i>, but rather what factors caused a regionally uneven distribution. And why has the spread been largely limited to those specific areas of the globe and to particular countries?<br /> <span style="line-height: 2;">The imagery of a cascade also suggests a unidirectional shift. There are, however, major setbacks that complicate such an account. Consider, for example, the outright rejection of universal jurisdiction at the Rome conference for the International Criminal Court, the revocation of universal jurisdiction in important national cases, and the lack of accountability for official torture policies during the George W. Bush administration.</span></p> <p><strong>2.</strong> <b>Idealistic individuals changed the world?</b> An alternative explanation that is not sufficiently tested in the <i>Justice Cascade</i> is that states and global power politics – not individuals, and not idealized norms – explain the rise of institutions such as the International Criminal Court. One needs more evidence and a research instrument specifically designed to test, for example, whether the Court’s formation primarily resulted from individuals (like Cherif Bassiouni) engaging in advocacy rather than alternative political explanations such as: the Court was largely the product of mid-level powers (e.g., some European states) acting in their political interest to counterbalance the United States.</p> <p><b>3. War crimes trials do not generate political instability?</b> Sikkink concludes that human rights trials tend to result in greater political stability and rights protections. Her conclusion is based on a correlation between trials and those political outcomes. That research design, however, does not exclude an equally, if not more, plausible explanation: the conditions that led countries to establish human rights trials (e.g., strong social institutions; a political culture of accountability) are the same conditions that led those countries to experience greater political stability and less repression. In other words, Sikkink concludes that A (human rights trials) caused B (less repression), but the truth may be that C (particular social and political conditions) caused both A and B to occur. In political science this potential oversight is called a “hidden variable” or “spurious correlation.” Among other implications, policymakers would be ill-advised to assume that trials will have such politically salutary effects when those other factors—particular social and political conditions—are absent.</p> <p>The <i>Justice Cascade</i> is a valuable contribution for policy-makers who must strategically take into account the international forces that generate accountability institutions and the political effects of such institutions on the ground. Identifying gaps in Sikkink’s analysis thus provides an important caution for drawing policy lessons from the book. Identifying such gaps also helps to illuminate research paths that the next generation of scholars might follow.</p></blockquote> <h4><span style="line-height: 2.22;"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></span>’<span style="line-height: 2.22;">s Review of Sikkink’s </span><i style="line-height: 2.22;">The Justice Cascade</i></h4> <blockquote><p><i style="line-height: 2.22;">The Justice Cascade</i><span style="line-height: 2.22;"> offers a sustained endorsement of the value and significance of human rights trials to address the rights violations of prior regimes. The book is rooted in a combination of quantitative and qualitative inquires combining case studies (Argentina, Greece, Spain and Portugal) with empirical database analysis systematically tracking domestic, foreign, and international criminal responsibility for past human rights violations. Sikkink makes a compelling case for a sustained trend to accountability. In doing so, she maintains positive trajectories for justice and democracy outcomes at the country level, and her findings contradict the skeptical positions of some scholars and policymakers who claim that the move to trial destabilizes regimes and undermines fragile democratic transitions. More provocative for some will be the claim that transitional countries in which human rights prosecutions take place are less likely to be repressive than countries without prosecutions.</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Sikkink builds her case around the conceptual frame of a “justice cascade,” contending that social entrepreneurs across multiple jurisdictions committed to individual criminal accountability have succeeded in thickening and enabling norm diffusion. The claim to the cascade phenomena is rooted in “the idea that the most basic human rights … cannot be legitimate acts of state” (p13); connected further to the associated position that persons who commit such crimes should be prosecuted; and ultimately tied to the parallel view that all criminal defendants are rights-bearing subjects who have fair trial protections. The book’s claim to individual accountability has its limits; it does not cover the gamut of civil and political rights but rather a more narrow set of physical integrity rights, namely those rights that directly harm the body. Sikkink teases out a puzzle of norm emergence, which posits the intuition that of all transitional justice mechanisms it seemed least likely that human rights prosecutions would have emerged dominant given overarching interests of state and sovereign immunity. At the heart of unpacking the trend and its causes, is the book’s claim that a “decentralized but interactive system of accountability for violations of core political rights with fragmented enforcement, primarily undertaken by domestic courts” (p18) is emerging.</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">A core strength of the book is its case studies. All are rich with insightful nuggets about individual impulses, the serendipity of particular political moments, the human tapestry of relationships that made for the connective tissue of norm diffusion in action. The little-known cases of Portuguese and Greek transitions are probed and revealed to the transitional justice universe. Tellingly both domestically and internationally the contributions of these trials are under-appreciated and contextualized in ways that do not “fit” easily with a triumphalist narrative on the emergence of global accountability. The Portuguese case is briefly acknowledged to have almost entirely ignored the systematic export of repressive measures to its colonial territories. That brief acknowledgement leaves open a wider set of conversations about the ethnocentric reading of and accountability for mass crimes which Pierre Hazan has cogently revealed in his book </span><i style="line-height: 2.22;">Judging War, Judging History</i><span style="line-height: 2.22;"> (Stanford University Press, 2010). The Greek study potently links the long local history of political trials as the frame of reference within which domestic constituencies (then and now) understand and place the prosecution of the military junta. The Spanish case directs the reader’s close attention to the pernicious effects of transitions by pact, and the long threads such agreements weave into the willingness to invoke criminal responsibility for human rights violators. In Argentina, Sikkink usefully demands that we think in elongated terms when measuring what constitutes a “successful” trial. Here, the reader is encouraged to think beyond the amnesty and pardons that came close on the heels of the initial criminal accounting. Instead, we are to look at the painstaking reconstruction of legal responsibility through innovative lawyering and the construction of memory politics utilizing law in the decades that followed. For Sikkink, the long-term subordination of the military to the democratic political system is intimately tied with the ongoing torrent of multi-layered accountability and constitutes a key measure of trial success. Thus, while her claims about the overall lowering of repression are linked to initiating trial processes, she acknowledges that there are a variety of social, institutional and policy mechanisms that contribute to a dense understanding of accountability in a democratic transition.</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">The book is written in a narrative style that connects highly personal story-telling with technical highly detailed data analysis. This duality infuses Sikkink’s narrative of the relevance of international criminal law. Here, a rich history of personalities and locales emerge — placing the human link in norm emergence at center stage. The key personalities flit between academia, NGOs, government appointments and international institutions forming a web of nebulous but effective relationships that spurs the growth of anti-torture, apartheid, disappearance and impunity norms. These norms become the bedrock upon which the multi-dimensional prosecution cascade is ultimately delivered. In all these sites, while setbacks and challenges exist they are muted in favor of a generally linear norm emergence story. The story is generally a triumphant one, emphasizing the upsides based on empirical data that underscores a measurable move to less political repression in these sites. While many agree that there are substantive political advances in transitional countries their optimism is more subdued. Challenges including the perniciousness of violence, the “quality” of the rule of law, the distributional inequalities that remain far beyond the transitional moment, and the lack of repair and reparation to victims are consistent motifs. The book celebrates a world in which “the political is not static” (p83). Individual criminal accountability is the product of innovation, persistence and endurance. The book broadly embraces the move by international NGOs to utilize both human rights norms and the law of armed conflict to hold both state and non-state actors accountable for serious breaches of international law. But some caution may be warranted here. The full implications of this embrace remain a work in progress. There is increased evidence that the move to embrace the laws of armed conflict, including the acceptance of the principle of distinction between combatants and civilians has had unintended consequences. The most forceful of these has arguably muted the willingness of certain prominent NGOs to fully and unequivocally critique the actions of democratic states in their targeting, detention and surveillance practices post 9/11.</span></p> <p><i>The Justice Cascade</i> makes a distinctively grounded contribution to the continuing debates concerning human rights accountability. The evidence garnered on democracy and rule of law provide some ground for optimism, but whether the substantive outcomes on the quality of democracy and justice in all sites are equal still inspires substantial critical energy. For many, the enterprise of transitional justice, including the institutionalization and professionalization of its empire has brought other complexities. These include the complexity of using law to curb violence, the “othering” of the subjects most likely to be in the contemporary gaze of criminal accountability, the utilization of criminal law to advance the interests of powerful states, and the dominance of legal form in addressing the production and control of cyclical violence in deeply divided polities. <i>The Justice Cascade,</i> while not directly engaging these issues, leaves open the productive space to consider them in the context of providing textured local histories and an abundance of data. For this alone the book is strongly recommended reading.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Further-Reading.png?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="206" height="90" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-662" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Further-Reading.png?resize=206%2C90&ssl=1" alt="Further Reading" /></a></p> <p> </p> <h1>Further Reading</h1> <blockquote> <ol> <li>Leslie Vinjamuri, “<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14754835.2012.675501#tabModule">Review of Kathryn Sikkink’s The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics</a>,” 2 <i>Journal of Human Rights</i> 11 (2012) 283<span style="color: #ff9900;"> <b>Mixed/neutral</b></span></li> <li>Bronwyn Anne Leebaw, “<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14754835.2012.675517">Review of Kathryn Sikkink’s The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics</a>,” 2 <i>Journal of Human Rights</i> 11 (2012) 301 <span style="color: #339966;"><strong>P</strong></span><span style="color: #339966;"><b><span style="color: #339966;">ositiv</span>e</b></span></li> <li>Jeremy Rabkin, “<a href="http://the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1110">The Justice Trickle</a>,” <i>The American Interest</i> (November/December 2011) <span style="color: #ff0000;"><b>Highly critical</b></span></li> <li>Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm, “<a href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=35060">On the Rise of Transitional Justice</a>,” <i>H-Human-Rights</i> (June 2012) <span style="color: #339966;"><strong>P</strong><b>ositive</b></span></li> <li>Peter Brett, “<a href="http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/15/review-the-justice-cascade/ ">Review – The Justice Cascade</a>,” <i>e-International Relations</i> (June 15, 2012). <span style="color: #ff9900;"><b><b>Mixed/neutral </b></b></span></li> <li>G. John Ikenberry, “<a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/133895/kathryn-sikkink/the-justice-cascade-how-human-rights-prosecutions-are-changing-w">The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics</a>,” <i>Foreign Affairs </i>(November/December 2011) <strong><span style="color: #339966;">P</span><span style="color: #339966;">ositive </span></strong>(blurb)</li> <li><b></b>Sebastiaan Faber, “<a href="http://www.albavolunteer.org/2012/09/perpetrators-on-trial-the-justice-cascade/">Perpetrators on Trial: The justice cascade</a>,” <em>The Volunteer</em> (September 16, 2012) <span style="color: #339966;"><b>Very positive</b></span></li> <li>David Scheffer, “<a href="http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/the-justice-cascade-kathryn-sikkink">The Argument for the Prosecution</a>,” <i>New Republic</i> (September 2011) <span style="color: #339966;"><b>Positive</b></span></li> <li>Charli Carpenter, “<a href="http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2012/04/book-review-justice-cascade.html">Book Review: ‘The Justice Cascade’</a>,” <i>The Duck of Minerva</i> (April 2012) <span style="color: #339966;"><b>Positive</b></span></li> <li>Publishers Weekly,<b> “</b><a href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-393-07993-7">The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics</a>,” <i>Publishers Weekly</i> (August 2011)<b> <span style="color: #ff9900;"><b>Mixed/neutral </b></span></b>(blurb)</li> <li>Samuel Moyn, “<a href="http://www.thenation.com/article/166516/deserts-and-promised-lands-dream-global-justice#axzz2d6M3Bpot">Of Deserts and Promised Lands: The Dream of Global Justice</a>,” <i>The Nation</i> (February 29, 2012) <span style="color: #ff9900;"><strong>Mixed/neutral</strong></span></li> <li>Daniel Pejic, “<a href="http://www.aiia.asn.au/qa/845-the-justice-cascade-how-human-rights-prosecutions-are-changing-world-politics-kathryn-sikkink-2011-">The Justice Cascade: How human rights prosecutions are changing world politics</a>,”<i>Australian Institute of International Affairs </i>(2011) <span style="color: #339966;"><strong>Positive</strong></span></li> <li>Padraig McAuliffe, “<a href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8839119">The roots of transitional accountability: interrogating ‘the justice cascade’</a>,” 9 <i>International Journal of Law in Context</i> (Special Edition 1, March 2013) 106 <strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Critical</span></strong></li> <li>Kirkus, “<a href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kathryn-sikkink/justice-cascade/">The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics</a>,” <i>Kirkus</i> (June 28, 2011) <span style="color: #339966;"><strong>Very positive</strong></span></li> <li>Micheline Ishay, “<a href="http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-10-21/entertainment/35279060_1_human-rights-trials-prosecutions">Katherine Sikkink’s ‘The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics</a>,” <i>Washington Post</i> (October 21, 2011) <span style="color: #339966;"><strong>Very positive</strong></span></li> <li>Adam Gallagher, “<a href="http://tropicsofmeta.wordpress.com/2012/04/24/the-justice-cascade/">The Justice Cascade</a>,” <i>Tropics of Meta</i> (April 24, 2012) <strong><span style="color: #339966;">Somewhat positive</span> </strong></li> </ol> </blockquote> </main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76692/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bergerchristine/" title="Profile and articles by Christine Berger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Christine Berger</a></p> <p class="date">May 29th, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict/">Law of Armed Conflict</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="clearfix" role="contentinfo"> <div class="pagewidth pw1000"> <div class="col-1"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org"><img src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity21/assets/images/footer-logo.png" alt="Just Security logo" /></a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-am">A.M. 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Books Synopsis: The Justice Cascade - Just Security