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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-數學推導" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數學推導"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>數學推導</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-數學推導-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关數學推導子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-數學推導-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理想氣體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理想氣體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>理想氣體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理想氣體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">正壓大氣</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。16种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropia" title="Barotropia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barotropia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropie" title="Barotropie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barotropie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropic_fluid" title="Barotropic fluid – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Barotropic fluid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotrop%C3%ADa" title="Barotropía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barotropía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotroopsus" title="Barotroopsus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barotroopsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotrope" title="Barotrope – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barotrope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropico" title="Barotropico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barotropico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%9C%A7" title="順圧 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="順圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%9C%EC%95%95" title="순압 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="순압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Баротропен флуид – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баротропен флуид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropi" title="Barotropi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barotropi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropi" title="Barotropi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barotropi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yn_barotropowy" title="Płyn barotropowy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyn barotropowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropia" title="Barotropia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barotropia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotropi" title="Barotropi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barotropi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Баротропна рідина – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баротропна рідина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q739293#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>正壓大氣</b>是當<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣壓力">大氣壓力</a>僅僅取決於大氣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>、以及大氣密度亦僅取於大氣氣壓。因此，在正壓大氣內，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%A3%93%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等壓面（页面不存在）">等壓面</a>亦即為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等密度面（页面不存在）">等密度面</a>。 </p><p>若相關大氣乃<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a>，則<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%A3%93%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等壓面（页面不存在）">等壓面</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等密度面（页面不存在）">等密度面</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%BA%AB%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等溫面（页面不存在）">等溫面</a>亦為同一平面。因而，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%BD%89%E9%A2%A8" title="地轉風">地轉風</a>不因大氣高度改變而變化，故此大尺度環流亦不隨高度變化。 </p><p>由於正壓大氣具有這種特性，因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象">氣象</a>研究常假設正壓大氣以簡化計算。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="數學推導"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E6.8E.A8.E5.B0.8E"></span>數學推導</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：數學推導"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大氣壓力 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> 與大氣密度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> 互為函數，即： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=p(\rho )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=p(\rho )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82e72d3f16876b284206f72aa9440b027d12b8fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.538ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=p(\rho )}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =\rho (p)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho =\rho (p)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3889f9fc83976a1c9736c38ef0f2235ca1670ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.481ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =\rho (p)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>在等壓面之內氣壓值為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="常數">常數</a>，故氣壓在該平面之<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6" title="梯度">梯度</a>為零 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28dfb25a3af5a1a1664f636c480d53bedbef1f4f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.366ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>由<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="链式法则">鏈式法則</a>，可知： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afa76293b46643ed6f8f8aca9872834a43c9f4a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.422ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>同理可伸延至其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="維度">維度</a> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial y}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial y}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f225af570fafcc4544c04581d1ede28780eb8b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.134ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial y}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial z}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial z}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31ba28fdaba615171320fdea8ecbb04ff6ba58cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.134ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial z}}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>故 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}})\nabla p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}})\nabla p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37489e07a6e45cd131e0478916e96f9e6b1da6dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.507ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}})\nabla p}"></span></dd></dl> <p>所以 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba91be1a60a5ba0501790fe73419516979d466a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.399ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>即大氣密度於該平面之內亦為常數。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理想氣體"><span id=".E7.90.86.E6.83.B3.E6.B0.A3.E9.AB.94"></span>理想氣體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：理想氣體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>若大氣為理想氣體，則溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 僅為氣壓和密度之函數 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {p}{\rho (p)R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {p}{\rho (p)R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e973cfbfe9ed90837c0d7c9c6a64467df3a65685" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:11.516ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {p}{\rho (p)R}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其梯度為： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla T={\frac {\nabla p}{\rho R}}-{\frac {p\nabla \rho }{\rho ^{2}R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla T={\frac {\nabla p}{\rho R}}-{\frac {p\nabla \rho }{\rho ^{2}R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e0eff5090963ce45dd4a1879b4e784fceb19c2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.596ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla T={\frac {\nabla p}{\rho R}}-{\frac {p\nabla \rho }{\rho ^{2}R}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>所考慮之平面若為正壓大氣之等壓面，則 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28dfb25a3af5a1a1664f636c480d53bedbef1f4f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.366ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla p=0}"></span> 以及　<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba91be1a60a5ba0501790fe73419516979d466a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.399ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \rho =0}"></span>。因此， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla T=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla T=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c2a6538065cb63472204093ff4207f4eeeea019" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.833ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla T=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>等壓面、等密度面以及等溫面三者為一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James R Holton, <i>An introduction to dynamic meteorology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/012354355X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-12-354355-X</a>, 3rd edition, p77.</li> <li>Marcel Lesieur, "Turbulence in Fluids: Stochastic and Numerical Modeling", <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0792306457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7923-0645-7</a>, 2e.</li> <li>D. J. Tritton, "Physical Fluid Dynamics", <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0198544936" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-854493-6</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/advection" class="extiw" title="en:advection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">advection</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%9B" title="浮力">浮力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%AB%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%9E%E6%B8%9B%E7%8E%87" title="氣溫垂直遞減率">氣溫垂直遞減率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太陽幅照度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Solar irridance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%B9%85%E7%85%A7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽幅照度（页面不存在）">太陽幅照度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irridance" class="extiw" title="en:Solar irridance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Solar irridance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" title="地面天气图">地面天气图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E8%A6%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="能見度">能見度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E9%87%8F" title="涡量">涡量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%88%87%E5%8F%98" title="风切变">风切</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">凝結</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%87%9D%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" title="云凝结核">云凝结核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%A7" title="霧">霧</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流凝結高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective condensation level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流凝結高度（页面不存在）">對流凝結高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_condensation_level" class="extiw" title="en:Convective condensation level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective condensation level</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="上升凝結高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lifted condensation level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%87%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上升凝結高度（页面不存在）">上升凝結高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level" class="extiw" title="en:Lifted condensation level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lifted condensation level</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="水蒸气">水蒸气</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="大氣對流">大氣對流</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" title="對流可用位能">對流有效位能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E8%83%BD" title="對流抑制能">對流抑制指數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流不穩定性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流不穩定性（页面不存在）">對流不穩定性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Convective instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective instability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流動量輸送" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective momentum transport"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流動量輸送（页面不存在）">對流動量輸送</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport" class="extiw" title="en:Convective momentum transport"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective momentum transport</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="條件對稱不穩定性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conditional symmetric instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="條件對稱不穩定性（页面不存在）">條件對稱不穩定性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Conditional symmetric instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conditional symmetric instability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流溫度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective temperature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流溫度（页面不存在）">對流溫度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_temperature" class="extiw" title="en:Convective temperature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective temperature</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="平衡高度">平衡高度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由对流层" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Free convective layer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由对流层（页面不存在）">自由对流层</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_convective_layer" class="extiw" title="en:Free convective layer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Free convective layer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流體動力學螺旋度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrodynamical helicity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流體動力學螺旋度（页面不存在）">流體動力學螺旋度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamical_helicity" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrodynamical helicity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrodynamical helicity</span></a></span>）</span></span>#Meteorology</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="K 指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="K-index (meteorology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K_%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K 指數（页面不存在）">K 指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)" class="extiw" title="en:K-index (meteorology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">K-index (meteorology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="自由對流高度">自由對流高度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抬升指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lifted index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%AC%E5%8D%87%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抬升指數（页面不存在）">抬升指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_index" class="extiw" title="en:Lifted index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lifted index</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最大氣團高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum parcel level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大氣團高度（页面不存在）">最大氣團高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum parcel level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum parcel level</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="整體理查遜數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bulk Richardson number"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E9%81%9C%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整體理查遜數（页面不存在）">整體理查遜數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number" class="extiw" title="en:Bulk Richardson number"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bulk Richardson number</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E7%82%B9" title="露点">露点‎(<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="露點降低" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dew point depression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B2%E9%BB%9E%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="露點降低（页面不存在）">露點降低</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point_depression" class="extiw" title="en:Dew point depression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dew point depression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="乾球温度">乾球温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%95%B6%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="相當溫度">相當溫度(<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林火災天氣指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest fire weather index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林火災天氣指數（页面不存在）">森林火災天氣指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index" class="extiw" title="en:Forest fire weather index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest fire weather index</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海恩斯指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haines Index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海恩斯指數（页面不存在）">海恩斯指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haines_Index" class="extiw" title="en:Haines Index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haines Index</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E7%83%AD%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="酷热指数">酷热指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%83%AD%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="湿热指数">濕熱指數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" title="相對濕度">相對濕度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%AF%94" title="混合比">混合比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB" title="位溫">位溫(<i>θ</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%95%B6%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB" title="相當位溫">相當位溫(<i>θ</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%A2%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="海面温度">海面温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="海洋溫度">海洋溫度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="溫度異常" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Temperature anomaly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溫度異常（页面不存在）">溫度異常</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" class="extiw" title="en:Temperature anomaly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Temperature anomaly</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">热力学温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%BA%AB" title="虛溫">虛溫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="湿球温度">湿球温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%91%E7%86%B1%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="暑熱壓力指數">暑熱壓力指數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="濕球位溫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wet-bulb potential temperature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%95%E7%90%83%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="濕球位溫（页面不存在）">濕球位溫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature" class="extiw" title="en:Wet-bulb potential temperature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wet-bulb potential temperature</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%AF%92%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="風寒指數">風寒指數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="压力">压力</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="气压">气压</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E5%8E%8B" title="斜压">斜压</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">正壓大氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%B7%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="壓強梯度力">壓力梯度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%B7%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="壓強梯度力">壓強梯度力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶氣旋可能最高強度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum potential intensity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶氣旋可能最高強度（页面不存在）">熱帶氣旋可能最高強度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum potential intensity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum potential intensity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=正壓大氣&oldid=71611103">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=正壓大氣&oldid=71611103</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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