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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classical Persian literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_Persian_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical Persian literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Islamic Persian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Persian literature of the medieval and pre-modern periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Prose writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies,_hagiographies,_and_historical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies,_hagiographies,_and_historical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Biographies, hagiographies, and historical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies,_hagiographies,_and_historical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Literary criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storytelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storytelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Storytelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storytelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Persian dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufi_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sufi literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Georgian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia Minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Western literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>German literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>English literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Swedish literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Italian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Persian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Persian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Persian literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Persian_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Persian literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Persian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Tajikistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Novel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_criticism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_criticism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Literary criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_criticism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Persian short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Period_of_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Period of diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Persian_poetry_in_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Persian_poetry_in_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Classical Persian poetry in modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Persian_poetry_in_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Persian_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Persian_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>Modern Persian poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Persian_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children's_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2.1</span> <span>Children's poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_literature_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_literature_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Persian literature awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_literature_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Authors and poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Persian literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="أدب فارسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب فارسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura_persa" title="Lliteratura persa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura persa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="Fars ədəbiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fars ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ফার্সি সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্সি সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Фарсы әҙәбиәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фарсы әҙәбиәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Perzijska književnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perzijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennegezh_pers" title="Lennegezh pers – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lennegezh pers" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_persa" title="Literatura persa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura persa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persk%C3%A1_literatura" title="Perská literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perská literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_Literatur" title="Persische Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persische Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rsia_kirjandus" title="Pärsia kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärsia kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Περσική λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περσική λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_persa" title="Literatura persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_literaturo" title="Persa literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Persa literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiar_literatura" title="Persiar literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiar literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ادبیات فارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات فارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_persane" title="Littérature persane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature persane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litr%C3%ADocht_na_Peirsise" title="Litríocht na Peirsise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litríocht na Peirsise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="페르시아 문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պարսից գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսից գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="फ़ारसी साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ारसी साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Perzijska književnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perzijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra_Persia" title="Sastra Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_persiana" title="Letteratura persiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura persiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სპარსული ლიტერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსული ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Парсы әдебиеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парсы әдебиеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAjeya_faris%C3%AE" title="Wêjeya farisî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wêjeya farisî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_Persicae" title="Litterae Persicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae Persicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsa_irodalom" title="Perzsa irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perzsa irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Персиска книжевност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Персиска книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ادب فارسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادب فارسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastera_Parsi" title="Sastera Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sastera Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="ペルシア文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk_litteratur" title="Persisk litteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Persisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors_adabiyoti" title="Fors adabiyoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fors adabiyoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="فارسی ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فارسی ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_persa" title="Literatura persa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura persa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poezia_persan%C4%83" title="Poezia persană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poezia persană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Персидская литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидская литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Persian literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Perzijska književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perzijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Persijska književnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Persijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzijska_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Perzijska književnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perzijska književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_kirjallisuus" title="Persian kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persian kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisk_litteratur" title="Persisk litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikang_Persa" title="Panitikang Persa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikang Persa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரசீக இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரசீக இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పర్షియన్ సాహిత్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్షియన్ సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81-%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Адабиёти форс-тоҷик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёти форс-тоҷик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="Fars edebiyatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fars edebiyatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Перська література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перська література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="فارسی ادب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فارسی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="波斯文文學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波斯文文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat%C3%AA_Farsi" title="Edebiyatê Farsi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edebiyatê Farsi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="波斯文学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯文学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q365585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="View the content page 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by era</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">corpora</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient literature">Bronze Age</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language#History" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language#Vocabulary_and_texts" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language#Sample_text_and_vocabulary" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugarit</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Classical_Antiquity" title="Ancient literature">Classical</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ancient Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Classical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Attestations" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_literature" title="Early medieval literature">Early medieval</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language#Records" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language#Buddhist_manuscripts_in_Gāndhāri" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez#History_and_literature" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature#Heian_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit#Early_literature" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages#Pre-Proto-Mongolic" title="Mongolic languages">Pre-Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer#Attestation_and_History" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Old_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Old Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic#Literary_works" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language#Texts" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language#Discovery_of_Sogdian_texts" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Welsh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_literature" title="10th century in literature">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_literature" title="11th century in literature">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_literature" title="12th century in literature">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_literature" title="14th century in literature">14th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_literature" title="Early modern literature">Early modern</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_literature" title="15th century in literature">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_literature" title="Contemporary literature">Contemporary</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_literature" title="21st century in literature">21st</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Template talk:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/220px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/330px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg/440px-Kelileh_va_Demneh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kelileh_va_Demneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelileh va Demneh">Kelileh va Demneh</a> Persian manuscript copy dated 1429, depicts the Jackal trying to lead the Lion astray. <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace Museum">Topkapi Palace Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahnameh3-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shahnameh3-5.jpg/220px-Shahnameh3-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shahnameh3-5.jpg/330px-Shahnameh3-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shahnameh3-5.jpg/440px-Shahnameh3-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> describing the valour of Rustam</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Persian literature</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprises oral compositions and written texts in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spooner1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spooner1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spooner2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spooner2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CWL2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWL2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> including present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, regions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> has historically been either the native or official language. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> (in modern-day Afghanistan) or <a href="/wiki/Sangtuda" title="Sangtuda">Wakhsh</a> (in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> (in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> conquered large territories in Central and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia, as well as the Balkans. Not all Persian literature is written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, as some consider works written by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> or Iranians in other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, to be included. </p><p>At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, Indic and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> cultures. </p><p>Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> c. 650 CE. After the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a> came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a> and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids">Tahirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> being based in Khorasan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persian poets such as <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nezami_Ganjavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezami Ganjavi">Nezami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also known in the West and have influenced the literature of many countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Persian_literature">Classical Persian literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_Persian_literature">Pre-Islamic Persian literature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi literature">Pahlavi literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></div> <p>Very few literary works of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> have survived, partly due to the destruction of the library at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of what remains consists of the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid kings, particularly <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (522–486 BC) and his son <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> writings were destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Iran">Islamic conquest of Iran</a> in the 7th century. The <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a> who fled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, however, took with them some of the books of the Zoroastrian canon, including some of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">commentaries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zend" title="Zend">Zend</a>) thereof. Some works of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations. </p><p>No single text devoted to <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> has survived from <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Iran">pre-Islamic Iran</a>. However, some essays in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a>, such as "Ayin-e name nebeshtan" (Principles of Writing Book) and "Bab-e edteda’I-ye" (<a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Kalileh o Demneh</a>), have been considered as literary criticism (Zarrinkoub, 1959).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have quoted the <i>Sho'ubiyye</i> as asserting that the pre-Islamic Iranians had books on eloquence, such as 'Karvand'. No trace remains of such books. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Zarrinkoub</a>, 1947). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods">Persian literature of the medieval and pre-modern periods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_(d._1020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Gur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram Gur">Bahram Gur</a> and Courtiers Entertained by <a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a> the Musician</i>, Page from a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Shahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnama">Shahnama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While initially <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">overshadowed by Arabic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliphates, <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> soon became a literary language again of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> lands. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansur_Daqiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mansur Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>, and their generation, as they used pre-Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persian_metres" title="Persian metres">Persian metres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_of_Reflections,_early_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg/220px-Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg/330px-Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg/440px-Bowl_of_Reflections%2C_early_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption><i>Bowl of Reflections</i>, early 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>So strong is the Persian inclination to versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. In short, the ability to write in verse form was a pre-requisite for any scholar. For example, almost half of <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s medical writings are in verse. </p><p>Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>, an extravagance of <a href="/wiki/Panegyrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Panegyrics">panegyrics</a>, and what is known as <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سبک فاخر</span></span> "exalted in style". The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and <a href="/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid dynasty">Samanid</a> courts into every major <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Iranian dynasty</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a> was perhaps the most famous form of panegyric used, though <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrains</a> such as those in <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam" title="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">Ruba'iyyat</a> are also widely popular. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_style_(poetry)" title="Khorasani style (poetry)">Khorasani style</a>, whose followers mostly were associated with <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, is characterized by its supercilious diction, dignified tone, and relatively literate language. The chief representatives of this lyricism are <a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farrukhi_Sistani" title="Farrukhi Sistani">Farrukhi Sistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuchihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuchihri">Manuchehri</a>. Panegyric masters such as <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a> were known for their love of nature, their verses abounding with evocative descriptions. </p><p>Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> style of poetry, with <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahnama">Shahnama</a></i> at the apex. By glorifying the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian historical past</a> in heroic and elevated verses, he and other notables such as <a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansur_Daqiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mansur Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a> presented the "<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a>" with a source of pride and inspiration that has helped preserve a sense of identity for the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a> over the ages. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on. </p><p>The 13th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a>. This style is often called Araqi (Iraqi) style (Araq-e-Ajam) and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. Emotional romantic poetry was not something new, however, as works such as <a href="/wiki/Vis_and_R%C4%81min" title="Vis and Rāmin">Vis o Ramin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">As'ad Gorgani</a>, and <i>Yusof o Zoleikha</i> by <a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a> Bokharai exemplify. Poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sana%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'i">Sana'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> (who ostensibly inspired <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Khaqani_Shirvani" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaqani Shirvani">Khaqani Shirvani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, were highly respected ghazal writers. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz Shirazi</a>. </p><p>Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> era, Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a> notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> produced many young <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">pages</a> at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was <a href="/wiki/LGBT_topics_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT topics and Islam">love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions</a> which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. "<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same Safavid era, many subjects of the Iranian Safavids were patrons of Persian poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_I_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz I of Kakheti">Teimuraz I of Kakheti</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> genre one can mention <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hadiqat_al_Haqiqa" title="Hadiqat al Haqiqa">Hadiqat-ul-Haqiqah</a></i> (Garden of Truth) as well as <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Makhzan_ol-Asrar" title="Makhzan ol-Asrar">Makhzan-ul-Asrār</a></i> (Treasury of Secrets). Some of <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a>'s works also belong to this genre as do the major works of Rumi, although some tend to classify these in the lyrical type due to their mystical and emotional qualities. In addition, some tend to group <a href="/wiki/Naser_Khosrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Naser Khosrow">Naser Khosrow</a>'s works in this style as well; however true gems of this genre are two books by Saadi, a heavyweight of Persian literature, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Gulistan</a></i>. </p><p>After the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_style_(poetry)" title="Indian style (poetry)">Indian style</a> of Persian poetry (sometimes also called <i>Isfahani</i> or <i>Safavi</i> styles) took over. This style has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> era and produced the likes of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusro" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusro">Amir Khosrow Dehlavi</a>, and Bhai <a href="/wiki/Nand_Lal_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nand Lal Goya">Nand Lal Goya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prose_writings">Prose writings</h4></div> <p>The most significant prose writings of this era are <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi</a>'s <i>"Chahār Maqāleh"</i> as well as <a href="/wiki/Zahiriddin_Nasr_Muhammad_Aufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi">Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdote</a> compendium <i><a href="/wiki/Jawami_ul-Hikayat" title="Jawami ul-Hikayat">Jawami ul-Hikayat</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Mo%27ali_Abol-hasan_Ghaboos_ibn_Wushmgir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir">Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir</a>'s famous work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Qabus_nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabus nama">Qabus nama</a></i> (<i>A Mirror for Princes</i>), is a highly esteemed <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a> work of Persian literature. Also highly regarded is <i><a href="/wiki/Siyasatnama" title="Siyasatnama">Siyasatnama</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, a famous Persian <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Kelileh va Demneh</a></i>, translated from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> folk tales, can also be mentioned in this category. It is seen as a collection of adages in Persian literary studies and thus does not convey folkloric notions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biographies,_hagiographies,_and_historical_works"><span id="Biographies.2C_hagiographies.2C_and_historical_works"></span>Biographies, hagiographies, and historical works</h4></div> <p>Among the major historical and biographical works in classical Persian, one can mention <a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Beyhaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolfazl Beyhaqi">Abolfazl Beyhaghi</a>'s famous <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Beyhaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh-i Beyhaqi">Tarikh-i Beyhaqi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lubab_ul-Albab" title="Lubab ul-Albab">Lubab ul-Albab</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Zahiriddin_Nasr_Muhammad_Aufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi">Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi</a> (which has been regarded as a reliable chronological source by many experts), as well as <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a>'s famous <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Jahangushay-i_Juvaini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini">Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini</a></i> (which spans the Mongolid and <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> era of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tazkerat-ol-Owliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkerat-ol-Owliya">Tazkerat-ol-Owliya</a></i> ("Biographies of the Saints") is also a detailed account of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystics, which is referenced by many subsequent authors and considered a significant work in mystical <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism_in_Iran" title="Literary criticism in Iran">Literary criticism in Iran</a></div> <p>The oldest surviving work of Persian literary criticism after the Islamic conquest of Persia is <i>Muqaddame-ye Shahname-ye Abu Mansuri</i>, which was written during the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanid period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work deals with the myths and legends of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> and is considered the oldest surviving example of Persian prose. It also shows an attempt by the authors to evaluate literary works critically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storytelling">Storytelling</h4></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i lang="fa" dir="rtl">هزار و یک شب</i>) is a medieval <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folk tale</a> collection which tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">Scheherazade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهرزاد</span> <i>Šahrzād</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King <a href="/wiki/List_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights_characters#Shahryār" title="List of One Thousand and One Nights characters">Shahryar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهریار</span> <i>Šahryār</i>), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands. </p><p>The nucleus of the collection is formed by a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a> Sassanid <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> book called <i>Hazār Afsānah</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i lang="fa" dir="rtl">هزار افسان</i>, <i>Thousand Myths</i>), a collection of ancient Indian and Persian folk tales. </p><p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> in the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> had become an important cosmopolitan city. Merchants from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Africa, and Europe were all found in Baghdad. During this time, many of the stories that were originally folk stories are thought to have been collected orally over many years and later compiled into a single book. The compiler and 9th-century translator into Arabic is reputedly the storyteller <i>Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad el-Gahshigar</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> of Shahrzad seems to have been added in the 14th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian_dictionaries">Persian dictionaries</h2></div> <p>The biggest Persian dictionary is <i><a href="/wiki/Dehkhoda_Dictionary" title="Dehkhoda Dictionary">Dehkhoda Dictionary</a></i> (16 volumes) by <a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda</a>. It is the largest comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> ever published, comprising 16 volumes (more than 27,000 pages). It is published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran_Press" title="University of Tehran Press">Tehran University Press (UTP)</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Dehkhoda_Dictionary_Institute" title="Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute">Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute</a> and was first published in 1931. It traces the historical development of the Persian language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world. He names 200 Persian lexicographical works in his dictionary, the earliest, <i><a href="/wiki/Frahang-i_Oim-evak" title="Frahang-i Oim-evak">Farhang-i Oim</a></i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ اویم</i></span>) and <i>Farhang-i Menakhtay</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ مناختای</i></span>), from the late <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> era of the 3rd-7th century. </p><p>The most widely used Persian <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were those of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Sughdi" title="Abu Hafs Sughdi">Abu Hafs Sughdi</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ ابوحفص سغدی</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ لغت فرس</i></span>), written in 1092. </p><p>The production of Persian dictionaries declined in Iran after the 14th century, while it simultaneously grew in the Indian subcontinent and Ottoman Turkey, regions that were increasingly becoming Persianized. Only 4 dictionaries of Persian were compiled in Iran between the 10th and 19th centuries, while more than 66 were produced in India. Significant dictionaries from India include the <i>Farhang-e Ghavvas,</i> <i>Sharafnama-ye Ebrahimi</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Farhang-i_Jahangiri" title="Farhang-i Jahangiri">Farhang-i Jahangiri</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Burhan-i_Qati" title="Burhan-i Qati">Burhan-i Qati</a></i>. Unlike the Persian dictionaries of India, most dictionaries from Ottoman Turkey are bilingual (Persian-Turkish). Some significant dictionaries of the era are <i>Oqnum-e Ajam</i>, <i>Loghat-e Ne'matallah</i>, and <i>Lesan al-Ajam.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1645, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ravius" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Ravius">Christian Ravius</a> completed a Persian-<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> dictionary, printed at Leiden. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(orientalist)" title="John Richardson (orientalist)">John Richardson</a>'s two-volume Oxford edition (1777) and Gladwin-Malda's (1770) Persian-English Dictionaries, Scharif and S. Peters' Persian-Russian Dictionary (1869), and 30 other Persian lexicographical translations through the 1950s. </p><p>Currently, English-Persian dictionaries of <a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Arianpour" title="Manouchehr Arianpour">Manouchehr Aryanpour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soleiman_Haim" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleiman Haim">Soleiman Haim</a> are widely used in Iran. Also highly regarded in the contemporary Persian literature lexical corpus are the works of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a>. The first volume of Moin Dictionary was published in 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi_literature">Sufi literature</h3></div> <p>Some of Persia's best-beloved medieval poets were <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, and their poetry was, and is, widely read by Sufis from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Rumi, in particular, is renowned both as a poet and as the founder of a widespread Sufi order. <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, too, is hugely admired in both East and West, and he was inspired by Sufism if he was not actually a Sufi himself. The themes and styles of this kind of devotional poetry have been widely imitated by many Sufi and non-Sufi poets. See also the article on <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a>. </p><p>Many notable texts in Persian mystic literature are not poems, yet highly read and regarded. Among those are <i><a href="/wiki/Kimiya-yi_sa%27%C4%81dat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimiya-yi sa'ādat">Kimiya-yi sa'ādat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asrar_al-Tawhid" title="Asrar al-Tawhid">Asrar al-Tawhid</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kashf_ul_Mahjoob" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashf ul Mahjoob">Kashf ul Mahjoob</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_literature">Georgian literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_manuscript_(Shahname).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg/220px-Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg/330px-Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg/440px-Georgian_manuscript_%28Shahname%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Georgian manuscript of <i>Shahnameh</i> written in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the early 16th century, Persian traditions had a large impact on the Georgian ruling elites, which in turn resulted in Persian influence on Georgian art, architecture, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Willem_Floor_p_494_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willem_Floor_p_494-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cultural influence lasted until the arrival of the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Giunashvili" title="Jamshid Giunashvili">Jamshid Sh. Giunashvili</a> remarks on the connection of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgian culture</a> with that of the Persian literary work <i>Shahnameh</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The names of many <i>Šāh-nāma</i> heroes, such as <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostom-i</a>, Thehmine, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sam-i</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Zal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zal">Zaal-i</a>, are found in 11th- and 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian literature</a>. They are indirect evidence for an Old Georgian translation of the <i>Šāh-nāma</i> that is no longer extant. ...</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Šāh-nāma</i> was translated, not only to satisfy the literary and aesthetic needs of readers and listeners, but also to inspire the young with the spirit of heroism and Georgian patriotism. Georgian ideology, customs, and worldview often informed these translations because they were oriented toward Georgian poetic culture. Conversely, Georgians consider these translations works of their native literature. Georgian versions of the <i>Šāh-nāma</i> are quite popular, and the stories of <a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrāb</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bījan and Maniža</a> became part of Georgian folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Farmanfarmaian in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Persianate_Studies" title="Journal of Persianate Studies">Journal of Persianate Studies</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Distinguished scholars of Persian such as Gvakharia and Todua are well aware that the inspiration derived from the Persian classics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries produced a ‘cultural synthesis’ which saw, in the earliest stages of written secular literature in Georgia, the resumption of literary contacts with Iran, “much stronger than before” (Gvakharia, 2001, p. 481). Ferdowsi’s <i>Shahnama</i> was a never-ending source of inspiration, not only for high literature, but for folklore as well. “Almost every page of Georgian literary works and chronicles [...] contains names of Iranian heroes borrowed from the <i>Shahnama</i>” (ibid). Ferdowsi, together with <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nezāmi</a>, may have left the most enduring imprint on Georgian literature (...)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmanfarmaian200924_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmanfarmaian200924-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_Minor">Asia Minor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" title="Boubou (clothing)">Boubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">Headscarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b" title="Jilbāb">Jilbab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameez">Kameez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaand_Raat" title="Chaand Raat">Chaand Raat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamat_Day" title="Imamat Day">Imamat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">al-Qadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al Bara'at">Bara’at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib" title="Laylat al-Raghaib">Raghaib</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature" title="Crimean Tatar literature">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_literature" title="Gambian literature">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_literature" title="Hausa literature">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir" title="Literature of Kashmir">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_literature" title="Tatar literature">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_literature" title="Uyghur literature">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Uzbek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendang_beleq" title="Gendang beleq">Gendang beleq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Jari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappilappattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noha" title="Noha">Noha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Talempong</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theatre">Theatre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)" title="Cem (Alevism)">Cem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_culture" title="Template talk:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Despite that <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>) had been ruled various times prior to the Middle Ages by various Persian-speaking dynasties originating in Iran, the language lost its traditional foothold there with the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>. Centuries later however, the practise and usage in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They adopted Persian language as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books._google._nl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books._google._nl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a major literary language in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the noted earlier Persian literature works during the Ottoman rule are <a href="/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris Bidlisi</a>'s <i>Hasht Bihisht</i>, which begun in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the <i>Salim-Namah</i>, a glorification of Selim I.<sup id="cite_ref-books._google._nl_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books._google._nl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of several centuries, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_p_69_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertold_Spuler_p_69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_p_69_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertold_Spuler_p_69-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans produced thousands of Persian literary works throughout their century long lifespan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p>With the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and their successors such as the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian culture</a> and its literature gradually moved into <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> too. In general, from its earliest days, Persian literature and language was imported into the subcontinent by culturally Persianised <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> dynasties. Persian became the language of the nobility, literary circles, and the royal Mughal courts for hundreds of years. In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> replaced it. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> during the 16th century, the official language of the Indian subcontinent became Persian. Only in 1832 did the British army force the South Asia to begin conducting business in English. <small><i>(Clawson, p.  6)</i></small> Persian poetry in fact flourished in these regions while post-<a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> literature stagnated. <a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a> and other scholars of the 20th century, for example, largely based their works on the detailed lexicography produced in India, using compilations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghazi_khan_Badr_Muhammad_Dehlavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghazi khan Badr Muhammad Dehlavi (page does not exist)">Ghazi khan Badr Muhammad Dehlavi</a>'s <i>Adat al-Fudhala</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">اداة الفضلا</i></span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Farughi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Farughi (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Ghavamuddin Farughi</a>'s <i>Farhang-i Ibrahimi</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ ابراهیمی</i></span>), and particularly Muhammad Padshah's <i>Farhang-i Anandraj</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرهنگ آنندراج</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_Mostari" title="Fevzi Mostari">Fevzi Mostari</a></div> <p>Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a></i>), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina), <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a> (also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now <a href="/wiki/Giannitsa" title="Giannitsa">Giannitsa</a>, in the northern part of Greece).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (<i>Rumili Farsisi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Green_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> linguistic and literary culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th-century Ottoman <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_%C3%87elebi" title="Aşık Çelebi">Aşık Çelebi</a> (died 1572), who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian".<sup id="cite_ref-Green_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sudi" title="Ahmed Sudi">Ahmed Sudi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_literature">Western literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature_in_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian literature in the West">Persian literature in the West</a></div> <p>Persian literature was little known in the West before the 18-19th century. It became much better known following the publication of several translations from the works of late medieval Persian poets, and it inspired works by various Western poets and writers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_literature">German literature</h4></div> <ul><li>In 1819, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/West-%C3%B6stlicher_Divan" class="mw-redirect" title="West-östlicher Divan">West-östlicher Divan</a></i>, a collection of lyric poems inspired by a German translation of <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Shirazi">Hafiz</a> (1326–1390).</li> <li>The German essayist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> was the author of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i> (1883–1885),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to the ancient Persian prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> (c. 1700 BCE).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_literature">English literature</h4></div> <ul><li>A selection from <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i>Shahnameh</i> (935–1020) was published in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/James_Atkinson_(Persian_scholar)" title="James Atkinson (Persian scholar)">James Atkinson</a>, a physician employed by the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">British East India Company</a>.</li> <li>A portion of this abridgment was later versified by the British poet Matthew Arnold in his 1853 <i>Rustam and Sohrab</i>.</li> <li>The American poet <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> was another admirer of Persian poetry. He published several essays in 1876 that discuss Persian poetry: <i>Letters and Social Aims</i>, <i>From the Persian of Hafiz</i>, and <i>Ghaselle</i>.</li></ul> <p>Perhaps the most popular Persian poet of the 19th and early 20th centuries was <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyam</a> (1048–1123), whose <i><a href="/wiki/Rubaiyat_(Khayyam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaiyat (Khayyam)">Rubaiyat</a></i> was freely translated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)" title="Edward FitzGerald (poet)">Edward Fitzgerald</a> in 1859. Khayyam is esteemed more as a scientist than a poet in his native Persia, but in Fitzgerald's rendering, he became one of the most quoted poets in English. Khayyam's line, "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou", is known to many who could not say who wrote it, or where: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1143245455">.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>i,.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>span{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:inline-block}@media only screen and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:block}}</style> <table class="Verse_transliteration-translation" style="margin-left:2em !important;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <div style="direction:rtl;"><div title="Persian-language text"><div lang="fa" dir="rtl"><div class="poem"> <p>گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی<br /> وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی<br /> وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی<br /> عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی<br /> </p> </div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><div style="" class="poem"> <p>gar(agar) dast dahad ze maghz-e gandom nāni<br /> va'z(va az) mey do mani ze gūsfandi rāni<br /> vāngah man-o tō neshaste dar vīrāni<br /> 'eyshi bovad ān na had-de har soltāni<br /> </p> </div></i></span> </td> <td><div style="" class="poem"> <p>Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare,<br /> A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare,<br /> And you and I in wilderness encamped—<br /> No <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>'s pleasure could with ours compare.<br /> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Persian poet and mystic Rumi (1207–1273) (known as Molana in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and as Mevlana in Turkey), has attracted a large following in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Popularizing translations by <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Barks" title="Coleman Barks">Coleman Barks</a> have presented Rumi as a <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> sage. There are also a number of more literary translations by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">A. J. Arberry</a>. </p><p>The classical poets (Hafiz, Saadi, Khayyam, Rumi, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>) are now widely known in English and can be read in various translations. Other works of Persian literature are untranslated and little known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swedish_literature">Swedish literature</h4></div> <p>During the last century, numerous works of classical Persian literature have been translated into <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> by baron <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hermelin" title="Eric Hermelin">Eric Hermelin</a>. He translated works by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Farid al-Din Attar</a>, Rumi, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, Omar Khayyam, Saadi and Sanai. Influenced by the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, he was especially attracted to the religious or <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> aspects of classical Persian poetry. His translations have had a great impact on numerous modern Swedish writers, among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wennberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wennberg (page does not exist)">Karl Wennberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Kyrklund" title="Willy Kyrklund">Willy Kyrklund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Ekel%C3%B6f" title="Gunnar Ekelöf">Gunnar Ekelöf</a>. More recently classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, Rumi, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Araqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nizami Aruzi</a> have been rendered into Swedish by the <a href="/wiki/Iranist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranist">Iranist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashk_Dahl%C3%A9n" title="Ashk Dahlén">Ashk Dahlén</a>, who has published several essays on the development of Persian literature. Excerpts from Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i> has also been translated into Swedish prose by Namdar Nasser and Anja Malmberg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_literature">Italian literature</h4></div> <p>During the last century, numerous works of classical and modern Persian literature have been translated into <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> by Alessandro Bausani (Nizami, Rumi, Iqbal, Khayyam), Carlo Saccone ('Attar, Sana'i, Hafiz, Nasir-i Khusraw, Nizami, Ahmad Ghazali, Ansari of Herat, Sa'di, Ayené), Angelo Piemontese (Amir Khusraw Dihlavi), Pio Filippani-Ronconi (Nasir-i Khusraw, Sa'di), Riccardo Zipoli (Kay Ka'us, Bidil), Maurizio Pistoso (Nizam al-Mulk), Giorgio Vercellin (Nizami 'Aruzi), Giovanni Maria D'Erme ('Ubayd Zakani, Hafiz), Sergio Foti (Suhrawardi, Rumi, Jami), Rita Bargigli (Sa'di, Farrukhi, Manuchehri, 'Unsuri), Nahid Norozi (Sohrab Sepehri, Khwaju of Kerman, Ahmad Shamlu), Faezeh Mardani (Forugh Farrokhzad, Abbas Kiarostami). A complete translation of Firdawsi's <i>Shah-nama</i> was made by <a href="/wiki/Italo_Pizzi" title="Italo Pizzi">Italo Pizzi</a> in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Persian_literature">Contemporary Persian literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>In the 19th century, Persian literature experienced dramatic change and entered a new era. The beginning of this change was exemplified by an incident in the mid-19th century at the court of <a href="/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar">Nasereddin Shah</a>, when the reform-minded prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a>, chastised the poet <a href="/wiki/Qa%27ani" class="mw-redirect" title="Qa'ani">Habibollah Qa'ani Shirazi</a> for "lying" in a panegyric qasida written in Kabir's honor. Kabir saw poetry in general and the type of poetry that had developed during the Qajar period as detrimental to "progress" and "modernization" in Iranian society, which he believed was in dire need of change. Such concerns were also expressed by others such as <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Fath-'Ali Akhundzadeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aqa_Khan_Kermani" title="Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani">Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Malkom_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Malkom Khan">Mirza Malkom Khan</a>. Khan also addressed a need for a change in Persian poetry in literary terms as well, always linking it to social concerns. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HedayatParis1306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HedayatParis1306.jpg/220px-HedayatParis1306.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HedayatParis1306.jpg/330px-HedayatParis1306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/HedayatParis1306.jpg/440px-HedayatParis1306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>"In life there are certain sores which slowly erode the mind in solitude like a kind of canker." (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Owl" title="The Blind Owl">The Blind Owl</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The new Persian literary movement cannot be understood without an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">intellectual movements</a> among Iranian philosophical circles. Given the social and political climate of Persia (Iran) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> of 1906–1911, the idea that change in poetry was necessary became widespread. Many argued that Persian poetry should reflect the realities of a country in transition. This idea was propagated by notable literary figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Abolqasem Aref</a>, who challenged the traditional system of Persian poetry in terms of introducing new content and experimentation with rhetoric, lexico-semantics, and structure. Dehkhoda, for instance, used a lesser-known traditional form, the mosammat, to elegize the execution of a revolutionary journalist. 'Aref employed the ghazal, "the most central genre within the lyrical tradition" (p.  88), to write his "Payam-e Azadi" (Message of Freedom). </p><p>Some researchers argue that the notion of "sociopolitical ramifications of esthaetic changes" led to the idea of poets "as social leaders trying the limits and possibilities of social change". </p><p>An important movement in modern Persian literature centered on the question of <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> and whether these terms are synonymous when describing the evolution of Iranian society. It can be argued that almost all advocates of modernism in Persian literature, from Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Malkom Khan to Dehkhoda, Aref, Bahar, and <a href="/wiki/Taqi_Rafat" title="Taqi Rafat">Taqi Rafat</a>, were inspired by developments and changes that had occurred in Western, particularly European, literatures. Such inspirations did not mean blindly copying Western models but, rather, adapting aspects of Western literature and changing them to fit the needs of Iranian culture. </p><p>Following the pioneering works of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a> and many others, the Iranian wave of comparative literature and literary criticism reached a symbolic crest with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Meskoob" title="Shahrokh Meskoob">Shahrokh Meskoob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</h3></div> <p>Persian literature in Afghanistan has also experienced a dramatic change during the last century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Afghanistan was confronted with economic and social change, which sparked a new approach to literature. In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>, who came back to Afghanistan after years of exile in Turkey and was influential in government circles, started a fortnightly publication named <i>Saraj’ul Akhbar</i>. <i>Saraj</i> was not the first such publication in the country, but in the field of journalism and literature it launched a new period of change and modernization. <i>Saraj</i> not only played an important role in journalism, it also gave new life to literature as a whole and opened the way for poetry to explore new avenues of expression through which personal thoughts took on a more social colour. </p><p>In 1930 (1309 AH), after months of cultural stagnation, a group of writers founded the Herat Literary Circle. A year later, another group calling itself the Kabul Literary Circle was founded in the capital. Both groups published regular magazines dedicated to culture and Persian literature. Both, especially the Kabul publication, had little success in becoming venues for modern Persian poetry and writing. In time, the Kabul publication turned into a stronghold for traditional writers and poets, and modernism in <a href="/wiki/Dari_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari literature">Dari literature</a> was pushed to the fringes of social and cultural life. </p><p>Two of the most prominent classical poets in Afghanistan at the time were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Haq_Betab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Haq Betab (page does not exist)">Abdul Haq Betab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalil Ullah Khalili</a>. Betab received the honorary title <i>Malek ul Shoara</i> (King of Poets). Khalili was drawn toward the <i>Khorasan style</i> of poetry instead of the usual <i>Hendi style</i>. He was also interested in modern poetry and wrote a few poems in a more modern style with new aspects of thought and meaning. In 1318 (AH), after two poems by <a href="/wiki/Nima_Youshij" class="mw-redirect" title="Nima Youshij">Nima Youshij</a> titled "Gharab" and "Ghoghnus" were published, Khalili wrote a poem under the name "Sorude Kuhestan" or "The Song of the Mountain" in the same rhyming pattern as Nima and sent it to the Kabul Literary Circle. The traditionalists in Kabul refused to publish it because it was not written in the traditional rhyme. They criticized Khalili for modernizing his style. </p><p>Very gradually new styles found their way into literature and literary circles despite the efforts of traditionalists. The first book of new poems was published in the year 1957 (1336 AH), and in 1962 (1341 AH), a collection of modern Persian (Dari) poetry was published in Kabul. The first group to write poems in the new style consisted of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Farani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Farani (page does not exist)">Mahmud Farani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baregh_Shafi%E2%80%99i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baregh Shafi’i (page does not exist)">Baregh Shafi’i</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solayman_Layeq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solayman Layeq (page does not exist)">Solayman Layeq</a>, Sohail, <a href="/wiki/Ayeneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayeneh">Ayeneh</a> and a few others. Later, <a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Vasef Bakhtari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asadullah_Habib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asadullah Habib (page does not exist)">Asadullah Habib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latif_Nazemi" title="Latif Nazemi">Latif Nazemi</a>, and others joined the group. Each had his own share in modernizing Persian poetry in Afghanistan. Other notable figures include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leila_Sarahat_Roshani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leila Sarahat Roshani (page does not exist)">Leila Sarahat Roshani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayed_Elan_Bahar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayed Elan Bahar (page does not exist)">Sayed Elan Bahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parwin_Pazwak" class="mw-redirect" title="Parwin Pazwak">Parwin Pazwak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qahar_Asi" title="Qahar Asi">Qahar Asi</a>. Poets like <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yase_Nien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yase Nien (page does not exist)">Yase Nien</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahouti (page does not exist)">Lahouti</a> (an Iranian poet living in exile in Russia) exerted a special influence on the Persian poets in Afghanistan. The influence of Iranians (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farrokhi_Yazdi" title="Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi">Farrokhi Yazdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a>) on the newly established Afghan prose and poetry, especially in the second half of the 20th century, must also be taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent novelists and short story writers from Afghanistan include <a href="/wiki/Akram_Osman" title="Akram Osman">Akram Osman</a>, known especially for <i>Real Men Keep Their Word</i> (مرداره قول اس), written in part in <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_dialect" title="Kabuli dialect">Kabuli dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rahnaward_Zaryab" title="Rahnaward Zaryab">Rahnaward Zaryab</a>. Some prominent writers from Afghanistan like <a href="/wiki/Asef_Soltanzadeh" title="Asef Soltanzadeh">Asef Soltanzadeh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reza_Ebrahimi,_Ameneh_Mohammadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi (page does not exist)">Reza Ebrahimi, Ameneh Mohammadi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Jafari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Jafari (page does not exist)">Abbas Jafari</a> grew up in Iran and were influenced by Iranian writers and teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Tajikistan">In Tajikistan</h3></div> <p>The new poetry in Tajikistan is mostly concerned with the way of life of people and is revolutionary. From the 1950s until the advent of new poetry in France, Asia and Latin America, the impact of the modernization drive was strong. In the 1960s, modern Iranian poetry and that of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal_Lahouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri">Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri</a> made a profound impression in Tajik poetry. This period is probably the richest and most prolific period for the development of themes and forms in Persian poetry in Tajikistan. Some Tajik poets were mere imitators, and one can easily see the traits of foreign poets in their work. Only two or three poets were able to digest the foreign poetry and compose original poetry. In Tajikistan, the format and pictorial aspects of short stories and novels were taken from Russian and other European literature. Some of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>'s prominent names in Persian literature are <a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Golrokhsar Safi Eva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%27men_Ghena%27at&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mo'men Ghena'at (page does not exist)">Mo'men Ghena'at</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzaneh Khojandi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bozor_Sobir" title="Bozor Sobir">Bozor Sobir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Layeq Shir-Ali</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Play">Play</h3></div> <p>Among the best-known playwrights are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmaeel_Khalaj" title="Esmaeel Khalaj">Esmaeel Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Nassirian" title="Ali Nassirian">Ali Nassirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Agha_Tabrizi" title="Mirza Agha Tabrizi">Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novel">Novel</h3></div> <p>Well-known novelists include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Sholevar" title="Bahman Sholevar">Bahman Sholevar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoya_Pirzad" title="Zoya Pirzad">Zoya Pirzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/285067.Abutorab_Khosravi">Abutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Safavi" title="Nazi Safavi">Nazi Safavi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satire">Satire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_satire" title="Persian satire">Persian satire</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioumars_Saberi_Foumani" title="Kioumars Saberi Foumani">Kioumars Saberi Foumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Obeid Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Nabavi" title="Ebrahim Nabavi">Ebrahim Nabavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Khorsandi" title="Hadi Khorsandi">Hadi Khorsandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Khatoon_Astarabadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi">Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Alizadeh" title="Javad Alizadeh">Javad Alizadeh</a></li> <li>Emran Salahi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_criticism_2">Literary criticism</h3></div> <p>Pioneers of Persian literary criticism in 19th century include <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fath_%60Ali_Akhundzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Fath `Ali Akhundzade">Mirza Fath `Ali Akhundzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Malkom_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Malkom Khan">Mirza Malkom Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_%60Abd_al-Rahim_Talebof" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza `Abd al-Rahim Talebof">Mirza `Abd al-Rahim Talebof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-`Abedin Maraghe`i</a>. </p><p>Prominent 20th century critics include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Behnam" title="Jamshid Behnam">Jamshid Behnam</a></li> <li>Allameh <a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badiozzaman_Forouzanfar" title="Badiozzaman Forouzanfar">Badiozzaman Forouzanfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Homaei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalal Homaei (page does not exist)">Jalal Homaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Nafisi" title="Saeed Nafisi">Saeed Nafisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Natel-Khanlari" title="Parviz Natel-Khanlari">Parviz Natel-Khanlari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Meskoob" title="Shahrokh Meskoob">Shahrokh Meskoob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdolrezaei" title="Ali Abdolrezaei">Ali Abdolrezaei</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Nafisi" title="Saeed Nafisi">Saeed Nafisi</a> analyzed and edited several critical works. He is well known for his works on <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a> and Sufi literature. <a href="/wiki/Parviz_Natel-Khanlari" title="Parviz Natel-Khanlari">Parviz Natel-Khanlari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Yousefi" title="Gholamhossein Yousefi">Gholamhossein Yousefi</a>, who belong to Nafisi's generation, were also involved in modern literature and critical writings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natel-Khanlari is distinguished by the simplicity of his style. He did not follow the traditionalists, nor did he advocate the new. Instead, his approach accommodated the entire spectrum of creativity and expression in Persian literature. Another critic, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>, an experienced authority on literature, attacked the writers and poets whose works served despotism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Persian <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> reached its maturity after <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeq Hedayat">Sadeq Hedayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Meskoob" title="Shahrokh Meskoob">Shahrokh Meskoob</a>. Among these figures, Zarrinkoub held academic positions and had a reputation not only among the intelligentsia but also in academia. Besides his significant contribution to the maturity of Persian language and literature, Zarrinkoub boosted <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a> and Persian literary criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zarrinkoub's <i>Serr e Ney</i> is a critical and comparative analysis of Rumi's <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i>. In turn, <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Meskoob" title="Shahrokh Meskoob">Shahrokh Meskoob</a> worked on Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i>, using the principles of modern literary criticism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad Taghi Bahar</a>'s main contribution to this field is his book called <i>Sabk Shenasi</i> (Stylistics). It is a pioneering work on the practice of Persian literary historiography and the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century. It contends that the exemplary status of Sabk-shinasi rests on the recognition of its disciplinary or institutional achievements. It further contends that, rather than a text on Persian ‘stylistics’, Sabk-shinasi is a vast history of Persian literary prose, and, as such, is a significant intervention in Persian literary historiography.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Homaei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalal Homaei (page does not exist)">Jalal Homaei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badiozzaman_Forouzanfar" title="Badiozzaman Forouzanfar">Badiozzaman Forouzanfar</a> and his student, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei-Kadkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani">Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani</a>, are other notable figures who have edited a number of prominent literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critical analysis of Jami's works has been carried out by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_Khan_Afsahzad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala Khan Afsahzad (page does not exist)">Ala Khan Afsahzad</a>. His classic book won the prestigious award of Iran's Year Best book in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_short_stories">Persian short stories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by region or country</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_literature_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic literature topics">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary terms">Literary terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">World literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of authors">Authors</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Middle Eastern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian literature">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi literature">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval literature">Early Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Rome" title="Matter of Rome">Matter of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertexts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> North and South American</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> East</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Southeast</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> South</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_literature" title="Meitei literature">Modern Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_literature" title="Rajasthani literature">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_writing_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian writing in English">Indian writing in English</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> North</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Sub-Saharan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_literature" title="Swahili literature">Swahili</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_by_country" title="Category:Literature by country">Literature by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template talk:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_and_Persian_short_story_writers" title="List of Iranian and Persian short story writers">modern Persian short story</a> has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Period_of_diversity">Period of diversity</h4></div> <p>In this period, the influence of the western literature on the Iranian writers and authors is obvious. The new and modern approaches to writing is introduced and several genres have developed specially in the field of short story. The most popular trends are toward <a href="/wiki/Post-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern">post-modern</a> methods and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Fantasy_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Fantasy Academy">speculative fiction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_2">Poetry</h3></div> <p>Notable Persian poets, modern and classical, include <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Forough Farrokhzad">Forough Farrokhzad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zohari" title="Mohammad Zohari">Mohammad Zohari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mina_Assadi" title="Mina Assadi">Mina Assadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Naderpour" title="Nader Naderpour">Nader Naderpour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei-Kadkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yushij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Houshang Ebtehaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirzadeh_Eshghi" title="Mirzadeh Eshghi">Mirzadeh Eshghi</a> (classical), <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad Taghi Bahar</a> (classical), <a href="/wiki/Aref_Ghazvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Aref Ghazvini">Aref Ghazvini</a> (classical), <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a> (new classic), <a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin Etesami</a> (classical), <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Shahriar</a> (classical) and, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdolrezaei" title="Ali Abdolrezaei">Ali Abdolrezaei</a> (Post Modernism and New Post Modernism), <a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a> (Children's poetry).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Persian_poetry_in_modern_times">Classical Persian poetry in modern times</h4></div> <p>A few notable classical poets have arisen since the 19th century, among whom Mohammad Taghi Bahar and Parvin Etesami have been most celebrated. Mohammad Taghi Bahar had the title "king of poets" and had a significant role in the emergence and development of Persian literature as a distinct institution in the early part of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme of his poems was the social and political situation of Iran. </p><p>Parvin Etesami may be called the greatest Persian woman poet writing in the classical style. One of her remarkable series, called <i>Mast va Hoshyar</i> (The Drunk and the Sober), won admiration from many of those involved in romantic poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Persian_poetry">Modern Persian poetry</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yushij</a> is considered the father of modern Persian poetry, introducing many techniques and forms to differentiate the modern from the old. Nevertheless, the credit for popularizing this new literary form within a country and culture solidly based on a thousand years of classical poetry goes to his few disciples such as Ahmad Shamlou, who adopted Nima's methods and tried new techniques of modern poetry. </p><p>The transformation brought about by Nima Youshij, who freed Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning point in a long literary tradition. It broadened the perception and thinking of the poets that came after him. Nima offered a different understanding of the principles of classical poetry. His artistry was not confined to removing the need for a fixed-length hemistich and dispensing with the tradition of rhyming but focused on a broader structure and function based on a contemporary understanding of human and social existence. His aim in renovating poetry was to commit it to a "natural identity" and to achieve a modern discipline in the mind and linguistic performance of the poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansur_Khaksar_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansur_Khaksar-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nima held that the formal technique dominating classical poetry interfered with its vitality, vigor and progress. Although he accepted some of its aesthetic properties and extended them in his poetry, he never ceased to widen his poetic experience by emphasizing the "natural order" of this art. What Nima Youshij founded in contemporary poetry, his successor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a> continued. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sepid_Persian_Poetry" title="Sepid Persian Poetry">Sepid poem</a> (which translates to white poem), which draws its sources from this poet, avoided the compulsory rules which had entered the Nimai’ school of poetry and adopted a freer structure. This allowed a more direct relationship between the poet and his or her emotional roots. In previous poetry, the qualities of the poet’s vision as well as the span of the subject could only be expressed in general terms and were subsumed by the formal limitations imposed on poetic expression. </p><p>Nima’s poetry transgressed these limitations. It relied on the natural function inherent within poetry itself to portray the poet’s solidarity with life and the wide world surrounding him or her in specific and unambiguous details and scenes. Sepid poetry continues the poetic vision as Nima expressed it and avoids the contrived rules imposed on its creation. However, its most distinct difference with Nimai’ poetry is to move away from the rhythms it employed. Nima Youshij paid attention to an overall harmonious rhyming and created many experimental examples to achieve this end.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansur_Khaksar_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansur_Khaksar-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad Shamlu discovered the inner characteristics of poetry and its manifestation in the literary creations of classical masters as well as the Nimai’ experience. He offered an individual approach. By distancing himself from the obligations imposed by older poetry and some of the limitations that had entered the Nimai’ poem, he recognized the role of prose and music hidden in the language. In the structure of Sepid poetry, in contrast to the prosodic and Nimai’ rules, the poem is written in more "natural" words and incorporates a prose-like process without losing its poetic distinction. Sepid poetry is a developing branch of Nimai’ poetry built upon Nima Youshij's innovations. Nima thought that any change in the construction and the tools of a poet’s expression is conditional on his/her knowledge of the world and a revolutionized outlook. Sepid poetry could not take root outside this teaching and its application. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a>, Sepid poetry did not receive general acceptance before <a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a>'s works. He is considered the founder of Sepid poetry according to Behbahani.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behbahani herself used the "Char Pareh" style of Nima, and subsequently turned to <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a>, a free-flowing poetry style similar to the Western sonnet. Simin Behbahani contributed to a historic development in the form of the ghazal, as she added theatrical subjects, and daily events and conversations into her poetry. She has expanded the range of traditional Persian verse forms and produced some of the most significant works of Persian literature in the 20th century. </p><p>A reluctant follower of Nima Yushij, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a> published his <i>Organ</i> (1951) to support contentions against Nima Yushij's groundbreaking endeavors. In Persian poetry, Mehdi Akhavan Sales has established a bridge between the <i>Khorassani</i> and <i>Nima</i> Schools. The critics consider Mehdi Akhavan Sales as one of the best contemporary Persian poets. He is one of the pioneers of free verse (new style poetry) in Persian literature, particularly of modern style epics. It was his ambition, for a long time, to introduce a fresh style to Persian poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Forough Farrokhzad">Forough Farrokhzad</a> is important in the literary history of Iran for three reasons. First, she was among the first generation to embrace the new style of poetry, pioneered by Nima Yushij during the 1920s, which demanded that poets experiment with rhyme, imagery, and the individual voice. Second, she was the first modern Iranian woman to graphically articulate private sexual landscapes from a woman's perspective. Finally, she transcended her own literary role and experimented with acting, painting, and documentary film-making.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a> is best known as conciliator of classical Persian poetry with the New Poetry initiated by Nima Yooshij. One of the major contributions of Moshiri's poetry, according to some observers, is the broadening of the social and geographical scope of modern Persian literature.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A poet of the last generation before the Islamic Revolution worthy of mention is <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei-Kadkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani</a> (M. Sereshk). Though he is from Khorassan and sways between allegiance to Nima Youshij and Akhavan Saless, in his poetry he shows the influences of Hafiz and Mowlavi. He uses simple, lyrical language and is mostly inspired by the political atmosphere. He is the most successful of those poets who in the past four decades have tried hard to find a synthesis between the two models of Ahmad Shamloo and Nima Youshij.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty-first century, a new generation of Iranian poets continues to work in the New Poetry style and now attracts an international audience thanks to efforts to translate their works. Éditions Bruno Doucey published a selection of forty-eight poems by Garus Abdolmalekian entitled <i>Our Fists under the Table</i> (2012),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated into French by Farideh Rava. Other notable names are poet and publisher Babak Abazari (1984–2015), who died under mysterious circumstances in January 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emerging young poet Milad Khanmirzaei.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Post Modern Persian poetry</b> </p><p>In 1990s a progressive evolution called <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_Ghazal" title="Postmodern Ghazal">Postmodern Ghazal</a> begun in the Persian poetry leading to the modern poetry that changed the balancing principle of rhythm and rhyme of the traditional Persian poetry, as did in the Free Verse poetry following the rhythm of natural speech. Now, the center of the attention was language alone, and not only rhythm was absent but the charm of language leads it to be the main axle pushing the Persian poetry forward. The three most talked about poets of the Post Modern Poetry in Iran are <a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Barahani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdolrezaei" title="Ali Abdolrezaei">Ali Abdolrezaei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Babachahi" title="Ali Babachahi">Ali Babachahi</a>. Among them Ali Abdolrezaei enjoyed a wider admissibility due to the new language he expressed which prevailed in that period. Of these poets Reza Barahani’s “Butterflies” (or Addressed to Butterflies), Ali Abdolrezaei’s “Paris in Renault”, “So Sermon of Society”, “Shinema” and “Mothurt”, and Ali Babachahi’s “The Soft Rain is Me” belong to this genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Children's_poetry"><span id="Children.27s_poetry"></span>Children's poetry</h5></div> <p>In the contemporary period, the growth and manifestation of children's poetry in Persian language and literature increased and in this period we see the emergence of prominent poets such as Mahmoud Kianoosh and Abbas Yamini Sharif in young poetry and <a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak Niktalab</a> in adolescent poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian_literature_awards">Persian literature awards</h2></div> <ul><li>Sadegh Hedayat Award</li> <li>National Ferdowsi Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Houshang Golshiri Award">Houshang Golshiri Award</a></li> <li>Bijan Jalali Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_Annual_Book_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's Annual Book Prize">Iran's Annual Book Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Avini_Literary_Award" title="Martyr Avini Literary Award">Martyr Avini Literary Award</a></li> <li>Mehrgan Adab Prize</li> <li>Parvin Etesami Award</li> <li>Yalda Literary Award</li> <li>Isfahan Literary Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Speculative_Art_and_Literature_Award" title="Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award">Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmad_Literary_Awards" title="Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards">Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards</a></li> <li>Golden Pen Awards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101061647/http://iranian-studies.com/awards/lois-roth">Lois Roth Persian Translation Prize</a></li> <li>Jaleh Esfahani Poetry Award</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_and_poets">Authors and poets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian-language_poets_and_authors" title="List of Persian-language poets and authors">List of Persian-language poets and authors</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/persianpoetics">Persian Poetics</a> (a source of translations of Persian poetry in English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">Diwan (poetry)</a> (includes description of symbols)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">Takhallus</a> (pen name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ادبیات فارسی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Adabiyâte fârsi</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ædæbiːˌjɒːte<span class="wrap"> </span>fɒːɾˈsiː]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Spooner1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spooner1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpooner1994" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSdsnqWpuh4C&pg=PA177">"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki"</a>. In Marashi, Mehdi (ed.). <i>Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780936347356" title="Special:BookSources/9780936347356"><bdi>9780936347356</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022120249/https://books.google.com/books?id=nSdsnqWpuh4C&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dari%2C+Farsi%2C+and+Tojiki&rft.btitle=Persian+Studies+in+North+America%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Mohammad+Ali+Jazayery&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780936347356&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSdsnqWpuh4C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spooner2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spooner2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2012" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94">"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki"</a>. In Schiffman, Harold (ed.). <i>Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004201453" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004201453"><bdi>978-9004201453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022120258/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dari%2C+Farsi%2C+and+Tojiki&rft.btitle=Language+policy+and+language+conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+its+neighbors%3A+the+changing+politics+of+language+choice&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004201453&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWL2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWL2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKing2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339">"Persian"</a>. <i>Compendium of the World's Languages</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136258466" title="Special:BookSources/9781136258466"><bdi>9781136258466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022120250/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1339#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=1339&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136258466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWAqAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur John Arberry, <i>The Legacy of Persia</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9">0-19-821905-9</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von David Levinson; Karen Christensen, <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Asia</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons. 2002, vol. 4, p. 480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frye, R.N., "Darī", <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Brill Publications, CD version.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and Franço de Blois (2004), "Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period", RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). p. 363: "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin Lewis, Rumi Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000. How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west? (p. 9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2006" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Edward (2006). <i>Science and Religion, 400 B.C. to A.D. 1550 From Aristotle to Copernicus</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion%2C+400+B.C.+to+A.D.+1550+From+Aristotle+to+Copernicus&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidis1972" class="citation book cs1">Naidis, Mark (1972). <i>The Western Tradition A Survey of Western Civilization</i>. Dryden Press. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Tradition+A+Survey+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Dryden+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Naidis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentLancourDaily1975" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E. (1 January 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VW-rtv9te8cC&dq=persepolis+library&pg=PA23"><i>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 13 - Inventories of Books to Korea: Libraries in the Republic of</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824720131" title="Special:BookSources/9780824720131"><bdi>9780824720131</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113080342/https://books.google.com/books?id=VW-rtv9te8cC&dq=persepolis+library&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science%3A+Volume+13+-+Inventories+of+Books+to+Korea%3A+Libraries+in+the+Republic+of&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1975-01-01&rft.isbn=9780824720131&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Lancour%2C+Harold&rft.au=Daily%2C+Jay+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVW-rtv9te8cC%26dq%3Dpersepolis%2Blibrary%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, <i>Naqde adabi</i>, Tehran 1959 pp: 374–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yar-Shater, Ehsan. 1986. <i>Persian Poetry in the Timurid and Safavid Periods</i>, Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 973–974. 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraj Parsinejad, <i>A History of Literary Criticism in Iran, 1866-1951</i>, (Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2003), 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdol Hossein Saeedian, <i>"Land and People of Iran"</i> p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSĀMEʿĪ" class="citation journal cs1">SĀMEʿĪ, ḤOSAYN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_8387">"DICTIONARIES"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_8387">10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_8387</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DICTIONARIES&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_8387&rft.aulast=S%C4%80ME%CA%BF%C4%AA&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4OSAYN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F2330-4804_eiro_com_8387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedighiShabani-Jadidi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sedighi, Anousha; Shabani-Jadidi, Pouneh, eds. (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.001.0001">"The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics"</a>. <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i>: 2166–2170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198736745.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873674-5"><bdi>978-0-19-873674-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022120252/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34676">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Persian+Linguistics&rft.pages=2166-2170&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198736745.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873674-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198736745.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2019" class="citation cs2">Alam, Muzaffar (31 December 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520926738-007">"2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan"</a>, <i>Literary Cultures in History</i>, University of California Press, p. 149, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520926738-007">10.1525/9780520926738-007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520926738" title="Special:BookSources/9780520926738"><bdi>9780520926738</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226770775">226770775</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035426/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520926738-007/html">archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History&rft.atitle=2.+The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Persian+in+Precolonial+Hindustan&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226770775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520926738-007&rft.isbn=9780520926738&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1525%2F9780520926738-007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willem_Floor_p_494-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willem_Floor_p_494_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&pg=PA494"><i>Iran and the World in the Safavid Age</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054519/https://books.google.com/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&pg=PA494">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850439303" title="Special:BookSources/1850439303">1850439303</a> p 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennan, Hans Dieter; et al. (2013). <i>Vagabond Life: The Caucasus Journals of George Kennan</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 32. <q>(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vagabond+Life%3A+The+Caucasus+Journals+of+George+Kennan&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=Hans+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiunshvili2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Giunshvili, Jamshid Sh. (15 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sah-nama-translations-ii-into-georgian">"Šāh-nāma Translations ii. Into Georgian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922140039/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/sah-nama-translations-ii-into-georgian">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0%C4%81h-n%C4%81ma+Translations+ii.+Into+Georgian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft.aulast=Giunshvili&rft.aufirst=Jamshid+Sh.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsah-nama-translations-ii-into-georgian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmanfarmaian200924-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmanfarmaian200924_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarmanfarmaian2009">Farmanfarmaian 2009</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054521/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028138" title="Special:BookSources/9231028138">9231028138</a> p 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA322"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184636/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA322">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Infobase Publishing, 1 jan. 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438110251" title="Special:BookSources/1438110251">1438110251</a> p 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doris Wastl-Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&dq=ottoman+empire+official+language+persian+language&pg=PA409"><i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424001453/https://books.google.com/books?id=6gsm72h9u_IC&dq=ottoman+empire+official+language+persian+language&pg=PA409">Archived</a> 24 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754674061" title="Special:BookSources/0754674061">0754674061</a> p 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books._google._nl-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books._google._nl_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books._google._nl_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertold Spuler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA68"><i>Persian Historiography & Geography</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054520/https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA68">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971774887" title="Special:BookSources/9971774887">9971774887</a> p 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin D. Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+court+persian+language&pg=PT340"><i>Rumi - Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jal l al-Din Rumi</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054520/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsQBwAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+court+persian+language&pg=PT340">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oneworld Publications, 18 okt. 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780747373" title="Special:BookSources/1780747373">1780747373</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertold_Spuler_p_69-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_p_69_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bertold_Spuler_p_69_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertold Spuler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA68"><i>Persian Historiography & Geography</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054520/https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA68">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971774887" title="Special:BookSources/9971774887">9971774887</a> p 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInan2019" class="citation book cs1">Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). <i>The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca</i>. 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"Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). <i>The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+forum+at+Frostburg+State+University&rft.atitle=Nietzsche%27s+Zarathustra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.frostburg.edu%2Fphil%2Fforum%2FZarathustra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227020705/http://www.qantara.de/uploads/540/FWF_78_Persian_Literature_in_Afghanistan.pdf">"Latif Nazemi <i>"A Look at Persian Literature in Afghanistan"</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Farts%2Fstory%2F2006%2F01%2F060113_7thday_bs_golrokhsar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223212706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/08/050808_mj-qanoat-tajik-figures.shtml">"مومن قناعت، شاعر و سیاستمدار"</a>. <i>BBC Persian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/08/050808_mj-qanoat-tajik-figures.shtml">the original</a> on 23 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%8C+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Ftajikistan%2Fstory%2F2005%2F08%2F050808_mj-qanoat-tajik-figures.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114002842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/04/050421_v-tajik-culture-ar-farzanehkhojandi.shtml">"فرزانه، صدای نسل نو"</a>. <i>BBC Persian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/04/050421_v-tajik-culture-ar-farzanehkhojandi.shtml">the original</a> on 14 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%8C+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84+%D9%86%D9%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Ftajikistan%2Fstory%2F2005%2F04%2F050421_v-tajik-culture-ar-farzanehkhojandi.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129022218/http://iranema-online.com/guest/files/000888.php">"پویایی فرهنگ هر کشور ی در "آزادی" نهفته است"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranema-online.com/guest/files/000888.php">the original</a> on 29 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%87%D8%B1+%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1+%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%22%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%22+%D9%86%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanema-online.com%2Fguest%2Ffiles%2F000888.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034350/http://www.ferdosi.com/Book/ShowBookDetail.asp?BkCode=10001027">"A history of literary criticism in Iran (1866-1951)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferdosi.com/Book/ShowBookDetail.asp?BkCode=10001027">the original</a> on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+literary+criticism+in+Iran+%281866-1951%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferdosi.com%2FBook%2FShowBookDetail.asp%3FBkCode%3D10001027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211225714/http://www.persian-language.org/Group/Article.asp?ID=582&P=4">"AH Zarrinkoub: A biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persian-language.org/Group/Article.asp?ID=582&P=4">the original</a> on 11 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AH+Zarrinkoub%3A+A+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persian-language.org%2FGroup%2FArticle.asp%3FID%3D582%26P%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517171109/http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2383/html/panorama.htm#s93186">"Luminaries - Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani"</a>. <i>Iran Daily - Panorama</i>. 24 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2383/html/panorama.htm#s93186">the original</a> on 17 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Daily+-+Panorama&rft.atitle=Luminaries+-+Mohammad+Reza+Shafiei-Kadkani&rft.date=2005-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1384%2F2383%2Fhtml%2Fpanorama.htm%23s93186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/11/051111_dr_afsahzad.shtml">همایش بزرگداشت افصح زاد</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722084955/www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/story/2005/11/051111_dr_afsahzad.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-07-22 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>" at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Persian" title="BBC Persian">BBC Persian</a>. Accessed on 2006-03-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_short_story.php">"Persian Literature: The Persian Short Story"</a>. <i>www.iranchamber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101154019/https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_short_story.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Persian+Literature%3A+The+Persian+Short+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Fpersian_short_story.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharghnewspaper.com/850407/html/v2.htm">Archived copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719164403/http://www.sharghnewspaper.com/850407/html/v2.htm">Archived</a> 19 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali_Ahmadi" class="citation journal cs1">Wali Ahmadi. "The institution of Persian literature and the genealogy of Bahar's stylistics".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+institution+of+Persian+literature+and+the+genealogy+of+Bahar%27s+stylistics&rft.au=Wali+Ahmadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112185219/http://www2.irib.ir/occasions/etesami/etesamiEn.htm">"Parvin Etesami's biography at IRIB.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irib.ir/occasions/etesami/etesamiEn.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parvin+Etesami%27s+biography+at+IRIB.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irib.ir%2Foccasions%2Fetesami%2FetesamiEn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansur_Khaksar-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mansur_Khaksar_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mansur_Khaksar_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034353/http://www.iran-bulletin.org/art/Shamlu_khaksar.html">"Mansur Khaksar <i>"Shamlu's poetic world"</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-bulletin.org/art/Shamlu_khaksar.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mansur+Khaksar+%22Shamlu%27s+poetic+world%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-bulletin.org%2Fart%2FShamlu_khaksar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2005/01/050115_la-pa-poetry.shtml">"جایزه شعر بیژن جلالی به سیمین بهبهانی اهدا شد"</a>. <i>BBC Persian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821105837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2005/01/050115_la-pa-poetry.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1+%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86+%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7+%D8%B4%D8%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Farts%2Fstory%2F2005%2F01%2F050115_la-pa-poetry.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/030118_l-cy-poetry.shtml">"معرفی منتقدان و پژوهشگران برگزیده شعر"</a>. <i>BBC Persian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620174225/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/030118_l-cy-poetry.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Persian&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Farts%2F030118_l-cy-poetry.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/makhavansales/mehdi_akhavan_sales.php">"Persian Language & Literature: Mehdi Akhavan Sales"</a>. <i>www.iranchamber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101154021/https://www.iranchamber.com/literature/makhavansales/mehdi_akhavan_sales.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Persian+Language+%26+Literature%3A+Mehdi+Akhavan+Sales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fliterature%2Fmakhavansales%2Fmehdi_akhavan_sales.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227020701/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/emes/sourcebook/da.data/82637/FileSource/1957_farrokhzad.pdf">"Forough Farrokhzad and modern Persian poetry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/emes/sourcebook/da.data/82637/FileSource/1957_farrokhzad.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forough+Farrokhzad+and+modern+Persian+poetry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitemaker.umich.edu%2Femes%2Fsourcebook%2Fda.data%2F82637%2FFileSource%2F1957_farrokhzad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fereydoonmoshiri.org/fmepage01.htm">"Fereydoon Moshiri's official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150512021902/http://www.fereydoonmoshiri.org/fmepage01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fereydoon+Moshiri%27s+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fereydoonmoshiri.org%2Ffmepage01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-arena.com/book.htm#Nader_Naderpour">"Modern Persian Poetry By Mahmud Kianush"</a>. <i>www.art-arena.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423080723/http://www.art-arena.com/book.htm#Nader_Naderpour">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.art-arena.com&rft.atitle=Modern+Persian+Poetry+By+Mahmud+Kianush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-arena.com%2Fbook.htm%23Nader_Naderpour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-brunodoucey.com/garous-abdolmalekian/">"Editions Bruno Doucey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416175024/http://www.editions-brunodoucey.com/garous-abdolmalekian/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Editions+Bruno+Doucey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editions-brunodoucey.com%2Fgarous-abdolmalekian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210111/http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/humanitarian/they-must-not-be-forgotten/iran/babak-abazari">"Babak Abazari"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/humanitarian/they-must-not-be-forgotten/iran/babak-abazari">the original</a> on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Babak+Abazari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusartnet.com%2Fbiographies%2Fhumanitarian%2Fthey-must-not-be-forgotten%2Firan%2Fbabak-abazari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106180856/http://www.rusartnet.com/persian-culture/iranian-writers/milad-khanmirzaei-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusartnet.com/persian-culture/iranian-writers/milad-khanmirzaei-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C">the original</a> on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusartnet.com%2Fpersian-culture%2Firanian-writers%2Fmilad-khanmirzaei-%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmanfarmaian2009" class="citation journal cs1">Farmanfarmaian, Fatema Soudavar (2009). <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Amir_Arjomand" title="Saïd Amir Arjomand">Arjomand, Saïd Amir</a> (ed.). "Georgia and Iran: Three Millennia of Cultural Relations An Overview". <i>Journal of Persianate Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1). BRILL: 1–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187471609X445464">10.1163/187471609X445464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Persianate+Studies&rft.atitle=Georgia+and+Iran%3A+Three+Millennia+of+Cultural+Relations+An+Overview&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187471609X445464&rft.aulast=Farmanfarmaian&rft.aufirst=Fatema+Soudavar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻAbd_al-Ḥusayn_Zarrīnʹkūb2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarinkoob" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdolhossein Zarinkoob">ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb</a> (2000). <i>Dū qarn sukūt: sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence)</i>. Tihrān: Sukhan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46632917">46632917</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-5983-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/964-5983-33-6">964-5983-33-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C5%AB+qarn+suk%C5%ABt%3A+sarguz%CC%B2asht-i+%E1%B8%A5av%C4%81dis%CC%B2+va+awz%CC%A4%C4%81%CA%BB-i+t%C4%81r%C4%ABkh%C4%AB+dar+d%C5%AB+qarn-i+avval-i+Isl%C4%81m+%28Two+Centuries+of+Silence%29&rft.place=Tihr%C4%81n&rft.pub=Sukhan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46632917&rft.au=%CA%BBAbd+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+Zarr%C4%ABn%CA%B9k%C5%ABb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Aryanpur, Manoochehr. <i>A History of Persian Literature</i>. Tehran: Kayhan Press, 1973</li> <li>Chopra, R.M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010.</li> <li>Chopra, R.M., "The Rise Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", 2012, published by Iran Culture House, New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata. Revised edition published in 2013.</li> <li>Zellem, Edward. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanproverbs.com">"<i>Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs</i>"</a>. Charleston: CreateSpace, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zarbul+Masalha%3A+151+Afghan+Dari+Proverbs&rft.pub=Charleston%3A+CreateSpace%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanproverbs.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clawson, Patrick. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_HAAAAQBAJ">Eternal Iran</a></i>. Macmillan, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6">1-4039-6276-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Browne, E.G.</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fshmK9xYD6cC">Literary History of Persia</a></i> 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0406-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0406-X">0-7007-0406-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Browne, Edward G.</a> <i>Islamic Medicine</i>. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-87570-19-9">81-87570-19-9</a></li> <li>Rypka, Jan. <i>History of Iranian Literature</i>. Reidel Publishing Company, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460598">460598</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0143-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0143-1">90-277-0143-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1992). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFxOAgAAQBAJ">A Two-colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry</a></i>. University of North Carolina Press, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1469616378" title="Special:BookSources/1469616378">1469616378</a>.</li> <li>Tikku, G.L. <i>Persian Poetry in Kashmir</i>. 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09312-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09312-7">0-520-09312-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Walker, Benjamin</a>. <i>Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran. </i> Calcutta: Arya Press, 1950.</li> <li>Zellem, Edward. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanproverbs.com">"<i>Afghan Proverbs Illustrated</i>"</a>. Charleston: CreateSpace, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghan+Proverbs+Illustrated&rft.pub=Charleston%3A+CreateSpace%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanproverbs.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chopra, R.M., "Great Poets of Classical Persian", 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89140-99-1">978-81-89140-99-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohtasham_Kashani" title="Mohtasham Kashani">Mohtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghma_Jandaqi" title="Yaghma Jandaqi">Yaghma Jandaqi</a> <small>(1782–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_Malek_al-Sho%27ara" title="Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara">Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara</a> <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She'r-e Nimaa'i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poetry_of_different_cultures_and_languages" title="Template:Poetry of different cultures and languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Canadian poetry">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_poetry" title="Cantonese poetry">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish poetry">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_poetry" title="English poetry">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_poetry" title="Estonian poetry">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_poetry" title="Finnish poetry">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_poetry" title="French poetry">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek poetry">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati poetry">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi poetry">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_poetry" title="Indian poetry">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_poetry" title="Italian poetry">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_poetry" title="Javanese poetry">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais poetry">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_poetry" title="Kannada poetry">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri poetry">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_poetry" title="Latin poetry">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_poetry" title="Latin American poetry">Latin 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href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak poetry">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" title="Spanish poetry">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil poetry">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu poetry">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish poetry">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_poetry" title="Welsh poetry">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_literature" title="Afghan literature">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_literature" title="Bahraini literature">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi literature">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_literature" title="Bhutanese literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian literature (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese literature">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_literature" title="Iranian literature">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian literature">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian literature">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese literature">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_literature" title="Maldivian literature">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omani literature (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian literature">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_literature" title="Singaporean literature">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati literature">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni literature (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot literature (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian literature">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory literature (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island literature (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands literature (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese literature (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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