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Identification and paragenesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Identification_and_paragenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extraterrestrial occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-pressure_polymorphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-pressure_polymorphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>High-pressure polymorphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-pressure_polymorphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weathering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mining-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mining subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Experimental uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Olivine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivien" title="Olivien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Olivien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="زبرجد زيتوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زبرجد زيتوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliv%C3%ADn" title="Olivín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Olivín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Алівін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алівін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Алівін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алівін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Оливин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оливин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Olivina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliv%C3%ADn" title="Olivín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Olivín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olifin" title="Olifin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Olifin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivingruppe" title="Olivingruppe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Olivingruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliviin" title="Oliviin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oliviin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ολιβίνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολιβίνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivino" title="Olivino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Olivino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivino" title="Olivino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Olivino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibino" title="Olibino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Olibino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الیوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Olivine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaiv%C3%ADn" title="Olaivín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Olaivín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Olivina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%9E%8C%EC%84%9D" title="감람석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감람석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Օլիվին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օլիվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ओलीवाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओलीवाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirah_kuning" title="Mirah kuning – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mirah kuning" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93liv%C3%ADn" title="Ólivín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ólivín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olivina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אוליבין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוליבין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოლივინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლივინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Оливин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оливин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Оливин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оливин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinas" title="Olivinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Olivinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഒലിവിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒലിവിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Оливин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оливин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivijn" title="Olivijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Olivijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="カンラン石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンラン石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliwiny" title="Oliwiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oliwiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Olivina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin%C4%83" title="Olivină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Olivină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Оливин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оливин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Olivine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliv%C3%ADn" title="Olivín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Olivín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliviini" title="Oliviini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oliviini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Olivin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Magnesium iron silicate solid solution series mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Olivine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Olivine (disambiguation)">Olivine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #95bf5d">Olivine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivine-gem7-10a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Olivine-gem7-10a.jpg/220px-Olivine-gem7-10a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Olivine-gem7-10a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #95bf5d">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nesosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesosilicate">Nesosilicate</a><br />Olivine group<br />Olivine series</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg,Fe)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ol<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.AC.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pbnm</i> (no. 62)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #95bf5d">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Yellow to yellow-green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Massive to granular</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">Conchoidal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">6.5–7.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">colorless or white</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.2–4.5<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kogel2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogel2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (+)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>n</i><sub>α</sub> = 1.630–1.650<br /><i>n</i><sub>β</sub> = 1.650–1.670<br /><i>n</i><sub>γ</sub> = 1.670–1.690</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>δ</i> = 0.040</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <b>olivine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate</a> with the chemical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>,<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Nesosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesosilicates">nesosilicate or orthosilicate</a>. The primary component of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DCH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface, but weathers quickly on the surface. Olivine has many uses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a> (or chrysolite), as well as industrial applications like <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> processes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg/220px-Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg/330px-Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg/440px-Olivine_in_polarizing_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Olivine in cross-polarized light</figcaption></figure> <p>The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two <a href="/wiki/Endmember_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endmember (mineralogy)">endmembers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> series: <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a> (Mg-endmember: <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalite</a> (Fe-endmember: <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>). Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed as <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">molar</a> percentages of forsterite (Fo) and/or fayalite (Fa) (<i>e.g.</i>, Fo<sub>70</sub>Fa<sub>30</sub>, or just Fo<sub>70</sub> with Fa<sub>30</sub> implied). Forsterite's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure, almost 1,900 °C (3,450 °F), while fayalite's is much lower – about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). Melting temperature varies smoothly between the two endmembers, as do other properties. Olivine incorporates only minor amounts of elements other than <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O), <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (Si), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg) and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (Fe). <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> (Mn) and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (Ni) commonly are the additional elements present in highest concentrations. </p><p>Olivine gives its name to the group of minerals with a related structure (the <b>olivine group</b>) – which includes <a href="/wiki/Tephroite" title="Tephroite">tephroite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Monticellite" title="Monticellite">monticellite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>MgSiO<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Larnite" title="Larnite">larnite</a> (Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Kirschsteinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirschsteinite">kirschsteinite</a> (CaFeSiO<sub>4</sub>) (commonly also spelled kirschteinite<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985373_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985373-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Olivine's crystal structure incorporates aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> P <a href="/wiki/Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a>, which arise from each silica (SiO<sub>4</sub>) unit being joined by metal divalent cations with each oxygen in SiO<sub>4</sub> bound to three metal ions. It has a <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a>-like structure similar to magnetite but uses one quadrivalent and two divalent cations M<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> M<sup>4+</sup>O<sub>4</sub> instead of two trivalent and one divalent cations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_and_paragenesis">Identification and paragenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identification and paragenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olivine is named for its typically olive-green color, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">thought to be a result of traces of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though it may alter to a reddish color from the oxidation of iron. </p><p>Translucent olivine is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> called <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a> (<i>péridot</i>, the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word for olivine). It is also called chrysolite (or <i>chrysolithe</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and stone), though this name is now rarely used in the English language. Some of the finest gem-quality olivine has been obtained from a body of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> rocks on <a href="/wiki/Zabargad_Island" title="Zabargad Island">Zabargad Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivine occurs in both <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> and as a primary mineral in certain <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>. Mg-rich olivine crystallizes from <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> that is rich in magnesium and low in <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>. That magma crystallizes to mafic rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985374–375_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985374–375-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultramafic rocks usually contain substantial olivine, and those with an olivine content of over 40% are described as <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a> has an olivine content of over 90% and is likely a <a href="/wiki/Cumulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulate">cumulate</a> formed by olivine crystallizing and settling out of magma or a <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">vein</a> mineral lining magma conduits.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivine and high pressure structural variants constitute over 50% of the Earth's upper mantle, and olivine is one of the Earth's most common minerals by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> of impure <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> with high magnesium and low silica content also produces Mg-rich olivine, or <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a>. </p><p>Fe-rich olivine <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalite</a> is relatively much less common, but it occurs in <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> in small amounts in rare <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolites</a>, and extremely Fe-rich olivine can exist stably with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">tridymite</a>. In contrast, Mg-rich olivine does not occur stably with <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> minerals, as it would react with them to form <a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg,Fe)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>). </p><p>Mg-rich olivine is stable to pressures equivalent to a depth of about 410 km (250 mi) within Earth. Because it is thought to be the most abundant mineral in Earth's mantle at shallower depths, the properties of olivine have a dominant influence upon the <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a> of that part of Earth and hence upon the solid flow that drives <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Experiments have documented that olivine at high pressures (12 <a href="/wiki/GPa" class="mw-redirect" title="GPa">GPa</a>, the pressure at depths of about 360 km (220 mi)) can contain at least as much as about 8900 parts per million (weight) of water, and that such water content drastically reduces the resistance of olivine to solid flow. Moreover, because olivine is so abundant, more water may be dissolved in olivine of the mantle than is contained in Earth's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivine pine forest (a <a href="/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community">plant community</a>) is unique to Norway. It is rare and found on dry olivine ridges in the fjord districts of Sunnmøre and Nordfjord.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivine grains that eroded from lava on Papakolea Beach, Hawaii"><img alt="Olivine grains that eroded from lava on Papakolea Beach, Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg/250px-Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg/330px-Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg/500px-Papakolea_Beach_sand_high_mag_052915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olivine grains that eroded from <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> on <a href="/wiki/Papakolea_Beach" title="Papakolea Beach">Papakolea Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peridot_in_basalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light green olivine crystals in peridotite xenoliths in basalt from Arizona"><img alt="Light green olivine crystals in peridotite xenoliths in basalt from Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Peridot_in_basalt.jpg/180px-Peridot_in_basalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Peridot_in_basalt.jpg/270px-Peridot_in_basalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Peridot_in_basalt.jpg/360px-Peridot_in_basalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light green olivine crystals in peridotite xenoliths in basalt from Arizona</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivine basalt from the Moon, collected in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15"><img alt="Olivine basalt from the Moon, collected in 1971 by the crew of Apollo 15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/180px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/270px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/360px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olivine <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> from the Moon, collected in 1971 by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forsterite-158776.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bright green olivine from Pakistan, showing chisel termination and silky luster"><img alt="Bright green olivine from Pakistan, showing chisel termination and silky luster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Forsterite-158776.jpg/139px-Forsterite-158776.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Forsterite-158776.jpg/209px-Forsterite-158776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Forsterite-158776.jpg/278px-Forsterite-158776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bright green olivine from Pakistan, showing chisel termination and silky luster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_-_Olivine_-_Azores.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivine in lava from the Azores"><img alt="Olivine in lava from the Azores" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lava_-_Olivine_-_Azores.jpg/250px-Lava_-_Olivine_-_Azores.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lava_-_Olivine_-_Azores.jpg/330px-Lava_-_Olivine_-_Azores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olivine in lava from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_occurrences">Extraterrestrial occurrences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel,_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites,_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg/220px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg/330px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg/440px-M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orite_Esquel%2C_exposition_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orites%2C_Mus%C3%A9um_national_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Paris_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of olivine embedded in iron, in a slice of <a href="/wiki/Esquel_(meteorite)" title="Esquel (meteorite)">Esquel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pallasite" title="Pallasite">pallasite</a> <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mg-rich olivine has also been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a><sup id="cite_ref-MareBasalt1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MareBasalt1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> falling into infant stars,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as on asteroid <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such meteorites include <a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">chondrites</a>, collections of debris from the early <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pallasite" title="Pallasite">pallasites</a>, mixes of iron-nickel and olivine. The rare <a href="/wiki/A-type_asteroid" title="A-type asteroid">A-type asteroids</a> are suspected to have a surface dominated by olivine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spectral_signature" title="Spectral signature">spectral signature</a> of olivine has been seen in the dust disks around young stars. The tails of comets (which formed from the dust disk around the young <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>) often have the spectral signature of olivine, and the presence of olivine was verified in samples of a comet from the <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#Sample_analysis" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust spacecraft</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Sample analysis) has been deleted. (2024-06-25)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comet-like (magnesium-rich) olivine has also been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimal</a> belt around the star <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris" title="Beta Pictoris">Beta Pictoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deVries2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_structure_of_olivine_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Atomic_structure_of_olivine_1.png/220px-Atomic_structure_of_olivine_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Atomic_structure_of_olivine_1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 1:</b> The atomic scale structure of olivine looking along the <i>a</i> axis. Oxygen is shown in red, silicon in pink, and magnesium/iron in blue. A projection of the unit cell is shown by the black rectangle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Minerals in the olivine group crystallize in the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P<i>bnm</i>) with isolated silicate tetrahedra, meaning that olivine is a <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">nesosilicate</a>. The structure can be described as a hexagonal, close-packed array of oxygen <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> with half of the octahedral sites occupied with magnesium or iron ions and one-eighth of the tetrahedral sites occupied by silicon ions. </p><p>There are three distinct oxygen sites (marked O1, O2 and O3 in figure 1), two distinct metal sites (M1 and M2) and only one distinct silicon site. O1, O2, M2 and Si all lie on <a href="/wiki/Mirror_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror plane">mirror planes</a>, while M1 exists on an inversion center. O3 lies in a general position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High-pressure_polymorphs">High-pressure polymorphs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High-pressure polymorphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the high temperatures and pressures found at depth within the Earth the olivine structure is no longer stable. Below depths of about 410 km (250 mi) olivine undergoes an exothermic <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">sorosilicate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadsleyite" title="Wadsleyite">wadsleyite</a> and, at about 520 km (320 mi) depth, wadsleyite transforms exothermically into <a href="/wiki/Ringwoodite" title="Ringwoodite">ringwoodite</a>, which has the <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a> structure. At a depth of about 660 km (410 mi), ringwoodite decomposes into <a href="/wiki/Silicate_perovskite" title="Silicate perovskite">silicate perovskite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg,Fe)SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Ferropericlase" title="Ferropericlase">ferropericlase</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">(Mg,Fe)O</span>) in an endothermic reaction. These phase transitions lead to a discontinuous increase in the density of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> that can be observed by <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> methods. They are also thought to influence the dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a> in that the exothermic transitions reinforce flow across the phase boundary, whereas the endothermic reaction hampers it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pressure at which these phase transitions occur depends on temperature and iron content.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 800 °C (1,070 K; 1,470 °F), the pure magnesium end member, forsterite, transforms to wadsleyite at 11.8 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">gigapascals</a> (116,000 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>) and to ringwoodite at pressures above 14 GPa (138,000 atm). Increasing the iron content decreases the pressure of the phase transition and narrows the <a href="/wiki/Wadsleyite" title="Wadsleyite">wadsleyite</a> stability field. At about 0.8 <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a> fayalite, olivine transforms directly to ringwoodite over the pressure range 10.0 to 11.5 GPa (99,000–113,000 atm). Fayalite transforms to <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> spinel at pressures below 5 GPa (49,000 atm). Increasing the temperature increases the pressure of these phase transitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weathering">Weathering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iddingsite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iddingsite.JPG/220px-Iddingsite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iddingsite.JPG/330px-Iddingsite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Iddingsite.JPG/440px-Iddingsite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Olivine altered to iddingsite within a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenolith</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Olivine is one of the less stable common minerals on the surface according to the <a href="/wiki/Goldich_dissolution_series" title="Goldich dissolution series">Goldich dissolution series</a>. It alters into <a href="/wiki/Iddingsite" title="Iddingsite">iddingsite</a> (a combination of clay minerals, iron oxides and <a href="/wiki/Ferrihydrite" title="Ferrihydrite">ferrihydrite</a>) readily in the presence of water.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artificially increasing the weathering rate of olivine, e.g. by dispersing fine-grained olivine on beaches, has been proposed as a cheap way to sequester CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of iddingsite on Mars would suggest that liquid water once existed there, and might enable scientists to determine when there was last liquid water on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its rapid weathering, olivine is rarely found in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg/250px-Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg/330px-Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg/500px-Sunnylvsfjord_MS-Midnatsol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Open-pit mining at <a href="/wiki/Sunnylvsfjorden" title="Sunnylvsfjorden">Sunnylvsfjorden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurtigruten" title="Hurtigruten">Hurtigruten</a> ship passing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Norway is the main source of olivine in Europe, particularly in an area stretching from <a href="/wiki/%C3%85heim" title="Åheim">Åheim</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tafjord" title="Tafjord">Tafjord</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Hornindal" title="Hornindal">Hornindal</a> to Flemsøy in the <a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a> district. There is also olivine in <a href="/wiki/Eid,_Norway" title="Eid, Norway">Eid</a> municipality. About 50% of the world's olivine for industrial use is produced in Norway. At Svarthammaren in <a href="/wiki/Norddal" title="Norddal">Norddal</a> olivine was mined from around 1920 to 1979, with a daily output up to 600 metric tons. Olivine was also obtained from the construction site of the hydro power stations in Tafjord. At Robbervika in Norddal municipality an open-pit mine has been in operation since 1984. The characteristic red color is reflected in several local names with "red" such as <i>Raudbergvik</i> (Red rock bay) or <i>Raudnakken</i> (Red ridge).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Str%C3%B8m" title="Hans Strøm">Hans Strøm</a> in 1766 described the olivine's typical red color on the surface and the blue color within. Strøm wrote that in Norddal district large quantities of olivine were broken from the bedrock and used as <a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">sharpening stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kallskaret near Tafjord is a nature reserve with olivine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olivine is used as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> in steel works.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aluminium foundry industry uses olivine sand to cast objects in aluminium. Olivine sand requires less water than silica sands while still holding the mold together during handling and pouring of the metal. Less water means less gas (steam) to vent from the mold as metal is poured into the mold.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Finland, olivine is marketed as an ideal rock for <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> stoves because of its comparatively high density and resistance to weathering under repeated heating and cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gem-quality olivine is used as a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> called <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_uses">Experimental uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Experimental uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Removal of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> via reaction with crushed olivine has been considered. The end-products of the very slow reaction are <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a>, and iron oxides.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A nonprofit, <a href="/wiki/Project_Vesta" title="Project Vesta">Project Vesta</a>, is investigating this approach on beaches which increase the agitation and surface area of crushed olivine through wave action.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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reaction series</a> – Order of crystallization of minerals in magma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a> – List of minerals with Wikipedia articles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMick_R._Smith1999" class="citation book cs1">Mick R. Smith (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcuoyxo33nsC&pg=PA62"><i>Stone: Building Stone, Rock Fill and Armourstone in Construction</i></a>. Geological Society of London. pp. 62–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-029-4"><bdi>978-1-86239-029-4</bdi></a>. <q>Specific Gravity 3.5–4.5</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone%3A+Building+Stone%2C+Rock+Fill+and+Armourstone+in+Construction&rft.pages=62-&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-029-4&rft.au=Mick+R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcuoyxo33nsC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kogel2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kogel2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Elzea_Kogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Elzea Kogel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA679"><i>Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses</i></a>. SME. pp. 679–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8"><bdi>978-0-87335-233-8</bdi></a>. <q>The specific gravity is approximately 3.2 when pure rises with increasing iron content.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Minerals+%26+Rocks%3A+Commodities%2C+Markets%2C+and+Uses&rft.pages=679-&rft.pub=SME&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87335-233-8&rft.au=Jessica+Elzea+Kogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNicdkuulE4C%26pg%3DPA679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140120001919/http://www.science.smith.edu/geosciences/petrology/Petrography/Olivine/Olivine.html">"Olivine"</a>. Science.smith.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/geosciences/petrology/Petrography/Olivine/Olivine.html">the original</a> on 2014-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-14</span></span>. <q>G = 3.22 to 4.39. Specific gravity increases and hardness decreases with increasing Fe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olivine&rft.pub=Science.smith.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fgeosciences%2Fpetrology%2FPetrography%2FOlivine%2FOlivine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017062317/http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1001/minerals/olivine.shtml">"University of Minnesota's Mineral Pages: Olivine"</a>. Geo.umn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.umn.edu/courses/1001/minerals/olivine.shtml">the original</a> on 2013-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-14</span></span>. <q>Specific Gravity: 3.2 (Mg-rich variety) to 4.3 (Iron-rich variety) (average weight)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota%27s+Mineral+Pages%3A+Olivine&rft.pub=Geo.umn.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.umn.edu%2Fcourses%2F1001%2Fminerals%2Folivine.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Olivine.shtml">Olivine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209063926/http://webmineral.com/data/Olivine.shtml">Archived</a> 2014-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Webmineral.com Retrieved on 2012-06-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2983.html">Olivine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202152713/http://www.mindat.org/min-2983.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mindat.org Retrieved on 2012-06-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinC._S._Hurlburt1985" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Cornelis; C. S. Hurlburt (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei"><i>Manual of Mineralogy</i></a> (20th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9"><bdi>978-0-471-80580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-471-80580-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=C.+S.+Hurlburt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofmineralo00klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCH_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2014" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Sarah (2014). <i>Pocket Guide to the Rocks & Minerals of North America</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426212826" title="Special:BookSources/9781426212826"><bdi>9781426212826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Guide+to+the+Rocks+%26+Minerals+of+North+America&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781426212826&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985373-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985373_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985">Klein & Hurlbut 1985</a>, p. 373.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst, W. G. <i>Earth Materials</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/loc-6423.html">St. John's Island peridot information and history</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mindat.org" title="Mindat.org">Mindat.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGubelin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Gubelin, Edward (Spring 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gia.edu/doc/Spring-1981-Gems-Gemology-Zabargad-Peridot-Island-Red-Sea.pdf">"Zabargad: The ancient peridot island in the Red Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gems & Gemology</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.17.1.2">10.5741/GEMS.17.1.2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Zabargad%3A+The+ancient+peridot+island+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5741%2FGEMS.17.1.2&rft.aulast=Gubelin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fdoc%2FSpring-1981-Gems-Gemology-Zabargad-Peridot-Island-Red-Sea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985374–375-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1985374–375_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985">Klein & Hurlbut 1985</a>, pp. 374–375.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). 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"Enhanced Weathering: An Effective and Cheap Tool to Sequester CO<sub>2</sub>". <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>74</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">349–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ClCh...74..349S">2006ClCh...74..349S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-005-3485-y">10.1007/s10584-005-3485-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131280491">131280491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Enhanced+Weathering%3A+An+Effective+and+Cheap+Tool+to+Sequester+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131280491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-005-3485-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ClCh...74..349S&rft.aulast=Schuiling&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Krijgsman%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelbert2020" class="citation web cs1">Delbert, Caroline (2020-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a32799266/green-sand-carbon-dioxide-climate-change/">"How This Strange Green Sand Could Reverse Climate Change"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=How+This+Strange+Green+Sand+Could+Reverse+Climate+Change&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Delbert&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2Fa32799266%2Fgreen-sand-carbon-dioxide-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlivine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olivine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Olivine">Olivine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov03/olivine.html">Pretty Green Mineral – Pretty Dry Mars?</a> by Linda M.V. Martel, Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223053155/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/peridot">Olivine Page</a> Farlang library: Historic sources + modern articles on Olivine and Peridot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.und.nodak.edu/instruct/mineral/320petrology/opticalmin/olivine.htm">Geological information and several microscopic images</a> University of North Dakota</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9randite,_natrolite,_analcime,_aegirine_300-4-2112.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/S%C3%A9randite%2C_natrolite%2C_analcime%2C_aegirine_300-4-2112.JPG/120px-S%C3%A9randite%2C_natrolite%2C_analcime%2C_aegirine_300-4-2112.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/S%C3%A9randite%2C_natrolite%2C_analcime%2C_aegirine_300-4-2112.JPG/250px-S%C3%A9randite%2C_natrolite%2C_analcime%2C_aegirine_300-4-2112.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common minerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">Amphibole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgmanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgmanite">Bridgmanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="K-feldspar">K-feldspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Olivine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">Plagioclase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">Pyroxene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">Industrial mineral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/15px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/24px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/31px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1203" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22693#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172557-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Olivine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85025442">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Péridots"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12495566h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Péridots"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12495566h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007286320705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivine&oldid=1275282170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivine&oldid=1275282170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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