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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Maat_som_et_prinsipp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maat_som_et_prinsipp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Maat som et prinsipp</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maat_som_et_prinsipp-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Maat som et prinsipp</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maat_som_et_prinsipp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maat_og_loven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maat_og_loven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Maat og loven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maat_og_loven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maat_og_skriverne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maat_og_skriverne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Maat og skriverne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maat_og_skriverne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maat_som_gudinne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maat_som_gudinne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Maat som gudinne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maat_som_gudinne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maats_templer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maats_templer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maats templer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maats_templer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tekstlige_temaer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tekstlige_temaer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tekstlige temaer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tekstlige_temaer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Tekstlige temaer</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tekstlige_temaer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Førtito_negative_bekjennelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Førtito_negative_bekjennelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Førtito negative bekjennelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Førtito_negative_bekjennelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 63 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A0t" title="Maàt – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maàt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A4t" title="Maät – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maät" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Մաաթ – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մաաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4" title="মাআত – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাআত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat_(%C3%A4gyptische_Mythologie)" title="Maat (ägyptische Mythologie) – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maat (ägyptische Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B1%CF%84" title="Μάατ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάατ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2t" title="Maât – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maât" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="마트 (이집트 신화) – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마트 (이집트 신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Մաատ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मात – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="מאעת – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაატი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაატი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯃꯥꯠ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A4t" title="Maät – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maät" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मात – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मात" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88" title="マアト – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マアト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A2t" title="Maât – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Maât" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A0t" title="Maàt – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maàt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at" title="Ma'at – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ma'at" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Маат – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="ماعت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat" title="Maat – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="玛亚特 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛亚特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="玛亚特 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛亚特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Maat" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maat"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maat"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Maat" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Maat" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&oldid=24314347" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Maat&id=24314347&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaat"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaat"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Maat&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maat" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170471" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><table cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="float:right; margin:5px 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #FFCC77; border-collapse:collapse; border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px; background:#ffffde; color:#000000;" width="300"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" valign="top" style="background:#FFE39B;">Maat i <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyf" title="Hieroglyf">hieroglyfer</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD">eller </td> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H6.png?2f03d" height="38" title="H6" alt="H6" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />Maats fjær </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD">eller </td> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="24" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD">eller<br />med <a href="/wiki/Determinativ_(ideogram)" title="Determinativ (ideogram)">determinativ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space: nowrap;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U5.png?3f55b" height="24" title="U5" alt="U5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD">eller </td> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U1.png?22fa9" height="38" title="U1" alt="U1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa11.png?e19b4" height="7" title="Aa11" alt="Aa11" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD">eller<br />med <a href="/wiki/Determinativ_(ideogram)" title="Determinativ (ideogram)">determinativ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; white-space: nowrap;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U1.png?22fa9" height="38" title="U1" alt="U1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa11.png?e19b4" height="7" title="Aa11" alt="Aa11" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="background-color:#EEEECD"><a href="/wiki/Transkripsjon_(spr%C3%A5kvitenskap)" title="Transkripsjon (språkvitenskap)">Transkripsjon</a> </td> <td><i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:DejaVu Sans, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Code2001, MV Boli, MS Mincho, Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration:none!important">M3ˁ.t</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#EEEECD"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/250px-Maat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="518" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/375px-Maat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maat.svg/500px-Maat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Maat med sine attributter </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Maat</b> (transkripsjon<i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family:DejaVu Sans, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Code2001, MV Boli, MS Mincho, Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration:none!important">M3ˁ.t</span></i>, <i>Ma'at</i>) er i <a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_mytologi" title="Egyptisk mytologi">egyptisk mytologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudinne" title="Gudinne">gudinne</a> og forvalter av sannhet, rett og orden. Maat var også personifisert som en gudinne som regulerte stjernene, sesongene og handlingene til både vanlige mennesker som guder, og den som satte orden i universet fra kaos ved skapelsens øyeblikk. Hennes ideologiske motpart var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isfet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isfet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Isfet</a>. </p><p>Maat blir vanligvis framstilt i kunsten som en kvinne med utstrakte vinger og strutsfjær på hodet eller noen ganger kun som en fjær. Disse bildene er på noen sarkofager som et symbol for å beskytte de døde sjeler. Egypterne mente at uten Maat ville det være kun kaos og slutten på verden. Ettersom det var faraos plikt til å sikre sannhet og rettferdig ble mange av dem referert til som Meri-Ma'at («Elsket av Ma'at»). Ettersom hun var sett på som kun et konsept for orden og sannhet er det antatt at hun kom i eksistens i skapelsens øyeblikk og uten egen skaper. Da troen på <a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> spredte seg og begynte å ta opp i seg tidligere tro, ble det sagt at hun var mor til <a href="/wiki/Ogdoaden" title="Ogdoaden">Ogdoaden</a> og at <a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> var faren. </p><p>Maat var den som dømt avdøde mennesker <a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_sjel" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptisk sjel">sjel</a> (<i>ka</i>); <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> veide den dødes hjerte opp mot vekten av Maats fjær. Dersom hjertet var tyngre enn fjæren ble den avdødes sjel matet til <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>, det vil si tapt for all tid. Dersom hjertet derimot veide like meget som Maats fjær viste det at avdøde var en rettskaffen person, og <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> ville bringe avdøde til dødsriket. </p><p>Hun ble likestilt med greske <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a> og den romerske <a href="/wiki/Justitia" title="Justitia">Justitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jus" class="mw-disambig" title="Jus">jussens</a> <a href="/wiki/Gudinne" title="Gudinne">gudinne</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maat_som_et_prinsipp">Maat som et prinsipp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maat som et prinsipp" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maat som et prinsipp"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Winged_Maat_(KV11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Winged_Maat_%28KV11%29.jpg/250px-Winged_Maat_%28KV11%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Winged_Maat_%28KV11%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Den bevingede Maat</figcaption></figure> <p>Maat som et prinsipp ble utformet for å møte de komplekse behovene for den begynnende egyptiske staten som omfavnet ulike folk med motstridende interesser.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utviklingen av slike regler søkte å avlede kaos og bli grunnlaget for egyptisk lov. Fra en tidlig periode ville kongen beskrive seg selv som «herre av Maat» som påbød med sin munn den Maat som han unnfanget i sitt hjerte </p><p>Betydningen av Maat utviklet seg til et punkt hvor det omfavnet alle aspekter i eksistensen, inkludert det grunnleggende likevekten i universet, forholdet mellom de ulike bestanddeler, sesongenes sykluser, himmelske bevegelser, religiøse observasjoner og rettferdig fordeling og handel, ærlighet og sannhet i sosiale samspill.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oldtidens egyptere hadde en dyp overbevisning om en underliggende hellighet og enhet innenfor universet. Kosmisk harmoni ble oppnådd ved korrekt offentlig og rituelt liv. Alle forstyrrelser i den kosmiske harmoni kunne ha følger for den enkelte som det kunne ha det for staten. En ugudelig kongen kunne føre til at det ble sult eller blasfemisk blindhet for den enkelte.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I opposisjon til den riktige orden uttrykt i konseptet til Maat er konseptet til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isfet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isfet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Isfet</a>: kaos, løgner og vold.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I tillegg til betydningen av Maat, var flere andre prinsipper innenfor oldtidens egyptiske lov vesentlig, inkludert en opprettholdelse av tradisjonen framfor endringer, viktigheten av retorisk dyktighet (men metoder for overtalelser, som i gresk retorikk, var ikke en del av egyptisk retorikk), og betydningen av å oppnå objektivitet og sosial rettferdighet. I en tekst fra <a href="/wiki/Mellomriket_i_Egypt" title="Mellomriket i Egypt">mellomriket</a> (2062 til ca 1664 f.Kr.), erklærte Skaperen at «Jeg har gjort hver mann lik hans neste». Maat påkalte den rike til å hjelpe de mindre heldige framfor å utnytte dem, noe som har sitt ekko i graverklæringer: «Jeg har gitt brød til de sultne og klær til de nakne» og «jeg var en ektemann til enken og far til de foreldreløse».<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For det egyptiske sinn knyttet Maat alle ting sammen i en uforgjengelig enhet: universet, den naturlige verden, staten, og de enkelte ble alle sett på som deler av en bredere orden frambrakt av Maat. Generelt kan man hevde at de underliggende konseptene til <a href="/wiki/Taoisme" title="Taoisme">taoisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Konfucianisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfucianisme">konfucianisme</a> har til tider likhet med Maat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maat_og_loven">Maat og loven</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maat og loven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maat og loven"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maat.jpg/140px-Maat.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maat.jpg/210px-Maat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maat.jpg/280px-Maat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Den egyptiske gudinnen Maat</figcaption></figure> <p>Det er lite bevart litteratur som beskriver praksisen av oldtidens egyptiske lov. Maat var ånden i hva <a href="/wiki/Jus" class="mw-disambig" title="Jus">loven</a> eller den juridiske rettferdighet var utøvd etter framfor en detaljert juridisk redegjørelse av regler (som eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Moseloven" title="Moseloven">Moseloven</a> på 1000-tallet f.Kr.). Maat var normen og de grunnleggende verdier som utgjorde bakteppet for utøvelsen av rettferdighet slik at den i prinsippet ble utført i sannheten og rettferdighetens ånd. Fra <a href="/wiki/5._egyptiske_dynasti" title="5. egyptiske dynasti">5. dynasti</a> (ca. 2510-2370 f.Kr.) var vesiren ansvarlig for rettferdigheten og ble da kalt for «Maats prest» og i senere perioder bar dommere bilder av Maat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senere lærde og filosofer kom også til legemliggjøre konseptene fra visdomslitteraturen, eller <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebayt (ikke skrevet ennå)">sebayt</a></i>. Disse åndelige tekstene var opptatt av vanlige sosiale eller profesjonelle situasjoner og hvordan disse best kunne bli løst eller adressert i Maats ånd. Det var meget praktiske råd og tilsvarende basert på de enkelte eksempler slik at noen få særskilte og generelle regler kunne bli avledet fra dem. </p><p>I løpet av den greske periode (som begynte med <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaios_I_Soter" title="Ptolemaios I Soter">Ptolemaios I Soter</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Egypts_historie" title="Egypts historie">egyptisk historie</a>, eksisterte greske lover parallelt med de tradisjonelle egyptiske. Egyptisk lov bevarte kvinners rettigheter slik at de hadde lov til å fungere uavhengig av menn og selv eie betydelig med personlig eiendom. Til tider hadde egyptisk lov innflytelse på de langt mer restriktive konvensjonene til grekerne og romerne.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maat_og_skriverne">Maat og skriverne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maat og skriverne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maat og skriverne"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skriverne hadde framstående posisjon i oldtidens egyptiske samfunn i lys av deres betydning i formidlingen av religiøs, politisk og kommersiell informasjon.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2002,_s._130_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2002,_s._130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> var skrivernes beskytter og ble beskrevet som den «som avslører Maat og beregner Maat; som elsker Maat og gir Maat til den gjørende Maat.»<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I tekster som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amenemopes_instruksjoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amenemopes instruksjoner (ikke skrevet ennå)">Amenemopes instruksjoner</a> er skriver henstilt til å følge forskriftene til Maat i både sitt private liv som i sitt arbeid.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2002,_s._130_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2002,_s._130-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Formaning" title="Formaning">Formaningene</a> om å leve i henhold til Maat er av en slik art at disse instruksjonstekster har blitt beskrevet som «Maatlitteratur».<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maat_som_gudinne">Maat som gudinne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maat som gudinne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maat som gudinne"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/400px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/600px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg/800px-BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>«Veiing av sjeler» framstilt i <i>Anis-papyrusen</i>, det vil si skriveren Anis «personlige utgave» av <i><a href="/wiki/Den_egyptiske_d%C3%B8deboken" title="Den egyptiske dødeboken">Den egyptiske dødeboken</a></i>, et manuskript fra ca. 1250 f. Kr. Fra venstre ses menneskene Ani og hans hustru Tutu som trer inn i en forsamling av guddommer. I midten er <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> som veier Anis hjerte mot Maats fjær, under oppsyn av gudinnene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renenet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Renenet</a> (Renenutet) og <a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a>, guden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shai (ikke skrevet ennå)">Shai</a> og Anis egen <a href="/wiki/Ba" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ba">Ba</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sjel" title="Sjel">sjel</a>. Til høyre er uhyret <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>, som vil sluke Anis sjel om han blir funnet uverdig, mens guden <a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> forbereder seg på å nedtegne dette. Øverst er gudene som opptrer som dommere: <a href="/wiki/Hu" title="Hu">Hu</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nefthys" title="Nefthys">Nefthys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut" title="Nut">Nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shu" title="Shu">Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> og Ra-Horakhti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maat var <a href="/wiki/Gudinne" title="Gudinne">gudinne</a> for harmoni, rettferdighet og sannhet, representert som en ung kvinne.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hun var framstilt sittende eller stående, holdende et <a href="/wiki/Septer" title="Septer">septer</a>, symbolet på makt, i sin ene hand og en ankh, symbolet på evig liv i den andre. Tidvis er hun avbildet med vinger på hver arm eller som en kvinne med strutsfjær på hodet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avbildninger av Maat som en gudinne er nedtegnet fra så tidlig som <a href="/wiki/Det_gamle_rike_i_Egypt" title="Det gamle rike i Egypt">det gamle rike</a> (ca. 2680 til 2190 f.Kr.).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solguden <a href="/wiki/Ra_(gud)" title="Ra (gud)">Ra</a> kom fra den skapelsen opphavelig jordhaug etter at han hadde plassert sin datter Maat i stedet for Isfet (kaos). Kongen arvet plikten å sikre at Maat forble på sitt sted og de er med Ra sagt å «leve på Maat». Farao <a href="/wiki/Akhnaton" title="Akhnaton">Akhnaton</a> (regjerte 1372-1355 f.Kr.) var den som i særdeleshet la vekt på konseptet i en slik grad, hevdet John D. Ray, at kongens samtidige så på det som intoleranse og fanatisme.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En del konger la Maat til sine egne navn, således ble referert til som «Herre av Maat»,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller <i>Meri-Maat</i> («elsket av Maat»). Da troen på <a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> vokste i den egyptiske gudeverden og begynte å overta tidligere mytologiske forstillinger i <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a> om <a href="/wiki/Ogdoaden" title="Ogdoaden">Ogdoaden</a>, ble det sagt at hun var mor av Ogdoaden og Tot var faren. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, den egyptiske <a href="/wiki/Underverden" class="mw-redirect" title="Underverden">underverden</a>, ble det sagt at hjertene til de døde ble veid mot hennes prinsipp, framstilt som «Maats fjær», noe som symbolsk representerte Maats konsept i hallen til de to sannheter. Et hjerte som ble veid og bedømt som uverdig ble slukt av gudinnen Ammit og hjertets eier ble dømt til å forbli værende i Duat. Hjertet ble betraktet som det stedet hvor sjelen oppholdt seg. De med gode og rene hjerter (sjeler) ble sendt til Aaru. <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> ble sett på som vokteren av portene til Aaru etter at han ble en del av den egyptiske gudeverden og forskjøv <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> i Ogdoaden-tradisjonen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maats_templer">Maats templer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Maats templer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Maats templer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De eldste bevis på et dedikert tempel for Maat er i tiden til <a href="/wiki/Det_nye_rike_i_Egypt" title="Det nye rike i Egypt">det nye rike</a> (ca. 1569 til 1081 f.Kr.). Farao <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> bestilte et tempel i <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak-komplekset</a>, men tekstbevis indikerer at andre templer for Maat bar lokalisert i Memfis (Egypt)|Memfis og ved <a href="/wiki/Deir-el-Medineh" title="Deir-el-Medineh">Deir-el-Medineh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tekstlige_temaer">Tekstlige temaer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tekstlige temaer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tekstlige temaer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ani-papyrusen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ani-papyrusen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ani-papyrusen</a></i>, opprettet en gang rundt 1250 f.Kr. i det <a href="/wiki/19._egyptiske_dynasti" title="19. egyptiske dynasti">19. dynasti</a> i det nye rike, er et manuskript satt sammen av en egyptisk skriver ved navn Ani, som har gitt navn til teksten. Teksten utgjør en særskilt sammensetning av erklæringer og forhekselser som hadde til hensikt å hjelpe den døde i etterlivet. Teksten gir et inntrykk av de verdier som oldtidens egyptere verdsatte. </p><p>Maats lære er representert i 42 negative bekjennelser i dette manuskriptet. Listen er tatt fra en opphavsfri liste gjort av E. A. Wallis Budge fra en utgivelse tidlig på 1900-tallet, men nyere oversettelser fra nyere forskning kan skille seg en del fra følgende: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Førtito_negative_bekjennelser"><span id="F.C3.B8rtito_negative_bekjennelser"></span>Førtito negative bekjennelser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Førtito negative bekjennelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Førtito negative bekjennelser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Jeg har ikke begått synd.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet noe med vold.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drept menn og kvinner.</li> <li>jeg har ikke stjålet korn.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet ofringer.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet gudenes eiendom.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke ytret løgner.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke fraktet bort mat.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke ytret forbannelser.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke begått utroskap, jeg har ikke ligget med menn.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke fått noen til å gråte.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke spist hjertet (= jeg har ikke sørget nytteløst, eller følt anger).</li> <li>Jeg har ikke angrepet noen mann.</li> <li>Jeg er ikke en mann av svik.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet kultivert land.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke vært en tyvlytter.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke bakvasket noen.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke vært rasende uten rettmessig grunn.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drevet utsvevelser med hustruen til noen mann.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drevet utsvevelser med hustruen til noen mann (gjentagelse, men adressert en annen gud).</li> <li>Jeg har ikke forurenset meg selv.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke gjort noen skrekkslagne.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke overtrådt (loven).</li> <li>Jeg har ikke vært rasende.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke lukket mine ører for sannheten.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drevet blasfemi.</li> <li>Jeg er ikke en voldelig mann.</li> <li>Jeg er ikke en som tilskynder uro (eller en som forstyrrer freden).</li> <li>Jeg har ikke handlet (eller dømt) med utilbørlig hastverk.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke spionert i saker.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke forøket mine ord i tale.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke forurettet noen, jeg har ikke gjort noe ondt.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drevet trolldom mot kongen (eller blasfemi mot kongen).</li> <li>Jeg har aldri stoppet vannet(s strøm).</li> <li>Jeg har aldri hevet min stemme (snakket arrogant eller i sinne).</li> <li>Jeg har ikke forbannet (eller bespottet) gud.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke handlet med ondt raseri.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stjålet gudenes brød.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke fraktet vekk khenfu-kakene fra de dødes ånder.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke stukket unna barnets brød eller behandlet guden av min by med forakt.</li> <li>Jeg har ikke drept krøtteret tilhørende guden.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Cohn, Norman Rufus Colin (1993): <i>Cosmos, Caos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780300055986" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-05598-6</a>. s. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Romer, John (1988): <i>Testament</i>, Guild Publishing, s. 41-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Assmann, Jan (2006): <i>Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies</i>, overs av Rodney Livingstone, Stanford University Press, ISBN 080474523. s. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Allen, James P. (2000): <i>Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780521774833" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-77483-3</a>. s. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">James, Edwin Oliver (1970): <i>Creation and Cosmology: A Historical and Comparative Study</i>. Brill Academic Pub. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9789004016170" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-01617-0</a>. s. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Morenz, Siegfried (1973): <i>Egyptian Religion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780801480294" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8014-8029-4</a>. s. 117–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Anton (1995): <i>The Greek World</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780415170420" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-17042-0</a>. s. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_2002,_s._130-8"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_2002,_s._130_8-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_2002,_s._130_8-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Black (2002), s. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Black (2002), s. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Black (2002), s. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Armour, Robert A. (2001): <i>Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9789774246692" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-977-424-669-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Budge (1976): The Gods of the Egyptians, bind 1, s. 416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Redford, Donald B. (2003): <i>The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology</i>, Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/042519096X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-425-19096-X</a>, s. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ray, John D. (2002): <i>Reflections on Osiris</i>, Profile books, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1861974906" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 186197 490 6</a>, s. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kemp, Barry J. (2005): <i>100 hieroglyphs: think like an Egyptian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1862076588" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-86207-658-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Redford, Donald B. (2003): <i>The Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology:The Oxford Guide</i>, Berkeley Reference, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/042519096X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-425-19096-X</a>, s. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Book of the Dead</i>. Gramercy. 23. januar 1995. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780517122839" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-517-12283-9</a>. s. 576–582</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maat&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Black, James Roger (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jrblack/web/diss.html"><i>The Instruction of Amenemope: A Critical Edition and Commentary — Prolegomenon and Prologue</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden august 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup>, Dissertation University of Wisconsin-Madison</li> <li>Budge, E. A. Wallis (1967): <i>The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation</i>. New York: Dover Publications. Opprinnelig utgitt i 1895.</li> <li>Budge, E. A. Wallis (1969): <i>The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology</i>, Bind 1. New York: Dover Publications. Opprinnelig utgitt i 1904.</li> <li>Collier, Mark & Manly, Bill (1998): <i>How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs</i>, rev. utg. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Faulkner, Raymond (1994): <i>The Egyptian Book of the Dead</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0811864898" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8118-6489-8</a></li> <li>Mancini, Anna (2004): <i>Maat Revealed: Philosophy of Justice in Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Buenos Books America.</li> <li>Strudwick, Helen (2006): <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Singapore: De Agostini UK.</li> <li>Taylor, John H. red. (2010): <i>Journey through the afterlife, Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead</i>, British Museum Press. 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title="Amaunet">Amaunet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_s%C3%B8nn_av_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, sønn av Hapu">Amenhotep</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Amon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apis_(gud)" title="Apis (gud)">Apis</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aton" title="Aton">Aton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bast" title="Bast">Bast</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bat_(egyptisk_mytologi)" title="Bat (egyptisk mytologi)">Bat</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benu" title="Benu">Benu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Duamutef" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a> <b>·</b> <a 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href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maàt</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Min_(gud)" title="Min (gud)">Min</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Naunet" title="Naunet">Naunet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nefertum" title="Nefertum">Nefertum</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nefthys" title="Nefthys">Nefthys</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nekhebet" title="Nekhebet">Nekhebet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nut" title="Nut">Nut</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ra_(gud)" title="Ra (gud)">Ra</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Satis" title="Satis">Satis</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Set" title="Set">Set</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Shu" title="Shu">Shu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sokar" title="Sokar">Sokar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tot" title="Tot">Tot</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thueris" title="Thueris">Thueris</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grupper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Enneade" title="Enneade">Enneaden</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ogdoaden" title="Ogdoaden">Ogdoaden</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Templer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Egypt)" title="Abydos (Egypt)">Abyddos</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_el-Muftella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain el-Muftella (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ain el-Muftella</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dendera_tempelkompleks" title="Dendera tempelkompleks">Dendera tempelkompleks</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bani_Hasan_al_Shurruq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bani Hasan al Shurruq (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bani Hasan al Shurruq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tempelet_i_Idfu" title="Tempelet i Idfu">Idfu-tempelet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo-templet" title="Kom Ombo-templet">Kom Ombo-templet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Luxortemplet" title="Luxortemplet">Luxortemplet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medinet_Habu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medinet Habu (ikke skrevet ennå)">Medinet Habu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut-tempelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatshepsut-tempelet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Hatshepsut-tempelet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Philae" title="Philae">Philae</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramesseum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramesseum (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ramesseum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symboler</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djed (ikke skrevet ennå)">Djed</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dobbeltkrone" title="Dobbeltkrone">Dobbeltkrone</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Horus%E2%80%99_%C3%B8ye" title="Horus’ øye">Horus’ øye</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kartusj" title="Kartusj">Kartusj</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfinks" title="Sfinks">Sfinks</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skarab%C3%A9" title="Skarabé">Skarabé</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uraeusslange" title="Uraeusslange">Uraeusslange</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tekster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amduat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amduat (ikke skrevet ennå)">Amduat</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anipapyrusen" title="Anipapyrusen">Anipapyrusen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Anis_l%C3%A6re" title="Anis lære">Anis lære</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_egyptiske_d%C3%B8deboken" title="Den egyptiske dødeboken">Den egyptiske dødeboken</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_livstrettes_samtale_med_sin_ba-%C3%A5nd" title="Den livstrettes samtale med sin ba-ånd">Den livstrettes samtale med sin ba-ånd</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_store_Atonhymnen" title="Den store Atonhymnen">Den store Atonhymnen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ptahhoteps_l%C3%A6re" title="Ptahhoteps lære">Ptahhoteps lære</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pyramidetekstene" title="Pyramidetekstene">Pyramidetekstene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ra-litaniet" 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