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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_orokorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ikuspegi orokorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unix_moduko_sistemak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unix_moduko_sistemak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unix moduko sistemak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unix_moduko_sistemak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POSIX_eta_Unix_inguruko_estandarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POSIX_eta_Unix_inguruko_estandarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>POSIX eta Unix inguruko estandarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POSIX_eta_Unix_inguruko_estandarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osagaiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osagaiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Osagaiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osagaiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eragina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eragina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eragina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eragina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Unix</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 109 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="يونكس – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনিক্স – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یوونیکس – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوونیکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikso" title="Unikso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="यूनिक्स – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Յունիքս – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յունիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_.uniks." title="lo .uniks. – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo .uniks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="유닉스 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уникс – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уникс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യുണിക്സ് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="युनिक्स – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူးနစ်စ် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူးနစ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="युनिक्स् – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युनिक्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුනික්ස් – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුනික්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யுனிக்சு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுனிக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునిక్స్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูนิกซ์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูนิกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونکس – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="יוניקס – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוניקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UNIX_logo.svg/40px-UNIX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UNIX_logo.svg/60px-UNIX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> <i>Unix</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png/330px-Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png/500px-Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png/570px-Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="544" /></a></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" title="c:Category:Unix"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Unix">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Jatorria</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sorrera-urtea</th><td class="infobox-data">1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Honen izena darama</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Ezaugarriak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Programazio-lengoaia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="C (programazio lengoaia)">C</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mihiztadura-lengoaia" title="Mihiztadura-lengoaia">Mihiztadura-lengoaia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Deskribapena</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Honen eragina jaso du</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Ekoizpena</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Garatzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laborategiak" title="Bell Laborategiak">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Kernighan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Kernighan (sortu gabe)">Brian Kernighan</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92608?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Euskaraz</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Euskaraz</th><td class="infobox-data">Ez</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unix.org/">www.unix.org/</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">kronologia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"> <table style="width:100%; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;">←<i><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;"><i>Unix</i> </td> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;">→<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan 9 (sortu gabe)">Plan 9</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unix</b> edo <b>UNIX</b> <a href="/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1970eko_hamarkada" title="1970eko hamarkada">1970eko</a> hamarkadetan <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&Tko</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_laborategiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell laborategiak">Bell laborategien</a> langile talde batek garatutako <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuetako</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistema_eragile" title="Sistema eragile">sistema eragilea</a> da. Garatzaileen artean <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_McIlroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas McIlroy (sortu gabe)">Douglas McIlroy</a> zeuden. Unix-en aldaera akademiko eta komertzial ugari izan zituen, hala nola Kaliforniako Unibertsitatea, Berkeley (BSD), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (Xenix), <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (<a href="/wiki/AIX" title="AIX">AIX</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(sistema_eragilea)" title="Solaris (sistema eragilea)">Solaris</a>) eta beste hainbat. Hauek guztiak <a href="/wiki/UNIX-moduko" title="UNIX-moduko">Unix moduko</a> sistemak direla esaten da. Baita <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software libreare</a>n ildoa indartzera etorri diren <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> eta <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> sistemak ere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikuspegi_orokorra">Ikuspegi orokorra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi orokorra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi orokorra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/250px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/330px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/500px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Unix 7 bertsioa, Unix sistema moderno guztien arbasoa, Research Unix</figcaption></figure> <p>Unix, hasiera batean, bertan eta beste sistema batzuetan exekutatu ahal izateko, softwarea garatzen zuten programatzaileentzat plataforma egokia izan nahi zuen, ez, ordea, programatzen ez zutenentzat<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sistema handitzen joan zen sistema eragilea ingurune akademikoetan zabaltzen hasi zen heinean, eta erabiltzaileek beren tresnak gehitzen zizkioten sistemari, eta lankideekin partekatzen zituzten<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Hasieran, Unix ez zegoen diseinatuta eramangarria izateko edo <a href="/wiki/Multiataza" title="Multiataza">multiataza</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Geroago, Unixek, pixkanaka, eramangarritasuna, multiataza eta multierabiltzaile gaitasunak lortu zituen denbora partekatzeko konfigurazio batean. Unix sistemek hainbat kontzeptu dituzte ezaugarri: datuak biltegiratzeko <a href="/wiki/Testu_fitxategi" title="Testu fitxategi">testu laua</a> erabiltzea; <a href="/wiki/Fitxategi_sistema" title="Fitxategi sistema">fitxategi sistema</a> hierarkikoa; gailu eta prozesuen arteko komunikazio (IPC) mota jakin batzuk fitxategi gisa tratatzea, eta software-tresna ugari erabiltzea; hau da, <a href="/wiki/Tutu" class="mw-disambig" title="Tutu">tutuak</a> erabiltzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Komando_lerroko_interfaze" title="Komando lerroko interfaze">komando-lerroko interprete</a> baten bidez lotu daitezkeen programa txikiak, denak funtzionalitate berekoak diren programa monolitiko bakar bat erabili beharrean. Kontzeptu horiei, Unix filosofia deitzen zaie. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Kernighan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Kernighan (sortu gabe)">Brian Kernighanek</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rob Pike (sortu gabe)">Rob Pikek</a> honela laburbiltzen dute <i>Unix programazio-ingurunea</i> lanean: «Sistema baten boterea, programetatik baino gehiago, programen arteko harremanetatik dator»<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1980ko hamarkadaren hasieran, erabiltzaileak Unix sistema eragile unibertsal potentzial gisa ikusten hasi ziren, tamaina guztietako ordenagailuetarako egokia<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Unix ingurunea eta <a href="/wiki/Bezero-zerbitzari" title="Bezero-zerbitzari">bezero-zerbitzari</a> programaren eredua funtsezko elementuak ziren <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Interneten</a> garapenean eta <a href="/wiki/Konputagailu-sare" title="Konputagailu-sare">konputazioa</a> birmoldaketa sareetan zentratuta banakako ordenagailuetan zentratuta egon beharrean. </p><p>Bai Unix, bai <a href="/wiki/C_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="C (programazio lengoaia)">C programazio-lengoaia</a>, AT&T-k garatu zituen, eta gobernuaren eta erakunde akademikoen artean banatu ziren. Horren ondorioz, biak, beste edozein sistema eragilerekin alderatuta, makina-familia ugaritara eraman zituzten. </p><p>Unix sistema eragilea liburutegi eta utilitate askok osatzen dute kontrol programa nagusiarekin batera, kernel-a. <a href="/wiki/Nukleo_(informatika)" title="Nukleo (informatika)">Kernelak</a> (nukleoa) programak abiarazteko eta gelditzeko zerbitzuak ematen ditu; <a href="/wiki/Fitxategi_sistema" title="Fitxategi sistema">fitxategi-sistema</a> eta programa gehienek partekatzen dituzten <i>maila baxuko</i> beste zeregin komun batzuk maneiatzen ditu, eta sarbidea programatzen du gatazkak saihesteko programak baliabide edo gailu berera aldi berean sartzen saiatzen direnean. Sarbide horretan bitartekari izateko, nukleoak eskubide bereziak ditu nukleo-espazioaren eta erabiltzaile-espazioaren arteko bereizketan islatuta, eta azken hori lehentasunezko eremua da aplikazio-programa gehienek funtzionatzen duten eremuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg/250px-Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sistema eragile honen arrakasta guztiz ezustekoa izan zen <a href="/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika">informatikaren</a> munduan (informatikaren historian zehar garrantzitsuenen artean, alegia), batez ere bere lehen inplementazioaren ostean. <a href="/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko hamarkadan</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT (Massachusetts institutu teknologian)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MULTICS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MULTICS (sortu gabe)">MULTICS</a> (<b>Mult</b>iplexed <b>I</b>nformation and <b>C</b>omputing <b>S</b>ystem) sistema garatzen hasi ziren. </p><p>Ken Thomson eta Dennis Ritchie, MULTICSen moteltasuna ikusirik, proiektua berridatzi zuten mihiztadura lengoaian DEC PDP-7 ordenagailurako. Bi programatzaileak, beste proiektu bat burutu zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxategi_sitema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fitxategi sitema (sortu gabe)">fitxategi sistema</a> multiataza bihurtzeko. Jadanik garatuta zegoenari, <a href="/wiki/Komando_interpretatzaile" title="Komando interpretatzaile">komando interpretatzailea</a> (<i>shell</i> ingelesez) eta programa multzo bat gehitu zioten, eta horrela <b>UNICS</b> (<b>Un</b>iplexed <b>I</b>nformation and <b>C</b>omputing <b>S</b>ystem) sistema sortu zuten. Izena sistema bakarrik bi erabiltzaileentzako garatuta izanagatik dator (<a href="/wiki/Andre_Tanenbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Tanenbaum">Andre Tanenbaumen</a> ustez, bakarrik bat <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/brown/">[1]</a>). </p><p>Ordura arte proiektua ez zuen inolako finantzaketarik, baina proiektua PDP-7 makina handiago batera egokitu zutenean, <a href="/wiki/Bell_laborategiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell laborategiak">Bell laborategiak</a> behar zuen PDP-11/20 makinara alegia, testu prozesatzailea gehitu zioten, AT&T enpresaren helburua lortuz (testu prozesatzailea eta <i>runoff</i> testua formateatzeko tresnak garatzenean makina horrentzako). Une horretatik aurrera, enpresaren laguntza jaso zuen, eta <i>runoff</i> programa hedatu zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troff (sortu gabe)"><i>troff</i></a> sortuz. 1971ko azaroaren 3an argitaratu zen lehen Unix eskuliburua <a href="/wiki/Programatzaile" title="Programatzaile">programatzaileentzat</a>. </p><p>1973 urtean, UNIX sistema berridatzi zen <a href="/wiki/C_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="C (programazio lengoaia)">C programazio lengoaian</a>, eta aldaketa honek sistema osoa beste arkitekturetara migratzea erraztu zuen, aldaketa txikiak ez baitziren egin behar horretarako. Lengoai berriak kodea laburtu zuen eta garapen denbora asko murriztu, <a href="/wiki/Makina_lengoaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Makina lengoaia">makina lengoaiaz</a> eta mihiztadura lengoaiaz egindakoarekin aldratuta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> enpresak hainbat enpresa eta unibertsitateren eskura jarri zuen sistema, lizentzien bidez. Lizentzia hauetako bat, Kaliforniako unibertsitateko konputazio departamentura egokitu zitzaion, eta bere sistema propioa garatu zuten: <a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a> (<b>B</b>erkley <b>S</b>oftware <b>D</b>istribution), geroago, AT&Tko UNIX sistemaren aurkari zuzenaizango zena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> urtean, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>k dibisio berria sortu zuen: <i>Unix System Laboratories</i>, sistema berriaren ustiapen komertziala hasteko, eta urte beran 4., 5. eta 6. bertsioak kaleratu ziren. Azken bertsio berri horretan, UNIX sistemen ezaugarri garrantzitsuenetako bat agertu zen: <i>pipe</i> edo tutuak. Tresna horren bitartez sistemaren modularizazioari bultzada handia eman zitzaion eta software berriaren garapena arindu. <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a> urtean 600 makina inguru erabiltzen zuten UNIX sistema eragile gisa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> urtean argitaratu zen UNIX sistemaren 7. bertsioa, distribuzio handiko azken UNIX sistema, alegia. Hemendik aurrera, 8. 9. eta 10. bertsiak garatu ziren <a href="/wiki/80ko_hamarkada" title="80ko hamarkada">80ko hamarkadan</a>, baina bere zabalkuntza bakarrik zenbait unibertsitatetara murriztu zen, hala eta guztiz ere, sistema berrietan egindako ikerkuntza zabaltzen jarraitu zuten. </p><p>Sistema berri hauetako ikerkuntzarekin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan 9 (sortu gabe)">Plan 9</a> sistema garatu zuten, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_banatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema banatua (sortu gabe)">sistema banatu</a> berria, UNIX sistemaren ondorengoa izateko sortua. Hala eta guztiz ere, sistema berri honek bakarrik konputazio eta sistema eragileen arloari buruzko ikerkuntzetarako erabili zen. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:X-Window-System.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/X-Window-System.png/250px-X-Window-System.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/X-Window-System.png/375px-X-Window-System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/X-Window-System.png/500px-X-Window-System.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=80.hamarkadan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80.hamarkadan (sortu gabe)">80.hamarkadan</a> Unix sistema <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MITk</a> garatutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Window_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Window System (sortu gabe)">X Window System</a> erabiltzen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Honez gero, <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> urtean kaleratuko zen sistema komertzial berria garatzen hasi zen AT&T (azken bertsio komertziala UNIX 7 zen), eta <i>System III</i> eman zion. Baina aldi berean, zenbait enpresak (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Digitall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Digitall (sortu gabe)">Western Digitall</a> adibidez) UNIX 7 bertsioa saltzen zuten oraindik. Honek, nahaste handia sortzen zuen, eta hau guztia gutxi balitz, AT&T berak (<a href="/wiki/Bell_laboraregia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell laboraregia">Bell laboraregiak</a>) <i>System V</i> sistema sortu zuen Berkleyko unibertsitateak garaturako software atalak zituena (<i>vi</i> edo <i>ncurses</i> esaterako), eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=DEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEC (sortu gabe)">DEC</a> konpainiak garatutako <a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX (sortu gabe)">VAX</a> makinaren bateragarri zena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> urtean <a href="/wiki/Novell_NetWare" title="Novell NetWare">Novell</a>-ek <i>Unix System Laboratories</i> erosi zuen. Erosketa hau, momentu larrian eman zen, laborategiak epaiketa bat baitzuen Kaliforniako Unibertsitatearekin BSD sistema zela-eta. AT&T-ko laborategiak System V-ren kodea kopiatzeagaitik salatu zuen Berkeley, baina azkenean frogatu zen, ez bakarrik salaketa faltsua zenik, baizik ere System V-ko garatzaileek BSDko atal handiak kopiatu zituztela. Gauzak horrela, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novellek</a> erosi zuen jabeza intelektuala, oso murriztuta zen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> urtean <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> ikasle finlandiarra, Unixeko funtzio asko betetzen zituen <a href="/wiki/Nukleo_(informatika)" title="Nukleo (informatika)">nukleoa</a> garatu zuen eta lizentzia askearekin argitaratu. Gertakari honetatik abiatuta, zenbait urteren buruan eta <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> tresnekin bat eginez, GNU/Linux sortu zen, zenbait urteren buruan beste UNIX sistema komertzialekin lehiatzeko moduko sistema. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> urtean <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novellek</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCO (sortu gabe)">SCO</a> (<i>Santa Cruz Operations</i>) enpresari saldu zizkion bere Unix ustiatzeko eskubideak, enpresa honek Unix System V sistemaren ondorengoak saltzen jarraitzen du <a href="/w/index.php?title=UnixWare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UnixWare (sortu gabe)">UnixWare</a> izenpean (Aldi batez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenUnix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenUnix (sortu gabe)">OpenUnix</a> ere deitu egin zen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unix_moduko_sistemak">Unix moduko sistemak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Unix moduko sistemak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Unix moduko sistemak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaur egun <i>Unix-Like</i> sistema anitz aurki daitezke, denboran zehar garapen independiente izan dutenak, baina gero eta gehiago software librean oinarritu diren arren. Sistema hauen ezberdintasun garrantsitzuena eskubiden intelektualetako arloan dago, ezberdintasun teknikoetan baino. </p> <ul><li>AT&T sistemak: Oinarrizko Unix sistema da, beste sistemen gurasotzat hartzen dena. Unix <i>System III</i> eta <i>UniU</i> dira ezagunenak.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a> sistemak: AT&T eta Kaliforniako Unibertsitatearen arteko lizentziatik jaio zen sistema da. TCP/IP protokoloa barneratzen lehena izan zen eta arrakasta handia izan zuen horregatik. <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> bere eratorri librea da.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIX" title="AIX">AIX</a> sistemak: AT&T eta IBM arteko lizentziatik jaio zen sistema.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenix (sortu gabe)">Xenix</a> sistemak: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoftek</a> AT&Tri erositako eskubidetik jaiotako sistema. Geroago, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SCO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCO (sortu gabe)">SCOk</a> erosi zizkion <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsofti</a> eskubide horiek.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> sistemak: <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> urtean <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallmanek</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> proiektua hasi zuen, Unix-like sistema eragile librea eraikitzeko proiektua hasi zuen. Proiektu honen zenbait atal (hala nola <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">emacs</a>...) beste UNIX sistemen oinarria izan da. <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> urtean <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvaldsek</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> nukleo librea garatu zuen. Bi sistemak elkartuz, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> sistema berri oso eta erabilgarria lortu egin zen. Kontuan hartu behar da, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> ez dela UNIX sistemaren bilakaera bat, klon berri bat baizik.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="POSIX_eta_Unix_inguruko_estandarrak">POSIX eta Unix inguruko estandarrak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «POSIX eta Unix inguruko estandarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: POSIX eta Unix inguruko estandarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1980ko_hamarkada" title="1980ko hamarkada">1980ko hamarkadaren</a> amaieran, sistema eragile irekien estandarizazio-ahalegin bati esker oinarri komuna eman zitzaien sistema eragile guztiei: Horrela sortu zen POSIX, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEEk</a> bultzatuta. Lehen POSIX estandarra 1988an argitaratu zen. <a href="/wiki/1990eko_hamarkada" title="1990eko hamarkada">1990eko hamarkadaren</a> hasieran, industria-partzuergo batek aparteko baina antzeko zen ahalegina egin zuen, Common Open Software Environment (COSE) izenarekin, geroago <i>The Open Group</i> delakoaren administraziopean <i>Single UNIX Specification</i> (SUS) ozenarekin ezagutuko zena. Bi saiakerak bilduta <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008an</a> <i>Open Group Base Specification</i> izeneko espezifikazioa argitaratu zen. </p><p>Exekutagarri bitarren eta objektuen UNIXen arteko bateragarritasuna hainbat <a href="/wiki/Prozesatzeko_unitate_zentral" title="Prozesatzeko unitate zentral">CPUtan</a> ziurtatzearren <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999an</a> ELF formatua (<i>Executable and Linkable Format</i>) adostu zuten hainbat enpresak eta erakundek. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi_sistema" title="Fitxategi sistema">Fitxategi-sistemen</a> hierarkia estandarizatzeko ere <i>Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</i> hitzarmena sortu zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osagaiak">Osagaiak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osagaiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Osagaiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Directory_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Direktorioa eta azpidirektorioak Unixen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Directory_tree.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="376" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Unix fitxategi-sistemaren egitura</figcaption></figure> <p>Unix sistema hasieran elkarrekin paketatu ziren hainbat osagaik dute oinarri. Sistema eragilearen nukleoaz gain, garapen-ingurunea, liburutegiak, dokumentazaioa eta osagai horietarako guztietako <a href="/wiki/Iturburu_kode" title="Iturburu kode">iturburu-kodea</a> barne osatzen dute. Unix software-sistema autonomo ondo dokumentatua zen hasieratik eta horregatik oso eragin handia izan du irakaskuntzan. </p><p>Osagai horiek guztiak barneratuta eduki arren sistema ez zen oso handia: Unix V7-ren jatorrizko banaketak, konpilatutako bitar guztien kopiak, iturburu-kode osoa eta dokumentazioa barneratuta, 10 MB baino gutxiago hartzen zituen, eta garaiko zinta magnetiko bakar batean sartzen zen. Inprimatutako dokumentazioa bi liburukitan jasota zegoen. </p><p>Unix-eko osagaiek fitxategi-sisteman dituzten izenak eta <a href="/wiki/Direktorio" title="Direktorio">direktoriotan</a> antolatutako kokapenak nabarmen aldatu dira sistemaren historiaren bidez. Hala ere, V7 inplementazioa erreferentziatzat hartzen da. Ondokoak dira osagai nabarmenenak. </p> <ul><li><i>Nukleoa</i> – iturburu-kodea <i>/usr/sys</i> direktorioan, eta azpidirektorioetan hainbat osagai daude: <ul><li><i>conf</i> – konfigurazioa eta makinaren mende dauden atalak. Abiatzearen kodea ere bertan da.</li> <li><i>dev</i> – <a href="/wiki/Driver" title="Driver">dispositiboen kontrolatzaileak (<i>driver</i>-ak)</a></li> <li><i>sys</i> – sistema eragilearen nukleoa, memoriaren kudeaketa, <a href="/wiki/Prozesu_(informatika)" title="Prozesu (informatika)">prozesuen</a> planifikazioa, <a href="/wiki/Sistema-dei" title="Sistema-dei">sistema-deiak</a>...</li> <li><i>h</i> – goiburuko fitxategiak, oinarrizko <a href="/wiki/Datu_egitura" class="mw-redirect" title="Datu egitura">datu-egiturak</a> eta funtsezko konstanteak</li></ul></li> <li><i>Garapenerako ingurunea</i> – bertsio zarretan zegoen ingurune osoa sistema osoa berreraikitzeko elementuekin: <ul><li><i>cc</i> – <a href="/wiki/C_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="C (programazio lengoaia)">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Konpiladore" title="Konpiladore">konpiladorea</a></li> <li><i>as</i> – <a href="/wiki/Mihiztatzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihiztatzaile">mihiztatzailea</a>, mihiztadura-lengoaiaz idatzitako oinarrizko moduluak konpilatzeko</li> <li><i>ld</i> – estekatzailea, <a href="/wiki/Objektuetara_bideratutako_programazioa" title="Objektuetara bideratutako programazioa">objektu-fitxategiak</a> konbinatzeko</li> <li><i>lib</i> – liburutegiak ( <i>/lib</i> edota <i>/usr/lib</i> direktoriotan).</li> <li><i>make</i> – konpilazioa- eta estekatze-prozesuak automatizatzeko komando-interpretatzailea</li> <li><i>include</i> – goiburuko fitxategiak eta hainbat konstateren definizioa.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Komandoak</i> – Erabiltzailearen komando arruntak eta administraziorako erabiltzen direnak. <ul><li><i>sh</i> – <i>shell</i> komando-interpretatzailea. Leiho-sistemak baino lehenago sortua eta eraginkorrago lan errepikakorretarako.</li> <li><i>oinarrizko komandoak (</i>utilities<i>)</i> – <i>cp</i>, <i>ls</i>, <i>grep</i>, <i>find</i> eta beste asko. Haiekin batera: <ul><li><i>sistemaren komandoak</i> – administrazio lanerako: <i>mkfs</i>, <i>fsck</i>, <i>passwd</i>, <i>kill</i>, etab.</li></ul></li> <li><i>dokumentuak formateatzeko komandoak:</i> garai batean erabiliak ofimatikako programak sortu baino lehen: <i>nroff</i>, <i>troff</i>, <i>tbl</i>, <i>eqn</i>, <i>refer</i>, eta <i>pic</i>. Geroago <i>TeX</i> eta <i>Ghostscript</i>.</li> <li><i>grafikoak</i> – <i>plot</i> azpisistema hasieran eta X11 geroago.</li> <li><i>komunikazioa</i> – barne-komunikaziorako elementuak hasieran, <i>mail</i> eta <i>write</i> geroago. Unix V7 sisteman UUCP barneratu zuten, eta <i>BSD</i>ren <i>release 4.1c</i> bertsioan TCP/IP protokoloaren oinarria.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Dokumentazioa</i> – Unix aitzindaria izan zen dokumentazioa <a href="/wiki/Online" title="Online">online</a> kontsultagarri jartzen: <ul><li><i>man</i> – eskuliburuak oinarrizko informazioa, man komandoaren bidez kontsultatzen dena.</li> <li><i>doc</i> – dokumentazio sofistikatuagoa azpisistema konplexuetarako.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eragina">Eragina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eragina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Eragina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unix sistemak eragin nabarmena izan zuen beste sistema eragile batzuetan. Interaktibotasuna zela-eta lortu zuen ospea, baita tarifa nominalari eskainiz hezkuntzara hurbiltzeko ahaleginagatik, hardware merkean integratzeko aukerarengatik eta makina ezberdinetara egokitzea eta garraiatzea errazteagatik. Horretan C lengoaiak funtsezko elementua izan zen. </p><p>Unixek fitxategi-sistema guztiz sinplifikatua zuen, mota guztietako fitxategiak byte segida gisa tratatuz. Horrela, erregistroen kudeaketa erabiltzailearen mailako liburutegietara pasa zen sistemaren tamaina txikiagotuz. Gainera, dispositiboak eta dagozkien <i>driverr</i>ak (<a href="/wiki/Inprimagailu" title="Inprimagailu">inprimagailuak</a>, terminalak edo <a href="/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor">disko-unitateak</a>) integratu zituen fitxategi-sistema hierarkikoan, programei interfaze uniforme bat eskainiz eta programen malgutasuna bultzatuz. Era berean, fitxategi-sistemari dagokionean, Multicsen sortutako azpidirektorio-sistema errekurtsiboa ezagutarazten lagundu zuen. Garaiko beste sistema eragileetan direktorioak aparte zeuden eta kudeaketa berezitua behar zuten sistemaren aldetik. </p><p>Komando-interpretatzailea erabiltzaile arruntei eskaintzea, komandoak aparteko programa gisa antolatuta Multicsetik zetorren beste ezaugarri aipagarria ere bada. Lineako komando interaktiboak eta komando-fitxategiak (script-ak) idazteko lengoaia bera erabiltzeak sinplifikazioa ekarri zuen, baita komando-fitxategiak beste programen ezaugarriak edukitzea ere. <a href="/wiki/Adierazpen_erregular" title="Adierazpen erregular">Adierazpen erregularren</a> erabilera ere bultzatu zuen. </p><p>Unixen lehen garatzaileak garrantzitsuak izan ziren modularitatea eta berrerabilgarritasuna <a href="/wiki/Software_ingeniaritza" title="Software ingeniaritza">software-ingeniaritzaren</a> oinarrietara eramaten, "software-tresnak" bultzatzeko mugimendua sortuz. </p><p>TCP/IP sareko protokoloak bizkor ezarri ziren, Unix bitartez, konputagailu merke samarretan, eta hori oso mesedegarria izan zen Interneteko erabilera mundu osora zabaltzeko ahaleginean. </p><p>Unixen lineako dokumentazio zabalaren politikak eta sistemaren iturburu-kodera urte luzez eskuragarri egoteak programatzaileen aukerak eta ezagutzak areagotu zituen, eta 1983an abiatu zen <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software librearen mugimendua</a> bultzatzen lagundu zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unix.org/">Unix sistemaren portala</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/">Open Group elkartearen webgunea</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402192351/http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/">UNIX Sistema eragilearen sorkuntza</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collyer.net/who/geoff/history.html">UNIX sistemaren garapena</a> Ian F. Darwin eta Geoffrey Collyeren eskutik.</li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levenez.com/unix/history.html">UNIXen historia</a> UNIX-like sistemen historia zuhaitz moduan erakutsita.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11368">Q11368</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix">Unix</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11368%22">Q11368</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-173851322">WorldCat</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173851322">173851322</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX3730510">XX3730510</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">11968227m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968227m">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061835-3">4061835-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91019960">n91019960</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117153">ph117153</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027694968">027694968</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90615544">90615544</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/UNIX">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11368">Q11368</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix">Unix</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11368%22">Q11368</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" class="extiw" title="en:Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric Steven</a> (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112005720/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch03s01.html">The Elements of Operating-System Style</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/">The Art of Unix Programming</a></i>. Retrieved August 16, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7pr-1_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrand1984">Brand, Stewart.  (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Point"><i>Whole earth software catalog. </i></a> Garden City, N.Y. : Quantum Press/Doubleday <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-385-19166-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-385-19166-1">978-0-385-19166-1</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/12/14/biculturalism/">«Biculturalism»</a> <i>Joel on Software</i> 2003-12-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Powers&oldid=1014387524"><i>Shelley Powers. </i></a> 2021-03-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" class="extiw" title="en:Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.pdf">The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System</a></i> (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob. <i>The UNIX Programming Environment.</i> 1984. viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-10"><i>Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 10 - UNIX. </i></a> 1983-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. 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