Python Functions - GeeksforGeeks

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" >  <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Data Structures,Algorithms,Python,Java,C,C++,JavaScript,Android Development,SQL,Data Science,Machine Learning,PHP,Web Development,System Design,Tutorial,Technical Blogs,Interview Experience,Interview Preparation,Programming,Competitive Programming,Jobs,Coding Contests,GATE CSE,HTML,CSS,React,NodeJS,Placement,Aptitude,Quiz,Computer Science,Programming Examples,GeeksforGeeks Courses,Puzzles,SSC,Banking,UPSC,Commerce,Finance,CBSE,School,k12,General Knowledge,News,Mathematics,Exams" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=0.5, maximum-scale=3.0"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/gfg_favicon.png" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <meta name="theme-color" content="#308D46" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1' /> <meta name="image" property="og:image" content="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/gfg_200x200-min.png"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="200"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="xo7t4ve2wn3ywfkjdvwbrk01pvdond" /> <script src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/synchronously_gfg_ads.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.14/require.min.js"></script>     <script> var IHPWT={}; //Initialize Namespace var pbjs = pbjs || {}; pbjs.que = pbjs.que || []; var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; var gptRan = false; </script> <script defer src="https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/162080/12331/pwt.js"></script> <script defer src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/prebid.js?ver=0.1"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg_ads.min.js?ver=0.1"></script>  <script defer src="https://assets.geeksforgeeks.org/codetabs/v1/codetabs.js" environment="production" domain="gfg" no-scroll></script> <title>Python Functions - GeeksforGeeks</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="" />   <script> var video_api_response = JSON.parse("{\"id\":10845,\"title\":\"Python Functions\",\"slug\":\"python-functions\",\"description\":\"<h2><strong>Python Functions<\/strong><\/h2><p>In this tutorial, we explore <strong>Python Functions<\/strong>, a core feature that allows you to group and reuse blocks of code efficiently. Functions enable developers to create modular code by defining operations once and calling them as needed, making it easier to organize, maintain, and debug code. Python functions can take arguments, return values, and be structured in various forms\u2014like built-in functions, user-defined functions, lambda functions, and recursive functions. By mastering functions, you can write more structured and reusable Python code.<\/p><h3>Key Features of Python Functions:<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Modular Code Structure<\/strong>: Functions break down code into smaller, manageable segments, improving readability and maintenance.<\/li><li><strong>Reusability<\/strong>: Define a function once and reuse it multiple times, reducing code redundancy.<\/li><li><strong>Parameterization and Return Values<\/strong>: Functions in Python can accept parameters, process them, and return results, allowing for flexible code.<\/li><\/ul><h3>Steps to Create and Use Python Functions:<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Define the Function<\/strong>: Use the def keyword to define a function, followed by the function name and parentheses for parameters.<\/li><li><strong>Add Parameters (Optional)<\/strong>: Specify parameters to accept input, making the function versatile for different use cases.<\/li><li><strong>Write Function Body<\/strong>: Indent the code that performs the function\u2019s tasks within the body.<\/li><li><strong>Return Values (Optional)<\/strong>: Use the return statement to output a value or result from the function.<\/li><li><strong>Call the Function<\/strong>: Execute the function by calling it with any required arguments.<\/li><\/ul><h3>Common Mistakes to Avoid:<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Missing return Statements<\/strong>: If a function should provide output, don\u2019t forget the return statement; otherwise, it returns None by default.<\/li><li><strong>Improper Parameter Usage<\/strong>: Ensure you pass arguments in the correct order and with the expected data types.<\/li><li><strong>Overusing Global Variables<\/strong>: Relying on global variables within functions can lead to unexpected results; instead, use parameters and return values for data handling.<\/li><\/ul><h3>Applications of Python Functions:<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Code Organization<\/strong>: Use functions to separate logic into distinct, reusable sections, improving code readability.<\/li><li><strong>Automation<\/strong>: Automate repetitive tasks with functions, saving time and reducing errors.<\/li><li><strong>Data Processing<\/strong>: Perform calculations, transformations, and other operations on data by encapsulating logic within functions.<\/li><\/ul><h3>Why Learn Python Functions?<\/h3><p>Understanding and using functions is crucial for efficient coding. Learning how to leverage functions allows you to:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Create Reusable Code<\/strong>: Write functions once and reuse them wherever needed, reducing development time.<\/li><li><strong>Build Complex Applications<\/strong>: Functions help organize code for larger applications, making them easier to debug and maintain.<\/li><li><strong>Enhance Problem-Solving Skills<\/strong>: By structuring code into functions, you can tackle more complex problems with modular and systematic approaches.<\/li><\/ul><h3>Topics Covered:<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Function Definition and Invocation<\/strong>: Learn the basics of creating and calling functions.<\/li><li><strong>Parameters and Arguments<\/strong>: Understand how to use parameters for flexible, adaptable functions.<\/li><li><strong>Lambda and Recursive Functions<\/strong>: Explore special function types for concise expressions and complex operations.<\/li><li><strong>Real-World Examples<\/strong>: Practice with examples that show how functions simplify code in practical applications.<\/li><\/ul><p>For a complete guide, examples, and additional resources, visit the full article on GeeksforGeeks: <a href=\\\"https:\/\/origin.geeksforgeeks.org\/python-functions\/\\\">Python Functions<\/a>.<\/p>\",\"source\":\"https:\/\/cdnvideos.geeksforgeeks.org\/ef2c93acee691e83e4ffd0dbcc088b43gfg-2cc20ad3a649242ca314601c0adc04dagfgFunctionsInPython20241106094754\/video.m3u8\",\"category\":[{\"term_id__id\":10,\"term_id__term_name\":\"Python\",\"term_id__term_type\":1,\"term_id__slug\":\"python\"},{\"term_id__id\":118,\"term_id__term_name\":\"Python\",\"term_id__term_type\":2,\"term_id__slug\":\"python-eghmaz\"}],\"video_type\":\"courses\",\"meta\":{\"thumbnail\":\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009-small.png\",\"largeThumbnail\":\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009.jpg\",\"likes\":0,\"views\":90,\"isFeatured\":0,\"isPremium\":0,\"isPublic\":1,\"format\":\"video\/mp4\",\"revision\":{}},\"time\":\"06\/11\/2024\",\"seo\":{\"description\":\"<h2><strong>Python Functions<\/strong><\/h2><p>In this tutorial, we explore <\",\"thumbnail\":\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009-seo.png\"},\"subtitle\":\"https:\/\/cdnvideos.geeksforgeeks.org\/ef2c93acee691e83e4ffd0dbcc088b43gfg-2cc20ad3a649242ca314601c0adc04dagfgFunctionsInPython20241106094754\/subtitle.vtt\",\"duration\":542,\"post_list\":[{\"post_id\":224490,\"post_title\":\"Python Functions\"}],\"course_link\":\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/master-python-complete-beginner-to-advanced\",\"views\":\"90\",\"video_schema\":{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"VideoObject\",\"name\":\"Python Functions\",\"description\":\"Python FunctionsIn this tutorial, we explore Python Functions, a core feature that allows you to group and reuse blocks of code efficiently. Functions enable developers to create modular code by defining operations once and calling them as needed, making it easier to organize, maintain, and debug code. Python functions can take arguments, return values, and be structured in various formslike built-in functions, user-defined functions, lambda functions, and recursive functions. By mastering functions, you can write more structured and reusable Python code.Key Features of Python FunctionsModular Code Structure Functions break down code into smaller, manageable segments, improving readability and maintenance.Reusability Define a function once and reuse it multiple times, reducing code redundancy.Parameterization and Return Values Functions in Python can accept parameters, process them, and return results, allowing for flexible code.Steps to Create and Use Python FunctionsDefine the Function Use the def keyword to define a function, followed by the function name and parentheses for parameters.Add Parameters (Optional) Specify parameters to accept input, making the function versatile for different use cases.Write Function Body Indent the code that performs the functions tasks within the body.Return Values (Optional) Use the return statement to output a value or result from the function.Call the Function Execute the function by calling it with any required arguments.Common Mistakes to AvoidMissing return Statements If a function should provide output, dont forget the return statement otherwise, it returns None by default.Improper Parameter Usage Ensure you pass arguments in the correct order and with the expected data types.Overusing Global Variables Relying on global variables within functions can lead to unexpected results instead, use parameters and return values for data handling.Applications of Python FunctionsCode Organization Use functions to separate logic into distinct, reusable sections, improving code readability.Automation Automate repetitive tasks with functions, saving time and reducing errors.Data Processing Perform calculations, transformations, and other operations on data by encapsulating logic within functions.Why Learn Python Functions?Understanding and using functions is crucial for efficient coding. Learning how to leverage functions allows you toCreate Reusable Code Write functions once and reuse them wherever needed, reducing development time.Build Complex Applications Functions help organize code for larger applications, making them easier to debug and maintain.Enhance Problem-Solving Skills By structuring code into functions, you can tackle more complex problems with modular and systematic approaches.Topics CoveredFunction Definition and Invocation Learn the basics of creating and calling functions.Parameters and Arguments Understand how to use parameters for flexible, adaptable functions.Lambda and Recursive Functions Explore special function types for concise expressions and complex operations.Real-World Examples Practice with examples that show how functions simplify code in practical applications.For a complete guide, examples, and additional resources, visit the full article on GeeksforGeeks Python Functions.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":[\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009.jpg\",\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009-small.png\",\"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/PythonFunctions\/PythonFunctions20241106095009-seo.png\"],\"uploadDate\":\"2024-11-06T09:52:13Z\",\"duration\":\"PT0H9M2S\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/videos\/python-functions\/\"}}"); </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Python Functions","description":"Python FunctionsIn this tutorial, we explore Python Functions, a core feature that allows you to group and reuse blocks of code efficiently. 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By mastering functions, you can write more structured and reusable Python code.Key Features of Python FunctionsModular Code Structure Functions break down code into smaller, manageable segments, improving readability and maintenance.Reusability Define a function once and reuse it multiple times, reducing code redundancy.Parameterization and Return Values Functions in Python can accept parameters, process them, and return results, allowing for flexible code.Steps to Create and Use Python FunctionsDefine the Function Use the def keyword to define a function, followed by the function name and parentheses for parameters.Add Parameters (Optional) Specify parameters to accept input, making the function versatile for different use cases.Write Function Body Indent the code that performs the functions tasks within the body.Return Values (Optional) Use the return statement to output a value or result from the function.Call the Function Execute the function by calling it with any required arguments.Common Mistakes to AvoidMissing return Statements If a function should provide output, dont forget the return statement otherwise, it returns None by default.Improper Parameter Usage Ensure you pass arguments in the correct order and with the expected data types.Overusing Global Variables Relying on global variables within functions can lead to unexpected results instead, use parameters and return values for data handling.Applications of Python FunctionsCode Organization Use functions to separate logic into distinct, reusable sections, improving code readability.Automation Automate repetitive tasks with functions, saving time and reducing errors.Data Processing Perform calculations, transformations, and other operations on data by encapsulating logic within functions.Why Learn Python Functions?Understanding and using functions is crucial for efficient coding. 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='https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLTrzwsw44bnAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen' target="_blank"> <img class="gfg-icon_Gnews no-zoom-in-cursor" src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Google-news.svg loading="lazy" alt="News"></img> <span class='kebab_menu_news_text'>Follow</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text"> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Python Functions</strong></b><span> is a block of statements that return the specific task. The idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together and make a function so that instead of writing the same code again and again for different inputs, we can do the function calls to reuse code contained in it over and over again.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>Some </span><b><strong>Benefits of Using Functions</strong></b></p><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <ul><li value="1"><span>Increase Code Readability </span></li><li value="2"><span>Increase Code Reusability</span></li></ul><h2><span>Python Function Declaration</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>The syntax to declare a function is:</span></p> <div style="width: 810px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img alt="Python Functions" height="inherit" src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20220721172423/51.png" width="inherit"/><p class="wp-caption-text">Syntax of Python Function Declaration</p></div><h3><span>Types of Functions in Python</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>Below are the different types of functions in </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span>Python</span></a><span>:</span></p> <ul><li value="1"><b><strong>Built-in library function:</strong></b><span> These are </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-built-in-functions/" rel="noopener"><span>Standard functions</span></a><span> in Python that are available to use.</span></li><li value="2"><b><strong>User-defined function:</strong></b><span> We can create our own functions based on our requirements.</span></li></ul><h2><b><strong>Creating a Function in Python</strong></b></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>We can define a function in Python, using the </span><b><strong>def</strong></b><span> keyword. We can add any type of functionalities and properties to it as we require. By the following example, we can understand how to write a function in Python. In this way we can create Python function definition by using def keyword.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="false"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># A simple Python function</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>fun</span><span class=p>():</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"Welcome to GFG"</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><h3><span>Calling a Function in Python</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>After creating a function in Python we can call it by using the name of the functions Python followed by parenthesis containing parameters of that particular function. Below is the example for calling def function Python.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># A simple Python function</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>fun</span><span class=p>():</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"Welcome to GFG"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># Driver code to call a function</span> <span class=n>fun</span><span class=p>()</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p><div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_InContent_ATF_336x280" style="text-align:center; max-height: 280px;"></div><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280_1" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <pre><span>Welcome to GFG</span></pre><h3><span>Python Function with Parameters</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>If you have experience in C/C++ or Java then you must be thinking about the </span><i><em class="GFGEditorTheme__textItalic">return type</em></i><span> of the function and </span><i><em class="GFGEditorTheme__textItalic">data type</em></i><span> of arguments. That is possible in Python as well (specifically for Python 3.5 and above).</span></p><div id="_GFG_ABP_Incontent_728x90" style="text-align:center;"></div> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Python Function Syntax with Parameters</strong></b></p> <pre><span> def function_name(parameter: data_type) -> return_type:</span><br/><span> """Docstring"""</span><br/><span> # body of the function</span><br/><span> return expression</span><br/></pre><p dir="ltr"><span>The following example uses </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/deep-dive-into-parameters-and-arguments-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span>arguments and parameters</span></a><span> that you will learn later in this article so you can come back to it again if not understood.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="false"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>add</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>num1</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=nb>int</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>num2</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=nb>int</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=o>-></span> <span class=nb>int</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=w> </span><span class=sd>"""Add two numbers"""</span> <span class=n>num3</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>num1</span> <span class=o>+</span> <span class=n>num2</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=n>num3</span> <span class=c1># Driver code</span> <span class=n>num1</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>num2</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>5</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>15</span> <span class=n>ans</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>add</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>num1</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>num2</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=sa>f</span><span class=s2>"The addition of </span><span class=si>{</span><span class=n>num1</span><span class=si>}</span><span class=s2> and </span><span class=si>{</span><span class=n>num2</span><span class=si>}</span><span class=s2> results </span><span class=si>{</span><span class=n>ans</span><span class=si>}</span><span class=s2>."</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>The addition of 5 and 15 results 20.</span></pre><blockquote><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Note: </strong></b><span>The following examples are defined using syntax 1, try to convert them in syntax 2 for practice.</span></p> </blockquote><gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># some more functions</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>is_prime</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=n>n</span> <span class=ow>in</span> <span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>]:</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=kc>True</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=ow>or</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>%</span> <span class=mi>2</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=kc>False</span> <span class=n>r</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>3</span> <span class=k>while</span> <span class=n>r</span> <span class=o>*</span> <span class=n>r</span> <span class=o><=</span> <span class=n>n</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>%</span> <span class=n>r</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=kc>False</span> <span class=n>r</span> <span class=o>+=</span> <span class=mi>2</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=kc>True</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>is_prime</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>78</span><span class=p>),</span> <span class=n>is_prime</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>79</span><span class=p>))</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p><div style="text-align:center;margin:20px 0; max-height: 280px;" id="GFG_AD_gfg_outstream_incontent"></div> <pre><span>False True</span><br/></pre><h2><span>Python Function Arguments</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function. A function can have any number of arguments separated by a comma.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>In this example, we will create a simple function in Python to check whether the number passed as an argument to the function is even or odd.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># A simple Python function to check</span> <span class=c1># whether x is even or odd</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>evenOdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>%</span> <span class=mi>2</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"even"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=k>else</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"odd"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># Driver code to call the function</span> <span class=n>evenOdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>evenOdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>3</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>even</span><br/><span>odd</span><br/></pre><h3><span>Types of Python Function Arguments</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>Python supports various types of arguments that can be passed at the time of the function call. In Python, we have the following function argument types in Python:</span></p> <ul><li value="1"><b><strong>Default argument</strong></b></li><li value="2"><b><strong>Keyword arguments (named arguments)</strong></b></li><li value="3"><b><strong>Positional arguments</strong></b></li><li value="4"><b><strong>Arbitrary arguments</strong></b><span> (variable-length arguments *args and **kwargs)</span></li></ul><p dir="ltr"><span>Let’s discuss each type in detail. </span></p> <h3><b><strong>Default Arguments</strong></b></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>A </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/default-arguments-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span>default argument</span></a><span> is a parameter that assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function call for that argument. The following example illustrates Default arguments to write functions in Python.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python program to demonstrate</span> <span class=c1># default arguments</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>y</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=mi>50</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"x: "</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>x</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"y: "</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>y</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># Driver code (We call myFun() with only</span> <span class=c1># argument)</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>x: 10</span><br/><span>y: 50</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><span>Like C++ default arguments, any number of arguments in a function can have a default value. But once we have a default argument, all the arguments to its right must also have default values.</span></p> <h3><b><strong>Keyword Arguments</strong></b></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>The idea is to allow the caller to specify the argument name with values so that the caller does not need to remember the order of parameters.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python program to demonstrate Keyword Arguments</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>student</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>firstname</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>lastname</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>firstname</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>lastname</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># Keyword arguments</span> <span class=n>student</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>firstname</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Geeks'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>lastname</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Practice'</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>student</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>lastname</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Practice'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>firstname</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Geeks'</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p><div style="text-align:center;margin:20px 0;max-height:280px" id="GFG_AD_gfg_outstream_incontent-1"></div> <pre><span>Geeks Practice</span><br/><span>Geeks Practice</span></pre><h3><span>Positional Arguments</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>We used the </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/keyword-and-positional-argument-in-python/#:~:text=age%20is%20%2020-,Positional%2DOnly%20Arguments,-Position%2Donly%20arguments" rel="noopener"><span>Position argument</span></a><span> during the function call so that the first argument (or value) is assigned to name and the second argument (or value) is assigned to age. By changing the position, or if you forget the order of the positions, the values can be used in the wrong places, as shown in the Case-2 example below, where 27 is assigned to the name and Suraj is assigned to the age.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>nameAge</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>age</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"Hi, I am"</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>name</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"My age is "</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>age</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># You will get correct output because </span> <span class=c1># argument is given in order</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"Case-1:"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>nameAge</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"Suraj"</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>27</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># You will get incorrect output because</span> <span class=c1># argument is not in order</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"</span><span class=se>\n</span><span class=s2>Case-2:"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>nameAge</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>27</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=s2>"Suraj"</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><b><strong>Case-1:</strong></b><br/><span>Hi, I am Suraj</span><br/><span>My age is 27</span><br/><b><strong>Case-2:</strong></b><br/><span>Hi, I am 27</span><br/><span>My age is Suraj</span></pre><h3><span>Arbitrary Keyword Arguments</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>In Python Arbitrary Keyword Arguments, </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/args-kwargs-python/" rel="noopener"><span>*args, and **kwargs</span></a><span> can pass a variable number of arguments to a function using special symbols. There are two special symbols:</span></p> <ul><li value="1"><span>*args in Python (Non-Keyword Arguments)</span></li><li value="2"><span>**kwargs in Python (Keyword Arguments)</span></li></ul><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Example 1:</strong></b><span> Variable length non-keywords argument</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python program to illustrate</span> <span class=c1># *args for variable number of arguments</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>argv</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>for</span> <span class=n>arg</span> <span class=ow>in</span> <span class=n>argv</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>arg</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s1>'Hello'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=s1>'Welcome'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=s1>'to'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=s1>'GeeksforGeeks'</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>Hello</span><br/><span>Welcome</span><br/><span>to</span><br/><span>GeeksforGeeks</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Example 2: </strong></b><span>Variable length keyword arguments</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python program to illustrate</span> <span class=c1># *kwargs for variable number of keyword arguments</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=o>**</span><span class=n>kwargs</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>for</span> <span class=n>key</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>value</span> <span class=ow>in</span> <span class=n>kwargs</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>items</span><span class=p>():</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"</span><span class=si>%s</span><span class=s2> == </span><span class=si>%s</span><span class=s2>"</span> <span class=o>%</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=n>key</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>value</span><span class=p>))</span> <span class=c1># Driver code</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>first</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Geeks'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>mid</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'for'</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>last</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=s1>'Geeks'</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>first == Geeks</span><br/><span>mid == for</span><br/><span>last == Geeks</span><br/></pre><h3><span>Docstring</span></h3><p dir="ltr"><span>The first string after the function is called the Document string or </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-docstrings/" rel="noopener"><span>Docstring</span></a><span> in short. This is used to describe the functionality of the function. The use of docstring in functions is optional but it is considered a good practice.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span>The below syntax can be used to print out the docstring of a function.</span></p> <pre><b><strong>Syntax:</strong></b><span> print(function_name.__doc__)</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Example: </strong></b><span>Adding Docstring to the function</span></p><div style="text-align:center;margin:20px 0;max-height:280px" id="GFG_AD_gfg_outstream_incontent-2"></div> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># A simple Python function to check</span> <span class=c1># whether x is even or odd</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>evenOdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=w> </span><span class=sd>"""Function to check if the number is even or odd"""</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>%</span> <span class=mi>2</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"even"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=k>else</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>"odd"</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=c1># Driver code to call the function</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>evenOdd</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=vm>__doc__</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>Function to check if the number is even or odd</span></pre><h2><span>Python Function within Functions</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>A function that is defined inside another function is known as the </span><b><strong>inner function</strong></b><span> or </span><b><strong>nested function</strong></b><span>. Nested functions can access variables of the enclosing scope. Inner functions are used so that they can be protected from everything happening outside the function.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python program to</span> <span class=c1># demonstrate accessing of</span> <span class=c1># variables of nested functions</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>f1</span><span class=p>():</span> <span class=n>s</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=s1>'I love GeeksforGeeks'</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>f2</span><span class=p>():</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>s</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=n>f2</span><span class=p>()</span> <span class=c1># Driver's code</span> <span class=n>f1</span><span class=p>()</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>I love GeeksforGeeks</span></pre><h2><span>Anonymous Functions in Python</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>In Python, an </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-lambda-anonymous-functions-filter-map-reduce/" rel="noopener"><span>anonymous function</span></a><span> means that a function is without a name. As we already know the def keyword is used to define the normal functions and the lambda keyword is used to create anonymous functions.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Python code to illustrate the cube of a number</span> <span class=c1># using lambda function</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>cube</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=n>x</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>x</span> <span class=n>cube_v2</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=k>lambda</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=p>:</span> <span class=n>x</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=n>x</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>cube</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>7</span><span class=p>))</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>cube_v2</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>7</span><span class=p>))</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>343</span><br/><span>343</span></pre><h2><span>Recursive Functions in Python</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><strong>Recursion </strong></b><span>in Python refers to when a function calls itself. There are many instances when you have to build a recursive function to solve </span><b><strong>Mathematical and Recursive Problems.</strong></b></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Using a recursive function should be done with caution, as a recursive function can become like a non-terminating loop. It is better to check your exit statement while creating a recursive function.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>factorial</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=k>if</span> <span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>==</span> <span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=mi>1</span> <span class=k>else</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>*</span> <span class=n>factorial</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>n</span> <span class=o>-</span> <span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>factorial</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>))</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output</strong></b></p> <pre><span>24</span></pre><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Here we have created a recursive function to calculate the factorial of the number. You can see the end statement for this function is when n is equal to 0. </span></p> <h2><span>Return Statement in Python Function</span></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>The function return statement is used to exit from a function and go back to the function caller and return the specified value or data item to the caller. </span><b><strong>The syntax for the return statement is:</strong></b></p><div style="text-align:center;margin:20px 0;max-height:280px" id="GFG_AD_gfg_outstream_incontent-3"></div> <pre><span>return [expression_list]</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><span>The return statement can consist of a variable, an expression, or a constant which is returned at the end of the function execution. If none of the above is present with the return statement a None object is returned.</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Example:</strong></b><span> Python Function Return Statement</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>square_value</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>num</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=w> </span><span class=sd>"""This function returns the square</span> <span class=sd> value of the entered number"""</span> <span class=k>return</span> <span class=n>num</span><span class=o>**</span><span class=mi>2</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>square_value</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=mi>2</span><span class=p>))</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>square_value</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=o>-</span><span class=mi>4</span><span class=p>))</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>4</span><br/><span>16</span></pre><h2><b><strong>Pass by Reference and Pass by Value</strong></b></h2><p dir="ltr"><span>One important thing to note is, in Python every variable name is a reference. When we pass a variable to a function Python, a new reference to the object is created. Parameter passing in Python is the same as reference passing in Java.</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=c1># Here x is a new reference to same list lst</span> <span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=n>x</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>]</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>20</span> <span class=c1># Driver Code (Note that lst is modified</span> <span class=c1># after function call.</span> <span class=n>lst</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>11</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>12</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>13</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>14</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>15</span><span class=p>]</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>lst</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>lst</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>[20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><span>When we pass a reference and change the received reference to something else, the connection between the passed and received parameters is broken. For example, consider the below program as follows:</span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=c1># After below line link of x with previous</span> <span class=c1># object gets broken. A new object is assigned</span> <span class=c1># to x.</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>20</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>30</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>40</span><span class=p>]</span> <span class=c1># Driver Code (Note that lst is not modified</span> <span class=c1># after function call.</span> <span class=n>lst</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>11</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>12</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>13</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>14</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=mi>15</span><span class=p>]</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>lst</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>lst</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>[10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><span>Another example demonstrates that the reference link is broken if we assign a new value (inside the function). </span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=c1># After below line link of x with previous</span> <span class=c1># object gets broken. A new object is assigned</span> <span class=c1># to x.</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>20</span> <span class=c1># Driver Code (Note that x is not modified</span> <span class=c1># after function call.</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>10</span> <span class=n>myFun</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>10</span></pre><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Exercise:</strong></b><span> Try to guess the output of the following code. </span></p> <gfg-tabs data-run-ide="true"> <gfg-tab slot="tab">Python</gfg-tab> <gfg-panel slot="panel" data-code-lang="python3"> <code class="language-python3"><div class=highlight><pre><span></span><span class=k>def</span> <span class=nf>swap</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>y</span><span class=p>):</span> <span class=n>temp</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>y</span> <span class=n>y</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>temp</span> <span class=c1># Driver code</span> <span class=n>x</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>2</span> <span class=n>y</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=mi>3</span> <span class=n>swap</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>y</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>x</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>y</span><span class=p>)</span> </pre></div></code> </gfg-panel></gfg-tabs><p dir="ltr"><b><strong>Output:</strong></b></p> <pre><span>2</span><br/><span>3</span></pre><h4><b><strong>Quick Links</strong></b></h4><ul><li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-python-gq/" rel="noopener"><span>Quiz on Python Functions</span></a></li><li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-method-function-python/" rel="noopener"><span>Difference between Method and Function in Python</span></a></li><li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/first-class-functions-python/" rel="noopener"><span>First Class functions in Python</span></a></li><li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tag/python-functions/" rel="noopener"><span>Recent articles on Python Functions</span></a><span>.</span></li></ul><h2><b><strong>FAQs- Python Functions</strong></b></h2><h3><span>What is function in Python?</span></h3><blockquote><p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span>Python function is a block of code, that runs only when it is called. It is programmed to return the specific task. You can pass values in functions called parameters. It helps in performing repetitive tasks.</span></p> </blockquote><h3><b><strong>What are the 4 types of Functions in Python?</strong></b></h3><blockquote><p dir="ltr"><span>The main types of </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functions/" rel="noopener" target="_self"><span>functions</span></a><span> in Python are:</span></p> <ul><li value="1"><span>Built-in function</span></li><li value="2"><span>User-defined function</span></li><li value="3"><span>Lambda functions</span></li><li value="4"><span>Recursive functions</span></li></ul></blockquote><h3><b><strong>H</strong></b><span>ow to Write a Function in Python</span><b><strong>?</strong></b></h3><blockquote><p dir="ltr"><span>To write a function in Python you can use the def keyword and then write the function name. You can provide the function code after using </span><b><strong>‘:’. </strong></b><span>Basic syntax to define a function is:</span></p> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong>def function_name():</strong></b></p> <p dir="ltr" style="text-indent: 20px;"><b><strong>#statement</strong></b></p> </blockquote><h3><b><strong>What are the parameters of a function in Python?</strong></b></h3><blockquote><p dir="ltr"><span>Parameters in Python are the variables that take the values passed as arguments when calling the functions. A function can have any number of parameters. You can also set default value to a parameter in Python.</span></p> </blockquote><h3><b><strong>What is Python main function?</strong></b></h3><blockquote><p dir="ltr"><span>The Python main function refers to the entry point of a Python program. 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For this, nowadays, stress has been to write code with modularity, increase debugging, and create a more robust, reusable code. This all encouraged the use of different functions for different tasks, and hence we are bound to</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-how-to-get-function-name/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Python | How to get function name ? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">One of the most prominent styles of coding is following the OOP paradigm. For this, nowadays, stress has been to write code with modularity, increase debugging, and create a more robust, reusable code. This all encouraged the use of different functions for different tasks, and hence we are bound to</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/defining-a-python-function-at-runtime/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Defining a Python function at runtime </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In Python,we can define a python function at runtime execute with the help of FunctionType(). First we import types module then perform compile() function and pass parameter exec and after that with the help FunctionType() define the function at runtime. Example 1: Function to print GEEKSFORGEEKS. C</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">1 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/call-a-function-by-a-string-name-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Call a function by a String name - Python </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In this article, we will see how to call a function of a module by using its name (a string) in Python. 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It is used for system scripting, software development, and web development (server-side). Web applications can be developed on a server using Python. Workflows can be made with Python and other technologies. Databas</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-lambda-anonymous-functions-filter-map-reduce/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Python Lambda Functions </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Python Lambda Functions are anonymous functions means that the function is without a name. 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Working : At first step, first two elements of sequence are picked and the result is obtained.</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Global and Local Variables<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/global-keyword-in-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Global keyword in Python </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In this article, we will cover the global keyword, the basic rules for global keywords in Python, the difference between the local, and global variables, and examples of global keywords in Python. 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Types of argumentsKeyword-only argumentPositional-only argumentDifference between the Ke</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-find-the-number-of-arguments-in-a-python-function/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">How to find the number of arguments in a Python function? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In this article, we are going to see how to count the number of arguments of a function in Python. We will use the special syntax called *args that is used in the function definition of python. Syntax *args allow us to pass a variable number of arguments to a function. We will use len() function or</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/default-arguments-in-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Default arguments in Python </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Python allows function arguments to have default values. If the function is called without the argument, the argument gets its default value. Default Arguments: Python has a different way of representing syntax and default values for function arguments. Default values indicate that the function argu</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/passing-function-as-an-argument-in-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Passing function as an argument in Python </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">A function can take multiple arguments, these arguments can be objects, variables(of same or different data types) and functions. Python functions are first class objects. In the example below, a function is assigned to a variable. This assignment doesn’t call the function. It takes the function obj</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-get-list-of-parameters-name-from-a-function-in-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">How to get list of parameters name from a function in Python? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In this article, we are going to discuss how to get list parameters from a function in Python. The inspect module helps in checking the objects present in the code that we have written. 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Users can either pass their values or can pretend the function to use theirs default values which are specified. In this way, the user can call the function</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a><hr style="background:var(--gfg-selected-color); width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"></hr></li></ul></div><div class="leftbar-dropdown"><h2 class="dropdown-title">Return Statements<span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down-thin"></span></h2><ul style="display: none;"><li class="similarReadDropdownItem"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-pass-optional-parameters-to-a-function-in-python/?ref=lbp"><div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">How to pass optional parameters to a function in Python? </div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In Python, when we define functions with default values for certain parameters, it is said to have its arguments set as an option for the user. 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align-items: center; border-radius: 0px 10px 10px 0px; height: 80px; width: calc(100% - 80px); } .popup-main .exp-card1 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-1); } .popup-main .exp-card2 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-2); } .popup-main .exp-card3 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-3); } .popup-main .exp-card4 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-4); } .popup-main .exp-card5 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-5); } .popup-main .exp-card6 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-6); } .popup-main span { font-family: var(--font-primary); font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 500; line-height: normal; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; } #popup { display: none; background-color: var(--write-modal-background); padding: 20px; text-align: center; position: fixed; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1026; width: min(650px, calc(100% - 20px)); } .link-container-write{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; } .link-container-write > a { margin:7px 0px; } .phrase__container{ color:var(--color-gfg); border-radius: 6px; width: 100%; background-color:var(--write-redirect-container); padding: 15px; text-align: justify; font-size:14px; } .phrase__container:hover { color:var(--color-gfg) !important; background-color:var(--write-redirect-container-hover); } </style> <div class="popup-container"> <div id="popup" accesskey="" class="popup-main"> <div class="popup-heading"> <h2>What kind of Experience do you want to share?</h2> <div class="close-icon share-experience-modal-close"></div> </div>  <div class="experience-card"> <a class="exp-card5" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=e8fc46fe-75e7-4a4b-be3c-0c862d655ed0" target="_blank"> <div class="icon5"> <div class="icon5-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card5-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Interview Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card1" href="https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=82536bdb-84e6-4661-87c3-e77c3ac04ede" target="_blank"> <div class="icon1"> <div class="icon1-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card1-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Admission Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card6" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=5219b0b2-7671-40a0-9bda-503e28a61c31" target="_blank"> <div class="icon6"> <div class="icon6-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card6-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Career Journeys</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card2" href="https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=22ae3354-15b6-4dd4-a5b4-5c7a105b8a8f" target="_blank"> <div class="icon2"> <div class="icon2-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card2-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Work Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card3" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=c5e1ac90-9490-440a-a5fa-6180c87ab8ae" target="_blank"> <div class="icon3"> <div class="icon3-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card3-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Campus Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card4" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=5ebb8fe9-b980-4891-af07-f2d62a9735f2" target="_blank"> <div class="icon4"> <div class="icon4-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card4-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Competitive Exam Experiences</span> </div> </a> </div>  </div> <div id="overlay" onclick="toggleExperiencePopup()" style="display: block;min-height: 100vh;min-width: 100vw;position: fixed;top: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;left: 0;display: none;justify-content: center;align-items: center;background: rgba(0,0,0,.702);z-index: 1025 !important;backdrop-filter: blur(4px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px);word-break: keep-all;"></div> </div> <script> $('.share-experience-modal').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var link = $(this).attr('href'); toggleExperiencePopup(link); }); function toggleExperiencePopup(link) { var popup = document.getElementById("popup"); var overlay = document.getElementById("overlay"); if (window.innerWidth < 992) { window.location.href = link; } else { popup.style.display = (popup.style.display === "block") ? "none" : "block"; overlay.style.display = (overlay.style.display === "block") ? "none" : "block"; } } $('.share-experience-modal-close').click(function(e){ var popup = document.getElementById("popup"); popup.style.display = 'none'; var overlay = document.getElementById("overlay"); overlay.style.display = 'none'; }); </script> </div><script type="text/javascript"> $(window).on('load', function() { (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "ayc7ypwwuk"); }); </script>  </body> </html>

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