Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <title>Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass</title>  <link href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/html" rel="canonical"></link>  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v25-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-500.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v30-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-300.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/stylesheets/fontawesome.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/02f295d1f6a8e9c282e7831cd493e8ff-bootstrap.purged.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/51453f3916250c5727018f052d2b7593-main.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/13761c60ba5201f465803f3005ccd7ef-fontawesome-codes.css' /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href='/assets/images/ec7d7606b4e2f3f921b5e1700948efb6-favicon.ico' /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/html?lang=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/html?lang=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/html" />  <link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <meta name="dcterms.rightsHolder" content="Walter de Gruyter GmbH"> <meta name="dcterms.rights" content="De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act."> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" /> <meta name="google" content="notranslate" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="In 2000 the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (WAB) published the CD-ROM edition of Wittgenstein’s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition (BEE). Moreover, since then WAB has worked towards complementing the static CD-ROM edition with an interactive web platform that additionally allows more user-specific and more user-tailored utilizations of WAB’s Nachlass resources. The paper describes two specific web service tools of this platform: Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of Wittgenstein domain metadata. The paper argues that it is only when these two tools are fully implemented and functional that WAB can adequately serve the scholarly needs of the Wittgenstein Nachlass user community. The paper discusses some selected features and functionalities of the two tools in detail. An earlier version of this paper was published as „Complementing Static Scholarly Editions with Dynamic Research Platforms: Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) for the Wittgenstein Nachlass“ in Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2020 , ed. by C. Navarretta &amp; M. Eskevich (Utrecht: CLARIN ERIC). In writing this paper I have benefitted from comments by K. De Smedt, N. Gangopadhyay, Ø. Gjesdal, J. Hendrickson, C. Huitfeldt, H. Al Ruweh, the Clarin 2020 conference reviewers and editors as well as Jasmin Trächtler."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/html"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="De Gruyter"/><meta property="og:title" content="Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/journal_key/WGST/product"/><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/><meta property="og:description" content="In 2000 the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (WAB) published the CD-ROM edition of Wittgenstein’s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition (BEE). Moreover, since then WAB has worked towards complementing the static CD-ROM edition with an interactive web platform that additionally allows more user-specific and more user-tailored utilizations of WAB’s Nachlass resources. The paper describes two specific web service tools of this platform: Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of Wittgenstein domain metadata. The paper argues that it is only when these two tools are fully implemented and functional that WAB can adequately serve the scholarly needs of the Wittgenstein Nachlass user community. The paper discusses some selected features and functionalities of the two tools in detail. An earlier version of this paper was published as „Complementing Static Scholarly Editions with Dynamic Research Platforms: Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) for the Wittgenstein Nachlass“ in Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2020 , ed. by C. Navarretta &amp; M. Eskevich (Utrecht: CLARIN ERIC). In writing this paper I have benefitted from comments by K. De Smedt, N. Gangopadhyay, Ø. Gjesdal, J. Hendrickson, C. Huitfeldt, H. Al Ruweh, the Clarin 2020 conference reviewers and editors as well as Jasmin Trächtler."/><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="de"/><meta property="article:author" content="Alois Pichler"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-06-21"/><meta property="article:section" content="Wittgenstein-Studien"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="131" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="151" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1868-7458" /> <meta name="citation_language" content='de' /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content='De Gruyter' /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/pdf" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alois Pichler" /> <meta name="citation_title" content='Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass' /> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/xml" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Wittgenstein-Studien" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content='2023/06/21' /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1515/witt-2023-0008" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Alois Pichler"}],"editor":[],"audience":null,"datePublished":"2023-06-21","headline":"","keywords":"","isAccessibleForFree":true,"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"De Gruyter"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein Nachlass","image":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/journal_key/WGST/thumbnail","url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008"}</script> <script nonce="kHrl8L3PJTIGfvykDQr3Fg=="> // Define dataLayer and the gtag function. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} function getCookieValue(name){ const regex = new RegExp(`(^| )${name}=([^;]+)`) const match = document.cookie.match(regex) if (match) { return match[2] } } // Set default consent to 'denied' as a placeholder // Determine actual values based on your own requirements const acceptCookies = getCookieValue('acceptcookies') === "true"; const defaultSettings = (acceptCookies) => ({ 'ad_storage': acceptCookies ? 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href='/search?query=*&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter'>De Gruyter</a> </span> <span class="publicationDate">June 21, 2023</span> </span> </div> <div id="mobilePurchaseDiv" class="d-none"> <a class="mobilePurchaseButton" href="#"> Purchase article <svg width="17" height="16" viewBox="0 0 17 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.75 10.3238L11.4513 9L9.5 11.1469L9.5 1L7.5 1L7.5 11.1473L5.54829 9L4.24962 10.3238L8.49981 15L12.75 10.3238Z" fill="#007596"/> </svg> </a> </div> <h1>Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em></h1> <ul class="contributors list-unstyled mb-2"> <li class="contributors-AUTHOR mb-2"> <span class="metadataAndContributorsFont"><span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Alois Pichler</span> <contributor-popdown name="Alois Pichler" position="1" email="alois.pichler@uib.no" affiliations="University of Bergen / Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen Wittgenstein Archives 12-13, Sydnesplassen 5007 Bergen Norway" > </contributor-popdown> <a href="mailto:alois.pichler@uib.no"> <img alt="EMAIL logo" src='/assets/images/db2546a9d03b905bae083962a41791e1-mail.svg' width="16" height="12" /> </a> </span></span> </li> </ul> <div class="subTitleInfoProductPage">From the journal <a class="ga_parent ga_parent_journal" href="/journal/key/wgst/html">Wittgenstein-Studien</a></div> <div class="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008" class="linkWithoutStyle subTitleInfoProductPage ga_doi" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008</a></div> </div> <div class="d-sm-none pt-3 pb-3 border-bottom"> <div class="alternateForms d-none"> <a href="/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/pdf?licenseType=open-access" data-doi="10.1515/witt-2023-0008" class="ga_download_button_pdf_article downloadCompletePdfArticle downloadPdf btn btn-primary fw-bold py-2 w-100 vgwort-click"> 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xmlns:dgdoi="http://degruyter.com/resources/doi-from-crossref" xmlns:dgpm="http://degruyter.com/resources/fetched-pubmed-id" class="contentWrapper"><div class="article" lang="de"><div class="abstract"><h2 class="subheading">Abstract</h2> <p>In 2000 the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (WAB) published the CD-ROM edition of <em>Wittgenstein’s</em> Nachlass: <em>The Bergen Electronic Edition</em> (BEE). Moreover, since then WAB has worked towards complementing the static CD-ROM edition with an interactive web platform that additionally allows more user-specific and more user-tailored utilizations of WAB’s <em>Nachlass</em> resources. The paper describes two specific web service tools of this platform: Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of Wittgenstein domain metadata. The paper argues that it is only when these two tools are fully implemented and functional that WAB can adequately serve the scholarly needs of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> user community. The paper discusses some selected features and functionalities of the two tools in detail.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_999" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="<p
 >An earlier version of this paper was published as „Complementing Static Scholarly Editions with Dynamic Research Platforms: <em
 >Interactive Dynamic Presentation</em> (IDP) and <em
 >Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing</em> (SFB) for the Wittgenstein Nachlass“ in <em
 >Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2020</em>, ed. by C. Navarretta & M. Eskevich (Utrecht: CLARIN ERIC). In writing this paper I have benefitted from comments by K. De Smedt, N. Gangopadhyay, Ø. Gjesdal, J. Hendrickson, C. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_007" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_007" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Huitfeldt, Claus & Sperberg-McQueen, Michael: Document similarity: Transcription, edit distances, vocabulary overlap, and the metaphysics of documents, in: Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2020, Balisage Series on Markup Technologies, 25 (2020).10.4242/BalisageVol25.Huitfeldt01Search in Google Scholar"
 >Huitfeldt, H. Al Ruweh, the Clarin 2020</a> conference reviewers and editors as well as Jasmin Trächtler.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[1]</b></sup></a></p></div><div class="body"> <section id="j_witt-2023-0008_s_001"><h2 class="subheading">1 Introduction</h2> <p>The practice of bringing „the Wittgenstein papers“ or „Wittgenstein’s <em>Nachlass</em>“ (<a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_027" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_027" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="von Wright, Georg H.: The Wittgenstein papers, in: The Philosophical Review, 78/4 (1969), 483 – 503.10.2307/2184200Search in Google Scholar">von Wright 1969</a>) to digital users reached its first milestone in 1998 with Vol. 1 of the Bergen CD-ROM edition <em>Wittgenstein’s</em> Nachlass: <em>The Bergen Electronic Edition</em>, edited by the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (WAB, http://wab.uib.no/) under the direction of Claus Huitfeldt. The complete edition (BEE; Wittgenstein 2000) became notable for creating unprecedented new access and research possibilities (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_009" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_009" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Meschini, Frederico: Oltre il libro: forme di testualità e digital humanities, Milan 2020.Search in Google Scholar">Meschini 2020</a>, ch. 4).</p> <p>Since its establishment in 1990, WAB has worked towards providing digital data and metadata for using the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> in research and education (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_006" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_006" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Huitfeldt, Claus: Philosophy Case Study, in: Lou Burnard, Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe & John Unsworth (eds.): Electronic Textual Editing, Modern Language Association of America (2006), 181 – 196.Search in Google Scholar">Huitfeldt 2006</a>). This includes the creation of machine-readable transcriptions with specialized markup. The transcriptions were originally produced in MECS-WIT format (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_005" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_005" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Huitfeldt, Claus: Toward a Machine-Readable Version of Wittgenstein’s Nachlaß, in: Hans Gerhard Senger (ed.): Philosophische Editionen. Erwartungen an sie – Wirkungen durch sie, Beihefte zu editio, 6 (1994), 37 – 43.10.1515/9783110939323.37Search in Google Scholar">Huitfeldt 1994</a>). But since the early years of this century, they are maintained in XML TEI format (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_011" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_011" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Towards the New Bergen Electronic Edition, in: Nuno Venturinha (ed.): Wittgenstein After His Nachlass, Houndmills 2010, 157 – 172.10.1057/9780230274945_11Search in Google Scholar">Pichler 2010</a>). Transcription samples of 5000 <em>Nachlass</em> pages were made available in HTML format under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license on WAB’s website within COST Action A32 (2006 – 10) and the Discovery project (2006 – 09). Most importantly, since 2015 transcriptions of the <em>entire Nachlass</em>, along with high quality <em>Nachlass</em> facsimiles, are made available open access in HTML format (Wittgenstein 2015–, cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_012" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_012" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: A brief update on editions offered by the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen and licences for their use (as of June 2018), in: Wittgenstein-Studien, 10/1 (2019), 139 – 146.10.1515/witt-2019-0007Search in Google Scholar">Pichler 2019</a>). In addition, WAB is, for more than a decade now, working on the implementation of semantic web methods and technology. Since 2013, WAB offers free download of a continuously growing computational ontology for the Wittgenstein domain from its website.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_001" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: <a href="https://wab.uib.no/wab_philospace.page" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://wab.uib.no/wab_philospace.page</a>. For an introduction to WAB’s computational ontology work see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_019" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_019" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois & Zöllner-Weber, Amelie: Sharing and debating Wittgenstein by using an ontology, in: Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28/4 (2013), 700 – 707.10.1093/llc/fqt049Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pichler & Zöllner-Weber (2013)</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[2]</b></sup></a> In order to provide for a common and persistent system of reference for its <em>Nachlass</em> resources, WAB has, within the framework of the Discovery project, assigned unique identifiers to the following: (i) each single one of the (about 150) <em>Nachlass</em> manuscript and typescript items, (ii) each single one of the (about 20,000) <em>Nachlass</em> pages, and (iii) each single one of the (about 55,000) <em>Nachlass</em> „Bemerkungen“ (remarks).<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_002" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >For details on the reference system, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_011" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_011" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Towards the New Bergen Electronic Edition, in: Nuno Venturinha (ed.): Wittgenstein After His Nachlass, Houndmills 2010, 157 – 172.10.1057/9780230274945_11Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pichler (2010)</a>; for <em
 >Bemerkung</em> identifier examples, see Figures 2 and 3 below.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[3]</b></sup></a> A Wittgensteinian <em>Bemerkung</em> is typically no longer than half a page and separated from other <em>Bemerkungen</em> by one or more blank lines.</p> <p>In consequence, with the aforementioned reference system in place and the open access availability of content, metadata and ontology, it may seem that WAB has achieved its goal of sufficiently equipping the user community. But this is not the case: A <em>static</em> scholarly edition of Wittgenstein’s <em>Nachlass</em>, even if it is regularly updated for content, style and technical formats, will, by its very nature as a static edition, always be inadequate in meeting the ever-evolving, dynamic user needs. Any static edition is necessarily the result of selection and decision processes. While a static scholarly edition of Wittgenstein’s <em>Nachlass</em> certainly remains indispensable as a source of stable, authoritative and easily citable text, for the community to adequately use the resources in research and learning, much more than such an edition is required. The user community of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> will always have needs and expectations that are not met even after all requirements of a static scholarly edition are fulfilled. The user needs can in the end only be satisfied by complementing the static edition with a platform that offers (i) access to datasets and aspects of the source not available through the edition and (ii) specific user need driven and tailored access and use.</p> <p>The paper argues that it is only when two specific tools, namely <em>Interactive Dynamic Presentation</em> (IDP) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> (Wittgenstein (2016–) and <em>Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing</em> (SFB)<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_003" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: <a href="https://wab.uib.no/sfb/" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://wab.uib.no/sfb/</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[4]</b></sup></a> of Wittgenstein domain metadata, are fully implemented and functional that we begin to adequately address the needs and expectations of the users of Wittgenstein’s <em>Nachlass.</em><a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_004" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >While both tools are already in use on WAB’s website, they need extension and optimization. A large part of this upgrade is being implemented within the Norwegian CLARINO+ (2020 – 26) project. For an independent assessment of the two tools, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_009" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_009" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Meschini, Frederico: Oltre il libro: forme di testualità e digital humanities, Milan 2020.Search in Google Scholar"
 >Meschini (2020:</a> ch. 4.2 and 4.3).</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[5]</b></sup></a> Section 2 starts with a short description of the BEE. It then focuses on vital needs of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> community that are not yet fulfilled by the BEE and in principle cannot be fulfilled by <em>any</em> static scholarly edition, whether on paper or digital. The two mentioned tools are intended for responding to precisely the ever-evolving and potentially unlimited user needs of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> community. Sections 3 and 4 present the rationale and the advantages of the current WAB implementations of the IDP and the SFB tool, respectively. Section 5 endorses the fact that WAB makes its transcriptions of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> also available in their XML TEI source format.</p></section> <section id="j_witt-2023-0008_s_002"><h2 class="subheading">2 Open-ended User Needs</h2> <p>The BEE brings together three sub-editions – a facsimile, a normalized transcription and a diplomatic transcription edition – and can be called a „combined edition“ (<a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_018" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_018" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois & Haugen, Odd Einar: Fra kombinerte utgaver til dynamisk utgivelse: Erfaringer fra edisjonsfilologisk arbeid med Wittgensteins filosofiske skrifter og nordiske middelaldertekster, in: Per Dahl, Johnny Kondrup & Karsten Kynde (eds.): Læsemåder: Udgavetyper og målgrupper, C.A. Reitzels 2005, 178 – 249.Search in Google Scholar">Pichler & Haugen 2005</a>). The diplomatic and the normalized transcription represent different modes of intervention on WAB’s source transcriptions of the originals. While the diplomatic, for example, retains deleted words, deleted characters, marks insertions as insertions and does not intervene in spelling and grammar, the normalized is directed towards providing a standardized, easy to read, and, finally, also easy to cite, stable authoritative text. To put it more theoretically, one could say that the diplomatic version primarily attends to the <em>document</em> or even to the <em>document-carrier</em>, while the normalized version is strongly <em>text</em>-focused. Thus, one could call the two formats two limiting cases of scholarly editing. The diplomatic version is an extremely helpful aid if one wants to start one’s <em>Nachlass</em> research by reading the facsimile, but from time to time needs deciphering help that is then supplied by the diplomatic version. For diplomatic and normalized transcription samples see Figures 1 – 4.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_005" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >For a short introduction to „diplomatic“, „linear“, „normalized“ and other scholarly edition and transcription types see, for example, <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_020" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_020" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pierazzo, Elena: Digital genetic editions: the encoding of time in manuscript transcription, in: Marilyn Deegan & Kathryn Sutherland (eds.): Text Editing, Print and the Digital World, Famham 2009, 169 – 186.Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pierazzo (2009)</a>. For the distinction between document carrier, document and text, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_015" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_015" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Hierarchical or Non-hierarchical? A Philosophical Approach to a Debate in Text Encoding, in: DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly, 15/1 (2021).Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pichler (2021)</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[6]</b></sup></a></p> <p>The triple structure of facsimile, diplomatic and normalized version enabled the BEE to respond in one and the same publication to a spectrum of research needs, rather than simply fulfilling, for example, the request for only an easy to read final version of a text. The BEE demonstrated the significant advantages that digital editions have over print editions in that the former, for example, allow more user-flexible access to the edited material. But at the same time, the edition was still not dynamic enough for adequately responding to the full spectrum of research needs and interests that <em>Nachlass</em> users have and, furthermore, can legitimately expect <em>digital</em> editing to provide. The BEE was not dynamic enough by its very nature of being a <em>static scholarly edition,</em> the purpose of which is to provide a <em>stable</em> and citable authoritative text. No static edition alone will ever be dynamic enough to meet the challenge of accommodating the diverse and evolving needs of the research community. Therefore, while a static scholarly edition will always be required, it must at the same time be complemented by a <em>dynamic research platform</em> that not only offers additional resources, but also additional and interactively available and toggleable analysis tools and additional presentation and filtering options.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_006" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >See also <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_003" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_003" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Gabler, Hans Walter: Wittgenstein’s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition, in: Paula Henrikson & Christian Janss (eds.): Geschichte der Edition in Skandinavien, Berlin 2013, 167 – 176.10.1515/9783110317572.167Search in Google Scholar"
 >Gabler (2013)</a>. For an early discussion and promotion of „dynamic edition“, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_021" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_021" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rehbein, Malte: Die dynamische digitale Textedition: Ein Modell, in: Hans-Heinrich Ebeling, Hans-Reinhard Fricke, Peter Hoheisel, Malte Rehbein & Manfred Thaller (eds.): Vom digitalen Archiv zur digitalen Edition, Göttingen 1998, 5 – 21.Search in Google Scholar"
 >Rehbein (1998)</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[7]</b></sup></a> Let me illustrate the claim with a few examples.</p> <p><em>Need for the possibility of chronological sorting:</em> During his military service in WW1, Wittgenstein kept diaries – MSS 101 – 103 (1914 – 17) – where he not only wrote his philosophical reflections that eventually resulted in his first philosophical book, the <em>Tractatus logico-philosophicus</em> (1921/22), but also noted down deeply personal and private remarks. As a rule, he used for the personal and private entries the verso pages and a code, while for the logical and philosophical remarks the recto pages (and no code; see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_001" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_001">Figure 1</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_007" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >Wittgenstein’s cypher consisted in, roughly speaking, reversing the alphabet such that, e. g., „ich“ becomes „rxs“; for details, see CV 1998: xv.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[8]</b></sup></a> When editing the material for readers primarily interested in Wittgenstein’s <em>philosophy</em>, the two Wittgenstein trustees G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright selected from the notebooks what they considered the philosophically relevant portions only and turned these into a normalized book edition called <em>Tagebücher / Notebooks</em> in 1960. Many years later, in an unauthorized edition called <em>Geheime Tagebücher</em> (1985), Wilhelm Baum published the coded personal and private remarks. To date there is no German or English book edition of the <em>Notebooks</em> that contains both portions in one and the same book. While the BEE does contain both, it contains them as separate blocks. For each of the three notebooks, the BEE first presents the sequence of the personal and private remarks and then presents the sequence of the philosophical remarks. Naturally, it makes sense to separate the two types of remarks since they each belong to their own specific discourse. However, as a consequence of such editing practices, the Wittgenstein community has learned to receive the remarks as two entirely separate strands and discourses. Thus, while the division of the content of the notebooks into the philosophical and the personal may seem appropriate and satisfactory from one certain scholarly perspective, upon reflection, the practice clearly reveals disadvantages from another. Namely, it makes equal sense to put in context all remarks that Wittgenstein wrote on a specific day. The separation not only splits the text sequence, but also splits the chronological sequence of the remarks into two and thus makes it cumbersome to connect Wittgenstein’s personal and private remarks with his simultaneous reflections on philosophy and logic (and vice versa) for a better understanding of Wittgenstein’s work (see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_002" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_002">Figure 2</a>).</p> <p><em>Need for the possibility of including / suppressing revision layers:</em> After Wittgenstein’s return to Cambridge in 1929, an event that is often regarded as simultaneous with his return to philosophy, Wittgenstein wanted to publish a second philosophical book. He had different ideas of the book’s contents and form at different times. But the so-called <em>Big Typescript</em>, TS 213 (1933), is widely regarded as a definite and substantial stepping stone in this project, if not as an actual candidate for the envisaged book. In this typescript, Wittgenstein collected between two and three thousand remarks selected from the manuscript volumes he had written since 1929 and organized them into chapters and subchapters. He introduced each chapter with a philosophical topic heading (e. g., „Meaning“)<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_008" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >TS 213: 24r; on https://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-213,24r_f.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[9]</b></sup></a> and each subchapter, typically, with a philosophical statement (e. g., „The concept of meaning originates in a primitive conception of language“).<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_009" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >TS 213: 25r; on http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-213,25r. See also TS 212: II-FCr (on http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-212,II-FCr) and TS 212: II-7FCr (on http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-212,II-7FCr) in the Big Typescript precursor TS 212.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[10]</b></sup></a> However, Wittgenstein soon felt uncomfortable with the arrangement in the <em>Big Typescript</em> and started to not only reorganize the ordering but also to revise the text itself. Moreover, this reworking took place not only in the typescript itself but also in a number of new notebooks and manuscript volumes such that the resulting new text was spread over several items. When producing a book edition from this project, <em>Philosophical Grammar</em> (PG 1969), the third Wittgenstein trustee Rush Rhees tried to come as close as possible to Wittgenstein’s final intended revision of the text for the <em>Big Typescript.</em> However, his edition was criticized for blurring the distinction between the actual and the virtual text of the corpus, and it was remarked that Rhees should have edited the <em>Big Typescript</em> „as it stood“, i. e. without Wittgenstein’s later handwritten revisions (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_008" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_008" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Kenny, Anthony: From the Big Typescript to the Philosophical Grammar, in: Jaakkoo Hintikka (ed.): Essays on Wittgenstein in Honour of G. H. Von Wright, Acta Philosophica Fennica, 28 (1976), 41 – 53.Search in Google Scholar">Kenny 1976</a>: 46; as a response, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_022" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_022" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rhees, Rush: On editing Wittgenstein. Edited by D.Z. Phillips, in: Philosophical Investigations, 19 (1996). 55 – 61.10.1111/j.1467-9205.1996.tb00120.xSearch in Google Scholar">Rhees 1996</a>). The BEE wisely returned – as a documentary edition – to the actual documents and offered diplomatic and normalized transcriptions thereof. It included hyperlinks where Rhees actually carried out Wittgenstein’s instructions for arranging the text in a different order or replacing part of it altogether. Although this was a required step, at the same time it also deprived readers of an easy way to follow and cite the text in the sequence that resulted from Wittgenstein’s revision. This text was often only virtually given in the <em>Nachlass</em> but had earlier been offered by Rhees’ edition. It is clear that one should be able to have it <em>both</em> ways, and that it should precisely be the digital edition that <em>gives</em> it to the reader in both ways: the text before and after the revision – actually, any text before, with, and after all revisions. This is especially relevant for work with heavily revised typescripts, such as TS 213 or TS 226 (see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003">Figure 3</a>). However, this is not something that the BEE could achieve, and currently it is still not fully achieved by WAB’s <em>Nachlass</em> editions on the web.</p> <p><em>Need for the possibility of filtering according to different parameters:</em> From his earliest to his latest writings, whenever Wittgenstein revisited his remarks with an eye for further editing and processing, he marked them with symbols in the margins of the page, for example, a slash, an asterisk, a circle, a letter like a capital S, or a letter like lower case x. At WAB these symbols are called „section marks“. Similarly, when considering collecting his remarks in thematic clusters, Wittgenstein would add numbers or combinations of numbers and letters in the margins such that through these symbols the remarks were assembled in groups.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_010" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >These editorial numbers should not be confused with the sequential section or paragraph numbers used by Wittgenstein in his more finished works, e. g., for §§ 1 – 693 of <em
 >Philosophical Investigations.</em></p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[11]</b></sup></a> The meaning of the single symbols, especially when it comes to the section marks, is to date only partially known. Whenever they have been included in print or digital editions, the editors simply tried to reproduce them in their graphical appearance. This was also the case with (the diplomatic transcription of) the BEE. Against this practice one could object that the entire point of these symbols is to signalize that Wittgenstein wanted to <em>do</em> things with the remarks thus marked: dictate them, omit them, discard them, revise them, rearrange them, group them, etc. Accordingly, it is to these <em>action intentions</em> that the reader should be directed by the edition, rather than simply receiving only a visual representation of the symbol. For example, about the remarks marked with a slash in MSS 105 – 108 (1929 – 30) we know that most of them were dictated to a typist (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_010" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_010" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Untersuchungen zu Wittgensteins Nachlaß. Working Papers from the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen, 8 (1994).Search in Google Scholar">Pichler 1994</a>), resulting in TS 208. About the number and letter combinations with which Wittgenstein marked several thousand remarks cut out from his typescripts of 1930 – 31, we know that they constituted the reference system according to which the „Zettel“ collection of TS 212 (1932 – 33), which subsequently became TS 213, was to be thematically organized (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_025" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_025" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rothhaupt, Josef: Wittgensteins Zettelsammlung TS212 – The Proto-Big Typescript – Ein Paradebeispiel für innovative Möglichkeiten der digitalen und virtuellen Nachlassforschung (BEE, BNE, Wittgenstein Source, HyperWittgenstein, WITTFind), in: Stefan Majetschak & Anja Weiberg (eds.): Aesthetics Today. Contemporary Approaches to the Aesthetics of Nature and Art. Contributions of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, Kirchberg am Wechsel 2016, 206 – 210.Search in Google Scholar">Rothhaupt 2016</a>). However, there is a great deal of such editorial symbols left in the <em>Nachlass,</em> and we do not have sufficient knowledge about their functions. Some of them will contain an instruction for how to proceed with, or from them; others will serve to express an evaluation of the remark tagged with the specific symbol. Now, users who want to study the meaning of these symbols further or even to convert their meanings to resulting text selections, groupings and arrangements have a non-negotiable requirement. The requirement is that one has an edition that not only renders the remarks in their original sequence with these symbols included, but also permits filtering and arranging the texts <em>according</em> to these symbols while retaining the possibility of including or omitting the symbols themselves in the resulting output. It should thus, for example, be possible to extract all remarks and only the remarks which in the <em>Nachlass</em> are marked by Wittgenstein with a slash, or an asterisk, or a backslash, etc., or a specific combination of them. It is only then that these users’ needs will be adequately addressed and the scope of the scholarly utilization of WAB’s <em>Nachlass</em> resources can be greatly widened. So, for example, users may become equipped to study specific genetic processes in the <em>Nachlass</em> or recognize thematic groups of which the symbols are often the „indices“. Or they may become enabled to perform more basic tasks such as learning about the function and meaning of the symbol itself. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_024" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_024" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rothhaupt, Josef: Zur Philologie des Kringel-Buches und seiner Verortung in Wittgensteins Œuvre, in: Josef Rothhaupt & Wilhelm Vossenkuhl (eds.): Kulturen und Werte: Wittgensteins KRINGEL-BUCH als Initialtext, Berlin 2013, 3 – 76.10.1515/9783110277562.3Search in Google Scholar">Rothhaupt (2013</a>) has argued that the remarks which Wittgenstein marked with a circle / circle-like symbol (a „Kringel“) contain Wittgenstein’s attempts at a philosophy of culture. Again, it is only if the user has access to a filtering tool such as the one described here, permitting easy extraction of all <em>Bemerkungen</em> and only the <em>Bemerkungen</em> which are marked by Wittgenstein with a „Kringel“-symbol, that they are in the position to efficiently and reliably investigate this hypothesis or to discover other elements in these remarks that led Wittgenstein to mark them all with the „Kringel“-symbol. While WAB’s website (Wittgenstein 2016–) today already offers filtering of <em>Nachlass</em> documents according to section mark parameters, this feature still stands in need of improvement and does not yet fully meet all user requirements.</p> <p><em>Need for the possibility of conducting metadata search / combined text and metadata search:</em> The BEE already offered some semantic search functionalities – e. g., search for references to persons, taxonomies for mathematical and logical notation as well as for graphics, possibility to focus on the coded passages or other groupings only. At the same time, many more valuable metadata had been recorded in the transcriptions or via stand-off markup that users could greatly benefit from if only they had processing access to them. Some users would, for example, not only want to search and browse the <em>Nachlass</em> by references to persons or works (for a sample, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_004">Figure 4</a>), but specifically all references to persons or works that have come about or, alternatively, got discarded by later revision (e. g., the revision of the <em>Big Typescript</em>). Or a reader, who has an interest in influences on Wittgenstein but is most acquainted with the book publications from the <em>Nachlass</em> only, may want to search for Wittgenstein’s references to persons and works exclusively in all the remarks which hitherto were <em>not</em> included in any of the book publications from the <em>Nachlass.</em> A reader most interested in Wittgenstein’s writing in code may in turn want to search for any passage in code that hitherto was not published in print. Or one may want to check whether there is a correlation between the remarks marked with a slash and eventual publication of the remarks by the trustees in one of the book publications. One may want to do so either to better understand Wittgenstein’s use of the section marks or to find out to what extent the <em>Nachlass</em> editors let themselves be guided by the section marks for their selection of materials to be published. Moreover, one may want to find out whether there is a correlation between the sequence of the remarks in a specific work by Wittgenstein, e. g., the <em>Philosophical Investigations</em>, and their chronological origin. Other user needs relate to a remark’s genetic path(s), its place of origin in the Nachlass corpus, references to places, events and other named entities, similarity to other remarks (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_026" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_026" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ullrich, Sabine: Boosting Performance of a Similarity Detection System using State of the Art Clustering Algorithms, Master’s thesis at LMU München, Munich 2019.Search in Google Scholar">Ullrich 2019</a>; <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_007" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_007" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Huitfeldt, Claus & Sperberg-McQueen, Michael: Document similarity: Transcription, edit distances, vocabulary overlap, and the metaphysics of documents, in: Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2020, Balisage Series on Markup Technologies, 25 (2020).10.4242/BalisageVol25.Huitfeldt01Search in Google Scholar">Huitfeldt & Sperberg-McQueen 2020</a>), adherence to text type and genre (philosophical remark, preface, motto, dedication, instruction, aphorism, diary entry, autobiographical remark, personal and private remark, coded remark, mathematical-logical notation, graphic, etc.), adherence to <em>Nachlass</em> group (notebook, loose sheet, „Zettel“, ledger, typescript, dictation, etc.), work status (first draft, elaborated version, final work, etc.), script type (shorthand, code, etc.), the language the remark is written in (German, English), writing and revision instrument (different kinds of pencil, black ink, red ink, blue ink, etc.), research literature referring to it, and so on. Finally, one may frequently also need to conduct searches with both the text <em>and</em> the metadata as one’s research base. To be able to <em>combine</em> text and metadata search becomes, for example, pertinent where one needs to find all and only those documents that contain both a specific word used by Wittgenstein <em>and</em> a specific reference to a person or work. Or one may remember only one or two words from a passage in the <em>Philosophical Investigations</em> and try to find the passage with the help of these words, restricting one’s search to precisely the <em>Philosophical Investigations</em> corpus only. These are all relevant and legitimate needs that can turn out to be pressing in either research or learning. The list in fact seems endless. To meet these and similar needs, efficient and selective access to metadata, and iteratively faceted processing of metadata becomes essential. Unfortunately, neither the BEE nor WAB’s Wittgenstein web services currently fully meet this challenge.</p></section> <section id="j_witt-2023-0008_s_003"><h2 class="subheading">3 Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP)</h2> <p>In the preceding section I have given some examples of the great variety of needs encountered in the user community. If one tries to respond to these needs by providing the requested functionalities and services in <em>one and the same static edition,</em> it is likely to fail either technically or in terms of usability (or both). Rather, what one needs is toggleable services that in dynamic and interactive ways produce highly adjustable outputs serving, <em>hic et nunc</em>, the wide spectrum of resources needed: from heavy apparatus to readers’ editions, from original to standardized orthography and grammar text, from physically to chronologically arranged document sequences, etc., etc.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_011" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >In saying this, one is not even touching upon the challenges created by the fact that different users and publication channels have different preferences regarding formatting styles, e. g., how emphasis is to be conveyed (italics rather than underlining, etc.), or platform (mobile rather than stationary platform, etc.). Neither are issues of universal design and accessibility addressed.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[12]</b></sup></a> Even users who in the beginning are satisfied with having at their disposal the standard presentation formats of the diplomatic (recording all deletions, insertions, overwritings, etc.) and the normalized transcription (giving the resulting text in standardized form) are likely to discover that these represent editorial intervention, or a lack thereof, which does not satisfy all the needs of research one can rightly expect scholarly digital resources to fulfill. Some may find out, for example, that a minor thing such as representation of the original’s line breaks can make a big difference for purposes of their research. Edited text outputs that follow the original line order have indeed many advantages, one of them being that they easily permit comparison of edited text version and facsimile. In other contexts, however, indication of the original’s line-breaks is completely inessential to one’s research interests or even distracting. Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) relieves the editors from having to statically freeze a representation that comes with or without the line breaks; this decision can simply be left to the user who can have it both ways depending on what they judge to be best in a particular context.</p> <p>One might want to entertain the belief that user needs that fall outside of what is already covered by the diplomatic and the normalized formats can be dealt with by simply increasing the number of formats pre-produced and offered. In this spirit one could suggest adding to the diplomatic and normalized versions, if they come without representation of original line breaks, diplomatic and normalized versions <em>with</em> representation of original line breaks. One might suggest adding the linear version that occupies a middle ground between the diplomatic and normalized version, or also a „typescript only“ version that omits handwritten revisions in the typescript (for an example of the latter see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003">Figure 3</a>). A linear version would, for example, include deleted portions of entire words or even entire sentences – in distinction to the diplomatic version where all deleted parts are included, and in distinction to a strongly normalized version where no deleted parts are included. And it could mark every editorial intervention into orthography and grammar – in distinction to a normalized version where only normalization and interventions on word and punctuation level may be marked, or where <em>no</em> such interventions are marked as such. If we continue along this line, we will sooner or later encounter the question: In the end, even if we were to meet only the most common user requests, how many additional versions must be added? Even for the „typescript only“ version one would again have to distinguish between at least its diplomatic and normalized variants: the former rendering the typescript „as it stood“, the latter permitting text search across unified orthography and grammar and including replacement symbols for logical and mathematical notation as well as other characters not available on the typewriter: „ss“ for „ß“, „ae“ for „ä“, „Ae“ for „Ä“, etc., etc. But all such amendments would not yet help with gaining access to, for example, chronologically sorted outputs of either a single <em>Nachlass</em> item or an entire <em>Nachlass</em> group. Such sorting is relevant for the whole of the <em>Nachlass</em>, for example, of the first <em>Bände</em> series MSS 105 – 122 where there are many jumps from the middle of one manuscript to the other.</p> <p>Attempting to answer the question, ‘How many versions must be added?’, will make one realize that the number of versions to be produced one is likely to end up with is already too big to feasibly continue along this line of offering pre-made static editions. Rather, one needs to provide something like an interactive and dynamic „laboratory“ setting that lets the user create the variety of outputs needed on the fly. Thus, all add-ons will eventually lead us exactly to the point where IDP already <em>is.</em> Thus, instead of trying to add any extra editions as <em>static</em> add-ons that are pre-made by the editors in advance, it seems a much better strategy to provide for the possibility that the user generates the edition(s) from the underlying text archive on the fly and as required in the <em>hic et nunc</em>-situation. All that is needed for this strategy to work is, in addition to software, something like a text archive in the form of encoded transcriptions, stylesheets for their conversion to the specific output desired, and an interface for running on the transcriptions precisely those parameters of the stylesheets that are required for achieving this output. In this spirit, WAB’s IDP site (Wittgenstein 2016–)<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_012" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: <a href="https://www.wittgensteinonline.no" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://www.wittgensteinonline.no</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[13]</b></sup></a> allows the user to interactively produce – always from the latest version of the XML TEI (P5) source transcriptions text archive – more tailored and a greater variety of outputs than those already available from the pre-made static editions offered by WAB (e. g., Wittgenstein 2015–<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_013" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: http://www.wittgensteinsource.org.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[14]</b></sup></a>). These outputs are created in HTML through XSLT transformation from a single transcription source which contains for each <em>Nachlass</em> item, <em>Nachlass</em> page, <em>Nachlass Bemerkung</em>, <em>Nachlass</em> sentence, formula, drawing, word, letter and character detailed philological / structural / semantic information.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_014" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >The same principle of <em
 >One base source – Many outputs / apps on top of it</em> applies to WAB’s digital philology work generally. BNE (Wittgenstein 2015–), IDP (Wittgenstein 2016–), WiTTFind, SFB and also the upcoming new BEE edition at Oxford, while each offering different entrance points to the <em
 >Nachlass</em> and each coming with their specific strengths and foci, are all produced from one and the same set of XML TEI source transcriptions and metadata sources.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[15]</b></sup></a> Through the site, the user is given access to the ever <em>newest and improved</em> version of the source transcription as well as the possibility to <em>interactively</em> process the source transcription into the <em>presentation</em> that seems best tailored to their specific research needs. This makes the output resource for the users a dynamic, adjustable, revisable and continuously updatable entity.</p> <p>WAB’s IDP can fulfill its task thanks to its compliance with three principles (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_017" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_017" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois & Bruvik, Tone Merete: Digital Critical Editing: Separating Encoding from Presentation, in: Daniel Apollon, Claire Bélisle & Philippe Régnier (eds.): Digital Critical Editions, Urbana Champaign 2014, 179 – 199.Search in Google Scholar">Pichler & Bruvik 2014</a>): (1) Separation of matters of transcription (encoding, markup) from matters of presentation; (2) empowerment of users to let them interactively co-produce editions rather than being passive receivers of expert-editor produced editions only; (3) a dynamic and multi-relational view of the relation between the source document and potential presentations of it. These three principles are central ingredients of all text encoding based digital editing at WAB. Naturally, the more detailed and explicit an encoding the source transcription contains, the more powerful and adjustable the IDP can become. With regard to WAB, chronological sorting of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em>, for example, can be implemented thanks to two features of WAB’s transcriptions. First, for each single <em>Nachlass</em> remark there exists a self-contained complete XML TEI transcription such that the entire <em>Nachlass</em> can be constructed out of the transcriptions of its single remark. Second, for each of the single <em>Nachlass</em> remarks there also exist WAB metadata providing (albeit frequently merely alleged) datings for the remark. The two taken together provide for the possibility of a complete sorting of the entire <em>Nachlass</em> according to chronological parameters. Omission of handwritten revision in typescripts can be achieved thanks to explicit encoding of handwriting in typescripts. Filtering and sorting of the <em>Nachlass</em> texts according to Wittgenstein’s editorial marks or numbers can be put to practice thanks to the specific encoding WAB uses for them.</p> <p>It is a principle of the IDP model precisely not to provide a different source transcription for each of the different desired outputs. Rather, IDP works on the basis that one explicitly marks everything that is to be subsequently processed in the <em>one and only</em> master source transcription, possibly combined with additional standoff markup, and leaves questions of presentation, filtering, sorting, etc., to the stylesheet and user interface. E. g., with regard to subsequent IDP manipulation of handwritten revisions in typescript, every hand-produced writing act is encoded in such a way that it can be filtered and processed <em>independently</em> of everything that is typewritten (and vice versa).<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_015" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >This functionality has been crucial for researching Wittgenstein’s handwritten revisions to Rhees’ translation of the early version of Wittgenstein’s <em
 >Philosophical Investigations</em> in TS 226 (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_013" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_013" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Wittgenstein Nachlass Ts-226: A case of Wittgensteinian (Self‐)Translation, in: Paulo Oliveira, Arley Moreno & Alois Pichler (eds.): Wittgenstein in/on translation, Colecao CLE 86, Campinas 2020a, 153 – 188.Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pichler 2020a</a>).</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[16]</b></sup></a> While WAB’s encoding is still far from complete enough to be adequately prepared for all legitimate IDP requests, these examples should suffice to show that the possibilities and capacities that the IDP model offers for responding to user needs are simply enormous. Sorting functionalities (sorting according to chronology; sorting according to physical sequence; sorting according to discourse sequence; sorting in order to more easily relate personal diary entries and philosophical remarks; sorting to better see the chronological sequence of Wittgenstein’s philosophical work, etc.), multiple presentation functionalities (inclusion and omission of handwritten revisions in a typescript such as insertions, deletions, overwritings, underlinings, etc.; presentation of typed text only, in order to study the vocabulary before the typescript was revised and investigate genetic processes, etc.), filtering functionalities (filtering of the <em>Nachlass</em> according to the marks and numbers that Wittgenstein assigns to his remarks; filtering in order to identify thematic groups; filtering in order to separate [according to Wittgenstein’s own judgment] ‘good’ from ‘not so good’ remarks; filtering in order to identify genetic processes, etc.) as well as their combinations (sorting, filtering and inclusion/omission according to text revision stage, etc.) offer benefits that <em>Nachlass</em> scholars, prior to the introduction of IDP, could ask for but could not expect the requests to be fulfilled.</p> <p>One of the most important effects of IDP is that it creates in the user an awareness that what they are dealing with is not something that simply falls from the sky: that even <em>pre-made</em> editions do not fall from the sky but result from selection and decision processes. Where the user previously, maybe with a sort of innocent and uncritical attitude, simply received and accepted what the editors– be it Wittgenstein’s heirs (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_002" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_002" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Erbacher, Christian: Wittgenstein’s Heirs and Editors, Cambridge 2020.10.1017/9781108878111Search in Google Scholar">Erbacher 2020</a>) or others – gave them (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_016" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_016" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois; Biggs, Michael A.R. & Uffelmann, Sarah: Bibliographie der deutsch- und englischsprachigen Wittgenstein-Ausgaben, in: Wittgenstein-Studien, 2 (2011), 249 – 286. [Updated January 2019, http://www.ilwg.eu/files/Bibliographie%20-%202023 – 02 – 24.pdf.]10.1515/9783110236231.249Search in Google Scholar">Pichler, Biggs & Uffelmann 2011</a>), with IDP they suddenly recognize that any edition is a product of human action deserving scrutiny and verification. The user may just as well take an active role themselves in the making of the edition; and through IDP they can indeed become a co-agent, taking on some of the editorial responsibilities themselves.</p> <p>However, even to put all already existent encodings to work and offer them for IDP toggling demands a substantial programming investment. While some of the technical features and functionalities required and mentioned above already work, many do not yet work flawlessly or on all required levels. Chronological sorting, for example, while it has worked for single items already for a long time, is needed the most at higher levels such as the chronological arrangement of <em>Nachlass</em> item <em>groups</em> or even the <em>entire Nachlass</em> corpus. With regard to the above-mentioned WW1 diary group MSS 101 – 103 (1914 – 17) where the chronological sequence is dispersed across different page sequences, this functionality will finally enable users to much more easily connect Wittgenstein’s personal and private remarks with his simultaneous reflections on philosophy and logic. Moreover, the feature of toggling on and toggling off handwritten revisions so that one can view one and the same typescript page, e. g., from the <em>Big Typescript</em>, with and without handwritten corrections and additions, does not as yet fully work as it should. One example where the toggling on and toggling off of handwritten revisions becomes relevant is, as discussed earlier, the study of the sources for <em>Philosophical Grammar.</em> Another important case is Wittgenstein’s handwritten revisions to Rush Rhees’ translation of the early version of the <em>Investigations</em>, contained in TS 226 (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_013" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_013" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: Wittgenstein Nachlass Ts-226: A case of Wittgensteinian (Self‐)Translation, in: Paulo Oliveira, Arley Moreno & Alois Pichler (eds.): Wittgenstein in/on translation, Colecao CLE 86, Campinas 2020a, 153 – 188.Search in Google Scholar">Pichler 2020a</a>). Generally, the current inadequacies can be briefly summarized as follows: The IDP tool currently manages to offer access to (1) only a fraction of the encoding, (2) only a fraction of combinatorial possibilities of the encoding, (3) only a fraction of the presentation, sorting and filtering possibilities and needs, and (4) in all these three fields it is susceptible to errors due to undesired interference. It is in fact a major challenge to provide for combined filtering, sorting and presentation modes that work in tandem and do not negatively interfere with each other. This challenge results in the following limitations: with regard to (1), users cannot yet, for example, filter the transcriptions for insertions of a specific subtype; with regard to (2), users are not yet able to, for example, combine filtering of insertions with filtering of the encoding of text alternatives; and with regard to (3), it is not yet possible to render, for example, the type of insertions selected in ways other than what is set by WAB as the default for the IDP site. Moreover, with regard to (2), currently it is, for example, not possible for the user to combine a marking of Wittgenstein’s text alternatives with a diplomatic rendering, or with the inclusion / exclusion of his own markers for text alternative, or with a toggling of including / excluding the alternatives discarded by Wittgenstein.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_016" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >For a detailed study of Wittgenstein’s writing and marking of text alternatives, see <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_014" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_014" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois: A Typology of the Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Writing of Text Alternatives, in: Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico, 13/2 (2020b), 107 – 116.Search in Google Scholar"
 >Pichler (2020b)</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[17]</b></sup></a></p> <p>But equipping the user with the tools required to do this and thus to make the best out of WAB’s resources, will involve much more than cutting edge digital editorial philology methods and tools. It also requires giving the user access to at least the most basic contemporary semantic web technology and methods.</p><div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_001"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/asset/graphic/witt-2023-0008-abb-001.jpg" alt=" "></img></div><div class="figure-description"><div class="figure-caption"><span class="caption"> <p><strong><a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_001" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_001">Figure 1</a>:</strong> Facsimile of MS 101 facing pages 51v–52r (dated October 29 – 30 and 20, 1914) (<a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,51v_f" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,51v_f</a> and <a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,52r_f" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,52r_f</a>; © The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Bergen, Bergen), plus diplomatic transcription of p. 51v with original line breaks and italics indicating code writing (reproduced by kind permission of The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Bergen, Bergen)</p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_002"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/asset/graphic/witt-2023-0008-abb-002.jpg" alt=" "></img></div><div class="figure-description"><div class="figure-caption"><span class="caption"> <p><strong><a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_002" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_002">Figure 2</a>:</strong> Normalized transcription of remark (<em>Bemerkung</em>) Ms-101,51v[2] „Erhielten heute …“ from MS 101, p.51v, chronologically co-arranged with remarks Ms-101,69r[4] and Ms-101,69r[5], equally dated October 30, 1914, but from p. 69r (see <a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,69r_f" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ms-101,69r_f</a>); italics indicate code writing (reproduced by kind permission of The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Bergen, Bergen)</p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/asset/graphic/witt-2023-0008-abb-003.jpg" alt=" "></img></div><div class="figure-description"><div class="figure-caption"><span class="caption"> <p><strong><a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_003">Figure 3</a>:</strong> Part of TS 226, p. 2 (see <a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2_f" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2_f</a>; © The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Bergen, Bergen) with diplomatic transcription of remark Ts-226,2[2] „Augustine describes …“; for a diplomatic transcription of the entire remark see <a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2%5b2%5d_d" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2[2]_d</a> (reproduced by kind permission of The Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Bergen, Bergen)</p></span></div></div></div></div></section> <section id="j_witt-2023-0008_s_004"><h2 class="subheading">4 Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB)</h2> <p>WAB’s Nachlass reference system provides an URL for each single <em>Nachlass</em> component. It goes without saying that this is crucially important for working with IDP user-generated content; with the reference system, the component researched or cited not only becomes easy to refer to but also exactly describable, traceable and tractable throughout all filterings, sortings and rearrangements as well as throughout all research articles and annotations or semantic web environments it enters into. The same system of reference is also applied to the facsimiles; this contributes significantly to user-friendliness and the quality of research in terms of its coherence and consistency. Last but not least, the reference system also makes up the backbone of WAB’s computational ontology for the Wittgenstein domain and is thus also essential for working with „semantic Wittgenstein“.</p> <p>While the Wittgenstein domain’s data and metadata can naturally be accessed via a direct string search, in section 2 a need was identified for conducting more organized metadata search as well as a need for search <em>combining</em> text and metadata. This is precisely what <em>Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing</em> (SFB) is about. SFB can be briefly explained as follows: First, SFB treats a source in their data and metadata, i. e., semantic, classificatory and also taxonomic aspects. Second, SFB applies digital semantic technologies to the source; SFB is thus about organizing and investigating a domain’s semantics rather than a field of editorial philology. Finally, SFB’s search and browsing works with <em>facets</em> as a vehicle. Facets are properties, dimensions or relations of the domain’s objects according to which these objects can be classified and thus include metadata. The term „faceted“ stands for the metadata and data filtering through incremental <em>faceting</em>, and, therefore, by extension, the filtering of data and metadata down to the desired result (the „hit“). There can be a great many and a great variety of relations between the objects of a domain, and at different points there will be a need to focus on different objects and relations. SFB permits to do precisely that and to identify the object(s) which match the focus one has at a particular place and time. Furthermore, each object can have a great number of relations to other objects which one may be aware of but for which one lacks an overview as well as many additional relations which one might not yet be aware of. SFB helps to see and make explicit the relations which, though on the surface, previously remained unseen and thus helps the user achieve a synoptic view of the objects and their relations. SFB is also the tool for simply exploring and working with the relations that one already <em>is</em> aware of, but maybe still needs a highway type of routes to easily move from one known node to another in the semantic landscape. Finally, SFB also offers the possibility to view the remark hit resulting from one’s searching and browsing along with a linear <em>transcription</em> presentation of the remark.</p> <p>The data model behind WAB’s SFB tool „Wittgenstein Ontology Explorer“<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_017" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: <a href="https://wab.uib.no/sfb/" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://wab.uib.no/sfb/</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[18]</b></sup></a> is an ontology in OWL (RDF) format that organizes not only the <em>Nachlass</em> but the entire Wittgenstein domain under three top classes: <em>Source</em>, <em>Person</em> and <em>Subject</em> (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_019" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_019" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Pichler, Alois & Zöllner-Weber, Amelie: Sharing and debating Wittgenstein by using an ontology, in: Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28/4 (2013), 700 – 707.10.1093/llc/fqt049Search in Google Scholar">Pichler & Zöllner-Weber 2013</a>). The <em>Source</em> class houses primary and secondary sources relevant for Wittgenstein research; the subclass <em>Primary Source</em> further divides into Wittgenstein sources, such as the <em>Tractatus</em>, and external sources, such as Augustine’s <em>Confessions.</em> The lowest subclass of Wittgenstein primary sources is the remark, the <em>Bemerkung.</em> The <em>Person</em> class contains historical persons such as authors Wittgenstein refers to (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_001" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_001" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Biesenbach, Hans: Anspielungen und Zitate im Werk Ludwig Wittgensteins, Sofia 2014.Search in Google Scholar">Biesenbach 2014</a>). The <em>Subject</em> class contains subclasses such as <em>Concept</em> and <em>Claim</em>; <em>Concept</em> refers to concepts dealt with by Wittgenstein himself or in Wittgenstein research, such as ‘elementary proposition’, ‘picture’, ‘state of affairs’, ‘essence’, ‘logical analysis’ ‘logical independence’, ‘philosophy’, ‘proof’, etc. Instances of <em>Bemerkung</em> can be interlinked with instances of <em>Concept</em> via the property <em>discusses. Claim</em> refers to the point made or discussed by an individual Wittgenstein remark and may contain an entire statement, such as, „The elementary proposition is a picture of a state of affairs“ (TLP 2016: 4.22). Instances of <em>Bemerkung</em> can again be interlinked with instances of <em>Claim</em> via the property <em>discusses.</em> But before the Wittgenstein domain metadata are made available on the SFB front end, they must be entered into the tool; and before being entered, their relations to each other must be modeled precisely in the ontology. WAB’s reference system for the <em>Nachlass</em> is already implemented in the ontology and the SFB site such that the semantic faceted search and browsing metadata branch can fully communicate with WAB’s editorial philology branch.</p> <p>WAB’s SFB at present permits search and browsing of the <em>Nachlass</em> along a number of facets, incl. reference to a person, reference to a work, a remark, its dating and its relation to „published works“. It displays any resulting remark hit along with a hyperlink to the corresponding facsimile in the <em>Bergen Nachlass Edition</em> on <em>Wittgenstein Source</em> (Wittgenstein 2015–).</p><div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_004"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.1515/witt-2023-0008/asset/graphic/witt-2023-0008-abb-004.jpg" alt=" "></img></div><div class="figure-description"><div class="figure-caption"><span class="caption"> <p><strong><a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_fig_004">Figure 4</a>:</strong> Linear transcription with colour markup (see <a href="http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2%5b2%5d_n" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.wittgensteinsource.org/Ts-226,2[2]_n</a>) plus SFB-representation (<a href="https://wab.uib.no/sfb/?q=ts-226,2%5C%5B2%5C%5D" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">https://wab.uib.no/sfb/?q=ts-226,2%5C%5B2%5C%5D</a>) of remark Ts-226,2[2]</p></span></div></div></div></div> <p>One substantial and important part of the SFB tool is the <em>WiTTFind</em> lemmatized Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass lexicon</em> WiTTLex. WiTTLex contains a lemmatized index for all occurrences of words in the <em>Nachlass</em> (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_023" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_023" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Röhrer, Ines: Lexikon, Syntax und Semantik – computerlinguistische Untersuchungen zum Nachlass Ludwig Wittgensteins, Master’s thesis at LMU München, Munich 2019.Search in Google Scholar">Röhrer 2019</a>). The lexicon is the outcome of a long-standing cooperation between WAB and the Centrum für Informations- und Sprachverarbeitung (CIS) at the Ludwig Maximilians Universität München on the search tool <em>WiTTFind.</em><a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_018" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >On: http://wittfind.cis.lmu.de/.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[19]</b></sup></a> In this joint project, WAB contributed its facsimiles and encoded XML TEI transcriptions of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> as well as XSLT stylesheets for their processing, while CIS provided programming and computational linguistics personnel resources as well as a grammatically encoded digital lexicon of the German language based on Franz Guenthner’s CISLEX system (cf. <a href="#j_witt-2023-0008_ref_004" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_004" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Hadersbeck, Max; Pichler, Alois; Bruder, Daniel & Schweter, Stefan: New (Re)Search Possibilities for Wittgenstein’s Nachlass II: Advanced Search, Navigation and Feedback with the FinderApp WiTTFind, in: Stefan Majetschak & Anja Weiberg (eds.): Aesthetics Today. Contemporary Approaches to the Aesthetics of Nature and Art. Contributions of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, Kirchberg am Wechsel 2016, 90 – 93.Search in Google Scholar">Hadersbeck et al. 2016</a>). WiTTFind offers lemmatized online text search access to the entire <em>Nachlass</em>, displays each sentence containing any grammatical form of the word searched for within the context of the larger remark, and additionally highlights the segment of the facsimile corresponding to the remark hit. WiTTFind continues WAB’s reference system all the way down to sentence level and is a fine example of the added value created by making one’s data available for research and reuse by others. Implementing WiTTLex in the SFB tool permitted to more adequately respond to one of the needs identified above: simultaneous and combined SFB of <em>both metadata and lemmatized text data.</em> Researchers interested in the genesis of Wittgenstein’s philosophy, for example, may want to know when Wittgenstein started to use the expression „game“ in places where earlier he had written „calculus“, and whether this development can be linked to any other development, e. g., reference to particular works of others, other changes in vocabulary, developments in letter correspondence, meetings and discussions with friends and colleagues, etc. Doing this kind of research becomes possible through the integration of WiTTLex into SFB. WAB additionally plans ingestion of all words as they occur in the <em>Nachlass</em>, i. e., in their inflected forms, into SFB.</p> <p>In this section I could give only a brief glimpse of how the instances of the rich and comprehensive semantic Wittgenstein domain can be intertwined and their complex relations modeled so that both the instances and the relations between them can subsequently be made available for SFB. The tool goes far beyond only <em>Nachlass</em>-related sources and persons. As of December 2022, the SFB site offers search and browsing of more than 56,000 instances of <em>Source</em> and more than 1000 instances of <em>Person</em> from the Wittgenstein domain. However, the SFB tool still lacks basic functionalities. Tasks of improving SFB include adding and organizing missing facets, e. g., more refined facets for browsing and filtering mathematical and logical notation and graphics along the taxonomical categories that were developed for and already offered by the BEE. A functionality that was added only recently is the chronological sorting of a remark’s variants; they were previously displayable in alphanumeric order only.</p></section> <section id="j_witt-2023-0008_s_005"><h2 class="subheading">5 Access to WAB’s <em>Nachlass</em> Transcriptions in XML TEI Format</h2> <p>While WAB has come far in producing and maintaining its transcriptions of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> as well as offering them through the IDP site and has also come far in producing, organizing, maintaining, and offering metadata for the Wittgenstein domain more generally through the SFB site, both tools themselves need extension and optimization towards the strengthening of interactive functionalities and better matching of user needs. Until this is achieved, some more help can be provided by directly offering WAB’s XML TEI transcription to the public. These have in 2022 been deposited in the „CLARINO Bergen Repository“, and each year newer and better versions will be provided there.<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_019" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >See <a href="https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/143" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/143</a> and <a href="https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/149" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/149</a>. Equally WiTTLex is deposited in the <em
 >Bergen Clarino Repository</em>; see <a href="https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/148" class="link link-external" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"
 >https://repo.clarino.uib.no/xmlui/handle/11509/148</a>.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[20]</b></sup></a> This equips at least users with XML programming competence to <em>themselves</em> respond to their research needs by directly processing and querying the XML TEI transcription files. But it is only a fraction of Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em> users who master XML technology and most will need an interface that offers the resources in a digital language and style that they understand. For these, IDP and SFB will remain central tools.</p> <p>While at present WAB’s web services including the IDP and SFB tools already enjoy a large number of international users,<a class="footnote-ref" style="cursor: help;" id="fnref-j_witt-2023-0008_fn_020" data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-trigger="focus" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-html="true" data-bs-content="
<p
 >Google Analytics lists for the IDP tool more than 8,000 and for the SFB tool more than 2,000 users for the period 2017 – 2022.</p>" tabindex="0"><sup class="small"><b>[21]</b></sup></a> it is only when these and other additional services are upgraded and optimized, that researchers will be able to take full advantage of WAB’s resources. Only then will users be equipped to fully exploit the multifaceted interrelations between and within the Wittgenstein data and metadata provided by WAB for research and learning. At the same time, it is also only then that the deep issues about the relation between on the one hand the contents and forms of Wittgenstein’s philosophy and work, and on the other hand their interpretation and application can properly begin to play out in their genuinely complex formats via interactive digital media.</p></section> </div><div class="contrib-group"></div><div class="back"><span class="ref-list" id="j_witt-2023-0008_reflist_001"><h2 class="subheading">Bibliography</h2> <p class="reference" id="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_001"><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Biesenbach, Hans: Anspielungen und Zitate im Werk Ludwig Wittgensteins, Sofia 2014.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Biesenbach%2C%20Hans%3A%20Anspielungen%20und%20Zitate%20im%20Werk%20Ludwig%20Wittgensteins%2C%20Sofia%202014." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_002"><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Erbacher, Christian: Wittgenstein’s Heirs and Editors, Cambridge 2020.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108878111" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1017/9781108878111</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Erbacher%2C%20Christian%3A%20Wittgenstein%E2%80%99s%20Heirs%20and%20Editors%2C%20Cambridge%202020." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_003"><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Gabler, Hans Walter: Wittgenstein’s Nachlass: The Bergen Electronic Edition, in: Paula Henrikson & Christian Janss (eds.): Geschichte der Edition in Skandinavien, Berlin 2013, 167 – 176.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110317572.167" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1515/9783110317572.167</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gabler%2C%20Hans%20Walter%3A%20Wittgenstein%E2%80%99s%20Nachlass%3A%20The%20Bergen%20Electronic%20Edition%2C%20in%3A%20Paula%20Henrikson%20%26%20Christian%20Janss%20%28eds.%29%3A%20Geschichte%20der%20Edition%20in%20Skandinavien%2C%20Berlin%202013%2C%20167%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89176." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_witt-2023-0008_ref_004"><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Hadersbeck, Max; Pichler, Alois; Bruder, Daniel & Schweter, Stefan: New (Re)Search Possibilities for Wittgenstein’s Nachlass II: Advanced Search, Navigation and Feedback with the FinderApp WiTTFind, in: Stefan Majetschak & Anja Weiberg (eds.): Aesthetics Today. 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"Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em>" <i>Wittgenstein-Studien</i>, vol. 14, no. 1, 2023, pp. 131-151. <a href='https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008'>https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="APA" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="APA-tab">Pichler, A. (2023). Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em>. <i>Wittgenstein-Studien</i>, <i>14</i>(1), 131-151. <a href='https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008'>https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Harvard" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Harvard-tab">Pichler, A. (2023) Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em>. Wittgenstein-Studien, Vol. 14 (Issue 1), pp. 131-151. <a href='https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008'>https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Chicago" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Chicago-tab">Pichler, Alois. "Interactive Dynamic Presentation (IDP) and Semantic Faceted Search and Browsing (SFB) of the Wittgenstein <em>Nachlass</em>" <i>Wittgenstein-Studien</i> 14, no. 1 (2023): 131-151. <a href='https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008'>https://doi.org/10.1515/witt-2023-0008</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Vancouver" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Vancouver-tab">Pichler A. 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