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class="share__label">Share</span> <div class="share__buttons addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style"> <a class="share__btn addthis_button_twitter" title="Twitter" href="#share_twitter"> <span class="share__btn-text">X</span><span class="share__btn-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="19" viewBox="0 0 24 19"> <g transform="scale(0.075,0.075) translate(10,0)"> <path d="m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a class="share__btn addthis_button_linkedin" target="_blank" title="LinkedIn" href="#share_linkedin"> <span class="share__btn-text">LinkedIn</span><span class="share__btn-icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="23" viewBox="0 0 24 23"> <g transform="translate(-1101 -3501)"> <path d="M1113.97 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Program examines the interactions among political institutions, participants in the political system, such as voters and elected officials, and economic outcomes broadly defined.</p> <a class="link link--arrow" href="/conferences/political-economy-program-meeting-fall-2024">Read summaries of presentations at the latest program meeting</a> <a href="/reporter/2023number1/program-report-political-economy" class="link link--arrow">Read the latest Program Report</a> <a href="/affiliated-scholars?facet=user_programs%3APolitical%20Economy&page=1&perPage=50&sortBy=alpha#listing-2019022" class="link link--arrow">Affiliated scholars</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-subtitle page-subtitle--centered page-subtitle--grey"> <h2 class="page-subtitle__title"> Codirectors </h2> </div> <section class="promo-grid promo-grid--2-up promo-grid--grey promo-grid--row-rules"> <div class="promo-grid__promos"> <div class="digest-card digest-card--right-image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/author_card/public/2021-03/trebbi_hi_res_picture.jpg?itok=hNXu5qoY" width="160" height="197" alt="Francesco Trebbi Profile" typeof="foaf:Image" class="digest-card__image" /> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/people/francesco_trebbi" hreflang="en">Francesco Trebbi</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p>Francesco Trebbi is the Bernard T. Rocca Jr. Professor of Business and Public Policy at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. His research examines the impact of political institutions, including electoral rules, on economic outcomes, and the political economy of policy determination more generally. He has been an NBER affiliate since 2007.</p> </div> </div> <div class="digest-card digest-card--right-image"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/author_card/public/2022-10/E%20Washington%20photo.jpeg?itok=g8N3pWlo" width="160" height="191" alt="Ebonya L. Washington" typeof="foaf:Image" class="digest-card__image" /> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/people/ebonya_washington" hreflang="en">Ebonya L. Washington</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p>Ebonya L. Washington is the Laurans A. and Arlene Mendelson Professor of Economics and a professor of international and public affairs at Columbia University. Her research explores the economic and institutional factors that influence voter turnout, the determinants of the policy preferences of voters and legislators, the interplay among race, gender, and political outcomes, and a range of other issues. She has been an NBER affiliate since 2004.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="page-subtitle page-subtitle--centered"> <h2 class="page-subtitle__title"> Featured Program Content </h2> </div> <section class="promo-grid promo-grid--3-up"> <div class="promo-grid__promos"> <div class="today-promo js-clickable-card is-clickable today_promo_article" data-href="/digest/202403/war-bonds-postwar-inflation-and-voter-sentiment"> <div class="today-highlight-image horizontal"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/promo/public/2024-02/w31969.jpg?itok=RtgsqpJQ" width="800" height="450" alt="War Bonds, Postwar Inflation, and Voter Sentiment " class="lazyload today-promo__image" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/promo/public/2024-02/w31969.jpg?itok=RtgsqpJQ" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> <div class="today-promo__title"><a href="/digest/202403/war-bonds-postwar-inflation-and-voter-sentiment"> <span property="schema:name">War Bonds, Postwar Inflation, and Voter Sentiment</span> </a></div> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag">Article</li> </ul> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag"> Authors: <span class="page-header__author-item"> <a href="/people/gillian_brunet">Gillian Brunet</a>, </span> <span class="page-header__author-item"> <a href="/people/eric_hilt">Eric Hilt</a> </span> <span class="page-header__author-item"> & <a href="/people/matthew_jaremski">Matthew S. Jaremski</a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="today-promo__desc">During World War II, the US government, under Democratic Party leadership, encouraged citizens to invest in savings bonds, and over 85 million Americans...</div> </div> <div class="today-promo js-clickable-card is-clickable today_promo_working_paper" data-href="/papers/w30393"> <div class="today-promo__title"><a href="/papers/w30393"> <span>Vote Early and Vote Often? Detecting Electoral Fraud from the Timing of 19th Century Elections</span> </a></div> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag">Working Paper</li> </ul> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag"> Authors: <span class="page-header__author-item"> <a href="/people/francesco_ferlenga">Francesco Ferlenga</a> </span> <span class="page-header__author-item"> & <a href="/people/brian_knight">Brian G. Knight</a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="today-promo__desc">This paper develops a new approach to detecting electoral fraud. Our context involves repeaters, individuals voting in...</div> </div> <div class="today-promo js-clickable-card is-clickable today_promo_article" data-href="/digest/20232/tracking-cost-complying-government-regulation"> <div class="today-highlight-image horizontal"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/promo/public/2023-01/w30691_0.jpg?itok=x8skq1EK" width="800" height="450" alt=" The figure is a dual-axis line chart titled, "Share of US Firms' Labor Costs Associated with Regulatory Compliance." The left hand axis plots the researchers' conservative regulatory cost index, and the right hand axis charts their broad regulatory cost index. The x-axis ranges from 2002 to 2014. The conservative index increases from about 1.48 percent in 2002 to 1.58 percent in 2014. The broad index increases from about 3.54 percent in 2002 to just below 3.84 percent in 2014. Note: The conservative r" class="lazyload today-promo__image" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/promo/public/2023-01/w30691_0.jpg?itok=x8skq1EK" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> <div class="today-promo__title"><a href="/digest/20232/tracking-cost-complying-government-regulation"> <span property="schema:name">Tracking the Cost of Complying with Government Regulation</span> </a></div> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag">Article</li> </ul> <ul class="today-promo__tags"> <li class="today-promo__tag"> Authors: <span class="page-header__author-item"> <a href="/people/francesco_trebbi">Francesco Trebbi</a> </span> <span class="page-header__author-item"> & <a href="/people/miao_ben_zhang">Miao Ben Zhang</a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="today-promo__desc">The average US firm spends between 1.3 and 3.3 percent of its total wage bill on regulatory compliance, estimate Francesco Trebbi and Miao Ben...</div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="listing-500416" class="js-search-mountnode" data-id="listing-500416"></div> <script> var config = { id: 'listing-500416', api: '/api/v1/generic_listing/nid/11631/contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType,contentType/article,project,book,center_paper,chapter,interview,lecture,conference,working_paper/search/contentType', type: "listing", showCalendar: true, dateType: 'default', showClear: true, showNewKey: false, showResultsSummary: true, forceFilters: true, perPageOptions: [20, 50, 100], dictionary: { resultsTitle: "Explore Program Content", facetsTitle: "Filter Program Content", facetsDescription: "NBER projects in this search date approx 3 years back.", searchBoxLabel: "Title, Number or Keyword", singleresult: "result", pluralresult: "results", perPageLabelBefore: "Show", perPageLabelAfter: "results", } }; 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