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<span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mercian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Norman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cheshire_history" title="Timeline of Cheshire history">Timeline of Cheshire history</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of history of Cheshire</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_Cheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Badge_of_Cheshire.svg/200px-Badge_of_Cheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Badge_of_Cheshire.svg/300px-Badge_of_Cheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Badge_of_Cheshire.svg/400px-Badge_of_Cheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Badge of the Cheshire coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Cheshire</b> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Hoxnian_Stage" title="Hoxnian Stage">Hoxnian Interglacial</a>, between 400,000 and 380,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. Primitive tools that date to that period have been found. Stone Age remains have been found showing more permanent habitation during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, and by the Iron Age the area is known to have been occupied by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii</a> tribe and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> occupied Cheshire for almost 400 years, from 70 AD, and created the town and fort of <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>. After the Romans withdrew, Cheshire formed part of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, that saw invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in 1070 saw Cheshire harshly ruled by the occupiers. Local people resented the invaders and rebelled. War again swept the county during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in 1642, despite an attempt by local gentry to keep the county neutral. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> saw population changes in Cheshire as farm workers moved to the factories of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. In the 18th and 19th centuries there was a resurgence in the country houses of Cheshire and canals and railways were built. </p><p>Contemporary Cheshire is now a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a> administered by four unitary authorities; <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>. (Warrington, formerly in Lancashire, was added to Cheshire in 1974.) Cheshire retains the offices of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cheshire" title="High Sheriff of Cheshire">High Sheriff</a> for ceremonial purposes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheshire's name was originally derived from an early name for Chester, and was first recorded as <i>Legeceasterscir</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning <i>the shire of the city of legions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby199631_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby199631-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> around 920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby199631_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby199631-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, Chester was recorded as having the name <i>Cestrescir</i> (Chestershire), derived from the name for Chester at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987237_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of changes that occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, resulted in the name Cheshire, as it occurs today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheshire periodically lay under ice until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> ice age about 11,500 years ago. However, primitive tools have been found that date to the <a href="/wiki/Hoxnian_Stage" title="Hoxnian Stage">Hoxnian Interglacial</a>, between 400,000 and 380,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, showing that Cheshire was inhabited at that time, probably by <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olly_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of Old Stone Age (<a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>) occupation with axe heads being found at <a href="/wiki/Tatton,_Cheshire" title="Tatton, Cheshire">Tatton</a> dating to 10,000 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-rcp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridestones_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bridestones_1.jpg/200px-Bridestones_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bridestones_1.jpg/300px-Bridestones_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bridestones_1.jpg/400px-Bridestones_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Bridestones</figcaption></figure> <p>More permanent occupation of Cheshire occurred during the New Stone Age (<a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>). For example, there is a chambered tomb known as <a href="/wiki/The_Bridestones" title="The Bridestones">the Bridestones</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a>. It belongs to the "megalithic culture" characterised by the practice of collective burial in stone-built chambers beneath mounds of earth and stone. It lies approximately three miles east of Congleton and is the oldest megalithic structure in the whole of Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-rcp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farming is also likely to have started to develop during the Neolithic period, with flint artefacts and burnt grain being found at Tatton dating to 2,600 B.C., and the Oversley Farm find. </p><p>During Bronze Age, occupation of upland hill sites at <a href="/wiki/Beeston_Castle" title="Beeston Castle">Beeston Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-eh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eddisbury_hill_fort" title="Eddisbury hill fort">Eddisbury hill fort</a> suggested a move to a more military society. </p><p>Into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, Cheshire became occupied by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> to the North and the <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a> to the West. The Cornovii tribe had their capital at <a href="/wiki/The_Wrekin" title="The Wrekin">The Wrekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> and were known to trade in <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> from mines at <a href="/wiki/Middlewich" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>. </p><p>For the important Oversley Farm (near <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>) neolithic and Bronze Age longhouse find, see <a href="/wiki/Oversleyford#Oversley_Farm" title="Oversleyford">Oversleyford#Oversley Farm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman">Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DevaMinervaPlan(bq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/220px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/330px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg/440px-DevaMinervaPlan%28bq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Model of how <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> would probably have looked.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a> arrived in the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii</a> in 48 AD and defeated them at a battle at <a href="/wiki/The_Wrekin" title="The Wrekin">The Wrekin</a>. By 70 AD the Romans had founded the fortress and town of <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, according to ancient <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPtolemy1992Book_II_Chapter_2Mason200142_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPtolemy1992Book_II_Chapter_2Mason200142-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress was 20% larger than other fortresses in <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> built around the same time at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Isca Augusta</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrington200233–35_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington200233–35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this has led to the suggestion that the fortress, rather than London (<a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>), was intended to become the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrington200246_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington200246-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilian <a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, which was built in the 1st century, could seat between 8,000 and 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest known military amphitheatre in Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrington200254–56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington200254–56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Monument">Scheduled Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans developed the settlements at Condate (<a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a>) and Salinae (<a href="/wiki/Middlewich" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a>) due to the importance as their salt mines<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_survey_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc_survey-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt was very important in Roman society;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and highly valued by the Roman occupation forces. Other Roman industries included smelting of lead at <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a><sup id="cite_ref-starkey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starkey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potteries at <a href="/wiki/Wilderspool" title="Wilderspool">Wilderspool</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the county retained most of its rural character and native Britons tended more towards agriculture than industry.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chester was garrisoned by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> until at least the late 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_Chester_journal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_Chester_journal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the army had abandoned the fortress by 410 when the Romans <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">retreated from Britannia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason2001209–210_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason2001209–210-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the civilian settlement continued (probably with some Roman veterans staying behind with their wives and children) and its occupants probably continued to use the fortress and its defences as protection from raiders from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_Chester_journal_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_Chester_journal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mercian">Mercian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mercian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman Empire fell in the 5th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Romano-British</a> established a number of <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a> in its place. The region was on the boundary of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and north Wales so turbulent times continued. In 616, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a> defeated armies from the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a> and probably established the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> position in the area from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 7th century, Cheshire formed part of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. However, with increased invasions from <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>, the Anglo-Saxons extended and strengthened the walls of Chester for protection. Chester was the centre of several battles between the English and Danes until eventually <a href="/wiki/King_Alfred" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfred">King Alfred</a>, of Wessex and eventually Mercia, drove them away from the city in 894–895<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a peace treaty was agreed granting the Danes settlements in the Wirral,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be seen by their Danish place names, such as <a href="/wiki/Thingwall" title="Thingwall">Thingwall</a> (from thing meaning 'a meeting place').<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alfred's daughter Ethelfleda, <i>Lady of the Mercians</i>, built the new Anglo-Saxon 'burh' at Chester. </p><p>By the middle of the 7th century, Christianity had also become widespread, and one of the earliest churches was at <a href="/wiki/Eccleston,_Cheshire" title="Eccleston, Cheshire">Eccleston</a>. Eccleston shows signs of Christian burials as early as 390 AD, the earliest known Christian burials in Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Werburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Werburgh">Saint Werburgh</a> founded a religious institution on the present site of Chester's <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's Church, Chester">St John's Church</a> which later became the first cathedral. </p><p>By this time, the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> is likely to have formed the natural boundary between Mercia and Northumbria. The threat was now from the Danish kingdom based at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, so the Mercian kingdom built a fort at <a href="/wiki/Eddisbury_hill_fort" title="Eddisbury hill fort">Eddisbury</a> in 914<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to serve as a defence for Chester. All along the length of the River Mersey as far as <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, fortified defensive settlements were created, including <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelwall" title="Thelwall">Thelwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penwortham" title="Penwortham">Penwortham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> parts of old Derbyshire were also added to the Mercian kingdom. These are now modern-day <a href="/wiki/Longdendale" title="Longdendale">Longdendale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 930, relative peace reigned across the area until the Norman occupation. </p><p>In 973, the <i>Anglo Saxon Chronicle</i> records that, two years after his coronation at Bath, King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar of England">Edgar of England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came to Chester where he held his court in a palace in a place now known as Edgar's field near the old Dee bridge in <a href="/wiki/Handbridge" title="Handbridge">Handbridge</a>. After the kings swore fealty and allegiance they rowed him back to the palace. As he entered he is reported to have said that with so many kings' allegiance his successors could boast themselves to be kings of the English. </p><p>Chester became headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a> in 1007,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the King's <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a> of Cheshire, Staffordshire and Shropshire. This transferred to the governorship of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mercia" title="Earl of Mercia">Earl of Mercia</a>: firstly <a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Leofric</a> (c. 1030–1057); then <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia">Ælfgar</a> (1057–1062); and finally <a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin</a> (1062–1070). </p><p>Mercian place names can be seen throughout the county. They can be recognised by the suffix 'ham' (from the Saxon word 'hamm' meaning a settlement)-for example <a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastham,_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastham, Cheshire">Eastham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaverham" title="Weaverham">Weaverham</a>; and 'burgh' or 'bury' (meaning a fortified settlement or stronghold) such as <a href="/wiki/Wrenbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrenbury">Wrenbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Cheshire" title="Prestbury, Cheshire">Prestbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norman">Norman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Norman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William I</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a> in 1066. Confiscation of lands by the conquerors led to resistance and dissent for many years, and Cheshire, as a remote part of the kingdom, provided the Normans with stiff resistance. This led the Normans to treat Cheshire particularly harshly with land and villages being destroyed, crops burned and people made homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1069 the final attempt at resistance was finally put down and <a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin</a> and other Saxon landlords had their property confiscated and their land was passed to Norman lords. Edwin attempted another rebellion in 1071, but was betrayed and killed. </p><p>Proof of the devastation can be seen from the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday survey</a> of 1086 most of the lands in Cheshire were recorded as "wasta", or wasteland, as "abandoned or useless lands".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarl1990_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarl1990-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to the conquest the lands had been fertile. Chester was sieged in 1070 and eventually sacked, largely demolished and devastated. </p><p>With control of the county, William built a castle in Chester at a defensive location overlooking the River Dee from where it could dominate and control the city and therefore administer the county.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Roman walls were repaired making Chester probably one of the most heavily defended cities in Britain at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg/120px-Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg/180px-Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg/240px-Hugh_d%27Avranches.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a></figcaption></figure> <p>William abolished the Earldom of Mercia and created a new <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earldom of Chester</a>. William made <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a> the first Earl.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh was nicknamed Hugh Lupus, or wolf, and ruled almost autonomously and with the full authority of the King. Cheshire was therefore declared a <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">County palatine</a>, a title it still holds today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris197998_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris197998-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The county continued to be ruled and administered by Norman earls and they imposed their own courts of law, civil service and independent powers, until the 7th Earl, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Scotland,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon">John</a>, died without a male heir in 1237. By that time <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a> had declared the female line of inheritance to be invalid and took back the title, passing it to his son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Prince Edward</a> - later to become King Edward I. Ever since that time the eldest son of all English monarchs has held the title of Earl of Chester and the title was created in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. By the 13th century, so important were the city and castle at Chester regarded, that extensions were built to include a royal apartment for King Edward I during the various wars with the neighbouring Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other Norman castles were subsequently constructed throughout the county of Cheshire in order to maintain the peace and to exert control over the disenchanted population of the region who bitterly hated their Norman overseers for many generations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg/220px-Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg/330px-Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg/440px-Cheshire_domesday_hundreds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Hundreds of Cheshire in Domesday Book. Areas highlighted in pink now principally <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> The Cheshire of 1086, as recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i>, was a larger county than it is today. With minor variations in spelling across sources, the complete list of <a href="/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cheshire" title="Hundreds of Cheshire">hundreds of Cheshire</a> at this time are: Atiscross, Bochelau, Chester, Dudestan, Exestan, Hamestan, Middlewich, Riseton, Roelau, Tunendune, Warmundestrou and Wilaveston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987340–341_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisThacker1987340–341-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It included two <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (division)">hundreds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atiscross" title="Atiscross">Atiscross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exestan" title="Exestan">Exestan</a>, that later became part of North Wales, now principally <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>. At the time of the <i>Domesday Book</i>, it also included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as <a href="/wiki/English_Maelor" class="mw-redirect" title="English Maelor">Maelor Saesneg</a> (which used to be a detached part of <a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)" title="Flintshire (historic)">Flintshire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area in between the <a href="/wiki/Mersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey">Mersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a> (referred to in the Domesday Book as "Inter Ripam et Mersam") formed part of the returns for Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1978269c–301c,_dSylvester198014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1978269c–301c,_dSylvester198014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this has been interpreted to mean that at that time south Lancashire was part of Cheshire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester198014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester198014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more exhaustive research indicates that the boundary between Cheshire and what was to become Lancashire remained the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips200226–31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips200226–31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period of uncertainty of the northern border lasted until 1182, when the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. Later, the hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan became part of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Over the years the remaining ten hundreds consolidated to just seven with changed names: Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich, and <a href="/wiki/Wirral_(hundred)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirral (hundred)">Wirral</a>. </p><p>Markets had existed in Chester, Middlewich and Nantwich well before 1066, and the suffix "port" (meaning "market") suggests the likelihood in pre-Norman markets at towns like <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>. However the 12th and 13th centuries saw an escalation of towns being granted market rights, probably as the local population grew more used to Norman rule. <a href="/wiki/Aldford" title="Aldford">Aldford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alderley,_Cheshire" title="Alderley, Cheshire">Alderley</a> markets were created in 1253; <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a> in 1261; <a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a> in 1272 and <a href="/wiki/Over,_Cheshire" title="Over, Cheshire">Over</a> in 1280. However competition was fierce and markets are known to have failed at Aldford, <a href="/wiki/Coddington,_Cheshire" title="Coddington, Cheshire">Coddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brereton,_Cheshire" title="Brereton, Cheshire">Brereton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burton,_Ledsham_and_Willaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton, Ledsham and Willaston">Burton</a> before the start of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1397 the county had lands in the march of Wales added to its territory, and was promoted to the rank of principality. This was because of the support the men of the county had given to <a href="/wiki/King_Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Richard II">King Richard II</a>, in particular by his standing armed force of about 500 men called the "Cheshire Guard". As a result, the King's title was changed to "King of England and France, Lord of Ireland, and Prince of Chester". No other English county has been honoured in this way, although it lost the distinction on Richard's fall in 1399.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_(State_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg/200px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg/300px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg/400px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Cheshire_%28State_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Map of Cheshire showing the hundreds by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas Hollar">Wenceslas Hollar</a> (1607–1677)</figcaption></figure><p> By the early 17th century, Cheshire had established its own gentry descended from the Normans stock. These families dominated trade, legal and community affairs and of course dominated land ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in 1642 changed this. People aligned with either the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> causes regardless of social status, but more due to their own conscience. Chester was a Royalist stronghold, while the market towns of Stockport, Knutsford, Nantwich, Congleton, Middlewich and Northwich remained in Parliamentarian hands. After initial skirmishes in 1642, there was an attempt by Cheshire gentry to keep the county neutral during the civil war. The <a href="/wiki/Bunbury_Agreement" title="Bunbury Agreement">Bunbury Agreement</a> was agreed locally,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the strategic position of Cheshire and the port of Chester meant that national commanders could never accept the local neutrality and the forces ended up clashing in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Middlewich" title="First Battle of Middlewich">First Battle of Middlewich</a> in March 1643. The county saw many battles fought on its lands — notably, the sieges of Nantwich and Chester.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1655, England was placed under <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major-Generals" title="Rule of the Major-Generals">military rule</a> and Cheshire, Lancashire and North Staffordshire were governed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Worsley" title="Charles Worsley">Charles Worsley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riots were planned, even by Parliamentarians, notably <a href="/wiki/George_Booth,_1st_Baron_Delamer" title="George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer">Sir George Booth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dunham_Massey" title="Dunham Massey">Dunham Massey</a> near Altrincham, though these were quashed and the leaders executed. Eventually military rule ended in 1658 and the monarchy was restored with King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1689, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_7th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk">Henry, Duke of Norfolk</a>, raised a regiment on the little Roodee in Chester in an effort to resist any attempt by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> to re-take the English throne.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regiment became the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Regiment" title="Cheshire Regiment">Cheshire Regiment</a> and now forms part of the <i>1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment (Cheshire)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatton_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tatton_Hall.jpg/200px-Tatton_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tatton_Hall.jpg/300px-Tatton_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tatton_Hall.jpg/400px-Tatton_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tatton_Hall" title="Tatton Hall">Tatton Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 18th century, land <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> and district reorganisations took place. As well as local industries, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialisation</a> of the Lancashire and Manchester mill towns saw Cheshire farms abandoned as workers sought a better living in the industrial towns. These lands were absorbed into bigger estates culminating in 98% of Cheshire land belonging to only 26% of the population. For example, by 1870 <a href="/wiki/Peckforton_Castle" title="Peckforton Castle">Peckforton Castle</a> was over 25,000 acres (100 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, industrialisation also bought benefits to Cheshire. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal" title="Trent and Mersey Canal">Trent and Mersey Canal</a> in 1777<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and innovations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anderton_Boat_Lift" title="Anderton Boat Lift">Anderton Boat Lift</a>, allowed <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_cheese" title="Cheshire cheese">Cheshire cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> to become major county exports. Also the <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> industry was developing in <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a>, triggered by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Roe" title="Charles Roe">Charles Roe</a> building a <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a> in 1744. </p><p>Cheshire continued to develop into a wealthy county in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-m2002_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tatton_Hall" title="Tatton Hall">Tatton Hall</a> and Dunham Massey are examples of country houses developed during the period. The Egerton family extensively remodelled <a href="/wiki/Tatton_Hall" title="Tatton Hall">Tatton Hall</a> between 1760 and 1820,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 17th-century house at Dunham Massey saw significant 19th century development and expansion. </p><p>The railways came through Cheshire in the 1830s. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> was authorised by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> in 1833 and designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Joseph Locke</a>. It opened for business on 4 July 1837, running for 82 miles (132 km) from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> through <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Cheshire" title="Hartford, Cheshire">Hartford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrington,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrington, England">Warrington</a>, then via the existing <a href="/wiki/Warrington_and_Newton_Railway" title="Warrington and Newton Railway">Warrington and Newton Railway</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> at a triangular junction at <a href="/wiki/Earlestown_railway_station" title="Earlestown railway station">Newton Junction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GJR established its chief engineering works at <a href="/wiki/Crewe_Works" title="Crewe Works">Crewe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moving there from <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_railway_works" title="Edge Hill railway works">Edge Hill, in Liverpool</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg/500px-Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg/750px-Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg/1000px-Map_of_Cheshire_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6501" data-file-height="4946" /></a><figcaption>A map of Cheshire, dated 1923, showing the county's full historical extent before areas were lost to the new <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan counties</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner, 1st Baronet">John Brunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Brunner_Mond" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunner Mond">Brunner Mond</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnington" title="Winnington">Winnington</a> near Northwich and started manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">soda ash</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_process" title="Solvay process">Solvay</a> ammonia-soda process.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process used salt as a main raw material. The chemical industry used the subsided land for the disposal of waste from the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">soda-ash</a>. The waste was transported through a network of cranes and rails to the produce <i>limebeds</i>. This was a dangerous alkaline substance and caused the landscape to be abandoned as unusable. <a href="/wiki/John_Bartholomew" title="John Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a>'s <i>Gazetteer of the British Isles</i> (1887) described Cheshire's industry:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The chief rivers are the Mersey with its affluent the Bollin, the Weaver, and the Dee. The soil consists of marl, mixed with clay and sand, and is generally fertile. There are numerous excellent dairy farms, on which the celebrated Cheshire cheese is made; also extensive market gardens, the produce of which is sent to Liverpool, Manchester, and the neighbouring towns. Salt has been long worked; it is obtained from rock salt and saline springs; the principal works are at Nantwich, Northwich, and Winsford. Coal and ironstone are worked in the districts of Macclesfield and Stockport. There are manufacturers of cotton, silk, and ribbons, carried on chiefly in the towns of the East division; and shipbuilding, on the Mersey.</p></blockquote> <p>The 19th century also saw the creation of formal civic organisations in Cheshire. <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire Constabulary</a> was founded in 1857<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a> was created in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the Local Government Act 1972, which came into effect on 1 April 1974, some areas in the north-west became part of the metropolitan counties of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a> (previously a county borough), <a href="/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukinfield" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a> in the north-east became part of Greater Manchester. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> in the north-west, including the county boroughs of Birkenhead and Wallasey, joined Merseyside. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Tintwistle_Rural_District" title="Tintwistle Rural District">Tintwistle Rural District</a> was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. The area of Lancashire south of the Merseyside/Greater Manchester area, including <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a> and the county borough of <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>, was added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-fipqxl_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fipqxl-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> became unitary authorities independent of Cheshire County Council on 1 April 1998, but remain part of Cheshire for ceremonial purposes and also for fire and policing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheshire_unitary_labell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cheshire_unitary_labell.png/200px-Cheshire_unitary_labell.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cheshire_unitary_labell.png/300px-Cheshire_unitary_labell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Cheshire_unitary_labell.png/400px-Cheshire_unitary_labell.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Four unitary authorities of Cheshire</figcaption></figure> <p>A referendum for a further local government reform connected with an elected <a href="/wiki/Regional_assemblies_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional assemblies in England">regional assembly</a> was planned for 2004, but was abandoned – see <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_referendum,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England referendum, 2004">Northern England referendum, 2004</a>. </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/2009_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England" title="2009 structural changes to local government in England">local government restructuring</a> in April 2009, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a> and the Cheshire districts were abolished and replaced by two new unitary authorities, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing unitary authorities of <a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> were not affected by the change. </p><p>Cheshire is now a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a> administered by four unitary authorities; <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>. Cheshire retains the offices of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cheshire" title="High Sheriff of Cheshire">High Sheriff</a> for ceremonial purposes under the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancies_Act_1997" title="Lieutenancies Act 1997">Lieutenancies Act 1997</a>. Policing and fire and rescue services continue to be provided across all four areas together, with the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire Police Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service">Cheshire Fire Authority</a> consisting of members of the four councils. </p><p>The boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chester" title="Diocese of Chester">Diocese of Chester</a> follows most closely the pre-1974 county boundary of Cheshire, so it includes all of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, and the Cheshire panhandle that included <a href="/wiki/Tintwistle_Rural_District" title="Tintwistle Rural District">Tintwistle Rural District</a> council area.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church administration, most of Cheshire falls into the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Shrewsbury">Diocese of Shrewsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Record_Office" title="Cheshire Record Office">Cheshire Archives and Local Studies Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetham_Society" title="Chetham Society">Chetham Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_and_Cheshire_Antiquarian_Society" title="Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society">Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">History of agriculture in Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_Society_of_Lancashire_and_Cheshire" title="Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire">Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-google-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones,_B.Grealey,_S.Bestwick,_J.D.1974" class="citation book cs1">Jones, B.; Grealey, S.; Bestwick, J.D. 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(2000). <i>The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Conquest%3A+Wales+1063%E2%80%931415&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1978269c–301c,_dSylvester198014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1978269c–301c,_dSylvester198014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1978">Morgan (1978)</a>, pp. 269c–301c, d; <a href="#CITEREFSylvester1980">Sylvester (1980)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester198014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester198014_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSylvester1980">Sylvester (1980)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisThacker1987">Harris & Thacker (1987)</a> write on page 252: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when <a href="/wiki/Wulfric_Spot" title="Wulfric Spot">Wulfric Spot</a> held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips200226–31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips200226–31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2002">Phillips & Phillips (2002)</a>, pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosby1996">Crosby (1996)</a> writes on page 31: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, R. R. 'Richard II and the Principality of Chester' in <i>The Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of May McKisack</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/F._R._H._Du_Boulay" title="F. R. H. Du Boulay">F. R. H. Du Boulay</a> and Caroline Baron (1971)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/civilwar/g4/cs1/s3/">"Civil War"</a>. <i>National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fcivilwar%2Fg4%2Fcs1%2Fs3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002174026/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/worsley.htm">"Charles Worsley, Major-General, 1622–56"</a>. <i>British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/worsley.htm">the original</a> on 2 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Civil+Wars+%26+Commonwealth+website&rft.atitle=Charles+Worsley%2C+Major-General%2C+1622%E2%80%9356&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-civil-wars.co.uk%2Fbiog%2Fworsley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesII.aspx">"Charles II"</a>. <i>Official website of the British Monarchy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.atitle=Charles+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FHistoryoftheMonarchy%2FKingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom%2FTheStuarts%2FCharlesII.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1849" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cannon" title="Richard Cannon">Cannon, Richard</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_27094"><i>Historical Record of the Twenty-Second, or the Cheshire Regiment of Foot</i></a>. London: Parker, Furnivall and Parker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Record+of+the+Twenty-Second%2C+or+the+Cheshire+Regiment+of+Foot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Parker%2C+Furnivall+and+Parker&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_27094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813100359/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/6447.aspx">"1 Mercian"</a>. <i>MoD website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/6447.aspx">the original</a> on 13 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoD+website&rft.atitle=1+Mercian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Finfantry%2Fregiments%2F6447.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cannockchasedc.gov.uk/site/HeritageTrail/trent.html">"Trent and Mersey Canal"</a>. <i>Cannock Chase District Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cannock+Chase+District+Council&rft.atitle=Trent+and+Mersey+Canal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannockchasedc.gov.uk%2Fsite%2FHeritageTrail%2Ftrent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621042444/http://www.tattonpark.org.uk/Attractions/Mansion/historyofmansion.htm">"Tatton Park — History of the Mansion"</a>. <i>Tatton Hall website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tattonpark.org.uk/Attractions/Mansion/historyofmansion.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatton+Hall+website&rft.atitle=Tatton+Park+%E2%80%94+History+of+the+Mansion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tattonpark.org.uk%2FAttractions%2FMansion%2Fhistoryofmansion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710120917/http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/railways/GJR.htm">"Grand Junction Railway"</a>. <i>Wolverhampton History & Heritage website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/railways/GJR.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolverhampton+History+%26+Heritage+website&rft.atitle=Grand+Junction+Railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Frailways%2FGJR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlancey2005" class="citation news cs1">Glancey, Jonathan (6 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,,1658974,00.html">"The beauty of Crewe"</a>. <i>Guardian newspaper article</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+newspaper+article&rft.atitle=The+beauty+of+Crewe&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.aulast=Glancey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FColumnists%2FColumn%2F0%2C%2C1658974%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunnermond.com/about_history.aspx">"History of Brunner Mond"</a>. <i>Brunner Mond website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brunner+Mond+website&rft.atitle=History+of+Brunner+Mond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunnermond.com%2Fabout_history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120101241/http://census-archives.com/england/Cheshire.htm">"Cheshire Census Records - 1851"</a>. <i>Census Archives website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census-archives.com/england/Cheshire.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Archives+website&rft.atitle=Cheshire+Census+Records+-+1851&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census-archives.com%2Fengland%2FCheshire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151223/http://www.cheshire.police.uk/showcontent.php?pageid=2476">"Cheshire Constabulary history"</a>. <i>Cheshire Police</i>. March 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+Police&rft.atitle=Cheshire+Constabulary+history&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.police.uk%2Fshowcontent.php%3Fpageid%3D2476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.cheshire.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27C%27%29">"Cheshire County Council archive"</a>. <i>Cheshire County Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Public+Sector+Information&rft.atitle=The+Cheshire+%28Boroughs+of+Halton+and+Warrington%29+%28Structural+Change%29+Order+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1996%2F1863%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070812084355/http://www.chester.gov.uk/pressreleases/View.aspx?id=10079">"Two new councils for Cheshire"</a>. <i>Cheshire West and Chester website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.gov.uk/pressreleases/View.aspx?id=10079">the original</a> on 12 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheshire+West+and+Chester+website&rft.atitle=Two+new+councils+for+Cheshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chester.gov.uk%2Fpressreleases%2FView.aspx%3Fid%3D10079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chester.anglican.org/diocese/">Chester Diocese (Church of England).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231181850/http://www.chester.anglican.org/diocese/">Archived</a> 31 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Official website</i>. Retrieval Date: 30 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/index.asp">Diocese of Shrewsbury (Roman Catholic).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184948/http://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/index.asp">Archived</a> 29 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Official website</i>. Retrieval Date: 30 September 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series">Series</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisThacker1987" class="citation book cs1">Harris, B. E.; Thacker, A. T. (1987). <i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722761-9"><bdi>0-19-722761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+History+of+the+County+of+Chester.+%28Volume+1%3A+Physique%2C+Prehistory%2C+Roman%2C+Anglo-Saxon%2C+and+Domesday%29.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-722761-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rft.au=Thacker%2C+A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1979" class="citation book cs1">Harris, B. E. (1979). <i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 2)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722749-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722749-X"><bdi>0-19-722749-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+History+of+the+County+of+Chester.+%28Volume+2%29.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-19-722749-X&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1980" class="citation book cs1">Harris, B. E. (1980). <i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 3)</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722754-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722754-6"><bdi>0-19-722754-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+History+of+the+County+of+Chester.+%28Volume+3%29.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-19-722754-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire. Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarley1964" class="citation book cs1">Varley, W. J. (1964). <i>Cheshire Before the Romans. (Volume 1 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire+Before+the+Romans.+%28Volume+1+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1965" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, F. H. (1965). <i>Roman Cheshire. (Volume 2 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Cheshire.+%28Volume+2+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBu'Lock1972" class="citation book cs1">Bu'Lock, J. D. (1972). <i>Pre-Conquest Cheshire 383-1066. (Volume 3 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Conquest+Cheshire+383-1066.+%28Volume+3+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Bu%27Lock&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain1973" class="citation book cs1">Husain, B. M. C. (1973). <i>Cheshire Under the Norman Earls 1066–1237. (Volume 4 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire+Under+the+Norman+Earls+1066%E2%80%931237.+%28Volume+4+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=B.+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1967" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, H. J. (1967). <i>Cheshire Under the Three Edwards. (Volume 5 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire+Under+the+Three+Edwards.+%28Volume+5+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver1971" class="citation book cs1">Driver, J. T. (1971). <i>Cheshire in the Later Middle Ages 1399–1540. (Volume 6 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages+1399%E2%80%931540.+%28Volume+6+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1969" class="citation book cs1">Beck, J. (1969). <i>Tudor Cheshire. (Volume 7 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire)</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Cheshire.+%28Volume+7+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire%29&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDore1966" class="citation book cs1">Dore, R. N. (1966). <i>The Civil Wars in Cheshire. (Volume 8 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire)</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Wars+in+Cheshire.+%28Volume+8+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire%29&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dore&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson1978" class="citation book cs1">Hodson, J. H. (1978). <i>Cheshire, 1660–1780: Restoration to Industrial Revolution. (Volume 9 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire)</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903119-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903119-11-0"><bdi>0-903119-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire%2C+1660%E2%80%931780%3A+Restoration+to+Industrial+Revolution.+%28Volume+9+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire%29&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-903119-11-0&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScard1981" class="citation book cs1">Scard, G. (1981). <i>Squire and Tenant: Rural Life in Cheshire 1760–1900. (Volume 10 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire)</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903119-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903119-13-7"><bdi>0-903119-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squire+and+Tenant%3A+Rural+Life+in+Cheshire+1760%E2%80%931900.+%28Volume+10+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire%29&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-903119-13-7&rft.aulast=Scard&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigwell1985" class="citation book cs1">Tigwell, R. E. (1985). <i>Cheshire in the Twentieth Century. (Volume 11 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire)</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheshire+in+the+Twentieth+Century.+%28Volume+11+of+Cheshire+Community+Council+Series%3A+A+History+of+Cheshire%29&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tigwell&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2002" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, P, ed. (2002). <i>Deva Victrix: Roman Chester Re-assessed</i>. Chester: Chester Archaeological Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9507074-9-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9507074-9-X"><bdi>0-9507074-9-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deva+Victrix%3A+Roman+Chester+Re-assessed&rft.place=Chester&rft.pub=Chester+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-9507074-9-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1996" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, A. (1996). <i>A History of Cheshire</i>. The Darwen County History Series. Chichester, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-932-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-932-4"><bdi>0-85033-932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Darwen+County+History+Series&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-85033-932-4&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl1990" class="citation book cs1">Earl, A. L. (1990). <i>Middlewich 900-1900</i>. Ravenscroft Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873139-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873139-01-1"><bdi>978-1-873139-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middlewich+900-1900&rft.pub=Ravenscroft+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-873139-01-1&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1993" class="citation book cs1">Higham, N. J. (1993). <i>The Origins of Cheshire</i>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3160-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3160-5"><bdi>0-7190-3160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7190-3160-5&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2001" class="citation book cs1">Mason, David J.P. (2001). <i>Roman Chester: City of the Eagles</i>. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1922-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1922-6"><bdi>0-7524-1922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Chester%3A+City+of+the+Eagles&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7524-1922-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1978" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, P., ed. (1978). <i>Domesday Book. Volume 26: Cheshire</i>. Chichester, Sussex: Phillmore and Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-140-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-140-4"><bdi>0-85033-140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesday+Book.+Volume+26%3A+Cheshire&rft.place=Chichester%2C+Sussex&rft.pub=Phillmore+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-85033-140-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganMorgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, V.; Morgan, P. (2004). <i>Prehistoric Cheshire</i>. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Landmark Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84306-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84306-140-6"><bdi>1-84306-140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Cheshire&rft.place=Ashbourne%2C+Derbyshire&rft.pub=Landmark+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84306-140-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevell2008" class="citation book cs1">Nevell, Mike (2008). <i>Manchester: The Hidden History</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4704-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4704-9"><bdi>978-0-7524-4704-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+The+Hidden+History&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4704-9&rft.aulast=Nevell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2002" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, A. D. M.; Phillips, C. B., eds. (2002). <i>A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire</i>. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904532-46-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-904532-46-1"><bdi>0-904532-46-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Historical+Atlas+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cheshire+County+Council+and+Cheshire+Community+Council+Publications+Trust&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-904532-46-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemy1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geography0000ptol"><i>The Geography</i></a></span>. Dover Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26896-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26896-9"><bdi>0-486-26896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-486-26896-9&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeography0000ptol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes2000" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, R. (2000). <i>The Towns and Villages of Britain: Cheshire</i>. Wilmslow, Cheshire: Sigma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85058-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85058-637-3"><bdi>1-85058-637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Towns+and+Villages+of+Britain%3A+Cheshire&rft.place=Wilmslow%2C+Cheshire&rft.pub=Sigma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85058-637-3&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1990" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H. F. (1990). <i>Old Runcorn</i>. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Runcorn&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester1980" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, D. (1980) [1971]. <i>A History of Cheshire (The Darwen County History Series.)</i> (Second ed.). London and Chichester, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-384-9"><bdi>0-85033-384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cheshire+%28The+Darwen+County+History+Series.%29&rft.place=London+and+Chichester%2C+UK&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85033-384-9&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester.Nulty1958" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester., D.; Nulty, G. (1958). <i>The Historical Atlas of Cheshire</i> (Third ed.). Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cheshire+Community+Council&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Sylvester.&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Nulty%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungs1991" class="citation book cs1">Youngs, F. A. (1991). <i>Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England)</i>. London: Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86193-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86193-127-0"><bdi>0-86193-127-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Local+Administrative+Units+of+England.+%28Volume+1%3A+Northern+England%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86193-127-0&rft.aulast=Youngs&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Cheshire</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Cheshire">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cheshire" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cheshire">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Cheshire">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cheshire">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cheshire">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cheshire">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cheshire" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cheshire">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Beck, J. (1969). <i>Tudor Cheshire. (Volume 7 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Bu'Lock, J. D. (1972). <i>Pre-Conquest Cheshire 383–1066. (Volume 3 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Dore, R.N. (1966). <i>The Civil Wars in Cheshire. (Volume 8 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Driver, J. T. (1971). <i>Cheshire in the Later Middle Ages 1399–1540. (Volume 6 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Harris, B. E. (1979). '<i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 2).</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722749-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722749-X">0-19-722749-X</a>.</li> <li>Harris, B. E. (1980). '<i>The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 3).</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-722754-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-722754-6">0-19-722754-6</a>.</li> <li>Hewitt, H. J. (1967). <i>Cheshire Under the Three Edwards. (Volume 5 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Higham, N. J. (1993). <i>The Origins of Cheshire.</i> Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3160-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3160-5">0-7190-3160-5</a>.</li> <li>Hodson, J. H. (1978). <i>Cheshire, 1660–1780: Restoration to Industrial Revolution. (Volume 9 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903119-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903119-11-0">0-903119-11-0</a>.</li> <li>Husain, B. M. C. (1973). <i>Cheshire Under the Norman Earls 1066–1237. (Volume 4 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Morgan, V., and Morgan, P. (2004). <i>Prehistoric Cheshire.</i> Ashbourne, Derbyshire:Landmark Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84306-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84306-140-6">1-84306-140-6</a>.</li> <li>Scard, G. (1981). <i>Squire and Tenant: Rural Life in Cheshire 1760–1900. (Volume 10 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903119-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903119-13-7">0-903119-13-7</a>.</li> <li>Scholes, R. (2000). <i>The Towns and Villages of Britain: Cheshire.</i> Wilmslow, Cheshire: Sigma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85058-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85058-637-3">1-85058-637-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H. F. (1990). <i>Old Runcorn</i>. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Runcorn&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sylvester. D., and Nulty, G. (1958). <i>The Historical Atlas of Cheshire.</i> (Third Edition) Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Thompson, F. H. (1965). <i>Roman Cheshire. (Volume 2 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Tigwell, R. E. (1985). <i>Cheshire in the Twentieth Century. (Volume 11 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li>Varley, W. J. (1964). <i>Cheshire Before the Romans. (Volume 1 of Cheshire Community Council Series: A History of Cheshire).</i> Series Editor: J. J. Bagley. Chester, UK: Cheshire Community Council.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright,_F._T.1975" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, F. T. (1975). "North-West Mercia A.D. 871-924". In Finberg, H.P.R. (ed.). <i>Scandinavian England: Collected Papers by F. T. Wainwright</i>. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900592-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-900592-65-6"><bdi>0-900592-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North-West+Mercia+A.D.+871-924&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+England%3A+Collected+Papers+by+F.+T.+Wainwright&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-900592-65-6&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+F.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Cheshire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Youngs, F. A. (1991). <i>Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England).</i> London: Royal Historical Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86193-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86193-127-0">0-86193-127-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="History_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_England" title="Template:History of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_England" title="Template talk:History of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#English_unification_.2810th_century.29" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">English unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Norman_England" title="History of England">Norman period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Social history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England#History" title="Economy of England">History of the economy of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England#Political_history" title="Politics of England">History of the politics of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_England" title="List of wars involving England">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="England riots (disambiguation)">Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">By county</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">City of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buckinghamshire" title="History of Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derbyshire" title="History of Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dorset" title="History of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="History of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Herefordshire" title="History of Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leicestershire" title="History of Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincolnshire" title="History of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottinghamshire" title="History of Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rutland" title="History of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shropshire" 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Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shrewsbury" title="History of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torquay" title="History of Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wetherby" title="History of Wetherby">Wetherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcester" title="History of Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worthing" title="History of Worthing">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheshire" title="Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheshire" title="Template talk:Cheshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsager" title="Alsager">Alsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchwood,_Cheshire" title="Birchwood, Cheshire">Birchwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollington" title="Bollington">Bollington</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culcheth" title="Culcheth">Culcheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handforth" title="Handforth">Handforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Chapel" title="Holmes Chapel">Holmes Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymm" title="Lymm">Lymm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire" title="Malpas, Cheshire">Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlewich" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantwich" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neston" title="Neston">Neston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynton" title="Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbach" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Cheshire">List of civil parishes in Cheshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croco" title="River Croco">Croco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dane" title="River Dane">Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dean" title="River Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gowy" title="River Gowy">Gowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Weaver" title="River Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Waldron" title="River Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wheelock" title="River Wheelock">Wheelock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Country houses in Cheshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cheshire" title="Flag of Cheshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_churches_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed churches in Cheshire">Grade I listed churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_non-ecclesiastical_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings in Cheshire">Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cheshire" title="High Sheriff of Cheshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Listed buildings in Cheshire">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cheshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cheshire" title="List of museums in Cheshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cheshire" title="List of places in Cheshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cheshire_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cheshire settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cheshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cheshire">SSSIs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&oldid=1246275178">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Cheshire&oldid=1246275178</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cheshire" title="Category:History of Cheshire">History of Cheshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cheshire" 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-lg789","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.198","walltime":"1.428","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7384,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":168158,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10480,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":249458,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1208.521 1 -total"," 30.56% 369.268 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.75% 262.866 35 Template:Cite_book"," 10.89% 131.561 28 Template:Cite_web"," 9.11% 110.038 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.56% 103.449 1 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