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href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retaliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retaliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retaliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariff_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariff_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tariff levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariff_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_enactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In modern political dialogue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_political_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Forced labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_-_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تعرفة سموت - هاولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعرفة سموت - هاولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Смут-Хоули тариф акты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Смут-Хоули тариф акты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot-Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84-%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Νόμος Σμουτ-Χόλεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμος Σμουτ-Χόλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Hawley-Smoot" title="Ley Hawley-Smoot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley Hawley-Smoot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_Smoot-Hawley" title="Leĝo Smoot-Hawley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo Smoot-Hawley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_Hawley-Smoot" title="Loi Hawley-Smoot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi Hawley-Smoot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Smoot-Hawley" title="Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="חוק המכסים סמוט-האולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק המכסים סמוט-האולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoot-Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E9%96%A2%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95" title="スムート・ホーリー関税法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スムート・ホーリー関税法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawa_Smoota-Hawleya" title="Ustawa Smoota-Hawleya – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustawa Smoota-Hawleya" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Tarif%C3%A1ria_de_1930" title="Lei Tarifária de 1930 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei Tarifária de 1930" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Закон Смута — Хоули о тарифе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон Смута — Хоули о тарифе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Закон Смута — Гоулі про мита – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон Смута — Гоулі про мита" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A7%86%E7%89%B9-%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="斯姆特-霍利关税法案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯姆特-霍利关税法案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1930 U.S. trade law placing and raising tariffs on tens of thousands of imports</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Tariff Act of 1930</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act To provide revenue, to regulate commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the industries of the United States, to protect American labor, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Hawley–Smoot Tariff, Smoot–Hawley Tariff</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress" title="71st United States Congress">71st United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">March 13, 1930</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/71/361">71–361</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">ch. 497, 46 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-46-590">590</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">589</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2667 by <a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Willis C. Hawley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a>) on April or May 1929</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance</a></li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on May 28, 1929 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/71-1/h7">264–147</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on March 24, 1930 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/71-2/s295">53–31</a>)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on June 9, 1930; <b>agreed to by the Senate</b> on June 13, 1930 (without <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">division</a>, after motion to <a href="/wiki/Commit_(motion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commit (motion)">recommit</a> failed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/71-2/s345">42–44</a>) and by the <b>House</b> on June 14, 1930 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/71-2/h60">222–153</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> on June 17, 1930</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Moving Americans Privacy Protection Act</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tariff Act of 1930</b> (codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 19 of the United States Code">19 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/chapter-4">ch. 4</a>), commonly known as the <b>Smoot–Hawley Tariff</b> or <b>Hawley–Smoot Tariff</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a law that implemented <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> trade policies in the United States. Sponsored by Senator <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Reed Smoot</a> and Representative <a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Willis C. Hawley</a>, it was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> on June 17, 1930. The act raised US <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on over 20,000 imported goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaussig1931_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaussig1931-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tariffs under the act, excluding duty-free imports, were the second highest in United States history, exceeded by only the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff of 1828">Tariff of 1828</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act prompted retaliatory tariffs by many other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act and tariffs imposed by America's trading partners in retaliation were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by 67% during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckes_1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckes_1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists and economic historians have a consensus view that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff worsened the effects of the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsors_and_legislative_history">Sponsors and legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sponsors and legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together,_April_11,_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/330px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/440px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3546" data-file-height="3662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Willis C. Hawley</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Reed Smoot</a> in April 1929, shortly before the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act passed the House of Representatives</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Geneva_World_Economic_Conference_(1927)" title="Geneva World Economic Conference (1927)">World Economic Conference</a> met at Geneva in 1927, concluding in its final report that "the time has come to put an end to <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, and to move in the opposite direction". Vast debts and reparations could be repaid only through gold, services, or goods, but the only items available on that scale were goods; however, many of the delegates' governments did the opposite; in 1928, France was the first by passing a new tariff law and quota system.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1920s, the US economy had made exceptional gains in productivity because of <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>, which was a critical factor in <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>. Another contributing factor to economic growth was motorcars, trucks, and tractors replacing horses and mules. One sixth to one quarter of farmland, which had been devoted to feeding horses and mules, was freed up, contributing to a surplus in farm produce. Although nominal and real wages had increased, they did not keep up with the <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> gains. </p><p>Senator Smoot contended that raising the tariff on imports would alleviate the overproduction problem, but the United States had actually been running a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade account surplus</a>, and although manufactured goods imports were rising, manufactured exports were rising even faster. Food exports had been falling and were in trade account deficit, but the value of food imports were a little over half of the value of manufactured imports.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaudreau_1996_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaudreau_1996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg/220px-Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg/330px-Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg/440px-Smoot_Hawley_Senate_Vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Senate vote by state <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Two <i>yeas</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Two <i>nays</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> One <i>yea</i> and one <i>nay</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ACFFA1; color:black;"> </span> One <i>yea</i> and one <i>abstention</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFADAD; color:black;"> </span> One nay and one <i>abstention</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B8B8B8; color:black;"> </span> Two <i>abstentions</i></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>As the global economy entered the first stages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in late 1929, the main goal of the US was to protect its jobs and farmers from foreign competition. Smoot championed another tariff increase within the United States in 1929, which became the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Bill. In his memoirs, Smoot made it abundantly clear: "The world is paying for its ruthless destruction of life and property in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War</a> and for its failure to adjust purchasing power to productive capacity during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">decade following the war</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Meril1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meril1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoot was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Finance Committee">Senate Finance Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Willis C. Hawley</a>, a Republican from <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Ways and Means">House Committee on Ways and Means</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s promises was to help beleaguered farmers by increasing tariffs on agricultural products. Hoover won, and Republicans maintained comfortable majorities <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">in the House</a> and <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">the Senate</a> during 1928. The House passed a version of the act in May 1929, increasing tariffs on agricultural and industrial goods alike. The House bill passed on a vote of 264 to 147, with 244 Republicans and 20 Democrats voting in favor of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate debated its bill until March 1930, with many members trading votes based on their states' industries. The Senate bill passed on a vote of 44 to 42, with 39 Republicans and 5 Democrats voting in favor of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_1996_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference committee</a> then unified the two versions, largely by raising tariffs to the higher levels passed by the House.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House passed the conference bill on a vote of 222 to 153, with the support of 208 Republicans and 14 Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_1996_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponents">Opponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1930, a petition was signed by 1,028 economists in the United States asking President Hoover to veto the legislation, organized by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a>, James T. F. G. Wood, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunstone_Graham" title="Frank Dunstone Graham">Frank Graham</a>, Ernest Patterson, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Seager" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Seager">Henry Seager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Taussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Taussig">Frank Taussig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clair_Wilcox" title="Clair Wilcox">Clair Wilcox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobile executive <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> also spent an evening at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> trying to convince Hoover to veto the bill, calling it "an economic stupidity",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a>'s Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont">Thomas W. Lamont</a> said he "almost went down on [his] knees to beg Herbert Hoover to veto the asinine Hawley–Smoot tariff".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hoover joined the economists in opposing the bill, calling it "vicious, extortionate, and obnoxious" because he felt it would undermine the commitment he had pledged to international cooperation, he eventually signed the bill after he yielded to influence from his own party, his Cabinet (who had threatened to resign), and business leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_1972_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, Canada and other countries raised their own tariffs on American goods after the bill had become law.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> spoke against the act during his campaign for President in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retaliation">Retaliation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Retaliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the decline in trade was due to a plunge in GDP in the US and worldwide. However, beyond that was additional decline. Some countries protested and others also retaliated with trade restrictions and tariffs. American exports to the protesters fell 18% and exports to those who retaliated fell 31%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threats of retaliation by other countries began long before the bill was enacted into law in June 1930. As the House of Representatives passed it in May 1929, boycotts broke out, and foreign governments moved to increase rates against American products, although rates could be increased or decreased by the Senate or by the conference committee. By September 1929, Hoover's administration had received protest notes from 23 trading partners, but the threats of retaliatory actions were ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1930, Canada, the country's most loyal trading partner, retaliated by imposing new tariffs on 16 products that accounted altogether for around 30% of US exports to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada later also forged closer economic links with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> via the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference" title="British Empire Economic Conference">British Empire Economic Conference</a> of 1932, while France and Britain protested and developed new trade partners, and Germany developed a system of trade via clearing. The depression worsened for workers and farmers despite Smoot and Hawley's promises of prosperity from high tariffs; consequently, Hawley lost re-nomination, while Smoot was one of 12 Republican Senators who lost their seats in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1932 United States Senate elections">the 1932 elections</a>, with the swing being the largest in Senate history (being equaled in <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1958 United States Senate elections">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">1980</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nations other than Canada that enacted retaliatory tariffs included: Cuba, Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tariff_levels">Tariff levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tariff levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_(1821-2016).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/450px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/675px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png/900px-Average_Tariff_Rates_in_USA_%281821-2016%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Average tariff rates in the United States, 1821–2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In the two-volume series published by the US Bureau of the Census, "The Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition", tariff rates have been represented in two forms. The dutiable tariff rate peak of 1932 was 59.1%, second only to the 61.7% rate of 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, 63% of all imports in 1933 were not taxed, which the dutiable tariff rate does not reflect. The free and dutiable rate in 1929 was 13.5% and peaked under Smoot–Hawley in 1933 at 19.8%, one-third below the average 29.7% "free and dutiable rate" in the United States from 1821 to 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average tariff rate, which was applied on dutiable imports,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased from 40.1% in 1929 to 59.1% in 1932 (+19%).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_enactment">After enactment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After enactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, the tariff seemed to be a success. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Robert Sobel</a>, "Factory payrolls, construction contracts, and industrial production all increased sharply." However, larger economic problems loomed in the guise of weak banks. When the <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> failed in 1931, the global deficiencies of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff became apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_1972_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_1972-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US imports decreased 66% from $4.4 billion (1929) to $1.5 billion (1933), and exports decreased 61% from $5.4 billion to $2.1 billion. GNP fell from $103.1 billion in 1929 to $75.8 billion in 1931 and bottomed out at $55.6 billion in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imports from Europe decreased from a 1929 high of $1.3 billion to just $390 million during 1932, and US exports to Europe decreased from $2.3 billion in 1929 to $784 million in 1932. Overall, world trade decreased by some 66% between 1929 and 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unemployment was 8% in 1930 when the Smoot–Hawley Act was passed but the new law failed to lower it. The rate jumped to 16% in 1931 and 25% in 1932–1933.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some contention about whether this can necessarily be attributed to the tariff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckes1995113_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckes1995113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin1998332–333_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin1998332–333-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when "the American economy expanded at an unprecedented rate",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that unemployment fell below 1930s levels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imports during 1929 were only 4.2% of the US GNP, and exports were only 5.0%. <a href="/wiki/Monetarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarists">Monetarists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, who emphasized the central role of the money supply in causing the depression, considered the Smoot–Hawley Act to be only a minor cause for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_tariffs">End of tariffs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of tariffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1932 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> campaign platform pledged to lower tariffs. After winning the election, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the now-Democratic Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Trade_Agreements_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act">Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act</a> of 1934. This act allowed the President to negotiate tariff reductions on a bilateral basis and treated such a tariff agreement as regular legislation, requiring a majority, rather than as a treaty requiring a two-thirds vote. This was one of the core components of the trade negotiating framework that developed after World War II. After World War II, that understanding supported a push towards multilateral trading agreements that would prevent similar situations in the future. While the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods Agreement</a> of 1944 focused on foreign exchange and did not directly address tariffs, those involved wanted a similar framework for <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> launched this process in November 1945 with negotiations for the creation of a proposed <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Organization" title="International Trade Organization">International Trade Organization</a> (ITO).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it happened, separate negotiations on the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) moved more quickly, with an agreement signed in October 1947; in the end, the United States never signed the ITO agreement. Adding a multilateral "most-favored-nation" component to that of reciprocity, the GATT served as a framework for the gradual reduction of tariffs over the subsequent half century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postwar changes to the Smoot–Hawley tariffs reflected a general tendency of the United States to reduce its tariff levels unilaterally while its trading partners retained their high levels. The American Tariff League Study of 1951 compared the free and dutiable tariff rates of 43 countries. It found that only seven nations had a lower tariff level than the United States (5.1%), and eleven nations had free and dutiable tariff rates higher than the Smoot–Hawley peak of 19.8% including the United Kingdom (25.6%). The 43-country average was 14.4%, which was 0.9% higher than the U.S. level of 1929, demonstrating that few nations were reciprocating in reducing their levels as the United States reduced its own.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_political_dialogue">In modern political dialogue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In modern political dialogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the discussion leading up to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), then-Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> mentioned the Smoot–Hawley Tariff as a response to NAFTA objections voiced by <a href="/wiki/H._Ross_Perot" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> during a <a href="/wiki/H._Ross_Perot#Reform_Party_and_1996_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Ross Perot">debate in 1993</a> they had on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Larry_King_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Larry King Show">The Larry King Show</a></i>. He gave Perot a framed picture of Smoot and Hawley shaking hands after its passage.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009, then-Representative <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> made news when, during a speech, she referred to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff as "the Hoot–Smalley Act", misattributed its signing to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and blamed it for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yglesias_2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yglesias_2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act has been compared to the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act" title="Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act">Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act</a> (FATCA), with Andrew Quinlan from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Freedom_and_Prosperity" title="Center for Freedom and Prosperity">Center for Freedom and Prosperity</a> calling FATCA "the worst economic idea to come out of Congress since Smoot–Hawley".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forced labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 2016, the Tariff Act provided that "[a]ll goods, wares, articles, and merchandise mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in any foreign country by <a href="/wiki/Convict_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict labor">convict labor</a> or/and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> or/and indentured labor under penal sanctions shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States" with a specific exception known as the "consumptive demand exception", which allowed forced labor-based imports of goods where United States domestic production was not sufficient to meet consumer demand.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exception was removed under <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kind" title="Ron Kind">Ron Kind</a>'s amendment bill, which was incorporated into the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on February 24, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1986 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a>, playing a high school economics teacher, references the tariff in a lecture to his students.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also heavily featured in the 1989 book <i>Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Barry" title="Dave Barry">Dave Barry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country-of-origin_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Country-of-origin labeling">Country-of-origin labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States" title="List of tariffs in the United States">List of tariffs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Patent_Act_of_1930" title="Plant Patent Act of 1930">Plant Patent Act of 1930</a> (originally enacted as Title III of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs in United States history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ch. 497, 46 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-46-590">590</a>, June 17, 1930, <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Title_19_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 19 of the United States Code">19 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/1654">§ 1654</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaussig1931-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaussig1931_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaussig1931">Taussig 1931</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/wws-543-class-notes-21710/">WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, February 16, 2010, <a 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitchenerO'RourkeWandschneider2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchener, Kris James; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj; Wandschneider, Kirsten (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fej%2Fueac006">"The Smoot–Hawley Trade War"</a>. <i>Economic Journal</i>. <b>132</b> (647): 2500–2533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+History+Has+to+Say+about+the+%27Winners%27+in+Trade+Wars&rft.issue=International+edition&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Steward&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Ftariff-trump-trade-wars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchenerWandschneiderO'Rourke2021" class="citation cs2">Mitchener, Kris James; Wandschneider, Kirsten; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28616/w28616.pdf"><i>The Smoot–Hawley Trade War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w28616</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Trade+War&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Mitchener&rft.aufirst=Kris+James&rft.au=Wandschneider%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Kevin+Hjortsh%C3%B8j&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fworking_papers%2Fw28616%2Fw28616.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownHogendorn2000" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Wilson B.; Hogendorn, Jan S. 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Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Tariffs+are+among+the+lowest+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+and+in+the+nation%27s+history&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=DeSilver&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fu-s-tariffs-are-among-the-lowest-in-the-world-and-in-the-nations-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical_abstract.html"><i>The Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition</i></a>. 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New York: Random House Publishing Group. pp. 112–113, 123, 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90462-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90462-8"><bdi>0-449-90462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dave+Barry+Slept+Here&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-113%2C+123%2C+157&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-449-90462-8&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibaldFeldman1998" class="citation cs2">Archibald, Robert B.; Feldman, David H. (1998), "Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>, <b>64</b> (4): 857–879, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1061208">10.2307/1061208</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061208">1061208</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Investment+During+the+Great+Depression%3A+Uncertainty+and+the+Role+of+the+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=857-879&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1061208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1061208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucini1994" class="citation cs2">Crucini, Mario J. (1994), "Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940", <i>American Economic Review</i>, <b>84</b> (3): 346–353, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118081">2118081</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Sources+of+variation+in+real+tariff+rates%3A+The+United+States+1900+to+1940&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-353&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2118081%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crucini&rft.aufirst=Mario+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruciniKahn1996" class="citation cs2">Crucini, Mario J.; Kahn, James (1996), "Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression", <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, <b>38</b> (3): 427–467, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3932%2896%2901298-6">10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Monetary+Economics&rft.atitle=Tariffs+and+Aggregate+Economic+Activity%3A+Lessons+from+the+Great+Depression&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-467&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-3932%2896%2901298-6&rft.aulast=Crucini&rft.aufirst=Mario+J.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckes1995" class="citation cs2">Eckes, Alfred (1995), <i>Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-02905-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-02905-9"><bdi>0-585-02905-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opening+America%27s+Market%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Trade+Policy+since+1776&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-585-02905-9&rft.aulast=Eckes&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichengreen1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Eichengreen, Barry</a> (1989), "The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", <i>Research in Economic History</i>, <b>12</b>: 1–43</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Eichengreen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, Douglas A. (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.nber.org/papers/w5509.pdf">"The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>80</b> (2). The MIT Press: 326–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003465398557410">10.1162/003465398557410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6535">0034-6535</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646642">2646642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57562207">57562207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff%3A+A+Quantitative+Assessment&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-334&rft.date=1998-05&rft.issn=0034-6535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57562207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2646642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F003465398557410&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw5509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span> Previously published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1996" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w5509.pdf">"The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>NBER Working Paper Series</i>, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=The+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff%3A+A+Quantitative+Assessment&rft.date=1996-03&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw5509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2011" class="citation cs2">Irwin, Douglas (2011), <i>Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15032-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15032-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peddling+Protectionism%3A+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+and+the+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15032-1&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/cato/v31i3/f_0023218_19007.pdf">online book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1996" class="citation cs2">Kaplan, Edward S. (1996), <i>American Trade Policy: 1923–1995</i>, London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29480-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29480-1"><bdi>0-313-29480-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Trade+Policy%3A+1923%E2%80%931995&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29480-1&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottman1975" class="citation cs2">Kottman, Richard N. (1975), "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study", <i>Journal of American History</i>, <b>62</b> (3): 609–635, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2936217">10.2307/2936217</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936217">2936217</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover+and+the+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff%3A+Canada%2C+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-635&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2936217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2936217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kottman&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama2009" class="citation cs2">Koyama, Kumiko (2009), "The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?", <i>Journal of Policy History</i>, <b>21</b> (2): 163–186, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030609090071">10.1017/S0898030609090071</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154415038">154415038</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=The+Passage+of+the+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act%3A+Why+Did+the+President+Sign+the+Bill%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-186&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030609090071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154415038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koyama&rft.aufirst=Kumiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldO'BrienCallahan1997" class="citation cs2">McDonald, Judith; O'Brien, Anthony Patrick; Callahan, Colleen (1997), "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", <i>Journal of Economic History</i>, <b>57</b> (4): 802–826, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700019549">10.1017/S0022050700019549</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951161">2951161</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154380335">154380335</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Trade+Wars%3A+Canada%27s+Reaction+to+the+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=802-826&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154380335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2951161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700019549&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Anthony+Patrick&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2001" class="citation cs2">Madsen, Jakob B. (2001), "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression", <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>, <b>67</b> (4): 848–868, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1061574">10.2307/1061574</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061574">1061574</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Trade+Barriers+and+the+Collapse+of+World+Trade+during+the+Great+Depression&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=848-868&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1061574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1061574%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Jakob+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerill1990" class="citation cs2">Merill, Milton (1990), <i>Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics</i>, Logan, UT: Utah State Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87421-127-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87421-127-1"><bdi>0-87421-127-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reed+Smoot%3A+Apostle+in+Politics&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87421-127-1&rft.aulast=Merill&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mitchener, Kris James, Kirsten Wandschneider, and Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke. "The Smoot–Hawley Trade War" (No. w28616. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28616/w28616.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien" class="citation cs2">O'Brien, Anthony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091002093955/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/obrien.hawley-smoot.tariff">"Smoot–Hawley Tariff"</a>, <i>EH Encyclopedia</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/article/obrien.hawley-smoot.tariff">the original</a> on October 2, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff&rft.btitle=EH+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fobrien.hawley-smoot.tariff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1980" class="citation cs2">Pastor, Robert (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congresspolitics0000past"><i>Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976</i></a>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03904-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03904-1"><bdi>0-520-03904-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+the+Politics+of+U.S.+Foreign+Economic+Policy%2C+1929%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-520-03904-1&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongresspolitics0000past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchattschneider1935" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Eric_Schattschneider" title="Elmer Eric Schattschneider">Schattschneider, E. E.</a> (1935), <i>Politics, Pressures and the Tariff</i>, New York: Prentice-Hall</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Pressures+and+the+Tariff&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Schattschneider&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span> – Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot Tariff</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig1931" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_William_Taussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank William Taussig">Taussig, F. W.</a> (1931), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/etexts/taussig.pdf"><i>The Tariff History of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tariff+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Taussig&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fetexts%2Ftaussig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemin1989" class="citation cs2">Temin, Peter (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessonsfromgreat0000temi"><i>Lessons from the Great Depression</i></a></span>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-20073-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-20073-2"><bdi>0-262-20073-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+Great+Depression&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-262-20073-2&rft.aulast=Temin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flessonsfromgreat0000temi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurneyNorthrup2003" class="citation cs2">Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003), <i>Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tariffs+and+Trade+in+U.S.+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turney&rft.aufirst=Elaine+C.+Prange&rft.au=Northrup%2C+Cynthia+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmoot%E2%80%93Hawley+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8183/uslm/COMPS-8183.xml">Tariff Act of 1930</a> as amended (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8183/pdf/COMPS-8183.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-8183">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Ball_Cabinet" title="Medicine Ball Cabinet">Medicine Ball Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverball" title="Hooverball">Hooverball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1929 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1930 State of the Union Address">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of executive actions by Herbert Hoover">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_desk" title="Hoover desk">Hoover desk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia#History" title="Sons of Gwalia">Sons of Gwalia mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc" title="Consolidated Zinc">Zinc Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Foundation" title="University Foundation">University Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation" title="Belgian American Educational Foundation">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Polish_Relief" title="Commission for Polish Relief">Commission for Polish Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Family_background_and_early_life" title="Herbert Hoover">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover%E2%80%93Minthorn_House" title="Hoover–Minthorn House">Hoover–Minthorn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Camp" title="Rapidan Camp">Rapidan Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Bibliography of Herbert Hoover">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Chair" title="Hoover Chair">Hoover Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Field" title="Hoover Field">Hoover Field</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue">The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue</a></i> (1996 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Freedom Betrayed</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">English translation of <i>De re metallica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Electoral history of Herbert Hoover">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Hoover Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan Hoover</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a> (great-granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">← Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Herbert_Hoover" title="Category:Herbert Hoover">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_tax_acts" title="Template talk:US tax acts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Internal_Revenue_Laws_of_the_United_States" title="Amendments to the Internal Revenue Laws of the United States">United States federal taxation legislation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal<br />Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1864" title="Revenue Act of 1864">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1934" title="Revenue Act of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1936" title="Revenue Act of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1937" title="Revenue Act of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1939">1939 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Revenue Act of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Second Revenue Act of 1940">1940 (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1941" title="Revenue Act of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942" title="Revenue Act of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1943" title="Revenue Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Tax_Payment_Act_of_1943" title="Current Tax Payment Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Income_Tax_Act_of_1944" title="Individual Income Tax Act of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1954">1954 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Adjustment_Act_of_1966" title="Tax Adjustment Act of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969" title="Tax Reform Act of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1971" title="Revenue Act of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1975" title="Tax Reduction Act of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1976" title="Tax Reform Act of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_and_Simplification_Act_of_1977" title="Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1978" title="Revenue Act of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_Windfall_Profit_Tax_Act_of_1980" title="Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982" title="Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Revenue_Act_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Revenue Act of 1982">Gas Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_and_Dividend_Tax_Compliance_Act_of_1983" title="Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Solvency_Act_of_1983" title="Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_1984" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1986">1986 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1987" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Miscellaneous_Revenue_Act_of_1988" title="Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights_2" title="Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997" title="Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_Restructuring_and_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">2001 (EGTRRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Creation_and_Worker_Assistance_Act_of_2002" title="Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Creation_Act_of_2004" title="American Jobs Creation Act of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Increase_Prevention_and_Reconciliation_Act_of_2005" title="Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Pension Protection Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief_and_Health_Care_Act_of_2006" title="Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2007 (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Forgiveness_Debt_Relief_Act_of_2007" title="Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007">2007 (Mortgage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_110-343" title="Public Law 110-343">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">2010 (ACA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Jobs_Act_of_2010" title="Small Business Jobs Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111–240)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111-312)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Payroll_Tax_Cut_Continuation_Act_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">2012 (ATRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (page does not exist)">2015 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2016" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">2017 (TCJA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2018" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018">2018 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Continuing_Appropriations_for_Fiscal_Year_2018,_Federal_Register_Printing_Savings,_Healthy_Kids,_Health-Related_Taxes,_and_Budgetary_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018, Federal Register Printing Savings, Healthy Kids, Health-Related Taxes, and Budgetary Effects (page does not exist)">2018 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECURE_Act_of_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="SECURE Act of 2019">2019 (SECURE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Families_First_Coronavirus_Response_Act" title="Families First Coronavirus Response Act">2020 (Families First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">2020 (CARES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">2020 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._(Mac)_Thornberry_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021">2021 (Defense Authorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">2021 (American Rescue Plan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">1789: Hamilton I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">1790: Hamilton II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">1791: Hamilton III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">1792: Hamilton IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">1816: Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">1824: Sectional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">1828: "Abominations"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">1833: Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">1842: Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">1846: Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1857" title="Tariff of 1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">1861: Morrill</a></li> <li>1872</li> <li>1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">1883: Mongrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">1890: McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894: Wilson–Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">1897: Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">1909: Payne–Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913: Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Tariff_of_1921" title="Emergency Tariff of 1921">1921: Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff" title="Fordney–McCumber Tariff">1922: Fordney–McCumber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1930: Smoot–Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">1934: Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">1948: GATT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974/75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Agreements_Act_of_1979" title="Trade Agreements Act of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984" title="Trade and Tariff Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">1988: Canada FT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">1993: NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">1994: WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">2018/2019: Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Depression" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Depression" title="Template:Great Depression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Depression" title="Template talk:Great Depression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Depression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Depression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Depression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Great_Depression" title="Cities in the Great Depression">Effect in cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">Recession of 1937–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Timeline of the Great Depression">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Chile" title="Great Depression in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_France" title="Great Depression in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic#Renewed_crisis_and_decline_(1930–1933)" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_India" title="Great Depression in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression#Japan" title="Great Depression">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Latin_America" title="Great Depression in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_Netherlands" title="Great Depression in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Depression" title="Category:Great Depression">Category</a></li> <li><a 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1585491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1585491#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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