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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Daily Mail</i> libel case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_Mail_libel_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewis_&_Harris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewis_&_Harris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lewis & Harris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewis_&_Harris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lever's_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lever's_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lever's homes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lever's_homes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lever's homes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lever's_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thornton_Manor,_Cheshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thornton_Manor,_Cheshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Thornton Manor, Cheshire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thornton_Manor,_Cheshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hill_at_Hampstead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hill_at_Hampstead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The Hill at Hampstead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hill_at_Hampstead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bungalow_at_Rivington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bungalow_at_Rivington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The Bungalow at Rivington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bungalow_at_Rivington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In literature and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Viscount Leverhulme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever" title="William Lever – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Lever" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ویلیام لیور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام لیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever_(1er_vicomte_Leverhulme)" title="William Lever (1er vicomte Leverhulme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Lever (1er vicomte Leverhulme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hesketh_Lever" title="William Hesketh Lever – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Hesketh Lever" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hesketh_Lever" title="William Hesketh Lever – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Hesketh Lever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever" title="William Lever – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Lever" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hesketh_Lever" title="William Hesketh Lever – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Hesketh Lever" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever,_1:e_viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 1:e viscount Leverhulme – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Lever, 1:e viscount Leverhulme" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lever" title="William Lever – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Lever" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%8F%AF" title="威廉·海斯科斯·利華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·海斯科斯·利華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1989190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his son, see <a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Viscount Leverhulme</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_Lever.jpg/250px-William_Lever.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_Lever.jpg/330px-William_Lever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/William_Lever.jpg/440px-William_Lever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Wirral_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)">Wirral</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1906–1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Hoult</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Gershom Stewart</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Hesketh Lever</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-09-19</span>)</span>19 September 1851<br /><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1925<span style="display:none">(1925-05-07)</span> (aged 73)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Ellen Hulme</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Bolton Church Institute <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Industrialist, philanthropist and politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects">FRIBA</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 19 September 1851 – 7 May 1925) was an English <a href="/wiki/Industrialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialist">industrialist</a>, philanthropist, and politician. Educated at a small private school until the age of nine, then at church schools, he joined his father's wholesale grocery business in <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> at the age of fifteen. Following an apprenticeship and a series of appointments in the family business, which he successfully expanded, he began manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_(cleaning_product)" title="Sunlight (cleaning product)">Sunlight Soap</a>, building a substantial business empire with many well-known brands such as <a href="/wiki/Lux_(soap)" title="Lux (soap)">Lux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lifebuoy_(soap)" title="Lifebuoy (soap)">Lifebuoy</a>. In 1886, together with his brother, <a href="/wiki/James_Darcy_Lever" class="mw-redirect" title="James Darcy Lever">James</a>, he established <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a>, which was one of the first companies to manufacture soap from vegetable oils, and which is now part of the British multinational <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>. In politics, Lever briefly sat as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wirral_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)">Wirral</a> and later, as Lord Leverhulme, in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peer</a>. He was an advocate for expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, particularly in Africa and Asia, which supplied <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, a key ingredient in Lever's product line. His firm had become associated with activities in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> by 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patron of the arts, Lever began collecting artworks in 1893 when he bought a painting by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leighton" title="Edmund Leighton">Edmund Leighton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lever's rival in the soap industry, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pears" title="Andrew Pears">A & F Pears</a>, had taken the lead in using art for marketing by buying paintings such as <a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(painting)" title="Bubbles (painting)"><i>Bubbles</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a> to promote its products. Lever's response was to acquire similarly illustrative works, and he later bought <i>The New Frock</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a> to promote the Sunlight soap brand.<sup id="cite_ref-LiverpoolMuseums1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiverpoolMuseums1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery" title="Lady Lever Art Gallery">Lady Lever Art Gallery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> which he dedicated to his late wife Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-LiverpoolMuseums2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiverpoolMuseums2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Lever was born on 19 September 1851 at 16 Wood Street, <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, Lancashire, England. He was the eldest son and the seventh child born to James Lever (1809–1897), a grocer, and Eliza Hesketh, daughter of a cotton mill manager. From age six to age nine William attended a small private school run by the Misses Aspinwall in a house on Wood Street, not far from the Lever family home. At the age of nine he was sent to another of Bolton's private schools before finishing his formal education at <a href="/wiki/Canon_Slade_School" title="Canon Slade School">Bolton Church Institute</a> from 1864 to 1867. Not a particularly bright scholar, he was nevertheless keen to acquire academic learning. His mother wanted him to enter the learned professions, ostensibly medicine, and William himself was very interested in becoming an architect. His father, however, had other, somewhat less erudite plans for his eldest son and thus, not long after his fifteenth birthday, he started work in the family grocery business. By then, the Lever family had moved from Wood Street to a larger house adjacent to the grocery business. In the celebrated Victorian manner, the boss's son was, initially at least, shown no preferential treatment, being required to sweep the floor and tidy up before the staff arrived. Other tasks included various practical assignments more to do with the fundamentals of the wholesale grocery trade, almost certainly designed to prepare the youth for management in later years. His remuneration was "a <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a> a week all found" which meant that his board and lodgings were provided, making the financial aspect of the contract more-or-less pocket money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly19761-10chpt._2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly19761-10chpt._2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some stage, William was moved to the administration department where he learned about and subsequently reorganised the firm's accounting and bookkeeping systems. Perhaps in order to escape the shackles of his father's close supervision, he eventually petitioned to take the place of a retiring sales representative; in those days, being a "rep" meant a great deal of travelling by horse and carriage and spending nights away from home, as well as a measure of independence and some leeway in making decisions and brokering deals with the canny retailers on his route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly19761-10chpt._2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly19761-10chpt._2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lever family were <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a> and James Lever, a teetotaller and a non-smoker, applied its principles in his business life as well as in his personal life. In accordance with nonconformist tenets, the Lever family held frequent Bible readings at home, and were regular worshipers at the local chapel. Thus, William's circle of friends tended to comprise children of similar backgrounds and beliefs. Among these was Elizabeth Ellen Hulme (Dec 1850 – 24 July 1913) whose family also resided on Wood Street. In the tradition of the nineteenth-century well-to-do middle classes, William paid court to Elizabeth over several years and, when the financial circumstances allowed, he formally proposed marriage. On 17 April 1874, after a two-year engagement, they were married at the Church of St Andrew and St George (then Congregational, now <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="United Reformed">United Reformed</a>) on St Georges Road, Bolton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197611-17chpt._3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197611-17chpt._3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879 the Lever family business acquired a failing wholesale grocer in Wigan, affording young William an opportunity to prove his ability as a quasi-autonomous administrator. The expanded activity necessitated a search for new suppliers, taking William to Ireland, France and other parts of Europe, appointing local agents to safeguard the firm's interests. At this time, his flair for advertising and branding began to emerge as he successfully differentiated the Lever brand from generic commodities. By the end of 1879, the business' prospects were good enough to convince William and Elizabeth to invest in a new home in Bolton and by 1881 the expanding Wigan business warranted the commissioning of new premises; Lever and Company was expanding steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197616-19chpt._3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197616-19chpt._3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902, when he became the first initiate of a lodge bearing his name (William Hesketh Lever Lodge No. 2916 in Port Sunlight) Lever involved himself in <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>. In 1907 he became Worshipful Master, going on to found many Lodges and hold various offices at national level. In 1907, while sitting as an MP, he was a founder of the Phoenix Lodge 3236, and in May 1912 he founded St. Hilary Lodge No. 3591. He then became Past Pro-Grand Warden (P.P.G.W) and Immediate Past Master (I.P.M). In 1919, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge Officers">Senior Grand Warden</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons</a> of England. He was Provincial Senior Grand Warden of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Cheshire, and founded many other Lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197679chpt._7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197679chpt._7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-masonic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masonic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phoenix3236_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoenix3236-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-st-hilary_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st-hilary-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lodge5434_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lodge5434-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamill1992285–295_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamill1992285–295-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunlight_soap">Sunlight soap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sunlight soap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1884, having developed Lever and Company to a point where it was virtually self-governing, William resolved to capture a large share of the international soap trade. In essence, he planned to manufacture and market a range of high quality, price differentiated products, using a strategy based upon his experiences with butter and other commodity products. Thus, instead of selling soap by weight, he had it cut into small, manageable tablets which were individually wrapped. The Trade Mark Registration Act 1875 protected trade names from counterfeiters and imitators, and this opened the way for brand name recognition and consumer loyalty. Within 12 months, Lever had registered a series of trade marks, among them <a href="/wiki/Sunlight_(cleaning_product)" title="Sunlight (cleaning product)">Sunlight</a>, a house style that was later applied to a range of household soaps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197618-29chpt._3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197618-29chpt._3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lever soap campaign began with a range of Sunlight branded soaps differentiated mainly by colour: Pale, Mottled and Brown, with a fourth variant presented as a product that was especially formulated for washing clothes. This 'Sunlight Self-Washer Soap' was widely advertised using billboards and posters located at public places throughout northern England. But at that time, Lever had to rely for supplies on "soap-boilers" – independent firms that specialised in producing soap to order – who were expected to work to his proprietary formula. The reliability of these suppliers was however apparently questionable, as variations in the end product gave rise to complaints about the effectiveness, and even the smell, of Self-Washer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197619-20chpt._3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197619-20chpt._3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After much consideration, William began to consider the possibility of taking control of the manufacture, and thus the quality, of Sunlight soaps. He had discovered a small producer based in <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> that badly needed to increase its output in order to become profitable and although Lever could probably have solved its problem though placing orders for most of his soap, he clearly wanted complete control. Having persuaded his father and younger brother that it would be a beneficial strategy, William raised sufficient capital for the takeover to take place and in August 1885 Lever and Company, wholesale grocers, added soap manufacturing to its range of activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197621-22chpt._3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197621-22chpt._3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the Sunlight brand, especially after Lever assumed full responsibility for the product's quality, was exceptional; so much so that by the end of 1887 it had become impossible to squeeze any more capacity from the Warrington plant. Having failed to either extend the site or find more space in the areas, Lever eventually decided to move the whole manufacturing facility to an 11 acres (4.5 ha) green-field site near <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197622-23chpt._3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197622-23chpt._3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_Sunlight">Port Sunlight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Port Sunlight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lever was the founder of '<a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, Lever bought 56 acres (23 ha) of land on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> between the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> and the railway line at <a href="/wiki/Bebington" title="Bebington">Bebington</a>. This site became Port Sunlight where he built his works and a <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">model village</a> to house its employees. From 1888, Port Sunlight village offered decent living conditions in the belief that good housing would ensure a healthy and happy workforce. The community was designed to house and support the workers. Life in Port Sunlight included intrusive rules and implied mandatory participation in activities. The <a href="/wiki/Tied_cottage" title="Tied cottage">tied cottages</a> meant that a worker losing his or her job could be almost simultaneously evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2009711_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2009711-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some matters, Lever was keen to allow the residents of Port Sunlight a degree of democratic control, and this seems to have led to a common conviction that he was in favour of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>: a belief that possibly stems from a situation arising in connection the Bridge Inn, a Port Sunlight temperance "pub" that was opened in 1900. Lever was a lifelong teetotaller, and he naturally assumed that the Bridge would be "dry". Within two years of its opening, however, representations were made to change its status to a licensed house. Lever promptly announced that he would not impose his own views, and that the issue would be decided by a referendum; insisting somewhat unconventionally for that time that women would take part. With the added proviso that the Bridge would only become a true British "pub" if a supermajority of 75% was in favour, Lever probably felt confident that the outcome would support his abstemious sentiments, but in the event more than 80% voted for an alcohol licence and even though some people petitioned Lever urging him to use his absolute authority in Port Sunlight and ignore the referendum, he refused to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197680-81chpt._7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197680-81chpt._7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reality, workers' social lives were policed from the head office, and some of Lever's employees clearly resented his paternalism. However well intentioned, the power it afforded the company, even though it was rarely exercised, was viewed as an attack on workers' liberty and human rights. Although many such people preferred to find their own accommodation, there were others who, for whatever reason, were never given an opportunity to reside in Port Sunlight. Perhaps Lever's observations on this matter are revealing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The private habits of an employee have really nothing to do with Lever Brothers providing the man is a good workman. At the same time, a good workman may have a wife of objectionable habits, or he may have objectionable habits himself, which make it undesirable to have him in the (Port Sunlight) village. . . . </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Lever, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197680-81chpt._7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197680-81chpt._7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is clear that skilful advertising and favourable publicity were major positive factors in the early success of Lever's enterprise. Much of the Sunlight brand "message" focussed on the alleviation of drudgery in the lives of working class housewives, targeted no doubt because of the increased spending power and improved education of that large section of the British population, the skilled workers. For inspiration, Lever turned to the United States and he seems to have had no reservations in adopting American methods in Above The Line (ATL) and Below The Line (BTL) advertising. One subtle proposition introduced from America was designed to persuade women that the toil of housework was responsible for an accelerated aging process, and that Sunlight Soap offered a form of liberation. This, and other similarly cautionary messages, were posted on hoardings and on the sides of buses together with pictures that underscored the slogans. Promotional literature, in the form of instructions about the best ways of using the company's products, was widely distributed, as well as allegorical accounts of their successful adoption by stylish – and totally fictional – upper-class ladies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197638-39chpt._6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197638-39chpt._6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the more remarkable Below The Line projects was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunlight_Year_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunlight Year Book (page does not exist)">Sunlight Year Book</a>, which was a type of almanac first introduced in 1895. These were quite substantial (the 1899 version had 480 pages) publications which evolved into a hard-backed and 'Profusely Illustrated' volume, described by the publisher as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Treasury of Useful Information of value to all Members of the Household. Including Calendar and Kindred Matter, British Colonies and Dependencies, Geography, Literature, Science, Fine Arts, Commerce, Architecture, Agriculture, Army and Navy, Sports and Pastimes, Cycling Maps, The Household, Medical, Port Sunlight, etc. Also Specially Written Story by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Besant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Besant">Sir Walter Besant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dustcoveredcurios_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dustcoveredcurios-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These books were distributed widely, and many were given to the head teachers of schools, causing protests from members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_Makers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soap Makers Association (page does not exist)">Soap Makers Association</a>. Other schemes adopted from the USA included competitions with cash prizes, coupons and tokens included in soap packaging, and sponsorship of worthy causes such as a lifeboat named Sunlight. The success of these schemes soon led to their adoption by Lever's competitors, although they eventually became difficult to sustain as raw material costs began to increase during the first decade of the twentieth-century, inducing most soap makers to phase them out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197640-41chpt._6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197640-41chpt._6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever's desire to directly influence the consumer led to the employment of "District Agents" whose tasks involved engaging directly with members of the public in order to advance the merits of the company's products, as well as to act as undercover agents who reported on anything they observed that could be useful to Port Sunlight. The success of this aspect of Lever's marketing strategy led to the first overseas manufacturing plant being established in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. 'Savonneries Helvetia' was the inspiration of the somewhat charismatic <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Lavanchy-Clarke" title="François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke">François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke</a>, Lever's District Agent in Switzerland who used the fledgling cinema industry as an advertising tool.<sup id="cite_ref-WWVC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWVC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of this venture led, by 1900, to the establishment of factories in Switzerland, Germany, Canada, the United States, Holland, and Australia with several others planned, while the Sunlight brand had been strengthened by the addition of Lifebuoy, Vim and Lux.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197641-43chpt._6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197641-43chpt._6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soap_combine">Soap combine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soap combine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soaptrust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Soaptrust.jpg/250px-Soaptrust.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Soaptrust.jpg/500px-Soaptrust.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon from The <i>Daily Mirror</i>, 22 October 1906; a parody of William Lever, whose factory was named "Port Sunlight"</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1905, many of the raw materials used in the manufacture of soap were being used by makers of <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a> and other new products, and in early 1906 it was clear that this increased demand was not temporary, and prices rose sharply. Concern in the soap-making industry was widespread and, in some cases, acute, competition became fierce, leading to increases in advertising expenses which served only to exacerbate an already critical situation. Lever himself considered, and then rejected, some rather drastic alterations to the Sunlight formula; eventually deciding on reducing the weight of the standard bar. In July 1906 he was asked to attend a meeting in Liverpool, called by a group of soap-makers based in the north of England. The result was an accord to put in motion changes that would effectively cartelise the industry by stifling competition and controlling prices to the consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonWebsterVorberg-Rugh2013118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonWebsterVorberg-Rugh2013118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusson1965225_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusson1965225-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197643-67chpt._6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197643-67chpt._6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever attempted to rationalise the formation of the Soap Trust by claiming that the industry would become more efficient, thus making cost savings that could be passed on to the consumer; assertions that could never be realised. Financial manoeuvres made by Lever were designed to maximise the Lever Brothers position within the cartel included takeovers and share issues, but as more people became aware of their plans, it was inevitable that information would be leaked to the press. Nevertheless, retrenchments were set in motion, including the cancellation of several substantial press advertising campaigns. By October, several newspapers were publishing articles about the Soap Trust, and some began to represent Lever as the leading character in an infamous conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197646-48chpt._6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197646-48chpt._6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardingEdwards201638_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardingEdwards201638-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headlines in the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evening_News_(London_newspaper)" title="The Evening News (London newspaper)">Evening News</a></i> proclaimed: "Soap Trust Arithmetic – How 15 ounces make a pound", "Dismissal of employees begins", and "Trust Soap Already Dearer". Other allegations included claims that the Trust was trying to control the available supplies of raw materials and that it was preparing to use 'unsavoury substances' in its soaps. Port Sunlight, parodied as 'Port Moonshine', was portrayed as a sweatshop, reports by disgruntled retailers were given prominent positions and readers were urged to buy products made by non-Trust manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197648-49chpt._6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197648-49chpt._6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Northcliffe" title="Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a> took a personal interest in the anti-Soap Trust campaign. While extending assurances of "the strictest impartiality" to Lever, Northcliffe's close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> revealed his support for the American's activities as a 'trustbuster'. Roosevelt's investigations of dishonest dealings among many American companies had been fully reported in Britain, eliciting a pious chorus of disapproval and claims that any similar wrongdoing by British firms would be unimaginable but Northcliffe, pointing to the existence of a British Tobacco Trust, was not convinced. He set in motion a campaign of investigative journalism, some of which seems to have verged upon persecution; the clear objective of which was to smash Lever's soap combine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197649-50chpt._6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197649-50chpt._6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign had a surprisingly rapid and strikingly negative impact on the member companies, particularly on Lever Brothers' businesses. By November 1906, Lever sales had fallen by sixty per cent compared with the previous year and Lever Brothers shares had lost around twenty-five per cent of their value; other members of the Combine experienced similarly devastating declines. Such conditions inevitably led to a reassessment of the position and, following a meeting of all firms involved in the alliance, but without the wholehearted approval of Lever himself, a decision was made to bring the organization to an end. Most of the members of the failed cartel found their reputations seriously tarnished, and none escaped financial damage; Lever estimated his losses at "considerably over half a million". For Northcliffe, this was clearly a victory of liberty over iniquity, a view reflected in the <i>Daily Mail</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s headline, "Public Opinion Smashed the Soap Trust".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197650-51chpt._6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197650-51chpt._6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spectator_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectator-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson196872–88_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson196872–88-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_Mail_libel_case"><i>Daily Mail</i> libel case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Daily Mail libel case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps naturally, Lever felt that the failure of the soap combine was the result of animosity and resentment directed at him personally, rather than as a consequence of its members' dishonesty. Having sought several opinions on the authority of his suit, he retained <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> and two juniors, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Edwin_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Edwin Smith">Frederick Edwin Smith</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Lord_Birkenhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a>. For the defendants, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Rufus Isaacs</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Reading" title="Marquess of Reading">Marquess of Reading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, assisted by another K.C. and two juniors, acted for <a href="/wiki/Associated_Newspapers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Newspapers Ltd">Associated Newspapers Ltd</a>. Lever's legal team were in no doubt of the outcome; as F.E. Smith reportedly observed "There is no answer to this action for libel and the damages must be enormous." On 15 July 1907 the case came up at Liverpool before Mr Justice Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudd201365–66_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd201365–66-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197651-57chpt._6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197651-57chpt._6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circumstances in which the trial took place were unusual in that, while Lever's legal team were accommodated at <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Manor" title="Thornton Manor">Thornton Manor</a>, Lord Northcliffe, the principal witness for the defence, was overseas and, according to Jolly, "had no intention of returning within range of any writ server while the case was on." It seems clear, therefore, that Northcliffe was in the wrong and, moreover, he knew that he would most probably lose the case: he reportedly offered Lever a public apology shortly before the start of the trial. For the plaintiff, Carson accused <a href="/wiki/Associated_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Newspapers">Associated Newspapers</a> of conducting a malicious campaign "with the object of smashing up Lever Brothers". Speaking for more than five hours, he listed a number of complaints and asked the jury to award punitive damages. He then called Lever as his first witness, inviting the leader of the defence team to "cross-examine him to his heart's content, and, when his time comes, I hope he will be able to follow my example and do the same, and call as his first witness his own client, Lord Northcliffe..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197652-53chpt._6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197652-53chpt._6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such was the impression of Lever's demeanour and testimony on the defence team that, as soon as the court was assembled on the following day, they capitulated completely. They also stated that, on behalf of their clients that they wished to retract completely "every imputation made upon Mr Lever's honour and integrity" and express their deepest regrets for having made such malicious attacks upon him. There followed a scene on the floor of the court wherein the legal teams literally haggled over the size of the financial settlement. In the end, the sum agreed to was £50,000, plus around £40,000 which was eventually awarded from individual newspapers. This victory was celebrated with a day's holiday at Port Sunlight, where Lever blithely addressed the employees and other spectators who cheered and applauded their hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenCook2003222_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenCook2003222-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197653-55chpt._6_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197653-55chpt._6-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever Brothers had indeed been seriously damaged by the press, as well as by rises in the costs of raw materials, but Lever hesitated to use the court awarded cash to bolster the company. Instead, he presented it all to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool University">Liverpool University</a>, bestowing significant sums to the faculties of Town Planning, Tropical Medicine, and Russian Studies, while making sure that an enduring record of the litigation was ensconced in the University library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197655-57chpt._6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197655-57chpt._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. When he found difficulties in obtaining more palm plantation concessions, he started looking elsewhere. In 1911, Lever signed a treaty with the Belgian Government to gain access to the palm oil of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> and opened his operation under a subsidiary of the Lever consortium named <i><a href="/wiki/Huileries_du_Congo_Belge" title="Huileries du Congo Belge">Huileries du Congo Belge</a></i> (HCB) after buying a concession for 750,000 hectares (1,900,000 acres) of forest for <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> production. The main coordinating base was established at <a href="/wiki/Lusanga,_Kwilu" title="Lusanga, Kwilu">Leverville</a> in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Kwango_District" title="Kwango District">district of Kwango</a>, later part of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Léopoldville (province)">Province of Léopoldville</a>. </p><p>The company town of Leverville was a project born out of the shared desire of the Belgian Government and of Lever Brothers to build a 'moral' form of capitalism in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Lever Brothers was an ideal partner, a company hailed for the social policies it had put in place in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. For Lever, HCB was expected to become the crowning achievement of his own brand of "moral capitalism". A few months before his death, Lord Leverhulme, as he then was, wrote in a private letter that the <i>Huileries</i> were "a business like none other we have. Perhaps <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> comes nearest to it in social work".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2008177_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008177-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1923, a Lever soap factory was built there, and by 1924 SAVCO (<i>Savonneries Congolaises</i>) was established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976107-131chpt._9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976107-131chpt._9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever's attitudes towards the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Congolese</a> were paternalistic and his views were much more progressive than most industrialists of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malcolm Hardman writes that "Lever observed and respected the intelligence and integrity of the Congolese he was allowed to meet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardman2017_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardman2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> William Lever, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a>, as he had become in December 1911, firmly believed that paid labour alongside the schools, hospitals and rations his company promised to provide would attract workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "the harshness and danger of the labour demanded from them, living in camps away from their homes, as well as the poor remuneration HCB offered, failed to interest them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failing to find sufficient voluntary workers, HCB turned to the Belgian colonial authorities, a brutal regime notorious for their use of a system of <i>travail forcé</i> (<a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>). The Belgians were "grateful to have a partnership with an enlightened entrepreneur to help salvage their battered reputation"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2008177_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2008177-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it allowed Lever to recruit the Congolese workforce he needed. Leverhulme's participation in this system of formalised labour has been documented by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Marchal" title="Jules Marchal">Jules Marchal</a>, who contends that, "Leverhulme set up a private kingdom reliant on the horrific Belgian system of forced labour, a program that reduced the population of Congo by half and accounted for more deaths than the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> holocaust".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archives show a record of Belgian administrators, missionaries and doctors protesting against the practices at the Lever plantations. Formal parliamentary investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Parliament">Belgian Parliament</a> were called for by members of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Socialist_Party" title="Belgian Socialist Party">Belgian Socialist Party</a>. </p><p>The company's former Congo plantations today operate under the control of <a href="/wiki/Feronia_Inc." title="Feronia Inc.">Feronia Inc</a>, employing approximately 4,000 people, acquired by the firm in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-feronia.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feronia.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewis_&_Harris"><span id="Lewis_.26_Harris"></span>Lewis & Harris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lewis & Harris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Talk:William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Special:EditPage/William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22">"William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_abandoned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lewis_abandoned.jpg/250px-Lewis_abandoned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lewis_abandoned.jpg/330px-Lewis_abandoned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lewis_abandoned.jpg/500px-Lewis_abandoned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Abandoned house, Lewis</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1918, by then in semi-retirement, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Leverhulme" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Leverhulme">Baron Leverhulme</a>, as he was now, bought the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Isle of Lewis</a> for £167,000 (equivalent to £19,800,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in late 1919 he bought the estate of <a href="/wiki/South_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="South Harris">South Harris</a> for £36,000; both in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>, Scotland. His plans for their future prosperity centred upon the application of modern science and his own business skills in establishing a large and thriving fishing industry. Although <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a> had a good harbour, there were many disadvantages to Lord Leverhulme's plans for the port. Its remoteness led to additional transport costs for ice, fuel, packaging, and anything else that had to be imported, as well as for the fish products, almost all of which was sold on the Scottish mainland. The place itself was, for various reasons, unpopular with sailors, and the local population's strict <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Presbyterian</a> observance of the Sabbath had a negative effect on fishing operations, while catches of varieties of fish other than herring were unfeasibly small. </p><p>Lord Leverhulme intended that the port should be improved and enlarged to attract landings of fish from visiting vessels to supplement catches made by local boats and his own fleet of modern drifters and trawlers. There would be an ice-making factory, and cargo vessels with refrigerated holds to take the fresh fish to a depot on the British mainland at <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, which was well placed to serve the industrial towns of the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>. Leverhulme also expanded the herring-curing capacity and enlarged the fish processing facilities with the installation of a canning factory, and a plant to make fishcakes, fishpaste, glue, animal feed, and fertiliser, with similar equipment being established at <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood" title="Fleetwood">Fleetwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical Integration">Vertical Integration</a> was apparently one of Leverhulme's main strategies for the island fisheries venture, and to this end he acquired retail fishmonger's shops in most of the UK's larger towns and cities: all were modernised and refitted, and their previous proprietors were installed as managers. This aspect of Lever's Hebridean venture was named <a href="/wiki/Mac_Fisheries" title="Mac Fisheries">Mac Fisheries</a>; the fleet of fishing vessels the MacLine Company. Mac Fisheries was a success, and it grew rapidly until there were over four hundred shops all purchasing fish from many different wholesale suppliers. Other food industry enterprises were acquired including Wall's, a manufacturer of ice-cream and sausages, and various companies specialising in different segments of the fish business, as well as several fishing fleet owners and operators. Although these developments brought tangible benefits to the people of Lewis, Leverhulme's plans did not suit everyone, and this anomaly created severe obstacles for his ambitious plans for the Western Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, Leverhulme's business strategies were comprehensive and meticulously set out. His plans for the island called for a reliable workforce, but although the inhabitants of Stornoway were generally well educated and hardworking, they were for the most part regularly employed and well paid. The largely <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Crofters" class="mw-redirect" title="Crofters">crofters</a>, on the other hand, were mainly subsistence farmers and many of them were squatters; and it was this section of the population that Leverhulme hoped to develop and recruit. The crofters were poor, but they were used to an independent lifestyle that was both long established and deeply ingrained in their psyche. Nevertheless, Leverhulme planned to entice them into becoming carbon copies of his <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> artisans by offering them an attractive alternative to their meagre smallholdings. He did not actively oppose the crofter's way of life, but neither did he support it as some thought he, as their patron, ought to have done. When the crofters learned about the money that was being expended on other projects, they began to resent his lack of support for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leverhulme did his utmost to woo the population of Lewis and to make himself – as well as his schemes – popular among all the islanders. This seems to have worked to some extent, but there were other sceptics whose voices were heard in government circles. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Munro,_1st_Baron_Alness" title="Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness">Robert Munro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Murray (Scottish politician)">Donald Murray</a>, the MP for the <a href="/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Na h-Eileanan an Iar (UK Parliament constituency)">Western Isles</a>, as well as a number of supporting characters including most of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, were anxious to redress past oppression of the Highlanders who had so recently served with outstanding bravery in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Small_Landholders_(Scotland)_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 (page does not exist)">The Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911</a> had empowered the Scottish Secretary, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">His Majesty's Government</a>, to acquire certain farms in the Highlands and Islands by compulsory purchase and to have them divided up to provide more crofts. In 1913, four farms on Lewis had been scheduled for take-over, but the action had been opposed by the proprietor at that time, and when the war with Germany broke out it was left in abeyance. Towards the end of the war, in the summer of 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Office" title="Scottish Office">Scottish Office</a> first proposed to Leverhulme that under the Small Landholders Act, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Agriculture">Board of Agriculture</a> should take possession of certain of his farms and create something fewer than a hundred and fifty crofts. He was against this, even though some local politicians believed that Leverhulme's project and the provision of more crofts were not mutually exclusive, but Leverhulme firmly believed that he could greatly improve living standards to an extent that crofting would become a forgotten way of life. He was also impatient with politicians' machinations and the laborious indolence of the political system that persisted with the "futile land reform" instead of adopting what he considered the most sensible course of action; to forget about new crofts and allow him, in the interests of expediency, to behave like the 'monarch' of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>. </p><p>Thus, by the beginning of 1919, the positions taken up by those involved were fairly well defined. Robert Munro, himself a Highlander, believed passionately in the reinstatement of the crofts and he also felt strongly that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Imperial Parliament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> was unlikely to tolerate any departure from the implementation of land reform, but he saw no reason why Lewis should not have Leverhulme's industrial schemes as well as more crofts. Leverhulme refused to budge, believing that the break-up of his farms would lead to seriously inefficient, probably unsustainable, and ultimately abandoned smallholdings as crofters moved away in search of better incomes. Ranged against this at least ostensibly reasonable prediction was the formidable influence wielded by prospective crofters away fighting in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, as well as by supporters of the Highland League which was politically dedicated to land reform. </p><p>In early March 1919, men started to take over Leverhulme's farms on Lewis. They drove off the farmers' livestock, demolished boundary walls, and staked out six-acre plots: by the summer sixteen out of the twenty-two farms on the island had been affected. Expecting Leverhulme's approval, the raiders were taken aback when he voiced his complete condemnation of their actions and asked them to withdraw from his land. Some left, but others erected shelters for their families on the stolen plots. Leverhulme was evidently not willing to prosecute ex-servicemen who were trying to secure homes for their families, and it seems unlikely that, under the circumstances, legal action would have succeeded. Instead, he toured Lewis trying to persuade them that their future lay with him and not in the crofting system. They were, however, extremely reluctant to abandon old ways and most of them continued to espouse the crofting way of life. </p><p>Attitudes began to harden and polarise, culminating in politicians pressing ahead with land reform and Leverhulme demanding a ten-year moratorium coupled with a thinly veiled threat to withdraw from his schemes. In early 1920, upon his return from a business trip to the US, Leverhulme learned that raiding had continued during his absence. By then, serious financial difficulties were besetting <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a> concerning the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Niger_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger Company">Niger Company</a>, making his decision about the Western Isles project relatively straightforward. With a pressing need to make significant savings, he announced his intention to concentrate his efforts on Stornoway and on Harris, and that all work in the country areas of Lewis would be abandoned forthwith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Harris was smaller in size and more scattered than that of Lewis. Consequently, Leverhulme's plans advanced there with very few problems. With permission from the locals, the fishing village of Obbe was renamed <a href="/wiki/Leverburgh" title="Leverburgh">Leverburgh</a>. On 3 September 1923, <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Viscount Leverhulme">Viscount Leverhulme</a>, as he had become the previous year, addressed the Stornoway Council and the Lewis District Council at a meeting which he had asked to be specially convened on that date. Lord Leverhulme asked them to take the land and make their system work, but only Stornoway, always on Leverhulme's side, accepted the gift, set up the Trust, and to a large extent made it work for the benefit of the town. Left with so much of the Island he no longer wanted, Leverhulme sold off as much as he could, but many of the buyers were interested principally in shooting and fishing. Leverhulme died in May 1925. Very soon thereafter, the Board of Lever Brothers gave orders for all development on Harris to stop, and so Leverhulme's scheme for the Western Isles perished with almost nothing achieved there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976197-235chpt._13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg/250px-William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg/330px-William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg/500px-William_Hesketh_Lever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Leverhulme, in a portrait painted in 1918 by <a href="/wiki/William_Strang" title="William Strang">William Strang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to serving in cabinet, Lever unsuccessfully contested <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency)">Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency)</a> in 1892, 1894, 1895, and also lost at <a href="/wiki/Ormskirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)">Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)</a> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lever was a lifelong supporter of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism#Europe" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a>. He was invited to contest elections for the Liberal Party. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)">Wirral constituency</a> between 1906 and 1909 and used his maiden speech in the House of Commons to urge <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>'s government to introduce a national old age pension, such as the one he provided for his workers. On the recommendation of the Liberal Party, he was created a baronet in 1911 and raised to the peerage as <b>Baron Leverhulme</b> on 21 June 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "hulme" element of his title being in honour of his wife, Elizabeth Hulme. </p><p>Lever had been <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, he was also <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire#House_of_Windsor" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">High Sheriff of Lancashire</a> in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1918 Lord Leverhulme was invited to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayors_of_Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mayors of Bolton">Mayor of Bolton</a> though he was not a councillor because the council wanted to honour a "Notable son of the Town" as a mark of the high regard the citizens of Bolton had for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayors_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayors-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elevated to the viscountcy on 27 November 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Lever received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrett_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lever's_homes"><span id="Lever.27s_homes"></span>Lever's homes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lever's homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to W.P. Jolly, "Of the dozen or so houses that Lever lived in, and upon which he stamped his own mark of reconstruction, the three most important were <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Manor" title="Thornton Manor">Thornton Manor</a>, The Hill at Hampstead in London, and The Bungalow at <a href="/wiki/Rivington" title="Rivington">Rivington</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197657chpt._6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197657chpt._6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further building he purchased was Rockhaven in 1899 in <a href="/wiki/Horwich" title="Horwich">Horwich</a>. It was built in 1820 by Richard Brownlow, a lawyer, who later became a recluse. It was acquired by Lever after Brownlow's death and was rented out until demolition in 1942, its land was used for coal mining.<sup id="cite_ref-bolton.org.uk_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolton.org.uk-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thornton_Manor,_Cheshire"><span id="Thornton_Manor.2C_Cheshire"></span>Thornton Manor, Cheshire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thornton Manor, Cheshire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, shortly after the birth of <a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William</a>, his only surviving child, Lever first rented then bought <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Manor" title="Thornton Manor">Thornton Manor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Hough" title="Thornton Hough">Thornton Hough</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Wirral" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wirral">the Wirral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. He subsequently acquired more land in the village and many of its picturesque, but outdated, houses were demolished and replaced with modern homes which were rented to <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> employees. The village was later provided with community amenities including a school, shops, social establishments and a church. Thornton Manor was restructured, and the gardens greatly extended.<sup id="cite_ref-thornton_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thornton-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197634-35chpt._5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197634-35chpt._5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hill_at_Hampstead">The Hill at Hampstead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Hill at Hampstead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg/250px-William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg/330px-William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg/500px-William_Hesketh_Lever_Blue_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>William Hesketh Lever blue plaque on the wall outside Inverforth House in Hampstead</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1904, Lever purchased The Hill, an Edwardian mansion at <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Inverforth_House" title="Inverforth House">Inverforth House</a> in 1925 after his death. He rebuilt the house and made additions including a wing on each side of the house, a ballroom and art gallery. In 1911 and 1914 he acquired two neighbouring properties to expand his garden. This led to a dispute with <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampstead Borough Council">Hampstead Borough Council</a> over Lever's intentions to take over a public right of way to join the two plots; an issue that was not resolved to his satisfaction. The Hill was his main home from 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976145chpt._10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976145chpt._10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly197657chpt._6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly197657chpt._6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bungalow_at_Rivington">The Bungalow at Rivington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Bungalow at Rivington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suffragette <a href="/wiki/Edith_Rigby" title="Edith Rigby">Edith Rigby</a> claimed to have set fire to Leverhulme's bungalow at <a href="/wiki/Rivington" title="Rivington">Rivington</a> on 7 July 1913, although it is suspected her confession was false.<sup id="cite_ref-rigby1913_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rigby1913-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEP1913_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEP1913-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEN1913_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEN1913-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The property contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_1913,_page_14_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_1913,_page_14-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lever died at 73 of pneumonia at his home in Hampstead on 7 May 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport-Hines2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral was attended by 30,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-pathe1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathe1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Port_Sunlight" title="Christ Church, Port Sunlight">Christ Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>. He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme</a>. </p><p>Lever was a major benefactor to his native town, <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, where he was made a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freeman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/County_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="County Borough">County Borough</a> in 1902. In 1899, he bought <a href="/wiki/Hall_i%27_th%27_Wood" title="Hall i' th' Wood">Hall i' th' Wood</a>, one time home of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a>, and restored it as a museum for the town. He donated 360 acres (150 hectares) of land and landscaped Lever Park in Rivington in 1902. Lever was responsible for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Bolton_School" title="Bolton School">Bolton School</a> after re-endowing Bolton Grammar School and Bolton High School for Girls in 1913. He donated the land for Bolton's largest park, <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Park" title="Leverhulme Park">Leverhulme Park</a>, in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-lpark_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpark-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 he donated £50 to the <a href="/wiki/Selborne_Society" title="Selborne Society">Selborne Society</a> campaign to purchase land in west London, as the "Gilbert White Memorial" - it is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Perivale_Wood" title="Perivale Wood">Perivale Wood</a> Local Nature Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever endowed a school of tropical medicine at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool University">Liverpool University</a>, gave <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a> in London to the British nation and endowed the <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Trust" title="Leverhulme Trust">Leverhulme Trust</a> set up to provide funding for education and research, the trust in 2017 became benefactor to <a href="/wiki/Rivington_and_Blackrod_High_School" title="Rivington and Blackrod High School">Rivington and Blackrod High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harper_Green_School" title="Harper Green School">Harper Green School</a>, both becoming Leverhulme Church of England Academies in Bolton. The garden of his former London residence '<a href="/wiki/Inverforth_House" title="Inverforth House">The Hill</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Mawson">Thomas Mawson</a>, is open to the public<sup id="cite_ref-thomasmawson.co.uk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomasmawson.co.uk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been renamed Inverforth House.<sup id="cite_ref-britishlistedbuildings.co.uk_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britishlistedbuildings.co.uk-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A blue plaque at Inverforth House commemorating Lever was unveiled by his great-granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lever,_3rd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme">Jane Heber-Percy</a>, in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-hamhigh.co.uk_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamhigh.co.uk-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lever built many houses in <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Hough" title="Thornton Hough">Thornton Hough</a> which became a model village comparable to Port Sunlight<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1906 built <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Thornton_Hough" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Church, Thornton Hough">Saint George's United Reformed Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urc_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urc-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery" title="Lady Lever Art Gallery">Lady Lever Art Gallery</a> opened in 1922 and is in the Port Sunlight conservation area. In 1915 Lever acquired a painting entitled <i>Suspense</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Barber" title="Charles Burton Barber">Charles Burton Barber</a>. The painting was previously owned by his competitor, A & F Pears, who used paintings such as <a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(painting)" title="Bubbles (painting)"><i>Bubbles</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a> to promote its products.<sup id="cite_ref-christies_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_popular_culture">In literature and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In literature and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Leverhulme's Hebridean venture was satirised by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Munro_(writer)" title="Neil Munro (writer)">Neil Munro</a> in his Erchie MacPherson story "The Coal Famine", first published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Evening_News" title="Glasgow Evening News">Glasgow Evening News</a></i> of 12th January 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_arms">Honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lever_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever Baronets">Lever Baronetcy</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Manor" title="Thornton Manor">Thornton Manor</a> (1911)<sup id="cite_ref-LG1911_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1911-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Leverhulme" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Leverhulme">Baron Leverhulme</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Bolton-le-Moors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton-le-Moors">Bolton-le-Moors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="County Palatine of Lancaster">County Palatine of Lancaster</a> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-LG1917_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1917-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Viscount Leverhulme">Viscount Leverhulme</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">The Western Isles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_and_Cromarty" title="Ross and Cromarty">Counties of Inverness and Ross and Cromarty</a> (1922)<sup id="cite_ref-LG1922_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1922-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">High Sheriff of Lancashire</a>, 1917</li></ul> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leverhulme_Achievement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Leverhulme_Achievement.png/220px-Leverhulme_Achievement.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Leverhulme_Achievement.png/330px-Leverhulme_Achievement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Leverhulme_Achievement.png/440px-Leverhulme_Achievement.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="694" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A trumpet fesswise thereon a cock Proper charged on the breast with a rose as in the arms.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Per pale Argent and barry of eight Or and Azure two bendlets Sable the upper one engrailed in sinister chief a chaplet Gules and in the dexter base a rose of the last leaved and seeded Proper.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>On either side an elephant Or charged on the shoulder with a rose Gules.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Mutare Vel Timere Sperno (I Scorn To Change Or Fear)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Debrett-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrett_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHesilrige1921">Hesilrige 1921</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolly1976-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolly1976_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJolly1976">Jolly 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchal2001348–368_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchal2001">Marchal 2001</a>, pp. 348–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2019-4"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820030912/http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/LotDetailsPrintable.aspx?intObjectID=226311">"19th Century European Paintings, Sculpture & Master Drawings, New York Auction, 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30150&rft.pages=6286&rft.date=1917-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30150%2Fpage%2F6286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG1922-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LG1922_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette32776" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32776/page/8793">"No. 32776"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 December 1922. p. 8793.</cite><span 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id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohenCook2003" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Ruth; Cook, P. Lesley (2003). <i>Effects of Mergers</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31346-9"><bdi>978-0-415-31346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effects+of+Mergers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31346-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Cook%2C+P.+Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavenport-Hines2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davenport-Hines, Richard (6 January 2011). 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M (1992). "The Masonic Collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery". <i>Journal of the History of Collections</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhc%2F4.2.285">10.1093/jhc/4.2.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6650">0954-6650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Collections&rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Collection+at+the+Lady+Lever+Art+Gallery&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhc%2F4.2.285&rft.issn=0954-6650&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=J.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardingEdwards2016" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Christopher; Edwards, Jennifer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghrtCwAAQBAJ"><i>Cartel Criminality: The Mythology and Pathology of Business Collusion</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-16963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-16963-5"><bdi>978-1-317-16963-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartel+Criminality%3A+The+Mythology+and+Pathology+of+Business+Collusion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-16963-5&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghrtCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardman2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, Malcolm (2017). <i>Global dilemmas : imperial Bolton-le-Moors from the hungry forties to the death of Leverhulme</i>. Madison. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-902-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-902-7"><bdi>978-1-61147-902-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987796852">987796852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+dilemmas+%3A+imperial+Bolton-le-Moors+from+the+hungry+forties+to+the+death+of+Leverhulme&rft.place=Madison&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987796852&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-902-7&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Roger (2003). <i>The Soap Man: Lewis, Harris and Lord Leverhulme</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-327-3"><bdi>978-1-84158-327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soap+Man%3A+Lewis%2C+Harris+and+Lord+Leverhulme&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84158-327-3&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJolly1976" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, W. P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAglAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lord Leverhulme: A Biography</i></a>. Constable & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-461070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-461070-5"><bdi>978-0-09-461070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Leverhulme%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-09-461070-5&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAglAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudd2013" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Denis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ"><i>Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935</i></a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30010-5"><bdi>978-0-571-30010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Reading%3A+Rufus+Isaacs%2C+First+Marquess+of+Reading%2C+Lord+Chief+Justice+and+Viceroy+of+India%2C+1860%E2%80%931935&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-571-30010-5&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQ9LAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Brian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXw7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>So clean : Lord Leverhulme, soap and civilization</i></a>. Manchester: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7804-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7804-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-7804-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181601639">181601639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+clean+%3A+Lord+Leverhulme%2C+soap+and+civilization&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181601639&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7804-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXw7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchal2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Marchal" title="Jules Marchal">Marchal, Jules</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gpmAAAACAAJ"><i>L'histoire du Congo, 1910–1945: Travail forcé pour l'huile de palme de Lord Leverhulme</i></a>. P. Bellings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782960012330" title="Special:BookSources/9782960012330"><bdi>9782960012330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27histoire+du+Congo%2C+1910%E2%80%931945%3A+Travail+forc%C3%A9+pour+l%27huile+de+palme+de+Lord+Leverhulme&rft.pub=P.+Bellings&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782960012330&rft.aulast=Marchal&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gpmAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusson1965" class="citation book cs1">Musson, A E (1965). <i>Enterprise in Soap and Chemicals: Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Limited 1815–1965</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0023-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-0023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enterprise+in+Soap+and+Chemicals%3A+Joseph+Crosfield+%26+Sons%2C+Limited+1815%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0023-2&rft.aulast=Musson&rft.aufirst=A+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOldfield" class="citation book cs1">Oldfield, Sybil. <i>This Working-day World: women's lives and culture(s) in Britain, 1914–1945</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Working-day+World%3A+women%27s+lives+and+culture%28s%29+in+Britain%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Sybil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2017" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Claire (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk/2017/10/02/hubris-and-colonial-capitalism-in-a-model-company-town-the-case-of-leverville-1911-1940-benoit-henriet/">"Hubris and colonial capitalism in a "model" company town. The case of Leverville, 1911-1940 – Benoît Henriet"</a>. <i>copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Hubris+and+colonial+capitalism+in+a+%22model%22+company+town.+The+case+of+Leverville%2C+1911-1940+%E2%80%93+Beno%C3%AEt+Henriet&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fhubris-and-colonial-capitalism-in-a-model-company-town-the-case-of-leverville-1911-1940-benoit-henriet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Spielvogel, Jackson J.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-xA71DxfFYC&pg=PA711"><i>Western Civilization: Since 1789</i></a>. Vol. 3 (7th ed.). Thomson Learning Academic Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495502906" title="Special:BookSources/9780495502906"><bdi>9780495502906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Since+1789&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning+Academic+Center&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780495502906&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-xA71DxfFYC%26pg%3DPA711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Olivia (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/story-port-sunlights-soap-king-17067676">"The story of Port Sunlight's 'soap king' and his model village"</a>. <i>Liverpool Echo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Port+Sunlight%27s+%27soap+king%27+and+his+model+village&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fliverpool-news%2Fstory-port-sunlights-soap-king-17067676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1968" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Charles (1968). "Chapter 6, The Crisis of 1906". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCGAAAAIAAJ"><i>The history of Unilever: a study in economic growth and social change</i></a>. London: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%2C+The+Crisis+of+1906&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Unilever%3A+a+study+in+economic+growth+and+social+change&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tCGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonWebsterVorberg-Rugh2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John F.; Webster, Anthony; Vorberg-Rugh, Rachael (2013). <i>Building Co-operation: A Business History of The Co-operative Group, 1863–2013</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965511-3"><bdi>978-0-19-965511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Co-operation%3A+A+Business+History+of+The+Co-operative+Group%2C+1863%E2%80%932013&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965511-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Vorberg-Rugh%2C+Rachael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergin1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Bergin, John Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2731602.pdf"><i>Nature and the Victorian Entrepreneur: Soap, Sunlight and Subjectivity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of Hull.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nature+and+the+Victorian+Entrepreneur%3A+Soap%2C+Sunlight+and+Subjectivity&rft.inst=University+of+Hull&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=John+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2731602.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalton" class="citation cs2">Halton, Maurice J, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227064121/http://englishessaypartners.co.uk/data/documents/William-Lever-and-Edith-Rigby.pdf"><i>William Lever and Edith Rigby, An examination of the evidence relating to the burning of Roynton Cottage at Rivington, Lancashire on Tuesday 8th July 1913</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishessaypartners.co.uk/data/documents/William-Lever-and-Edith-Rigby.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Lever+and+Edith+Rigby%2C+An+examination+of+the+evidence+relating+to+the+burning+of+Roynton+Cottage+at+Rivington%2C+Lancashire+on+Tuesday+8th+July+1913&rft.aulast=Halton&rft.aufirst=Maurice+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishessaypartners.co.uk%2Fdata%2Fdocuments%2FWilliam-Lever-and-Edith-Rigby.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHesilrige1921" class="citation book cs1">Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/557"><i>Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy</i></a>. 160A, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet street">Fleet street</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Dean_%26_Son" title="Dean & Son">Dean & Son</a>. p. 557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Peerage+and+Titles+of+courtesy&rft.place=160A%2C+Fleet+street%2C+London%2C+UK&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Dean+%26+Son&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hesilrige&rft.aufirst=Arthur+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebrettspeeraget00unse%2Fpage%2F557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbardShippobottom2005" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Edward; Shippobottom, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyxAsvy278MC&pg=PA4"><i>A Guide to Port Sunlight Village: Including Two Tours of the Village</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-455-5"><bdi>978-0-85323-455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Port+Sunlight+Village%3A+Including+Two+Tours+of+the+Village&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-455-5&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Shippobottom%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyxAsvy278MC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLever1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">Lever, William Hulme</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=On5mAAAAMAAJ"><i>Viscount Leverhulme: by his Son</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viscount+Leverhulme%3A+by+his+Son&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=William+Hulme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOn5mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchal2008" class="citation book cs1">Marchal, Jules (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbd2IAAACAAJ"><i>Lord Leverhulme's Ghosts: Colonial Exploitation in the Congo</i></a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-239-4"><bdi>978-1-84467-239-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Leverhulme%27s+Ghosts%3A+Colonial+Exploitation+in+the+Congo&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-239-4&rft.aulast=Marchal&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbd2IAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen2005" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Adam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wgs2UTYisEsC"><i>The King of Sunlight: How William Lever Cleaned Up the World</i></a>. Transworld Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-15087-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-15087-3"><bdi>978-0-552-15087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+of+Sunlight%3A+How+William+Lever+Cleaned+Up+the+World&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-552-15087-3&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgs2UTYisEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1960" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Nigel (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QZIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lord of the Isles: Lord Leverhulme of the Hebrides</i></a>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+Isles%3A+Lord+Leverhulme+of+the+Hebrides&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QZIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawson1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayton_Mawson" title="Thomas Hayton Mawson">Mawson, Thomas Hayton</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hT1wtAEACAAJ"><i>Bolton: A Study in Town Planning & Civic Art</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolton%3A+A+Study+in+Town+Planning+%26+Civic+Art&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhT1wtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Malcolm David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZO7AAAACAAJ"><i>Leverhulme's Rivington</i></a>. Wyre Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9526187-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9526187-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9526187-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leverhulme%27s+Rivington&rft.pub=Wyre+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9526187-3-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZO7AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_Lever,_1st_Viscount_Leverhulme" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme">William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28William+Lever%2C+1st+Viscount+Leverhulme%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1925%22%20AND%20Leverhulme%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-william-lever">contributions in Parliament by William Lever</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp63083">Portraits of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989190#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>Lever's Hampstead house and its garden (Hill Garden) are described in <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hampsteadheath.net/inverforth-house.html">Inverforth House, Hamstead Heath, London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salespeoplescharity.org.uk/">Salespeople's Charity, formerly known as The Commercial Travellers' Benevolent Institution</a> – a charity that Lord Leverhulme named in his will.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925113640/http://www.portsunlightvillage.com/page.asp?pageid=ATTRACTION">Port Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011337">Newspaper clippings about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hoult" title="Joseph Hoult">Joseph Hoult</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Wirral_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wirral (UK Parliament constituency)">Wirral</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>–<a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Stewart" title="Gershom Stewart">Gershom Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Leverhulme" title="Viscount Leverhulme">Viscount Leverhulme</a> </b><br />1922–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William Hulme Lever</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Leverhulme" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Leverhulme">Baron Leverhulme</a> </b><br />1917–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lever_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever Baronets">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Thornton Manor)<b> </b><br />1911–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lever,_2nd_Viscount_Leverhulme" title="William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme">William Hulme Lever</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1864" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1864" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122797602">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50022128">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/147706/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRCX4g6VpkcGpkw4KmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118819267">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leverhulme, William Hesketh Lever, Viscount, 1851-1925"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85052795">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12127988f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12127988f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p125151012">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007452391005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500014545">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/852334">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118819267">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029715040">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62n5cgq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unilever810" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0f0e9a; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unilever" title="Template:Unilever"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unilever" title="Template talk:Unilever"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unilever" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unilever"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unilever810" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Unilever</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0f0e9a; color:white;width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto-Culver" title="Alberto-Culver">Alberto-Culver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Unilever" title="Hindustan Unilever">Hindustan Unilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maille_(company)" title="Maille (company)">Maille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Australasia" title="Unilever Australasia">Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Bangladesh_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilever Bangladesh Limited">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilever Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilever Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Philippines" title="Unilever Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever_Pakistan" title="Unilever Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc." title="Elizabeth Arden, Inc.">Elizabeth Arden, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiFi" title="BiFi">BiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)" title="Calvin Klein (fashion house)">Calvin Klein</a> (Fragrances only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)" title="Fabergé (cosmetics)">Fabergé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton%27s_of_Gloucester" title="Gorton's of Gloucester">Gorton's of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limuru_Tea_Plc" title="Limuru Tea Plc">Limuru Tea Plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipton_Teas_and_Infusions" title="Lipton Teas and Infusions">Lipton Teas and Infusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Fisheries" title="Mac Fisheries">Mac Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Line" title="Palm Line">Palm Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Africa_Company" title="United Africa Company">United Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upfield_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upfield (company)">Upfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0f0e9a; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unilever_brands" title="List of Unilever brands"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Brands</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Boost (India)</li> <li>Bru (India)</li> <li>Buavita (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horlicks" title="Horlicks">Horlicks</a> (outside of the UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariwangi" title="Sariwangi">Sariwangi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amora_(mustard)" title="Amora (mustard)">Amora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s" title="Ben & Jerry's">Ben & Jerry's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovril" title="Bovril">Bovril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colman%27s" title="Colman's">Colman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conimex" title="Conimex">Conimex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental (brand)">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup-a-Soup" title="Cup-a-Soup">Cup-a-Soup</a> (except the UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grom_(company)" title="Grom (company)">Grom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmann%27s_and_Best_Foods" title="Hellmann's and Best Foods">Hellmann's/Best Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertog" title="Hertog">Hertog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibon" title="Kibon">Kibon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klik_(candy)" title="Klik (candy)">Klik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knorr_(brand)" title="Knorr (brand)">Knorr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_Choice" title="Lady's Choice">Lady's Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizano_sauce" title="Lizano sauce">Lizano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maille_(company)" title="Maille (company)">Maille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmite" title="Marmite">Marmite</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monumite" title="Monumite">Monumite</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfanni" title="Pfanni">Pfanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_Noodle" title="Pot Noodle">Pot Noodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot Rice">Pot Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafhan" title="Rafhan">Rafhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kensington%27s" title="Sir Kensington's">Sir Kensington's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talenti" title="Talenti">Talenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turun_sinappi" title="Turun sinappi">Turun sinappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unox" title="Unox">Unox</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="HeartbrandIce_cream70" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Heartbrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartbrand"><span style="color:white">Heartbrand</span></a><br />Ice cream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calippo" title="Calippo">Calippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornetto_(frozen_dessert)" title="Cornetto (frozen dessert)">Cornetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigo_(ice_cream)" title="Frigo (ice cream)">Frigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_Glace" title="GB Glace">GB Glace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss_Group" title="Strauss Group">Glidat Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HB_Ice_Cream" title="HB Ice Cream">HB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibon" title="Kibon">Kibon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwality_Wall%27s" title="Kwality Wall's">Kwality Wall's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Langnese">Langnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(ice_cream)" title="Magnum (ice cream)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogger" title="Nogger">Nogger</a></li> <li>Olá</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selecta_(dairy_products)" title="Selecta (dairy products)">Selecta</a> (joint venture with <a href="/wiki/RFM_Corporation" title="RFM Corporation">RFM Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solero_(ice_cream)" title="Solero (ice cream)">Solero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streets_(ice_cream)" title="Streets (ice cream)">Streets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gaytime" title="Golden Gaytime">Golden Gaytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_Pop" title="Paddle Pop">Paddle Pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennetta" title="Viennetta">Viennetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall%27s_(ice_cream)" title="Wall's (ice cream)">Wall's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HB_Wall%27s" title="HB Wall's">HB Wall's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Humor-Breyers" title="Good Humor-Breyers">Good Humor-Breyers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Humor" title="Good Humor">Good Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breyers" title="Breyers">Breyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_bar" title="Klondike bar">Klondike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choco_Taco" title="Choco Taco">Choco Taco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popsicle_(brand)" title="Popsicle (brand)">Popsicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickie_Dee" title="Dickie Dee">Dickie Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealtest_Dairy" title="Sealtest Dairy">Sealtest Dairy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0f0e9a;color:white;">Home <br />products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bio-Tex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeze_detergent" title="Breeze detergent">Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cif" title="Cif">Cif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_(fabric_softener)" title="Comfort (fabric softener)">Comfort</a></li> <li>Closan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestos" title="Domestos">Domestos</a></li> <li>Finitex</li> <li>Lever 2000</li> <li>Neutral</li> <li>Omo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persil" title="Persil">Persil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persil_Power" title="Persil Power">Persil Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persil_Service" title="Persil Service">Persil Service</a>) (brand owned by <a href="/wiki/Henkel" title="Henkel">Henkel</a>)</li> <li>Probat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinso" title="Rinso">Rinso</a> (except the United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Generation_Inc." 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H. Burford & Sons">W. H. 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