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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explicit_and_implicit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicit_and_implicit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Explicit and implicit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicit_and_implicit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_and_indirect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_and_indirect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Direct and indirect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_and_indirect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_and_non-critical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_and_non-critical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Critical and non-critical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_and_non-critical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media-centred_and_truth-_or_fiction-centred" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media-centred_and_truth-_or_fiction-centred"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Media-centred and truth- or fiction-centred</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-centred_and_truth-_or_fiction-centred-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miguel_de_Cervantes,_Don_Quixote,_Part_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miguel_de_Cervantes,_Don_Quixote,_Part_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Miguel de Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote, Part Two</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miguel_de_Cervantes,_Don_Quixote,_Part_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laurence_Sterne,_The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laurence_Sterne,_The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Laurence Sterne, <i>The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laurence_Sterne,_The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Lodge,_The_British_Museum_is_Falling_Down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Lodge,_The_British_Museum_is_Falling_Down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>David Lodge, <i>The British Museum is Falling Down</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Lodge,_The_British_Museum_is_Falling_Down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jasper_Fforde,_The_Eyre_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jasper_Fforde,_The_Eyre_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Jasper Fforde, <i>The Eyre Affair</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jasper_Fforde,_The_Eyre_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toby_Fox,_Undertale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toby_Fox,_Undertale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Toby Fox, <i>Undertale</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toby_Fox,_Undertale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthony_Horowitz,_The_Word_is_Murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthony_Horowitz,_The_Word_is_Murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Anthony Horowitz, <i>The Word is Murder</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthony_Horowitz,_The_Word_is_Murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metafiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiksie" title="Metafiksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metafiksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="قص ما ورائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قص ما ورائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="মেটাফিক্‌চন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেটাফিক্‌চন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaficci%C3%B3n" title="Metaficción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metaficción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaficci%C3%B3" title="Metaficció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metaficció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafikce" title="Metafikce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metafikce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiktion" title="Metafiktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metafiktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiktion" title="Metafiktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metafiktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταμυθοπλασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταμυθοπλασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaficci%C3%B3n" title="Metaficción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metaficción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafikcio" title="Metafikcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metafikcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماورای داستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماورای داستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tafiction" title="Métafiction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métafiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%83%80%ED%94%BD%EC%85%98" title="메타픽션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메타픽션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafikcija" title="Metafikcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metafikcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiksi" title="Metafiksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metafiksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafinzione" title="Metafinzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metafinzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90-%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מטא-בדיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטא-בדיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafictie" title="Metafictie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metafictie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="メタフィクション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メタフィクション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiksjon" title="Metafiksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metafiksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafikcja" title="Metafikcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metafikcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafic%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Metaficção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metaficção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Метапроза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метапроза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-fintzione" title="Meta-fintzione – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Meta-fintzione" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metafiction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafikcija" title="Metafikcija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metafikcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiktio" title="Metafiktio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metafiktio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiktion" title="Metafiktion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metafiktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cstkurmaca" title="Üstkurmaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üstkurmaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Метамистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метамистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="後設作品 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="後設作品" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q531067#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of fiction about fiction</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Metafiction</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> that emphasizes its own <a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">narrative structure</a> in a way that inherently reminds the audience that they are reading or viewing a fictional work. Metafiction is self-conscious about language, <a href="/wiki/Literary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary form">literary form</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Story-telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Story-telling">story-telling</a>, and works of metafiction directly or indirectly draw attention to their status as artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metafiction is frequently used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> or a tool to undermine <a href="/wiki/Genre_studies#Literary_conventions" title="Genre studies">literary conventions</a> and explore the relationship between literature and reality, life and art.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although metafiction is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern literature</a> that developed in the mid-20th century, its use can be traced back to much earlier works of fiction, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, 1387), <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> Part Two (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, 1615), <i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Valentin_Andreae" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Valentin Andreae">Johann Valentin Andreae</a>, 1617), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_Dream_of_the_Nine" title="The Cloud Dream of the Nine">The Cloud Dream of the Nine</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Man-jung" title="Kim Man-jung">Kim Man-jung</a>, 1687), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>, 1759), <i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, 1833–34),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>, 1847). </p><p>Metafiction became particularly prominent in the 1960s, with works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_the_Funhouse" title="Lost in the Funhouse">Lost in the Funhouse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Fire" title="Pale Fire">Pale Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, "The Babysitter" and "The Magic Poker" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coover" title="Robert Coover">Robert Coover</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five" title="Slaughterhouse-Five">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jensen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jensen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman" title="The French Lieutenant's Woman">The French Lieutenant's Woman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles">John Fowles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49" title="The Crying of Lot 49">The Crying of Lot 49</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, and <i>Willie Master's Lonesome Wife</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a>. </p><p>Since the 1980s, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Latino_literature" title="Latino literature">Latino literature</a> has an abundance of self-reflexive, metafictional works, including novels and short stories by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Caramelo" title="Caramelo">Caramelo</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Plascencia" title="Salvador Plascencia">Salvador Plascencia</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Paper" title="The People of Paper">The People of Paper</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Maria_Machado" title="Carmen Maria Machado">Carmen Maria Machado</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Her_Body_and_Other_Parties" title="Her Body and Other Parties">Her Body and Other Parties</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rita_Indiana" title="Rita Indiana">Rita Indiana</a> (<i>Tentacle</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Luiselli" title="Valeria Luiselli">Valeria Luiselli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Children_Archive" title="Lost Children Archive">Lost Children Archive</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in Latin America, but much earlier, Ecuadorian writer <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Palacio_(writer)" title="Pablo Palacio (writer)">Pablo Palacio</a> published his experimental novella <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9bora" title="Débora">Débora</a></i> in October 1927. Some of the techniques he employed in the book include <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">stream of consciousness</a> and metafiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoonrod_Martínez200444–45_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoonrod_Martínez200444–45-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'metafiction' was coined in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a> in his book <i>Fiction and the Figures of Life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gass describes the increasing use of metafiction at the time as a result of authors developing a better understanding of the medium. This new understanding of the medium led to a major change in the approach toward fiction. Theoretical issues became more prominent aspects, resulting in increased self-reflexivity and formal uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholes" title="Robert Scholes">Robert Scholes</a> expands upon Gass's theory and identifies four forms of criticism on fiction, which he refers to as formal, behavioural, structural, and philosophical criticism. Metafiction assimilates these perspectives into the fictional process, putting emphasis on one or more of these aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These developments were part of a larger movement (arguably a meta referential turn<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which, approximately from the 1960s onwards, was the consequence of an increasing social and cultural self-consciousness, stemming from, as <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Waugh" title="Patricia Waugh">Patricia Waugh</a> puts it, "a more general cultural interest in the problem of how human beings reflect, construct and mediate their experience in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this development, an increasing number of novelists rejected the notion of rendering the world through fiction. The new principle became to create through the medium of language a world that does not reflect the real world. Language was considered an "independent, self-contained system which generates its own 'meanings.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a means of mediating knowledge of the world. Thus, literary fiction, which constructs worlds through language, became a model for the construction of 'reality' rather than a reflection of it. Reality itself became regarded as a construct instead of objective truth. Through its formal self-exploration, metafiction thus became the device that explores the question of how human beings construct their experience of the world. </p><p>Robert Scholes identifies the time around 1970 as the peak of experimental fiction (of which metafiction is an instrumental part) and names a lack of commercial and critical success as reasons for its subsequent decline.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development toward metafictional writing in postmodernism generated mixed responses. Some critics argued that it signified the decadence of the novel and an exhaustion of the artistic capabilities of the medium, with some going as far as to call it the '<a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_novel" title="Death of the novel">death of the novel</a>'. Others see the self-consciousness of fictional writing as a way to gain a deeper understanding of the medium and a path that leads to innovation that resulted in the emergence of new forms of literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Historiographic_metafiction" title="Historiographic metafiction">historiographic novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hutcheon" title="Linda Hutcheon">Linda Hutcheon</a>. </p><p>Video games also started to draw on concepts of metafiction, particularly with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">independent video games</a> in the 2010s. Games like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(video_game)" title="The Magic Circle (video game)">The Magic Circle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beginner%27s_Guide" title="The Beginner's Guide">The Beginner's Guide</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pony_Island" title="Pony Island">Pony Island</a></i> use various techniques as to have the player question the bounds between the fiction of the video game and the reality of them playing the game.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Werner Wolf, metafiction can be differentiated into four pairs of forms that can be combined with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explicit_and_implicit">Explicit and implicit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Explicit and implicit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Explicit metafiction is identifiable through its use of clear metafictional elements on the surface of a text. It comments on its own artificiality and is quotable. Explicit metafiction is described as a mode of telling. An example would be a narrator explaining the process of creating the story they are telling. </p><p>Rather than commenting on the text, implicit metafiction foregrounds the medium or its status as an artifact through various, for example disruptive, techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Metalepsis" title="Metalepsis">metalepsis</a>. It relies more than other forms of metafiction on the reader's ability to recognize these devices to evoke a metafictional reading. Implicit metafiction is described as a mode of showing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_and_indirect">Direct and indirect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct and indirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct metafiction establishes a reference within the text one is just reading. In contrast to this, indirect metafiction consists in metareferences external to this text, such as reflections on other specific literary works or genres (as in parodies) and general discussions of an aesthetic issue. Since there is always a relationship between the text in which indirect metafiction occurs and the referenced external texts or issues, indirect metafiction always impacts the text one is reading, albeit in an indirect way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_and_non-critical">Critical and non-critical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Critical and non-critical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critical metafiction aims to find the artificiality or fictionality of a text in some critical way, which is frequently done in <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernist</a> fiction. Non-critical metafiction does not criticize or undermine the artificiality or fictionality of a text and can, for example, be used to "suggest that the story one is reading is authentic".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media-centred_and_truth-_or_fiction-centred">Media-centred and truth- or fiction-centred</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media-centred and truth- or fiction-centred"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While all metafiction somehow deals with the medial quality of fiction or narrative and is thus generally media-centred, in some cases there is an additional focus on the truthfulness or inventiveness (fictionality) of a text, which merits mention as a specific form. The suggestion of a story being authentic (a device frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realistic</a> fiction) would be an example of (non-critical) truth-centred metafiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Metafiction" title="Special:EditPage/Metafiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miguel_de_Cervantes,_Don_Quixote,_Part_Two"><span id="Miguel_de_Cervantes.2C_Don_Quixote.2C_Part_Two"></span>Miguel de Cervantes, <i>Don Quixote, Part Two</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Part Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1615, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> published a second part to his <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, which had appeared ten years earlier in 1605 (the two parts are now normally published together). Cervantes produced the sequel partially because of his anger at a spurious Part Two that had appeared in 1614 written by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fernandez_de_Avellaneda" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda">Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda</a>. In Cervantes's Part Two, several of the characters are assumed to have read Part One, and are thus familiar with the history and eccentricities of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. In particular, an unnamed Duke and Duchess are delighted at meeting the pair they have read about and use their wealth to devise elaborate tricks and practical jokes playing on their knowledge. For example, knowing from Part One that Sancho dreams of becoming governor of a province, they arrange for a sham governorship of a village on their estate. At one later point, Don Quixote visits a printing house where Avellaneda's book is being printed and the protagonists encounter a character from that book, whom they make swear that the Quixote and Sancho in Avellaneda's book are imposters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laurence_Sterne,_The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman"><span id="Laurence_Sterne.2C_The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy.2C_Gentleman"></span>Laurence Sterne, <i>The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laurence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is with LOVE as with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuckoldom" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuckoldom">CUCKOLDOM</a>— </p><p>—But now I am talking of beginning a book, and have long had a thing upon my mind to be imparted to the reader, which if not imparted now, can never be imparted to him as long as I live (whereas the COMPARISON may be imparted to him any hour of the day)—I'll just mention it, and begin in good earnest. </p><p>The thing is this. </p><p> Of the several ways of beginning a book which is now in practice throughout the known world, I am confident my own way of doing it is the best—I'm sure it is the most religious—for I begin with writing the first sentence—and trusting to Almighty God for the second.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this scene <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">Tristram Shandy</a>, the eponymous character and narrator of the novel, foregrounds the process of creating literature as he interrupts his previous thought and begins to talk about the beginnings of books. The scene evokes an explicitly metafictional response to the problem (and by addressing a problem of the novel one is just reading but also a general problem, the excerpt is thus an example of both direct and indirect metafiction, which may additionally be classified as generally media-centred, non-critical metafiction). Through the lack of context to this sudden change of topic (writing a book is not a plot point, nor does this scene take place at the beginning of the novel, where such a scene might be more willingly accepted by the reader) the metafictional reflection is foregrounded. Additionally, the narrator addresses readers directly, thereby confronting readers with the fact that they are reading a constructed text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Lodge,_The_British_Museum_is_Falling_Down"><span id="David_Lodge.2C_The_British_Museum_is_Falling_Down"></span>David Lodge, <i>The British Museum is Falling Down</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: David Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Has it ever occurred to you that novelists are using up experience at a dangerous rate? No, I see it hasn't. Well, then, consider that before the novel emerged as the dominant literary form, narrative literature dealt only with the extraordinary or the allegorical – with kings and queens, giants and dragons, sublime virtue and diabolic evil. There was no risk of confusing that sort of thing with life, of course. But as soon as the novel got going, you might pick up a book at any time and read about an ordinary chap called Joe Smith doing just the sort of things you did yourself. Now, I know what you're going to say – you're going to say that the novelist still has to invent a lot. But that's just the point: there've been such a fantastic number of novels written in the past couple of centuries that they've just about exhausted the possibilities of life. So all of us, you see, are really enacting events that have already been written about in some novel or other.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This scene from <i><a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Is_Falling_Down" title="The British Museum Is Falling Down">The British Museum Is Falling Down</a></i> (1965) features several instances of metafiction. First, the speaker, Adam Appleby (the protagonist of the novel) discusses the change the rise of the novel brought upon the literary landscape, specifically with regard to thematic changes that occurred. Second, he talks about the <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimetic</a> aspect of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> novels. Third, he alludes to the notion that the capabilities of literature have been exhausted, and thus to the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_novel" title="Death of the novel">death of the novel</a> (all of this is explicit, critical indirect metafiction). Fourth, he covertly foregrounds the fact that the characters in the novel are fictional characters, rather than masking this aspect, as would be the case in non-metafictional writing. Therefore, this scene features metafictional elements with reference to the medium (the novel), the form of art (literature), a genre (realism), and arguably also lays bare the fictionality of the characters and thus of the novel itself (which could be classified as critical, direct, fiction-centred metafiction). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jasper_Fforde,_The_Eyre_Affair"><span id="Jasper_Fforde.2C_The_Eyre_Affair"></span>Jasper Fforde, <i>The Eyre Affair</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jasper Fforde, The Eyre Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eyre_Affair" title="The Eyre Affair">The Eyre Affair</a></i> (2001) is set in an alternative history in which it is possible to enter the world of a work of literature through the use of a machine. In the novel, literary detective <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Next" title="Thursday Next">Thursday Next</a> chases a criminal through the world of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i>. This paradoxical transgression of narrative boundaries is called <a href="/wiki/Metalepsis" title="Metalepsis">metalepsis</a>, an implicitly metafictional device when used in literature. Metalepsis has a high inherent potential to disrupt <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_illusion" title="Aesthetic illusion">aesthetic illusion</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confronts the reader with the fictionality of the text. However, as metalepsis is used as a plot device that has been introduced as part of the world of <i>The Eyre Affair</i> it can, in this instance, have the opposite effect and is compatible with immersion. It can thus be seen as an example of metafiction that does not (necessarily) break the aesthetic illusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toby_Fox,_Undertale"><span id="Toby_Fox.2C_Undertale"></span>Toby Fox, <i>Undertale</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toby Fox, Undertale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One contemporary example of metafiction in a video game is <i><a href="/wiki/Undertale" title="Undertale">Undertale</a></i>, a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing game</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Toby_Fox" title="Toby Fox">Toby Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temmie_Chang" title="Temmie Chang">Temmie Chang</a>. <i>Undertale</i> has many examples of metafiction, with the largest overall example being how the game uses one of its characters, "Flowey the Flower", to predict how the player will view and interact with the game. Flowey was given the ability to "save/load" the game, like how a player is able to save/load a game file in most video games. Flowey uses their powers to see the world play out differently based on his actions, such as being nice to everyone, and killing everyone. This follows a similar way the player would experience the game, being nice to everyone, and being prepared to murder everyone. However, Flowey stops you, and directly asks you not to restart the game after the "True Pacifist" route, requesting you let the characters live their life in the best possible way. This presents the player with an indirect choice, to ignore Flowey, or to ignore the game. The game is fully prepared for both of these options, and, if you perform a "Genocide" route by ignoring Flowey and killing everyone, he assists the player in their mass murder, until Flowey is killed as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthony_Horowitz,_The_Word_is_Murder"><span id="Anthony_Horowitz.2C_The_Word_is_Murder"></span>Anthony Horowitz, <i>The Word is Murder</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anthony Horowitz, The Word is Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British mystery novelist and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a> took a highly metafictional approach to his series of satirical murder mysteries that began with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_is_Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="The Word is Murder">The Word is Murder</a></i> in 2017. Horowitz casts himself as a modern-day <a href="/wiki/Dr._Watson" title="Dr. Watson">Dr. Watson</a> who is hired by a brilliant but enigmatic ex-Scotland Yard man named Daniel Hawthorne to chronicle Hawthorne's cases. Alongside the mystery plots, Horowitz mixes anecdotes about his own professional and personal life as a TV writer living in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">Fourth wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_manuscript" title="Found manuscript">Found manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metafictional_works" title="List of metafictional works">List of metafictional works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1984" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Patricia (1984). <i>Metafiction – The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction</i>. London, New York: Routledge. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metafiction+%E2%80%93+The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Self-Conscious+Fiction&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImhof1986" class="citation book cs1">Imhof, Rüdiger (1986). <i>Contemporary Metafiction – A Poetological Study of Metafiction in English since 1939</i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Metafiction+%E2%80%93+A+Poetological+Study+of+Metafiction+in+English+since+1939&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Carl+Winter+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Imhof&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaRocca2017" class="citation journal cs1">LaRocca, David (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8080152">"Translating Carlyle: Ruminating on the Models of Metafiction at the Emergence of an Emersonian Vernacular"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>8</b> (8): 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8080152">10.3390/rel8080152</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Translating+Carlyle%3A+Ruminating+on+the+Models+of+Metafiction+at+the+Emergence+of+an+Emersonian+Vernacular&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel8080152&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=LaRocca&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel8080152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jensen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jensen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Mikkel (2 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546">"Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Explicator" title="The Explicator">The Explicator</a></i>. <b>74</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00144940.2015.1133546">10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4940">0014-4940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509316">162509316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Explicator&rft.atitle=Janus-Headed+Postmodernism%3A+The+Opening+Lines+of+Slaughterhouse-Five&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0014-4940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00144940.2015.1133546&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Mikkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00144940.2015.1133546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGONZÁLEZ2015" class="citation book cs1">GONZÁLEZ, CHRISTOPHER (28 December 2015). <i>Reading Junot Diaz</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt19705td">10.2307/j.ctt19705td</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8124-4"><bdi>978-0-8229-8124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Junot+Diaz&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt19705td&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8124-4&rft.aulast=GONZ%C3%81LEZ&rft.aufirst=CHRISTOPHER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález,_Christopher2017" class="citation book cs1">González, Christopher (2017). <i>Permissible narratives : the promise of Latino/a literature</i>. 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(1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fictionfiguresof0001gass"><i>Fiction and the Figures of Life</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fictionfiguresof0001gass/page/24">24</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394469669" title="Special:BookSources/9780394469669"><bdi>9780394469669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiction+and+the+Figures+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780394469669&rft.aulast=Gass&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffictionfiguresof0001gass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes1979" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Robert (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fabulationmetafi0000scho"><i>Fabulation and Metafiction</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fabulationmetafi0000scho/page/111">111</a>–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulation+and+Metafiction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=111-115&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffabulationmetafi0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Werner, ed. (2011). <i>The Metareferential Turn in Contemporary Arts and Media: Forms, Functions, Attempts at Explanation</i>. Studies in Intermediality 5. Amsterdam: Rodopi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metareferential+Turn+in+Contemporary+Arts+and+Media%3A+Forms%2C+Functions%2C+Attempts+at+Explanation&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+Intermediality+5&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1984" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Patricia (1984). <i>Metafiction – The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction</i>. London, New York: Routledge. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metafiction+%E2%80%93+The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Self-Conscious+Fiction&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes1979" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Robert (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fabulationmetafi0000scho"><i>Fabulation and Metafiction</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fabulationmetafi0000scho/page/124">124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulation+and+Metafiction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffabulationmetafi0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuncy2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Muncy, Julie (18 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/01/metafiction-games/">"The Best New Videogames Are All About ... Videogames"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Best+New+Videogames+Are+All+About+...+Videogames&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.aulast=Muncy&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F01%2Fmetafiction-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Werner (2009). "Metareference across Media: The Concept, its Transmedial Potentials and Problems, Main Forms and Functions". <i>Metareference across Media: Theory and Case Studies</i>. Studies in Intermediality 4, eds. Werner Wolf, Katharina Bantleon, and Jeff Thoss. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Werner (2009). "Metareference across Media: The Concept, its Transmedial Potentials and Problems, Main Forms and Functions". <i>Metareference across Media: Theory and Case Studies</i>. Studies in Intermediality 4, eds. Werner Wolf, Katharina Bantleon, and Jeff Thoss. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterne, Laurence (1759-1767/2003). <i>The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</i>. London: Penguin. p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLodge1965" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, David (1965). <i>The British Museum Is Falling Down</i>. London: McGibbon & Kee. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Museum+Is+Falling+Down&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=McGibbon+%26+Kee&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalina2002" class="citation book cs1">Malina, Debra (2002). <i>Breaking the Frame: Metalepsis and the Construction of the Subject</i>. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Frame%3A+Metalepsis+and+the+Construction+of+the+Subject&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Malina&rft.aufirst=Debra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoonrod_Martínez2004" class="citation book cs1">Coonrod Martínez, Elizabeth (2004). "The Latin American Innovative Novel of the 1920s: A Comparative Reassessment". In McClennen, Sophia A.; Fitz, Earl E. (eds.). <i>Comparative Cultural Studies and Latin America</i>. Indiana, United States: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-358-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-358-6"><bdi>978-1-55753-358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Latin+American+Innovative+Novel+of+the+1920s%3A+A+Comparative+Reassessment&rft.btitle=Comparative+Cultural+Studies+and+Latin+America&rft.place=Indiana%2C+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-358-6&rft.aulast=Coonrod+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetafiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Currie, Mark (ed.). <i>Metafiction</i>, Longman, 1995.</li> <li>Dean, Andrew. <i>Metafiction and the Postwar Novel: Foes, Ghosts, and Faces in the Water</i>, Oxford University Press, 2021.</li> <li>Gass, William H., <i>Fiction and the Figures of Life</i>, Alfred A. Knopf, 1970</li> <li>Heginbotham, Thomas "The Art of Artifice: Barth, Barthelme and the metafictional tradition" (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifile.it/s5k1md6/The%20Art%20of%20Artifice.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hutcheon" title="Linda Hutcheon">Hutcheon, Linda</a>, <i>Narcissistic Narrative. The Metafictional Paradox</i>, Routledge 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06567-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06567-4">0-415-06567-4</a>.</li> <li>Hutcheon, Linda. <i>A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction</i>, Routledge, 1988, ISBN 0-415-00705-4.</li> <li>Levinson, Julie, "Adaptation, Metafiction, Self-Creation," <i>Genre: Forms of Discourse and Culture</i>. Spring 2007, vol. 40: 1.</li> <li>Scholes, Robert, <i>Fabulation and Metafiction,</i> University of Illinois Press 1979.</li> <li>The Metafiction Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metafictiondatabase.org/">Metafiction</a></li> <li>Waugh, Patricia, <i>Metafiction – The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction,</i> Routledge 1984.</li> <li>Werner Wolf, ed., in collaboration with Katharina Bantleon and Jeff Thoss. <i>The Metareferential Turn in Contemporary Arts and Media: Forms, Functions, Attempts at Explanation. Studies in Intermediality 5,</i> Rodopi 2011.</li> <li>Werner Wolf, ed., in collaboration with Katharina Bantleon, and Jeff Thoss. <i>Metareference across Media: Theory and Case Studies. Studies in Intermediality 4,</i> Rodopi 2009.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&oldid=1280236052">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metafiction&oldid=1280236052</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metafiction" title="Category:Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_aesthetics" title="Category:Concepts in aesthetics">Concepts in aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts in epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_concepts" title="Category:Literary concepts">Literary concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_themes" title="Category:Science fiction themes">Science fiction themes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_about_literature" title="Category:Literature about literature">Literature about literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metafictional_techniques" title="Category:Metafictional techniques">Metafictional techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Narratology" title="Category:Narratology">Narratology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophical_theories" title="Category:Philosophical theories">Philosophical theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parodies" title="Category:Parodies">Parodies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2023">Use dmy dates from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2025">Articles needing additional references from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_January_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2025">Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 11:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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