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<li id="toc-Digital_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Digital era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_correlatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_correlatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Table of correlatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_correlatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Compound formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature and publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_of_Ido" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_of_Ido"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols of Ido</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_of_Ido-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Ido_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Ido_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International Ido conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Ido_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ido</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%B6" title="ኢዶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢዶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Аидо – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аидо" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88" title="لغة إيدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة إيدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idu_aru" title="Idu aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Idu aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0do_dili" title="İdo dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdo dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایدو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido-g%C3%AD" title="Ido-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ido-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Іда (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іда (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Іда (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іда (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(tataramon)" title="Ido (tataramon) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ido (tataramon)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(pinulongan)" title="Ido (pinulongan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ido (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolinguo" title="Idolinguo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Idolinguo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(Sprache)" title="Ido (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ido (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ίντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngua_Ido" title="Léngua Ido – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Léngua Ido" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="زبان ایدو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایدو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(taal)" title="Ido (taal) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ido (taal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Ddis" title="An Ídis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ídis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido-ng%C3%AE" title="Ido-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ido-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="이도 (언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이도 (언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(harshe)" title="Ido (harshe) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ido (harshe)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Իդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="ईडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ido" title="Bahasa Ido – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ido" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ido" title="Lingua ido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua ido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="אידו (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אידו (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="იდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiido" title="Kiido – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiido" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Идо (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Идо (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoava" title="Idoava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Idoava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AEdo" title="Zimanê îdo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îdo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_nyelv" title="Ido nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ido nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="इदो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इदो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ایدو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایدو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ido" title="Bahasa Ido – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ido" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(taal)" title="Ido (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ido (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="イド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title="ਈਡੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਡੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88" title="آئیڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱤᱫᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱫᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_leid" title="Ido leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ido leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_ido" title="Gjuha ido – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha ido" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඉඩෝ භහසාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉඩෝ භහසාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD-Ido" title="Sí-Ido – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sí-Ido" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuqada_Ido" title="Luuqada Ido – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luuqada Ido" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Ido" title="Wikang Ido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Ido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இத்தோ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தோ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Идо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Идо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="ภาษาอีโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอีโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0do_dili" title="İdo dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İdo dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ідо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88" title="ایڈو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ئىدو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىدو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ido" title="Tiếng Ido – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ido" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido" title="Ido – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ido" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="伊多语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊多语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="伊多語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊多語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0do" title="İdo – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İdo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="伊多語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊多語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ido" title="Basa Ido – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Ido" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ido" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ido" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&oldid=1282401936" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li 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file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ido_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ido" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1162" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ido" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35224" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constructed international auxiliary language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ido_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ido (disambiguation)">Ido (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Ido</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;"><i>Ido</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ido_(new).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="io-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈido]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Delegation_for_the_Adoption_of_an_International_Auxiliary_Language" title="Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language">Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Users</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(100–200 cited 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />26 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-StatFin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatFin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Esperanto" title="Proto-Esperanto">Proto-Esperanto</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantido</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ido</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Sources</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">based on the <a href="/wiki/1894_Esperanto_reform_project" title="1894 Esperanto reform project">1894 Esperanto reform project</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniono_por_la_Linguo_Internaciona_Ido" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido">Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=io">io</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>ido</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ido" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ido">ido</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/idoo1234">idoo1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAB-db">51-AAB-db</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:cream; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal; color:white;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ido_(new).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ido flag"><img alt="Ido flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ido_%28new%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ido flag</figcaption></figure> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">Ido</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid blue; background:transparent; text-align:left; color:cream;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">Language</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniono_por_la_Linguo_Internaciona_Ido" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">vs. Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">vs. Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">vs. Novial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid blue; background:transparent; text-align:left; color:cream;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:blue">History</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Beaufront" title="Louis de Beaufront">Beaufront</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Couturat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Jespersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_for_the_Adoption_of_an_International_Auxiliary_Language" title="Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language">Delegation for the Adoption of an<br />International Auxiliary Language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid blue; background:transparent; text-align:left; color:cream;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">Auxiliary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid blue; background:transparent; text-align:left; color:cream;;color: var(--color-base)">Wikimedia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontispico" class="extiw" title="io:Frontispico">Wikipedio</a></li> <li><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:Wikivortaro:Frontispico" class="extiw" title="io:wikt:Wikivortaro:Frontispico">Wikivortaro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ido_sidebar" title="Template:Ido sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ido_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ido sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ido_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ido sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ido</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">a reformed version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, and similarly designed with the goal of being a <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">universal second language</a> for people of diverse backgrounds. To function as an effective <i>international auxiliary language</i>, Ido was specifically designed to be <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographically</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicographically</a> <a href="/wiki/Regular_inflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular inflection">regular</a> (and, above all, easy to learn and use). It is the most successful of the many <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> derivatives, called <i><a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantidoj</a>.</i> </p><p>Ido was created in 1907 out of a desire to reform perceived flaws in Esperanto, a language that had been created 20 years earlier to facilitate international communication. The name comes from the Esperanto word <i><i lang="eo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ido#Esperanto" class="extiw" title="wikt:ido">ido</a></i></i>, meaning "offspring",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the language is a "descendant" of Esperanto. After its inception, Ido gained support from some in the Esperanto community. A setback occurred with the sudden death in 1914 of one of its most influential proponents, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Louis Couturat</a>. In 1928, leader <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a> left the movement for his own language <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a>. </p><p>Ido declined in popularity for two reasons: the emergence of further schisms arising from competing reform projects, and a general lack of awareness of Ido as a candidate for an international language. These obstacles weakened the movement and it was not until the rise of the Internet that it began to regain momentum. </p><p>Ido uses the same 26 letters as the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">English (Latin) alphabet</a>, with no <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. It draws its vocabulary from English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese, and is largely intelligible to those who have studied Esperanto. </p><p>Several works of literature have been translated into Ido,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Book of Psalms, and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the year 2000, there were approximately 100–200 Ido speakers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, Ido has 26 speakers in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StatFin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatFin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a universal second language is not new, and constructed languages are not a recent phenomenon. The first known constructed language was <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Ignota" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Ignota">Lingua Ignota</a>, created in the 12th century. The concept did not attract significant interest until the language <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a> was created in 1879. Volapük was popular for some time and apparently had a few thousand users, but was later eclipsed by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, which arose in 1887. Several other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine Flexione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a> were also put forward. It was during this time that French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Louis Couturat</a> formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Delegation_for_the_Adoption_of_an_International_Auxiliary_Language" title="Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language">Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language</a></i>. </p><p>This delegation made a formal request to the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Academies" title="International Association of Academies">International Association of Academies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to select and endorse an international language; the request was rejected in May 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Guérard_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guérard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delegation then met as a Committee in Paris in October 1907 to discuss the adoption of a standard international language. Among the languages considered was a new language anonymously submitted at the last moment (and therefore against the Committee rules) under the pen name <i>Ido</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end the committee, always without plenary sessions and consisting of only 12 members, concluded the last day with 4 votes for and 1 abstention. They concluded that no language was completely acceptable, but that Esperanto could be accepted "on condition of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries [Louis Couturat and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Leau" title="Léopold Leau">Léopold Leau</a>] and by the Ido project".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg/330px-Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg/500px-Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg/600px-Ido_Kongreso_en_Dessau_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The International Ido Congress in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, Germany, in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Esperanto's inventor, <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>, having heard a number of complaints, had suggested in 1894 <a href="/wiki/1894_Esperanto_reform_project" title="1894 Esperanto reform project">a proposal for a reformed Esperanto</a> with several changes that Ido adopted and made it closer to French: eliminating the accented letters and the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>, changing the plural to an Italianesque <i>-i</i>, and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words. However, the Esperanto community voted and rejected Zamenhof's reformed Esperanto,<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likewise most rejected the recommendations of the 1907 Committee nominally composed of 12 members. Zamenhof, undoubtedly reminiscent of his experience of the 1894 reforms, strongly supported the Esperanto Committee majority decision.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, controversy ensued when the "Ido project" was found to have been primarily devised by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Beaufront" title="Louis de Beaufront">Louis de Beaufront</a>, whom Zamenhof had chosen to represent Esperanto before the committee, as the committee's rules dictated that the creator of a submitted language could not defend it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee's meetings were mainly conducted in French, with occasional German.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the president of the Committee asked who was the author of Ido's project, Couturat, de Beaufront and Leau answered that they were not. De Beaufront was the person who presented Ido's project and gave a description as a better, richer version of Esperanto. Couturat, Leau, de Beaufront and Jespersen were finally the only members who voted, all of them for Ido's project. A month later, Couturat accidentally forwarded Jespersen a copy of a letter in which he acknowledged that de Beaufront was the author of the Ido project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jespersen was angered by this and asked for a public confession. De Beaufront procrastinated for four months before making a public confession.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that some 20% of Esperanto leaders and 3–4% of ordinary Esperantists switched to Ido, which from then on suffered constant modifications seeking to perfect it, but which ultimately had the effect of causing many Ido speakers to give up on trying to learn it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it fractured the Esperanto movement, the schism gave the remaining Esperantists the freedom to concentrate on using and promoting their language as it stood.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, it gave the Idists freedom to continue working on their own language for several more years before actively promoting it. The <i>Uniono di la Amiki di la Linguo Internaciona</i> (<i>Union of Friends of the International Language</i>) was established along with an Ido Academy to work out the details of the new language.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Couturat, who was the leading proponent of Ido, was killed in an automobile accident in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, practically suspended the activities of the Ido Academy from 1914 to 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Guérard_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guérard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928 Ido's major intellectual supporter, the Danish linguist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a>, published his own planned language, <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a>. His leaving the Ido movement set it back even further.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_era">Digital era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language still has active speakers, numbering about 500.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Internet has sparked a renewal of interest in the language in recent years. A sample of 24 Idists on the <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> group <i>Idolisto</i> during November 2005 showed that 57% had begun their studies of the language during the preceding three years, 32% from the mid-1990s to 2002, and 8% had known the language from before.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes">Changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few changes have been made to Ido since 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camiel de Cock was named secretary of linguistic issues in 1990, succeeding Roger Moureaux.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned after the creation of a linguistic committee in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Cock was succeeded by Robert C. Carnaghan, who held the position from 1992 to 2008. No new words were adopted between 2001 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 2008–2011 elections of ULI's direction committee, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gon%C3%A7alo_Neves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonçalo Neves (page does not exist)">Gonçalo Neves</a> replaced Carnaghan as secretary of linguistic issues in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neves resigned in August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new linguistic committee was formed in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, Tiberio Madonna was appointed as secretary of linguistic issues, succeeding Neves.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2011, ULI approved eight new words.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first addition of words in many years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a series of severe conflicts with the Directing Committee of ULI, Tiberio Madonna was revoked as secretary of linguistic issues on the 26th of May 2013 by official announcement from Loïs Landais, the secretary of ULI .<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2022, ULI approved a set of new words (34)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ido has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. The values <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span>. The orthographic sequences <span class="nowrap">⟨au⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨eu⟩</span> indicate <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in word roots but not when created by affixing.<sup id="cite_ref-KGD7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KGD7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Ido vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Ido consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">ch <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">sh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All polysyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable except for verb <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a>, which are stressed on the last syllable – <b>sko</b>lo, ka<b>fe</b>o and <b>ler</b>nas for "school", "coffee" and the present tense of "to learn", but i<b>rar</b>, sa<b>var</b> and drin<b>kar</b> for "to go", "to know" and "to drink". If an <b>i</b> or <b>u</b> precedes another vowel, the pair is considered part of the same syllable when applying the accent rule – thus <b>ra</b>dio, fa<b>mi</b>lio and <b>ma</b>nuo for "radio", "family" and "hand", unless the two vowels are the only ones in the word, in which case the "i" or "u" is stressed: <b>di</b>o, <b>fru</b>a for "day" and "early".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ido uses the same 26 letters as the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_Basic_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO Basic Latin alphabet">ISO Basic Latin alphabet</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>. Where the table below lists two pronunciations, either is perfectly acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaufront_7-18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaufront_7-18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>English </th> <th>Esperanto </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span></td> <td><i>a</i> as in "p<b>a</b>rt" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></td> <td><i>b</i> as in "sta<b>b</b>le" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>ts</i> as in "ca<b>ts</b>"<br />*(also used in the digraph <i>ch</i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></td> <td><i>d</i> as in "a<b>d</b>opt" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>e</i> as in "<b>e</b>gg" or <i>e</i> as in "b<b>e</b>t" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span></td> <td><i>f</i> as in "a<b>f</b>raid" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span></td> <td>hard <i>g</i> as in "<b>g</b>o" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td> <td><i>h</i> as in "<b>h</b>at", "a<b>h</b>oy" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td><i>i</i> as in "mach<b>i</b>ne", <i>ee</i> in "b<b>ee</b>" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>s</i> as in "plea<b>s</b>ure, mea<b>s</b>ure" or <i>g</i> in "mira<b>g</b>e, bei<b>g</b>e" </td> <td><b>ĵ or ĝ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td><i>k</i> as in "s<b>k</b>in, s<b>k</b>ip" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>l</i> as in "<b>l</b>amb" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td> <td><i>m</i> as in "ad<b>m</b>it" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td> <td><i>n</i> as in "a<b>n</b>alogy" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>o</i> as in "<b>o</b>r" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span></td> <td><i>p</i> as in "s<b>p</b>in, s<b>p</b>ark" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td>same as <i>k<br /></i>*(used only in the digraph <i>qu</i>) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span></td> <td>flapped or rolled <i>r</i> as in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>;<br />or the <i>r</i> in ve<b>r</b>y in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> pronunciation (cf <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span></td> <td><i>s</i> as in "ea<b>s</b>t"<br />*(also used in the digraph <i>sh</i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span></td> <td><i>t</i> as in "s<b>t</b>ake, s<b>t</b>op" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span></td> <td><i>u</i> as in "r<b>u</b>de" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span></td> <td><i>v</i> as in "a<b>v</b>oid" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td> <td><i>w</i> as in "a<b>w</b>ard" </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span></td> <td>x as in "e<b>x</b>cept" or "e<b>x</b>ist" </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td> <td><i>y</i> as in "<b>y</b>es" </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span></td> <td><i>z</i> as in "<b>z</b>ebra" </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The digraphs are:<sup id="cite_ref-Beaufront_7-18_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaufront_7-18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Digraph </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>English </th> <th>Esperanto </th></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>ch</i> as in "<b>ch</b>ick" </td> <td><b>ĉ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>qu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kv/</span></td> <td><i>qu</i> as in "<b>qu</b>ick" </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>sh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>sh</i> as in "<b>sh</b>y" </td> <td><b>ŝ</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definite article is <i>la</i> and is invariable. The indefinite article (a/an) does not exist in Ido. Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> between the root and the grammatical ending. </p><p>Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grammatical form </th> <th>Ido </th> <th colspan="2">Esperanto </th> <th colspan="2">English </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Singular noun</a> </th> <td><b> -o</b> (libro) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-o</b> (libro) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-</b> (book) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Plural noun</a> </th> <td><b>-i</b> (libri) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-oj</b> (libroj) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-s</b> (books) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a> </th> <td><b>-a</b> (varma) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-a</b>, <b>-aj</b> (varma, varmaj) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-</b> (warm) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a> </th> <td><b>-e</b> (varme) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-e</b> (varme) </td> <td colspan="2">-ly (warmly) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Present tense infinitive</a> </th> <td><b>-ar</b> (irar) </td> <td><b>-anti</b> (iranti) </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>-i</b> (iri) </td> <td>to be - (to be going) </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>to -</b> (to go) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Past tense infinitive</a> </th> <td><b>-ir</b> (irir) </td> <td><b>-inti</b> (irinti) </td> <td>to have - (to have gone) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Future tense infinitive</a> </th> <td><b>-or</b> (iror) </td> <td><b>-onti</b> (ironti) </td> <td>to be going to - (to be going to go) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a> </th> <td><b>-as</b> (iras) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-as</b> (iras) </td> <td colspan="2">-, -s, -es (go, goes) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a> </th> <td><b>-is</b> (iris) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-is</b> (iris) </td> <td colspan="2">irr., -ed (went) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> </th> <td><b>-os</b> (iros) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-os</b> (iros) </td> <td colspan="2">will - (will go) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> </th> <td><b>-ez</b> (irez) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-u</b> (iru) </td> <td colspan="2">! (go!) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a> </th> <td><b>-us</b> (irus) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>-us</b> (irus) </td> <td colspan="2">would - (would go) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These are the same as in Esperanto except for <i>-i</i>, <i>-ir</i>, <i>-ar</i>, <i>-or</i> and <i>-ez</i>. Esperanto marks noun plurals by an <i>agglutinative</i> ending <i>-j</i> (so plural nouns end in <i>-oj</i>), uses <i>-i</i> for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses <i>-u</i> for the imperative. Verbs in Ido, as in Esperanto, do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -<b>as</b>, -<b>is</b>, and -<b>os</b> endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else. For the word "to be," Ido allows either <i>esas</i> or <i>es</i> in the present tense; however, the full forms must be used for the past tense <i>esis</i> and future tense <i>esos</i>." Adjectives and adverbs are compared in Ido by means of the words <i>plu</i> = more, <i>maxim</i> = most, <i>min</i> = less, <i>minim</i> = least, <i>kam</i> = than/as. There exist in Ido three categories of adverbs: the simple, the derived, and the composed. The simple adverbs do not need special endings, for example: <i>tre</i> = very, <i>tro</i> = too, <i>olim</i> = formerly, <i>nun</i> = now, <i>nur</i> = only. The derived and composed adverbs, not being originally adverbs but derived from nouns, adjectives and verbs, have the ending <b>-e</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ido word order is generally the same as English (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>), so the sentence <i>Me havas la blua libro</i> is the same as the English "I have the blue book", both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however: </p> <ul><li>Adjectives can precede the noun as in English, or follow the noun as in Spanish. Thus, <i>Me havas la libro blua</i> means the same thing.</li> <li>Ido has the <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> suffix <i>-n</i>. Unlike Esperanto, this suffix is only required when the object of the sentence is not clear, for example, when the subject-verb-object word order is not followed. Thus, <i>La blua libron me havas</i> also means the same thing.</li></ul> <p>Ido generally does not impose rules of grammatical <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> between grammatical categories within a sentence. For example, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. Nor must the adjectives be pluralized as well the nouns – in Ido <i>the large books</i> would be <i>la granda libri</i> as opposed to the Esperanto <i>la grandaj libroj</i>. </p><p>Negation occurs in Ido by simply adding <b>ne</b> before a verb: <b>Me ne havas libro</b> means "I do not have a book". This as well does not vary, and thus the "I do not", "He does not", "They do not" before a verb are simply <b>Me ne</b>, <b>Il ne</b>, and <b>Li ne</b>. In the same way, past tense and future tense negatives are formed by <b>ne</b> before the conjugated verb. "I will not go" and "I did not go" become <b>Me ne iros</b> and <b>Me ne iris</b> respectively. </p><p>Yes/no questions are formed by the particle <b>ka</b> in front of the question. "I have a book" (me havas libro) becomes <b>Ka me havas libro?</b> (do I have a book?). <b>Ka</b> can also be placed in front of a noun without a verb to make a simple question, corresponding to the English "is it?" <b>Ka Mark?</b> can mean, "Are you Mark?", "Is it Mark?", "Do you mean Mark?" depending on the context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> of Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto, which all end in <i>i</i>. Especially the singular and plural first-person pronouns <i>mi</i> and <i>ni</i> may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido has <i>me</i> and <i>ni</i> instead. Ido also distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">intimate (<i>tu</i>) and formal (<i>vu</i>)</a> second-person singular pronouns as well as plural second-person pronouns (<i>vi</i>) not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a pan-gender third-person pronoun <i>lu</i> (it can mean "he", "she", or "it", depending on the context) in addition to its masculine (<i>il</i>), feminine (<i>el</i>), and neuter (<i>ol</i>) third-person pronouns. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="7">singular </th> <th colspan="6">plural </th> <th rowspan="3">reflexive </th> <th rowspan="3">indefinite </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">first </th> <th colspan="2">second </th> <th colspan="4">third </th> <th rowspan="2">first </th> <th rowspan="2">second </th> <th colspan="4">third </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>familiar</i> </th> <th><i>formal</i> </th> <th><i>masc.</i> </th> <th><i>fem.</i> </th> <th><i>neuter</i> </th> <th><i>pan-gender</i> </th> <th><i>masc.</i> </th> <th><i>fem.</i> </th> <th><i>neuter</i> </th> <th><i>pan-gender</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ido </th> <td>me </td> <td>tu </td> <td>vu </td> <td>il(u) </td> <td>el(u) </td> <td>ol(u) </td> <td>lu </td> <td>ni </td> <td>vi </td> <td>ili </td> <td>eli </td> <td>oli </td> <td>li </td> <td>su </td> <td>on(u) </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a> </td> <td>you </td> <td>he </td> <td>she </td> <td>it </td> <td>they/it </td> <td>we </td> <td>you </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>they </td> <td>oneself </td> <td>one/you/they </td></tr> <tr> <th>Esperanto </th> <td>mi </td> <td>ci¹ </td> <td>vi¹ </td> <td>li </td> <td>ŝi </td> <td>ĝi </td> <td>ĝi/ri² </td> <td>ni </td> <td>vi </td> <td>ili </td> <td>iŝi² </td> <td>iĝi² </td> <td>ili/iri² </td> <td>si </td> <td>oni </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><i>ci</i>, although technically the familiar form of the word "you" in Esperanto, is seldom used. Esperanto's inventor himself did not include the pronoun in the first book on Esperanto and only later reluctantly; later he recommended against using <i>ci</i> because different cultures have conflicting traditions regarding the use of the familiar and formal forms of "you".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>ri</i>, <i>iŝi</i>, <i>iĝi</i> and by extension <i>iri</i> are proposed neologisms and are rare, but they are still used albeit seldom.</li></ol> <p><i>ol</i>, like English <i>it</i> and Esperanto <i>ĝi</i>, is not limited to inanimate objects, but can be used "for entities whose sex is indeterminate: <i>babies, children, humans, youths, elders, people, individuals, horses, [cattle], cats,</i> etc." </p><p><i>Lu</i> is often mistakenly labeled an <a href="/wiki/Epicene" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicene">epicene</a> pronoun, that is, one that refers to both masculine and feminine beings, but in fact, <i>lu</i> is more properly a "pan-gender" pronoun, as it is also used for referring to inanimate objects. From <i>Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido</i> by Beaufront: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Lu</i> (like <i>li</i>) is used <i>for all three genders.</i> That <i>lu</i> does duty for the three genders at will in the singular is not in itself any more astonishing than seeing <i>li</i> serve the three genders at will in the plural ... By a decision (1558) the Idist Academy rejected every restriction concerning the use of <i>lu.</i> One may thus use that pronoun in exactly the same way for a thing and a person of obvious sex as for animals of unknown sex and a person that has a genderless name, like <i>baby, child, human,</i> etc., these being as truly masculine as feminine. <br /> <br /> The motives for this decision were given in "Mondo", XI, 68: <i>Lu</i> for the singular is exactly the same as <i>li</i> for the plural. Logic, symmetry and ease demand this. Consequently, just as <i>li</i> may be used for people, animals, and things whenever nothing obliges one to express the gender, so <i>lu</i> may be used for people, animals, and things under the same condition. The proposed distinction would be a bothersome subtlety ... </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_correlatives">Table of correlatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Table of correlatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ido makes correlatives by combining entire words together and changing the word ending, with some irregularities to show distinction. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th>Relative and<br />interrogative </th> <th>Demonstrative </th> <th>Indeterminate </th> <th>Most<br />Indeterminate </th> <th>Negative </th> <th>Collective </th></tr> <tr> <th>qua, ∅ </th> <th>ita, ∅ </th> <th>ula, ∅ </th> <th>irga </th> <th>nula </th> <th>omna </th></tr> <tr> <th>Individual </th> <th>-u </th> <td style="background: #fff1d8">qua </td> <td style="background: #fff1d8">ita <sup>1</sup> </td> <td>ulu </td> <td>irgu </td> <td>nulu </td> <td>omnu </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <th>-i </th> <td>qui </td> <td>iti <sup>1</sup> </td> <td>uli </td> <td>irgi </td> <td>nuli </td> <td>omni </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thing </th> <th>-o </th> <td>quo </td> <td>ito <sup>1</sup> </td> <td>ulo </td> <td>irgo </td> <td>nulo </td> <td>omno </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adjective </th> <th>-a </th> <td style="background: #fff1d8">qua </td> <td style="background: #fff1d8">ita <sup>1</sup> </td> <td>ula </td> <td>irga </td> <td>nula </td> <td>omna </td></tr> <tr> <th>Motive </th> <th>pro </th> <td>pro quo </td> <td>pro to </td> <td>pro ulo </td> <td>pro irgo </td> <td>pro nulo </td> <td>pro omno </td></tr> <tr> <th>Place </th> <th>loke </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">ube </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">ibe </td> <td>ulaloke </td> <td>irgaloke </td> <td>nulaloke </td> <td>omnaloke </td></tr> <tr> <th>Time </th> <th>tempe </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">kande </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">lore </td> <td>ulatempe <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>irgatempe </td> <td>nulatempe <sup>2</sup> </td> <td style="background: #d8ffd8">sempre <sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Quality </th> <th>-a, speca </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">quala </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">tala </td> <td>ulaspeca <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>irgaspeca </td> <td>nulaspeca <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>omnaspeca </td></tr> <tr> <th>Manner </th> <th>-e, maniere </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">quale </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">tale </td> <td>ule, ulamaniere <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>irge, irgamaniere </td> <td>nule, nulamaniere <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>omne, omnamaniere </td></tr> <tr> <th>Quantity -<br />adjective </th> <th>quanta </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">quanta </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">tanta </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">kelka </td> <td>irgaquanta </td> <td>nulaquanta </td> <td>omnaquanta </td></tr> <tr> <th>Quantity -<br />noun </th> <th>quanto </th> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">quanto </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">tanto </td> <td style="background: #ffd8d8">kelko </td> <td style="background: #d8ffd8">irga quanto <sup>4</sup> </td> <td style="background: #d8ffd8">nula quanto <sup>4</sup> </td> <td style="background: #d8ffd8">la tota quanto <sup>4</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The initial <i>i</i> can be omitted: <i>ta</i>, <i>to</i>, <i>ti</i>, <i>ta</i>.</li> <li>One can omit the initial <i>a</i>: <i>ultempe</i>, <i>nultempe</i>, <i>ulspeca</i>, <i>nulspeca</i>, <i>ulmaniere</i>, <i>nulmaniere</i>.</li> <li><i>omnatempe</i> is correct and usable, but <i>sempre</i> is the actual word.</li> <li>Instead of <i>irga quanto</i>, <i>nula quanto</i> and <i>la tota quanto</i> one usually says <i>irgo</i>, <i>nulo</i> and <i>omno</i>.</li></ol> <p><span class="anchor" id="Compounds_formation"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_formation">Compound formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compound formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composition in Ido obeys stricter rules than in Esperanto, especially formation of nouns, adjectives and verbs from a radical of a different class. The reversibility principle assumes that for each composition rule (affix addition), the corresponding decomposition rule (affix removal) is valid. </p><p>Hence, while in Esperanto an adjective (for instance <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">papera</i></span>), formed on the noun radical <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">paper(o)</i></span>, can mean an attribute (<span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">papera enciklopedio</i></span> "paper-made encyclopedia") and a relation (<span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">papera fabriko</i></span> "paper-making factory"), Ido will distinguish the attribute <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">papera</i></span> ("paper" or "of paper" (not "paper-made" exactly)) from the relation <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">paper<b>al</b>a</i></span> ("paper-making"). </p><p>Similarly, <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">krono</i></span> means in both Esperanto and Ido the noun "crown"; where Esperanto allows formation of "to crown" by simply changing the ending from noun to verb <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">kroni</i></span> ("crowning" is <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">kronado</i></span>), Ido requires an affix so the composition is reversible: <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">kron<b>iz</b>ar</i></span> ("the act of crowning" is <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">kron<b>iz</b>o</i></span>). </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Piron" title="Claude Piron">Claude Piron</a>, some modifications brought by Ido are in practice impossible to use and ruin spontaneous expression: </p><blockquote><p>Ido displays, on linguistic level, other drawbacks Esperanto succeeded to avoid, but I don't have at hand documents which would allow me to go further in detail. For instance, if I remember correctly, where Esperanto only has the suffix <span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">-igi</i></span>*, Ido has several: *<span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">-ifar</i></span>*, *<span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">-izar</i></span>*, *<span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">-igar</i></span>*, which match subtleties which were meant to make language clearer, but that, in practice, inhibit natural expression.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocabulary in Ido is derived from French, Italian, Spanish, English, German, and Russian. Basing the vocabulary on various widespread languages was intended to make Ido as easy as possible for the greatest number of people possible. Early on, the first 5,371 Ido word roots were analyzed compared to the vocabulary of the six source languages, and the following result was found:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2024 roots (38%) belong to 6 languages</li> <li>942 roots (17%) belong to 5 languages</li> <li>1111 roots (21%) belong to 4 languages</li> <li>585 roots (11%) belong to 3 languages</li> <li>454 roots (8%) belong to 2 languages</li> <li>255 roots (5%) belong to 1 language</li></ul> <p>Another analysis showed that: </p> <ul><li>4880 roots (91%) are found in French</li> <li>4454 roots (83%) are found in Italian</li> <li>4237 roots (79%) are found in Spanish</li> <li>4219 roots (79%) are found in English</li> <li>3302 roots (61%) are found in German</li> <li>2821 roots (52%) are found in Russian</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of Ido vocabulary with its six source languages (by # of roots) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ido </th> <th>French</th> <th colspan="2">Italian</th> <th colspan="2">Spanish </th> <th colspan="2">English</th> <th colspan="2">German</th> <th colspan="2">Russian </th></tr> <tr> <th>bona </th> <td>bon</td> <td colspan="2">buono</td> <td colspan="2">bueno </td> <td>good </td> <td>bonus</td> <td>gut </td> <td>Bonus</td> <td>khoroshiy </td> <td>(хороший) </td></tr> <tr> <th>donar </th> <td>donner</td> <td>dare </td> <td>donare</td> <td>dar </td> <td>donar </td> <td>give </td> <td>donate</td> <td colspan="2">geben</td> <td>dat, darit </td> <td>(дать) (дарить) </td></tr> <tr> <th>filtrar </th> <td>filtrer</td> <td colspan="2">filtrare</td> <td colspan="2">filtrar </td> <td colspan="2">filter</td> <td colspan="2">filtern</td> <td>filtrovat </td> <td>(фильтровать) </td></tr> <tr> <th>gardeno </th> <td>jardin</td> <td colspan="2">giardino</td> <td colspan="2">jardín </td> <td colspan="2">garden</td> <td colspan="2">Garten</td> <td>sad </td> <td>(caд) </td></tr> <tr> <th>kavalo </th> <td>cheval</td> <td colspan="2">cavallo</td> <td colspan="2">caballo </td> <td>horse </td> <td>cavalry</td> <td>Pferd </td> <td>Kavallerie</td> <td>loshad, kobyla </td> <td>(лошадь, кобыла) </td></tr> <tr> <th>maro </th> <td>mer</td> <td colspan="2">mare</td> <td colspan="2">mar </td> <td>sea </td> <td>marine</td> <td colspan="2">Meer</td> <td>more </td> <td>(море) </td></tr> <tr> <th>naciono </th> <td>nation</td> <td colspan="2">nazione</td> <td colspan="2">nación </td> <td colspan="2">nation</td> <td colspan="2">Nation</td> <td>natsija </td> <td>(нация) </td></tr> <tr> <th>studiar </th> <td>étudier</td> <td colspan="2">studiare</td> <td colspan="2">estudiar </td> <td colspan="2">study</td> <td colspan="2">studieren</td> <td>izuchat </td> <td>(изучать) </td></tr> <tr> <th>yuna </th> <td>jeune</td> <td colspan="2">giovane</td> <td colspan="2">joven </td> <td>young </td> <td>juvenile</td> <td colspan="2">jung</td> <td>yunyi, molodoy </td> <td>(юный, молодой) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of Ido vocabulary with Esperanto and Latin (or Germanic root) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ido </th> <th>Esperanto </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>Germanic </th></tr> <tr> <th>bona </th> <td>bona </td> <td>bonum </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>donar </th> <td>doni </td> <td>dare </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>filtrar </th> <td>filtri </td> <td>spargere </td> <td>felt </td></tr> <tr> <th>gardeno </th> <td>ĝardeno </td> <td>hortum </td> <td>gardo </td></tr> <tr> <th>kavalo </th> <td>ĉevalo </td> <td>equum, caballus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>maro </th> <td>maro </td> <td>mare </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>naciono </th> <td>nacio </td> <td>gentem, natio </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>studiar </th> <td>studi </td> <td>studere </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>yuna </th> <td>juna </td> <td>iuvenis </td> <td>jung </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vocabulary in Ido is often created through a number of official prefixes and suffixes that alter the meaning of the word. This allows a user to take existing words and modify them to create <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> when necessary, and allows for a wide range of expression without the need to learn new vocabulary each time. Though their number is too large to be included in one article, some examples include: </p> <ul><li>The diminutive suffix <b>-et-</b>. <b>Domo</b> (house) becomes <b>dometo</b> (cottage), and <b>libro</b> (book) becomes <b>libreto</b> (novelette or short story).</li> <li>The pejorative suffix <b>-ach-</b>. <b>Domo</b> becomes <b>domacho</b> (hovel), and <b>libro</b> becomes <b>libracho</b> (a shoddy piece of work, pulp fiction, etc.)</li> <li>The prefix <b>retro-</b>, which implies a reversal. <b>Irar</b> (to go) becomes <b>retroirar</b> (to go back, backward) and <b>venar</b> (to come) becomes <b>retrovenar</b> (to return).</li></ul> <p>New vocabulary is generally created through an analysis of the word, its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>, and reference to the six source languages. If a word can be created through vocabulary already existing in the language then it will usually be adopted without need for a new radical (such as <b>wikipedio</b> for <i>Wikipedia</i>, which consists of <b>wiki</b> + <b>enciklopedio</b> for <i>encyclopedia</i>), and if not an entirely new word will be created. The word <b>alternatoro</b> for example was adopted in 1926, likely because five of the six source languages used largely the same <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> for the word, and because it was long enough to avoid being mistaken for other words in the existing vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption of a word is done through consensus, after which the word will be made official by the <a href="/wiki/Uniono_por_la_Linguo_Internaciona_Ido" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido">union</a>. Care must also be taken to avoid <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonyms</a> if possible, and usually a new word undergoes some discussion before being adopted. Foreign words that have a restricted sense and are not likely to be used in everyday life (such as the word <i><a href="/wiki/Intifada" title="Intifada">intifada</a></i> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">the conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestine</a>) are left untouched, and often written in italics. </p><p>Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex by default. For example, Ido does not derive the word for "waitress" by adding a feminine suffix to "waiter", as Esperanto does. Instead, Ido words are defined as <a href="/wiki/Neuter_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter (grammar)">sex-neutral</a>, and two different suffixes derive masculine and feminine words from the root: <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">servisto</i></span></i> for a waiter of either sex, <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">servistulo</i></span></i> for a male waiter, and <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">servistino</i></span></i> for a waitress. There are only two exceptions to this rule:<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">patro</i></span></i> for "father", <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">matro</i></span></i> for "mother", and <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">genitoro</i></span></i> for "parent", and second, <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">viro</i></span></i> for "man", <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">muliero</i></span></i> for "woman", and <i><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">adulto</i></span></i> for "adult".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Padrenuestro.ogg" title="File:Padrenuestro.ogg">The Lord's Prayer in Ido</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Padrenuestro.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Padrenuestro.ogg/Padrenuestro.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Padrenuestro.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APadrenuestro.ogg&lang=io&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="io" label="Ido ‪(io)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord's Prayer">The Lord's Prayer</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-left:1em"><b>Ido</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <p>Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,<br /> tua nomo santigesez;<br /> tua regno advenez;<br /> tua volo facesez<br /> quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero.<br /> Donez a ni cadie <a href="/wiki/Elided" class="mw-redirect" title="Elided">l'omnadia</a> pano,<br /> e pardonez a ni nia ofensi,<br /> quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti,<br /> e ne duktez ni aden la tento,<br /> ma liberigez ni del malajo.<br /> </p> </td> <td style="padding-left:2em"><b>English</b> <p>Our Father, who art in heaven,<br /> hallowed be your name.<br /> Thy kingdom come,<br /> Thy will be done,<br /> on earth as it is in heaven.<br /> Give us this day our daily bread,<br /> and forgive us our debts,<br /> as we also have forgiven our debtors.<br /> And lead us not into temptation,<br /> but deliver us from evil.<br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_publications">Literature and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ido has a number of publications that can be subscribed to or downloaded for free in most cases. <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">Kuriero Internaciona</i></span> is a magazine produced in France every few months with a range of topics. <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">Adavane!</i></span> is a magazine produced by the Spanish Ido Society every two months that has a range of topics, as well as a few dozen pages of work translated from other languages. <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">Progreso</i></span> is the official organ of the Ido movement and has been around since the inception of the movement in 1908. Other sites can be found with various stories, fables or proverbs along with a few books of the Bible translated into Ido on a smaller scale. The site <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">publikaji</i></span> has a few podcasts in Ido along with various songs and other recorded material. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> includes an <a class="external text" href="https://io.wikipedia.org/">Ido-language edition</a> (known in Ido as <span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">Wikipedio</i></span>); in 2018 it was the 93rd most visited Wikipedia,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is second most viewed Wikipedia edition in artificial language (after Esperanto).<sup id="cite_ref-Artificial_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artificial-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_of_Ido">Symbols of Ido</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Symbols of Ido"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jank%C3%B3-stelo_(blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg/250px-Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg/330px-Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg/500px-Jank%C3%B3-stelo_%28blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An Ido-Stelo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido-stelo" class="extiw" title="io:Ido-stelo">Ido star</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Jank%C3%B3" title="Paul von Jankó">Jankó</a> star is the main symbol of Ido. It is a six pointed star, with the points representing Ido's six source languages: English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Russian. Alternatively, the six points represent the six <a href="/wiki/Continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Continents">continents</a> (excluding Antarctica). The emblem was originally a six pointed white star on a circular blue background, consisting of two concentric, equilateral triangles, with one vertically flipped. However, this was soon changed due to the similarity it presented with the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, since a true <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> should not have religious affiliations. </p><p>After a search to find an appropriate new symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Uniono_por_la_Linguo_Internaciona_Ido" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido">Ido-Akademio</a> decided on the current Ido symbol, created by their secretary, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Jank%C3%B3" title="Paul von Jankó">Paul von Jankó</a> (hence the alternative name the Jankó star). The current Ido Star is a <a href="/wiki/Concave_polygon" title="Concave polygon">concave</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotoxal_figure" title="Isotoxal figure">isotoxal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a>, with a vertically flipped equilateral triangle overlaid on top. This new shape also had the benefit of being able to be <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The concerning shape is such a simple shape, a star, that is it illegible for copyright. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Ido_conventions">International Ido conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International Ido conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uniono_por_la_Linguo_Internaciona_Ido" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido">ULI</a> organises Ido conventions yearly, and the conventions include a mix of tourism and work.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.idohispania.com">[1]</a>)</li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Idorenkontro2023">[2]</a>)</li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, Germany, 15 participants(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Idorenkontro2022">[3]</a>)</li> <li>2019: Berlin, Germany, 15 participants from 2 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Idorenkontro2019">Information</a>)</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a>, France, 11 participants from 5 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Idorenkontro2018">Information</a>)</li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, 8 participants from 5 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Idorenkontro2017">Information</a>)</li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, 10 participants from 7 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412101145/http://www.uli-ido.ovh/ULI/index.php?page=internaciona-renkontro-2016">Information</a>)</li> <li>2015: Berlin, Germany, 14 participants (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/IR2015">Information</a>)</li> <li>2014: Paris, France (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Paris2014">Information</a>)</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Ouroux-en-Morvan" title="Ouroux-en-Morvan">Ouroux-en-Morvan</a>, France, 13 participants from 4 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Ouroux2013">Information</a>)</li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, Germany, 12 participants (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Dessau2012">Information</a>)</li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>, Luxembourg (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/IR2011">Information</a>), 24 participants from 11 countries</li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>, Germany (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/IR2010">Information</a>)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, 14 participants from 7 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/Tallin2009">Information</a>)</li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Neviges" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviges">Neviges</a>, Germany, 18 participants from 5 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idolinguo.de/Idorenkontro2008/">Information</a>)</li> <li>2007: Paris, France, 14 participants from 9 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/Idorenkontro2007/">Information</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.google.com/photos/117431545220080970838/albums/5131141749857219169">Photos</a>)</li> <li>2006: Berlin, Germany, approx. 25 participants from 10 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idolinguo.de/index.php/DIG/IdoKonfereo2006">Information</a>)</li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France, 13 participants from 4 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.idolinguo.com/Francia/Idorenkontro2005/">Information</a>)</li> <li>2004: Kyiv, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, 17 participants from 9 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.idolinguo.com/Ukrainia/Idorenkontro2004/">Information</a>)</li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbothen" title="Großbothen">Großbothen</a>, Germany, participants from 6 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.idolinguo.com/Germania/Idokonfero2003/ido.htm">Information</a>)</li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, 14 participants from 6 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.idolinguo.com/Polonia/krakow2002.htm">Information</a>)</li> <li>2001: Nuremberg, Germany, 14 participants from 5 countries (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nefkom.net/frank.kasper/konf2001.htm">Information</a>)</li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany</li> <li>1999: Waldkappel, Germany</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82obrzegi" title="Białobrzegi">Białobrzegi</a>, Poland, 15 participants from 6 countries</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Bakkum" title="Bakkum">Bakkum</a>, Netherlands, 19 participants from 7 countries</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Elsnigk" title="Elsnigk">Elsnigk</a>, Germany</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, Belgium, 21 participants</li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Waldkappel" title="Waldkappel">Waldkappel</a>, Germany</li> <li>1989: Zürich-<a href="/wiki/Thalwil" title="Thalwil">Thalwil</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Eschwege" title="Eschwege">Eschwege</a>, Germany</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium</li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jongny" title="Jongny">Jongny</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Belgium, 35 participants</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, Sweden</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Tegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Tegel">Berlin-Tegel</a>, Germany</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, France</li> <li>1975: Thun, Switzerland</li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Chaux-de-Fonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaux-de-Fonds">Chaux-de-Fonds</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Trollh%C3%A4ttan" title="Trollhättan">Trollhättan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li>1969: Zürich, Switzerland</li> <li>1968: Berlin, Germany</li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>, France</li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Biella" title="Biella">Biella</a>, Italy</li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a>, France</li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Germany</li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1961: Zürich, Switzerland, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span> participants</li> <li>1960: Colmar, France</li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, Germany</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li>1951: Turin, Italy</li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>, France</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Switzerland</li> <li>1937: Paris, France</li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>, Hungary</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fredericia" title="Fredericia">Fredericia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Oostduinkerke" title="Oostduinkerke">Oostduinkerke</a>, Belgium</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Mondorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondorf">Mondorf</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg/Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauenburg/Elbe">Lauenburg/Elbe</a>, Germany</li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, Germany</li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany</li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/40px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/60px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/28px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/42px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/56px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Comparison between Esperanto and Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Comparison between Ido and Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Comparison between Ido and Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interhelpo" title="Interhelpo">Interhelpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_false_friends_in_Ido" title="English false friends in Ido">English false friends in Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Pigal" title="Engelbert Pigal">Engelbert Pigal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Blanke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanke (2000), cited in Sabine Fiedler <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAIZ9BHOkBwC&pg=PA779">"Phraseology in planned languages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919120628/https://books.google.com/books?id=CAIZ9BHOkBwC&pg=PA779">Archived</a> 19 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Phraseology / Phraseologie,</i> Walter de Gruyter 2007. pp. 779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatFin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatFin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatFin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px/">"/ StatFin / Population structure / 11rm -- Language according to sex by municipality, 1990-2022"</a>. <i>PxWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PxWeb&rft.atitle=%2F+StatFin+%2F+Population+structure+%2F+11rm+--+Language+according+to+sex+by+municipality%2C+1990-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpxdata.stat.fi%2FPxWeb%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FStatFin%2FStatFin__vaerak%2Fstatfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Ido" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Ido">"Ido"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ido&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DIdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperanto-panorama.net/vortaro/eo-en-u.htm#I">"Esperanto-English Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222132607/http://www.esperanto-panorama.net/vortaro/eo-en-u.htm#I">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esperanto-English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesperanto-panorama.net%2Fvortaro%2Feo-en-u.htm%23I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido-vivo.info/">"Libreyo"</a> (in Ido). 27 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103065824/http://www.ido-vivo.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libreyo&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ido-vivo.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntoine_de_Saint-Exupéry2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwBpiyu9JW2TV3RLTnNpWTM1dlU/view"><i>La Princeto</i></a> (in Ido). Translated by Fernando Tejón. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022557/https://accounts.google.com/v3/signin/identifier?continue=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0BwBpiyu9JW2TV3RLTnNpWTM1dlU%2Fview&followup=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0BwBpiyu9JW2TV3RLTnNpWTM1dlU%2Fview&ifkv=AVQVeyzYxCtGtfiMjlv7dVyR_ssSsxZI0AfO5BPo0mGPNH-tzKco0FHXlC3kM0bPl0qTMOYOLPXj1w&osid=1&passive=1209600&service=wise&flowName=GlifWebSignIn&flowEntry=ServiceLogin&dsh=S671368051%3A1698287157427945&theme=glif">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Princeto&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Antoine+de+Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0BwBpiyu9JW2TV3RLTnNpWTM1dlU%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido-vivo.info/evangeliolukas.pdf">"Evangelio da Santa Lukas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Ido). Translated by L. Kauling. 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509022533/http://www.ido-vivo.info/evangeliolukas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelio+da+Santa+Lukas&rft.date=1926&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ido-vivo.info%2Fevangeliolukas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guérard-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guérard_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guérard_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuérard,_A._L" class="citation book cs1">Guérard, A. L. "Chapter VII". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141513/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/delegation.html"><i>A Short History of the International Language Movement</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/delegation.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+International+Language+Movement&rft.au=Gu%C3%A9rard%2C+A.+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonh.best.vwh.net%2FLanguages%2Fdelegation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyer1923" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Luther H (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/054_074.html"><i>The Problem of an International Auxiliary Language and its Solution in Ido</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507073229/http://interlanguages.net/054_074.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+an+International+Auxiliary+Language+and+its+Solution+in+Ido&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Luther+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2F054_074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeau1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leau, Léopold (August 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/truth.html">"La Vereso pri la Delegitaro en 1907"</a> [The Truth about the Delegation in 1907]. <i>Progreso</i> (in Ido). <b>X</b> (96): 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327235950/http://interlanguages.net/truth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progreso&rft.atitle=La+Vereso+pri+la+Delegitaro+en+1907&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=96&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1933-08&rft.aulast=Leau&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9opold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2Ftruth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarvia2015" class="citation book cs1">Garvia, Robert (2015). <i>Esperanto and Its Rivals</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">134–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4710-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4710-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-4710-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esperanto+and+Its+Rivals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4710-7&rft.aulast=Garvia&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacob1947" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Henry (1947). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Ido&rft.btitle=A+Planned+Auxiliary+Language&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2FPALih.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapennaUlrich_LinsTazio_Carlevaro1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Lapenna" title="Ivo Lapenna">Lapenna, Ivo</a>; Ulrich Lins; Tazio Carlevaro (1974). <i>Esperanto en perspektivo: Faktoj kaj analizoj pri la internacia lingvo</i> [<i>Esperanto in Perspective: Facts and Analyses about the International Language</i>] (in Esperanto). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+to+Build+a+Language&rft.atitle=Ido&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft.au=Harlow%2C+Donald+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliteraturo.org%2FHARLOW-Don%2FEsperanto%2FEBook%2Fchap03.html%23ido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarlow,_Donald_J" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Harlow" title="Don Harlow">Harlow, Donald J</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html">"How to Build a Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222135928/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Language&rft.au=Harlow%2C+Donald+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliteraturo.org%2FHARLOW-Don%2FEsperanto%2FEBook%2Fchap03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeagull2019" class="citation journal cs1">Seagull, Gareth (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raptortranslations.com/2019/10/29/should-be-a-universal-language/">"Should there be a Universal Language?"</a>. <i>Raptor Translations Magazine: The Translation Business Magazine</i>. 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Kande vu komencis lernar Ido?"</a> [Vote! When did you start learning Ido?] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/14569">the original</a> on 11 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+in+Ido+since+1922&rft.date=1997-11-06&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2Fchanges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914031934/http://www.reocities.com/Paris/Rue/8009/neologismi.htm">"Listo di nova vorti propozita da la Linguala komitato dil Uniono"</a> [List of new words proposed by the Language committee of the Union]. <i>Suplemento a la revuo Progreso numero 290</i> (in Ido). ULI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/Paris/Rue/8009/neologismi.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suplemento+a+la+revuo+Progreso+numero+290&rft.atitle=Listo+di+nova+vorti+propozita+da+la+Linguala+komitato+dil+Uniono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reocities.com%2FParis%2FRue%2F8009%2Fneologismi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBol2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bol, Jacques (15 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022557/https://www.yahoo.com/">"Pri Camiel de Cock"</a> [About Camiel de Cock] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/13008">the original</a> on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pri+Camiel+de+Cock&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft.aulast=Bol&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fidolisto%2Fmessage%2F13008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandler2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chandler, James (16 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720022536/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/2384">"Lasta decido pri nova vorti"</a> [Latest decision on new words] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/2384">the original</a> on 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lasta+decido+pri+nova+vorti&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Flinguolisto%2Fmessage%2F2384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandais2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landais, Loïc (17 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729181321/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3151">"Nova DK di ULI por 2008–2011"</a> [New SC <i>[Steering Committee]</i> of ULI for 2008-2011] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3151">the original</a> on 29 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nova+DK+di+ULI+por+2008%E2%80%932011&rft.date=2008-02-17&rft.aulast=Landais&rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Flinguolisto%2Fmessage%2F3151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeves2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neves, Gonçalo (29 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022714/https://www.yahoo.com/">"demisiono ed adio"</a> [resignation and farewell] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/17503">the original</a> on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=demisiono+ed+adio&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.aulast=Neves&rft.aufirst=Gon%C3%A7alo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fidolisto%2Fmessage%2F17503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandais2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landais, Loïc (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022559/https://www.yahoo.com/">"Linguala Komitato di ULI"</a> [Linguistic Committee of the ULI] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/20007">the original</a> on 26 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguala+Komitato+di+ULI&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.aulast=Landais&rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fidolisto%2Fmessage%2F20007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Richard, Gaël (9 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716144627/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3786">"RE: [linguo] Ube es komitato linguala"</a> [RE: [language] Where is the language committee] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3786">the original</a> on 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RE%3A+%5Blinguo%5D+Ube+es+komitato+linguala&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Ga%C3%ABl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Flinguolisto%2Fmessage%2F3786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/LingualaKomitato">"Linguala Komitato di ULI"</a> [Linguistic Committee of the ULI]. Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido (ULI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401104419/http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/LingualaKomitato">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguala+Komitato+di+ULI&rft.pub=Uniono+por+la+Linguo+Internaciona+Ido+%28ULI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ido.li%2Findex.php%2FULI%2FLingualaKomitato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJibran_(Partaka_)2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jibran (Partaka ), Khalil (16 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712204722/http://es.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/message/5979">"Ido havas nova Sekretario pri Linguala Questioni"</a> [Ido has a new Secretary of Linguistic Issues] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/message/5979">the original</a> on 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ido+havas+nova+Sekretario+pri+Linguala+Questioni&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.aulast=Jibran+%28Partaka+%29&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.dir.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Fposta_Mundi%2Fmessage%2F5979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/2010">"Nomino di Sekretario por Linguala Questioni di ULI"</a> [Nomination of the Secretariat for Linguistic Functions of the ULI]. <i>Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido</i> (in Ido). 3 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028114922/http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/2010">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniono+por+la+Linguo+Internaciona+Ido&rft.atitle=Nomino+di+Sekretario+por+Linguala+Questioni+di+ULI&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ido.li%2Findex.php%2FULI%2F2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadonna2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Madonna, Tiberio (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716175811/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3968">"2esma raporto de la Linguala Komitato"</a> [2nd report of the Linguistic Committee] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3968">the original</a> on 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2esma+raporto+de+la+Linguala+Komitato&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Madonna&rft.aufirst=Tiberio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Flinguolisto%2Fmessage%2F3968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandler2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chandler, James (2 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716103628/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3970">"RE: [linguo] 2esma raporto de la Linguala Komitato"</a> [2nd report of the Language committee] (in Ido). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3970">the original</a> on 16 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RE%3A+%5Blinguo%5D+2esma+raporto+de+la+Linguala+Komitato&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.groups.yahoo.com%2Fgroup%2Flinguolisto%2Fmessage%2F3970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anunco di la DK pri Tiberio Madonna, ULI-IDO, yahoogroups, May 26th 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Progreso 382 January–April 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KGD7-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KGD7_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Beaufront2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Beaufront, Louis (2004) [1st pub. 1925]. Tejón, Fernando (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ido-vivo.info/kgd.pdf#page=7">"Pronunco dil vokali"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kompleta Gramatiko detaloza di la linguo internaciona Ido</i> (in Ido). Ponferrada, Spain: Krayono. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813213123/http://ido-vivo.info/kgd.pdf#page=7">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kompleta+Gramatiko+detaloza+di+la+linguo+internaciona+Ido&rft.atitle=Pronunco+dil+vokali&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=De+Beaufront&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fido-vivo.info%2Fkgd.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Beaufront2004" class="citation web cs1">De Beaufront, L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturo.ido.li/kgd.pdf">"Acento tonika"</a> [Tonic accent] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di Ido</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023705/http://www.literaturo.ido.li/kgd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kompleta+Gramatiko+Detaloza+di+Ido&rft.atitle=Acento+tonika&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=De+Beaufront&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaturo.ido.li%2Fkgd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaufront_7-18-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaufront_7-18_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaufront_7-18_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Beaufront2004" class="citation web cs1">De Beaufront, L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturo.ido.li/kgd.pdf">"Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di Ido"</a> [Comeplete Detailed Grammar of Ido] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206023705/http://www.literaturo.ido.li/kgd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kompleta+Gramatiko+Detaloza+di+Ido&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=De+Beaufront&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaturo.ido.li%2Fkgd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eventoj, no. 103, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1215-959X">1215-959X</a>. <i>Ci</i> estas senvalora balasto (<i>Ci</i> is useless ballast). 1996. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm">http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108045107/http://www.eventoj.hu/arkivo/eve-103.htm">Archived</a> 8 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://claudepiron.free.fr/lettresouvertes/ido.htm">"Claude Piron - communication, langues, espéranto"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522212034/http://claudepiron.free.fr/lettresouvertes/ido.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Claude+Piron+-+communication%2C+langues%2C+esp%C3%A9ranto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclaudepiron.free.fr%2Flettresouvertes%2Fido.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyer1923" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Luther H (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/101_121.htm"><i>The Problem of an International Auxiliary Language and its Solution in Ido</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302083436/http://interlanguages.net/101_121.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+an+International+Auxiliary+Language+and+its+Solution+in+Ido&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Luther+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2F101_121.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cock,_Camiel1988" class="citation web cs1">De Cock, Camiel (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/nova.html">"Lexiko di nova vorti"</a> [Lexicon of new words]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125713/http://interlanguages.net/nova.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexiko+di+nova+vorti&rft.date=1988&rft.au=De+Cock%2C+Camiel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finterlanguages.net%2Fnova.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApGawainHugonMooreDe_Beaufront2008" class="citation book cs1">ApGawain, Niklas; Hugon, P. D.; Moore, J. L.; De Beaufront, Louis (2008) [1st pub. 1999]. Muelver, Jerry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125103925/http://idomondo.org/skolo.1.6.pdf#page=42"><i>Ido for All</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1.6 ed.). North American Ido Society. pp. 42, 52, 70. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idomondo.org/skolo.1.6.pdf#page=42">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ido+for+All&rft.pages=42%2C+52%2C+70&rft.edition=1.6&rft.pub=North+American+Ido+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=ApGawain&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Hugon%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=De+Beaufront%2C+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidomondo.org%2Fskolo.1.6.pdf%23page%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesPageViewsMonthly.htm">"Page Views for Wikipedia, Non-mobile, Normalized"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+Views+for+Wikipedia%2C+Non-mobile%2C+Normalized&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2FEN%2FTablesPageViewsMonthly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN_Artificial/TablesPageViewsMonthly.htm">"Page Views for Wikipedia for Artificial, Non-mobile site, Normalized"</a>. <i>stats.wikimedia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=Page+Views+for+Wikipedia+for+Artificial%2C+Non-mobile+site%2C+Normalized&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2FEN_Artificial%2FTablesPageViewsMonthly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081040/http://www.uli-ido.ovh/ULI/index.php?page=ido-hodie">"ULI's website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uli-ido.ovh/ULI/index.php?page=ido-hodie">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ULI%27s+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uli-ido.ovh%2FULI%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dido-hodie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Additional notes</b> </p> <ol><li>L. Couturat, L. Leau. <i>Delegation pour l'adoption d'une Langue auxiliare internationale</i> (15–24 October 1907). Coulommiers: Imprimerie Paul Brodard, 1907</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ido&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ido</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ido" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ido">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ido" class="extiw" title="b:Ido">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ido" class="extiw" title="v:Ido">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="io:">Ido edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35224" class="extiw" title="d:Q35224">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idolinguo.org.uk/">The international language Ido</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.li/">Union for the International Language Ido</a> (in Ido)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ido.li/">Ido : a Modern Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idofonduro.org/wp/index.php/en/">The IDO foundation for language research in memory of Hellmut Röhnish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/Hist.html">Otto Jespersen's history of Ido</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interlanguages.net/PAL.html">Henry Jacob's history of Ido</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crazyverse.com/ido/ido_for_all.pdf">Ido for all – English course for learning Ido</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido-vivo.info/">Online Ido library</a> (in Ido)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tatoeba.org/en/sentences/show_all_in/ido/none/none">Examples of Ido Phrases</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constructed_languages386" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constructed_languages" title="Template talk:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constructed_languages386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viossa" title="Viossa">Viossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobsa_(Dune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakobsa (Dune)">Chakobsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukur%C3%A1_language" title="Kukurá language">Kukurá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35224#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4333756-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064170">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ido (langue artificielle)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18044296g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ido (langue artificielle)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18044296g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ido"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1236652&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538408505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ido&oldid=1282401936">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ido&oldid=1282401936</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Esperantido" title="Category:Esperantido">Esperantido</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ido_language" title="Category:Ido language">Ido language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages" title="Category:Constructed languages">Constructed languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_auxiliary_languages" title="Category:International auxiliary languages">International auxiliary languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages_introduced_in_the_1900s" title="Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s">Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_auxiliary_languages_introduced_in_the_1900s" title="Category:International auxiliary languages introduced in the 1900s">International auxiliary languages introduced in the 1900s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ido-language_sources_(io)" title="Category:CS1 Ido-language sources (io)">CS1 Ido-language sources (io)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Esperanto-language_sources_(eo)" title="Category:CS1 Esperanto-language sources (eo)">CS1 Esperanto-language sources (eo)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" 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