CINXE.COM

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</div> </div> <div class="pw_right col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-9"> <div class="search_mobile_buttons"> <div class="pw_menu_toggle btn btn-tertiary">Show Categories</div> </div> <div class="pw_header"> <h1>Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophage TAM-Mediated Immunosuppression</h1> <p id="pw-intro-txt">Click on the mechanisms of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-mediated immunosuppression listed on the left below under Explore Pathways to see the specific TAM-associated molecules that are involved in each mechanism and an explanation of how they negatively regulate the immune response. <br></p> <div id="pw-con" data-mapname="" data-primary_segment="tammechanisms_all"> <div id="pw-main-nav-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div id="pw-button-nav-top" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12"> <div class="row"> <div id="pw-button-nav"> <div class="dropdown col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <button class="btn-pw" type="button" data-toggle="dropup">Explore Pathways<span class="caret"></span></button> <ul id="pathwaynav" class="dropdown-content"> <li data-segment="TAM_AminoAcidDepletion" data-background_image="tam-amino-acids-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_AminoAcidDepletion" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Amino Amino Acid Depletion and Production of Immunosuppressive Metabolites</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_ExpNonClassicalHLAs" data-background_image="tam-expression-non-classical-hla-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_ExpNonClassicalHLAs" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Expression of Non-classical HLA Class I Molecules</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_TCellInhibitoryApoptoticReceptors" data-background_image="tam-direct-engagement-tcell-inhibitory-apoptotic-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_TCellInhibitoryApoptoticReceptors" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Direct Engagement of T Cell Inhibitory and Apoptotic Receptors</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_ProdInhibitoryCytokines" data-background_image="tam-production-inhibitory-cytokines-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_ProdInhibitoryCytokines" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Production of Inhibitory Cytokines</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_InhibitionPhagocytosis" data-background_image="tam-inhibition-tumor-cell-phagocytosis-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_InhibitionPhagocytosis" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Inhibition of Tumor Cell Phagocytosis</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_TregRecruitment" data-background_image="tam-production-treg-recruiting-chemokines-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_TregRecruitment" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Production of Treg-Recruiting Chemokines</span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_PGE2" data-background_image="tam-production-pge2-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_PGE2" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Production of PGE<sub>2</sub></span></li> <li data-segment="TAM_MacrophageRecruitment" data-background_image="tam-macrophage-recruitment-tumor-mocroenvironment-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAM_MacrophageRecruitment" class="pw_rdblue_sm pw_sm_btn"><span>Macrophage Recruitment to the Tumor Microenvironment</span></li> <li data-segment="TAMMechanisms_All" data-background_image="tam-all-bg.png" data-pathway_segment="TAMMechanisms_All" class="pw_sm_btn-active"><span>View Full Pathway</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-5" > <div id="pw-nav-subtitle"> Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophage TAM-Mediated Immunosuppression </div> </div> <div id="pw-print-button-col" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3" > <a href="#print-copy-form" id="btn-get-print-copy" class="btn btn-primary"><img class="btn-icon" src="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/Pathways/icons/icon-image.svg"/> Get Print Copy</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pw-map"> <div id="pw-maps"> <div id="el1_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-gray1 pw-gray" style="top:185.60000610351562px;left:335.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el1_off" data-id="1" data-set="IDO1" 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style="top:177.79999542236328px;left:422.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el14_off" data-id="14" data-set="CAT-2B9" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-off14" style="top:177.79999542236328px;left:422.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el14_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="14"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=SLC7A2">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el15_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-gray15 pw-gray" style="top:171.21875762939453px;left:393.5999755859375px;"> CAT-2B </div> <div id="el15_off" data-id="15" data-set="CAT-2B9" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-off15" style="top:171.21875762939453px;left:393.5999755859375px;"> CAT-2B</div> <div id="el15_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="15"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=SLC7A2">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el16_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-gray16 pw-gray" style="top:-450px;left:-450px;"> </div> <div id="el16_off" data-id="16" data-set="L-arginine10" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-off16" style="top:-450px;left:-450px;"> </div> <div id="el16_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="16"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=arginine&category=Small Molecules&common_name=Amino Acids">L-arginine</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el17_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-gray17 pw-gray" style="top:216px;left:392px;"> L-arginine </div> <div id="el17_off" data-id="17" data-set="L-arginine10" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-off17" style="top:216px;left:392px;"> L-arginine</div> <div id="el17_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="17"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/search?keywords=arginine&category=Small Molecules&common_name=Amino Acids">L-arginine</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el18_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-gray18 pw-gray" style="top:226.00000762939453px;left:313.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el18_off" data-id="18" data-set="ARG111" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-sprite el-off18" style="top:226.00000762939453px;left:313.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el18_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="18"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/arginase-1-arg1">Arginase 1/ARG1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el19_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-gray19 pw-gray" style="top:237px;left:326px;"> ARG1 </div> <div id="el19_off" data-id="19" data-set="ARG111" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label el-off19" style="top:237px;left:326px;"> ARG1</div> <div id="el19_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="19"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/arginase-1-arg1">Arginase 1/ARG1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el20_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label2 el-gray20 pw-gray" style="top:22.818748474121094px;left:440.5999755859375px;"> T Cells </div> <div id="el20_off" data-id="20" data-set="TCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label2 el-off20" style="top:22.818748474121094px;left:440.5999755859375px;"> T Cells</div> <div id="el20_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="20"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el21_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray21 pw-gray" style="top:150.80000615119934px;left:475.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el21_off" data-id="21" data-set="HLA-E13" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off21" style="top:150.80000615119934px;left:475.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el21_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="21"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=HLA-E">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el22_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray22 pw-gray" style="top:218px;left:468px;"> HLA-E </div> <div id="el22_off" data-id="22" data-set="HLA-E13" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off22" style="top:218px;left:468px;"> HLA-E</div> <div id="el22_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="22"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=HLA-E">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el23_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray23 pw-gray" style="top:24.40000081062317px;left:502.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el23_off" data-id="23" data-set="CD94-NKG2A14" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off23" style="top:24.40000081062317px;left:502.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el23_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="23"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cd94">CD94</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/nkg2a-cd159a">NKG2A</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el24_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray24 pw-gray" style="top:6.0187530517578125px;left:514.5999755859375px;"> CD94-NKG2A </div> <div id="el24_off" data-id="24" data-set="CD94-NKG2A14" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off24" style="top:6.0187530517578125px;left:514.5999755859375px;"> CD94-NKG2A</div> <div id="el24_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="24"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cd94">CD94</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/nkg2a-cd159a">NKG2A</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el25_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 pw-center el-gray25 pw-gray" style="top:63.01875305175781px;left:472.5999755859375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells </div> <div id="el25_off" data-id="25" data-set="NaturalKillerCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 pw-center el-off25" style="top:63.01875305175781px;left:472.5999755859375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells</div> <div id="el25_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="25"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el26_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray26 pw-gray" style="top:52.41874694824219px;left:555.5999755859375px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells </div> <div id="el26_off" data-id="26" data-set="CD8-TCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off26" style="top:52.41874694824219px;left:555.5999755859375px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells</div> <div id="el26_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="26"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el27_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray27 pw-gray" style="top:274.40000915527344px;left:535.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el27_off" data-id="27" data-set="HLA-G17" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off27" style="top:274.40000915527344px;left:535.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el27_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="27"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/hla-g">HLA-G</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el28_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray28 pw-gray" style="top:285.81874084472656px;left:525.5999755859375px;"> HLA-G </div> <div id="el28_off" data-id="28" data-set="HLA-G17" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off28" style="top:285.81874084472656px;left:525.5999755859375px;"> HLA-G</div> <div id="el28_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="28"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/hla-g">HLA-G</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el29_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray29 pw-gray" style="top:150.8000030517578px;left:557.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el29_off" data-id="29" data-set="KIR2DL418" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off29" style="top:150.8000030517578px;left:557.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el29_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="29"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/kir2dl4-cd158d">KIR2DL4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el30_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray30 pw-gray" style="top:137.21876525878906px;left:523.5999755859375px;"> KIR2DL4 </div> <div id="el30_off" data-id="30" data-set="KIR2DL418" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off30" style="top:137.21876525878906px;left:523.5999755859375px;"> KIR2DL4</div> <div id="el30_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="30"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/kir2dl4-cd158d">KIR2DL4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el31_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray31 pw-gray" style="top:133.1999969482422px;left:577.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el31_off" data-id="31" data-set="ILT219" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off31" style="top:133.1999969482422px;left:577.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el31_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="31"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el32_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray32 pw-gray" style="top:136.81874084472656px;left:595.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el32_off" data-id="32" data-set="ILT219" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off32" style="top:136.81874084472656px;left:595.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el32_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="32"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el33_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray33 pw-gray" style="top:183.21876525878906px;left:529.5999755859375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells </div> <div id="el33_off" data-id="33" data-set="NaturalKillerCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off33" style="top:183.21876525878906px;left:529.5999755859375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells</div> <div id="el33_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="33"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el34_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray34 pw-gray" style="top:63.19999694824219px;left:665.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el34_off" data-id="34" data-set="ILT221" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off34" style="top:63.19999694824219px;left:665.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el34_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="34"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el35_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray35 pw-gray" style="top:54.61875915527344px;left:669.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el35_off" data-id="35" data-set="ILT221" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off35" style="top:54.61875915527344px;left:669.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el35_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="35"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el36_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray36 pw-gray" style="top:72.59999084472656px;left:677.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el36_off" data-id="36" data-set="ILT422" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off36" style="top:72.59999084472656px;left:677.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el36_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="36"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb2-cd85d-ilt4">LILRB2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el37_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray37 pw-gray" style="top:92.01875305175781px;left:698.5999755859375px;"> ILT4 </div> <div id="el37_off" data-id="37" data-set="ILT422" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off37" style="top:92.01875305175781px;left:698.5999755859375px;"> ILT4</div> <div id="el37_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="37"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb2-cd85d-ilt4">LILRB2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el38_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray38 pw-gray" style="top:93.41874694824219px;left:631.5999755859375px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells </div> <div id="el38_off" data-id="38" data-set="DendriticCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off38" style="top:93.41874694824219px;left:631.5999755859375px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells</div> <div id="el38_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="38"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el39_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray39 pw-gray" style="top:150.39999675750732px;left:700.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el39_off" data-id="39" data-set="ILT224" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off39" style="top:150.39999675750732px;left:700.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el39_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="39"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el40_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray40 pw-gray" style="top:145.81875896453857px;left:702.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el40_off" data-id="40" data-set="ILT224" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off40" style="top:145.81875896453857px;left:702.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el40_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="40"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el41_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray41 pw-gray" style="top:178.21875286102295px;left:690.5999755859375px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells </div> <div id="el41_off" data-id="41" data-set="CD8<sup>+</sup>TCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off41" style="top:178.21875286102295px;left:690.5999755859375px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells</div> <div id="el41_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="41"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el42_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray42 pw-gray" style="top:221.19999980926514px;left:704.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el42_off" data-id="42" data-set="ILT226" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off42" style="top:221.19999980926514px;left:704.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el42_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="42"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el43_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray43 pw-gray" style="top:223.61874675750732px;left:697.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el43_off" data-id="43" data-set="ILT226" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off43" style="top:223.61874675750732px;left:697.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el43_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="43"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el44_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray44 pw-gray" style="top:256px;left:693px;"> CD4<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells </div> <div id="el44_off" data-id="44" data-set="CD4-TCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off44" style="top:256px;left:693px;"> CD4<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells</div> <div id="el44_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="44"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el45_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray45 pw-gray" style="top:273.00000762939453px;left:643.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el45_off" data-id="45" data-set="ILT228" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off45" style="top:273.00000762939453px;left:643.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el45_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="45"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el46_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray46 pw-gray" style="top:278.6187515258789px;left:658.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el46_off" data-id="46" data-set="ILT228" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off46" style="top:278.6187515258789px;left:658.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el46_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="46"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el47_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray47 pw-gray" style="top:309px;left:657px;"> Tregs </div> <div id="el47_off" data-id="47" data-set="Tregs" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off47" style="top:309px;left:657px;"> Tregs</div> <div id="el47_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="47"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el48_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-gray48 pw-gray" style="top:348px;left:691.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el48_off" data-id="48" data-set="ILT230" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-sprite el-off48" style="top:348px;left:691.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el48_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="48"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el49_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-gray49 pw-gray" style="top:368.01878356933594px;left:716.5999755859375px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el49_off" data-id="49" data-set="ILT230" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label el-off49" style="top:368.01878356933594px;left:716.5999755859375px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el49_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="49"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el50_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray50 pw-gray" style="top:384px;left:670px;"> B Cells </div> <div id="el50_off" data-id="50" data-set="BCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off50" style="top:384px;left:670px;"> B Cells</div> <div id="el50_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="50"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el51_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray51 pw-gray" style="top:344.40000915527344px;left:548.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el51_off" data-id="51" data-set="B7-H432" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off51" style="top:344.40000915527344px;left:548.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el51_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="51"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-h4">B7-H4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el52_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray52 pw-gray" style="top:331.01878356933594px;left:517.5999755859375px;"> B7-H4 </div> <div id="el52_off" data-id="52" data-set="B7-H432" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off52" style="top:331.01878356933594px;left:517.5999755859375px;"> B7-H4</div> <div id="el52_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="52"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-h4">B7-H4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el53_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-gray53 pw-gray" style="top:422.41875076293945px;left:631.5999755859375px;"> Unknown<br>Receptor </div> <div id="el53_off" data-id="53" data-set="UnknownReceptor" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-off53" style="top:422.41875076293945px;left:631.5999755859375px;"> Unknown<br>Receptor</div> <div id="el53_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="53"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el54_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray54 pw-gray" style="top:358.4000129699707px;left:517.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el54_off" data-id="54" data-set="FasL34" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off54" style="top:358.4000129699707px;left:517.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el54_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="54"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/fas-ligand-tnfsf6">Fas Ligand</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el55_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray55 pw-gray" style="top:346.8187446594238px;left:494.5999755859375px;"> FasL </div> <div id="el55_off" data-id="55" data-set="FasL34" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off55" style="top:346.8187446594238px;left:494.5999755859375px;"> FasL</div> <div id="el55_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="55"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/fas-ligand-tnfsf6">Fas Ligand</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el56_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray56 pw-gray" style="top:428.8000068664551px;left:578.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el56_off" data-id="56" data-set="Fas35" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off56" style="top:428.8000068664551px;left:578.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el56_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="56"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/fas-tnfrsf6-cd95">Fas</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el57_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray57 pw-gray" style="top:417px;left:580px;"> Fas </div> <div id="el57_off" data-id="57" data-set="Fas35" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off57" style="top:417px;left:580px;"> Fas</div> <div id="el57_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="57"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/fas-tnfrsf6-cd95">Fas</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el58_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray58 pw-gray" style="top:371.20000076293945px;left:484.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el58_off" data-id="58" data-set="TRAIL36" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off58" style="top:371.20000076293945px;left:484.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el58_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="58"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/trail-tnfsf10">TRAIL</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el59_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray59 pw-gray" style="top:360.6187629699707px;left:457.5999755859375px;"> TRAIL </div> <div id="el59_off" data-id="59" data-set="TRAIL36" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off59" style="top:360.6187629699707px;left:457.5999755859375px;"> TRAIL</div> <div id="el59_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="59"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/trail-tnfsf10">TRAIL</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el60_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray60 pw-gray" style="top:438.5999946594238px;left:549.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el60_off" data-id="60" data-set="TRAILR237" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off60" style="top:438.5999946594238px;left:549.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el60_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="60"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/trail-r2-tnfrsf10b">TRAIL R2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el61_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray61 pw-gray" style="top:429px;left:518px;"> TRAIL R2 </div> <div id="el61_off" data-id="61" data-set="TRAILR237" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off61" style="top:429px;left:518px;"> TRAIL R2</div> <div id="el61_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="61"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/trail-r2-tnfrsf10b">TRAIL R2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el62_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray62 pw-gray" style="top:390.0000190734863px;left:460.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el62_off" data-id="62" data-set="PD-L138" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off62" style="top:390.0000190734863px;left:460.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el62_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="62"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/pd-l1-b7-h1">PD-L1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el63_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray63 pw-gray" style="top:384.6187629699707px;left:429.5999755859375px;"> PD-L1 </div> <div id="el63_off" data-id="63" data-set="PD-L138" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off63" style="top:384.6187629699707px;left:429.5999755859375px;"> PD-L1</div> <div id="el63_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="63"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/pd-l1-b7-h1">PD-L1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el64_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray64 pw-gray" style="top:459.5999946594238px;left:532.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el64_off" data-id="64" data-set="PD-139" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off64" style="top:459.5999946594238px;left:532.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el64_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="64"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/pd-1">PD-1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el65_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray65 pw-gray" style="top:458.0187568664551px;left:508.5999755859375px;"> PD-1 </div> <div id="el65_off" data-id="65" data-set="PD-139" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off65" style="top:458.0187568664551px;left:508.5999755859375px;"> PD-1</div> <div id="el65_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="65"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/pd-1">PD-1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el66_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray66 pw-gray" style="top:419.0000190734863px;left:445.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el66_off" data-id="66" data-set="B7-140" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off66" style="top:419.0000190734863px;left:445.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el66_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="66"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-1-cd80">B7-1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el67_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray67 pw-gray" style="top:409.6187629699707px;left:419.5999755859375px;"> B7-1 </div> <div id="el67_off" data-id="67" data-set="B7-140" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off67" style="top:409.6187629699707px;left:419.5999755859375px;"> B7-1</div> <div id="el67_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="67"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-1-cd80">B7-1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el68_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray68 pw-gray" style="top:433.5999946594238px;left:437.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el68_off" data-id="68" data-set="B7-241" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off68" style="top:433.5999946594238px;left:437.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el68_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="68"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-2-cd86">B7-2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el69_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray69 pw-gray" style="top:434.2187690734863px;left:413.5999755859375px;"> B7-2 </div> <div id="el69_off" data-id="69" data-set="B7-241" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off69" style="top:434.2187690734863px;left:413.5999755859375px;"> B7-2</div> <div id="el69_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="69"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/b7-2-cd86">B7-2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el70_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-gray70 pw-gray" style="top:478.2000045776367px;left:514.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el70_off" data-id="70" data-set="CTLA-442" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-sprite el-off70" style="top:478.2000045776367px;left:514.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el70_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="70"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ctla-4">CTLA-4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el71_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-gray71 pw-gray" style="top:500.61875915527344px;left:498.5999755859375px;"> CTLA-4 </div> <div id="el71_off" data-id="71" data-set="CTLA-442" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label el-off71" style="top:500.61875915527344px;left:498.5999755859375px;"> CTLA-4</div> <div id="el71_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="71"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ctla-4">CTLA-4</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el72_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-gray72 pw-gray" style="top:485.0187530517578px;left:577.5999755859375px;"> Effector<br>T Cells </div> <div id="el72_off" data-id="72" data-set="EffectorTCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-off72" style="top:485.0187530517578px;left:577.5999755859375px;"> Effector<br>T Cells</div> <div id="el72_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="72"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el73_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-sprite el-gray73 pw-gray" style="top:410px;left:267.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el73_off" data-id="73" data-set="IL-10TGF-beta44" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-sprite el-off73" style="top:410px;left:267.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el73_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="73"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/il-10">IL-10</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/tgf-beta-1">TGF-beta 1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el74_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label el-gray74 pw-gray" style="top:401.0187530517578px;left:291.800048828125px;"> IL-10, TGF-beta </div> <div id="el74_off" data-id="74" data-set="IL-10TGF-beta44" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label el-off74" style="top:401.0187530517578px;left:291.800048828125px;"> IL-10, TGF-beta</div> <div id="el74_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="74"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/il-10">IL-10</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/tgf-beta-1">TGF-beta 1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el75_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray75 pw-gray" style="top:587.4187507629395px;left:438.800048828125px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells </div> <div id="el75_off" data-id="75" data-set="NaturalKillerCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off75" style="top:587.4187507629395px;left:438.800048828125px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells</div> <div id="el75_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="75"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el76_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray76 pw-gray" style="top:581.818775177002px;left:395.800048828125px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells </div> <div id="el76_off" data-id="76" data-set="CD8-TCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off76" style="top:581.818775177002px;left:395.800048828125px;"> CD8<sup>+</sup><br>T Cells</div> <div id="el76_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="76"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el77_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray77 pw-gray" style="top:533.2187690734863px;left:320.800048828125px;"> Effector<br>T Cells </div> <div id="el77_off" data-id="77" data-set="EffectorTCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off77" style="top:533.2187690734863px;left:320.800048828125px;"> Effector<br>T Cells</div> <div id="el77_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="77"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el78_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray78 pw-gray" style="top:568.6187629699707px;left:245.79998779296875px;"> M2<br>Macrophages </div> <div id="el78_off" data-id="78" data-set="M2Macrophages" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off78" style="top:568.6187629699707px;left:245.79998779296875px;"> M2<br>Macrophages</div> <div id="el78_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="78"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el79_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray79 pw-gray" style="top:509.0187568664551px;left:180.79998779296875px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells </div> <div id="el79_off" data-id="79" data-set="DendriticCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off79" style="top:509.0187568664551px;left:180.79998779296875px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells</div> <div id="el79_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="79"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el80_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray80 pw-gray" style="top:597.4187507629395px;left:95.79998779296875px;"> Tregs </div> <div id="el80_off" data-id="80" data-set="Tregs" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off80" style="top:597.4187507629395px;left:95.79998779296875px;"> Tregs</div> <div id="el80_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="80"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el81_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-gray81 pw-gray" style="top:415.4000129699707px;left:178.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el81_off" data-id="81" data-set="ILT251" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-off81" style="top:415.4000129699707px;left:178.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el81_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="81"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el82_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-gray82 pw-gray" style="top:440.8187446594238px;left:175.79998779296875px;"> ILT2 </div> <div id="el82_off" data-id="82" data-set="ILT251" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-off82" style="top:440.8187446594238px;left:175.79998779296875px;"> ILT2</div> <div id="el82_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="82"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/lilrb1-cd85j-ilt2">LILRB1</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el83_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-gray83 pw-gray" style="top:402.8000068664551px;left:169.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el83_off" data-id="83" data-set="SIRPalpha52" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-off83" style="top:402.8000068664551px;left:169.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el83_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="83"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/sirp-alpha-cd172a">SIRP alpha</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el84_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-gray84 pw-gray" style="top:390.2187690734863px;left:164.79998779296875px;"> SIRP alpha </div> <div id="el84_off" data-id="84" data-set="SIRPalpha52" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-off84" style="top:390.2187690734863px;left:164.79998779296875px;"> SIRP alpha</div> <div id="el84_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="84"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/sirp-alpha-cd172a">SIRP alpha</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el85_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-gray85 pw-gray" style="top:456.20000076293945px;left:66.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el85_off" data-id="85" data-set="MHCI53" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-off85" style="top:456.20000076293945px;left:66.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el85_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="85"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/hla-class-i">HLA Class I</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el86_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-gray86 pw-gray" style="top:459.6187629699707px;left:120.79998779296875px;"> MHC I </div> <div id="el86_off" data-id="86" data-set="MHCI53" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-off86" style="top:459.6187629699707px;left:120.79998779296875px;"> MHC I</div> <div id="el86_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="86"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/hla-class-i">HLA Class I</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el87_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-gray87 pw-gray" style="top:435.5999946594238px;left:62.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el87_off" data-id="87" data-set="CD4754" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-sprite el-off87" style="top:435.5999946594238px;left:62.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el87_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="87"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cd47">CD47</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el88_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-gray88 pw-gray" style="top:429.2187690734863px;left:92.79998779296875px;"> CD47 </div> <div id="el88_off" data-id="88" data-set="CD4754" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label el-off88" style="top:429.2187690734863px;left:92.79998779296875px;"> CD47</div> <div id="el88_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="88"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cd47">CD47</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el89_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label2 el-gray89 pw-gray" style="top:456.6187629699707px;left:32.79998779296875px;"> Tumor<br>Cells </div> <div id="el89_off" data-id="89" data-set="TumorCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label2 el-off89" style="top:456.6187629699707px;left:32.79998779296875px;"> Tumor<br>Cells</div> <div id="el89_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="89"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el90_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-sprite el-gray90 pw-gray" style="top:357.20000076293945px;left:217.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el90_off" data-id="90" data-set="CCL2CCL5CCL20CCL2256" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-sprite el-off90" style="top:357.20000076293945px;left:217.5999755859375px;"> </div> <div id="el90_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="90"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl2-je-mcp-1">CCL2</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl5-rantes">CCL5</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl20-mip-3-alpha">CCL20</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl22-mdc">CCL22</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el91_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label el-gray91 pw-gray" style="top:358.2187690734863px;left:252.79998779296875px;"> CCL2, CCL5,<br>CCL20, CCL22 </div> <div id="el91_off" data-id="91" data-set="CCL2CCL5CCL20CCL2256" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label el-off91" style="top:358.2187690734863px;left:252.79998779296875px;"> CCL2, CCL5,<br>CCL20, CCL22</div> <div id="el91_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="91"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl2-je-mcp-1">CCL2</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl5-rantes">CCL5</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl20-mip-3-alpha">CCL20</a><br><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccl22-mdc">CCL22</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el92_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label2 el-gray92 pw-gray" style="top:353px;left:51px;"> Tregs </div> <div id="el92_off" data-id="92" data-set="Tregs" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label2 el-off92" style="top:353px;left:51px;"> Tregs</div> <div id="el92_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="92"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el93_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-gray93 pw-gray" style="top:237px;left:239.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el93_off" data-id="93" data-set="COX258" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-off93" style="top:237px;left:239.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el93_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="93"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cox-2">COX-2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el94_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-gray94 pw-gray" style="top:248px;left:250px;"> COX2 </div> <div id="el94_off" data-id="94" data-set="COX258" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-off94" style="top:248px;left:250px;"> COX2</div> <div id="el94_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="94"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/cox-2">COX-2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el95_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-gray95 pw-gray" style="top:263.3999938964844px;left:246.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el95_off" data-id="95" data-set="PGES159" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-off95" style="top:263.3999938964844px;left:246.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el95_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="95"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=PGES1">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el96_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-gray96 pw-gray" style="top:273px;left:256px;"> PGES1 </div> <div id="el96_off" data-id="96" data-set="PGES159" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-off96" style="top:273px;left:256px;"> PGES1</div> <div id="el96_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="96"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=PGES1">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el97_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-gray97 pw-gray" style="top:311.8000183105469px;left:252.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el97_off" data-id="97" data-set="PGE260" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-sprite el-off97" style="top:311.8000183105469px;left:252.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el97_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="97"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/prostaglandin-e2-pge2">PGE2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el98_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-gray98 pw-gray" style="top:323px;left:265px;"> PGE2 </div> <div id="el98_off" data-id="98" data-set="PGE260" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-off98" style="top:323px;left:265px;"> PGE2</div> <div id="el98_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="98"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/prostaglandin-e2-pge2">PGE2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el99_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-gray99 pw-gray" style="top:303px;left:112px;"> MDSCs </div> <div id="el99_off" data-id="99" data-set="MDSCs" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-off99" style="top:303px;left:112px;"> MDSCs</div> <div id="el99_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="99"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el100_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-gray100 pw-gray" style="top:243.01876831054688px;left:13.60003662109375px;"> Tregs </div> <div id="el100_off" data-id="100" data-set="Tregs" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label el-off100" style="top:243.01876831054688px;left:13.60003662109375px;"> Tregs</div> <div id="el100_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="100"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> We currently do not offer products for this molecule<br><br>Use our <a target="_blank" href="/products/product-suggestions?m=">Product Suggestion form</a> to enter a request.<br><br>You will be notified once it becomes available. </div> </div> <div id="el101_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-gray101 pw-gray" style="top:191.41873168945312px;left:25.5999755859375px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells </div> <div id="el101_off" data-id="101" data-set="DendriticCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-off101" style="top:191.41873168945312px;left:25.5999755859375px;"> Dendritic<br>Cells</div> <div id="el101_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="101"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el102_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-gray102 pw-gray" style="top:116.8187255859375px;left:42.5999755859375px;"> Effector<br>T Cells </div> <div id="el102_off" data-id="102" data-set="EffectorTCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-off102" style="top:116.8187255859375px;left:42.5999755859375px;"> Effector<br>T Cells</div> <div id="el102_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="102"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el103_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 pw-center el-gray103 pw-gray" style="top:127.21875px;left:117.60003662109375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells </div> <div id="el103_off" data-id="103" data-set="NaturalKillerCells" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 pw-center el-off103" style="top:127.21875px;left:117.60003662109375px;"> Natural Killer<br>Cells</div> <div id="el103_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="103"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el104_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-sprite el-gray104 pw-gray" style="top:193.1999969482422px;left:212.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el104_off" data-id="104" data-set="CCR266" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-sprite el-off104" style="top:193.1999969482422px;left:212.4000244140625px;"> </div> <div id="el104_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="104"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccr2">CCR2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el105_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label el-gray105 pw-gray" style="top:213.61875915527344px;left:243.5999755859375px;"> CCR2 </div> <div id="el105_off" data-id="105" data-set="CCR266" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label el-off105" style="top:213.61875915527344px;left:243.5999755859375px;"> CCR2</div> <div id="el105_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="105"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/ccr2">CCR2</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el106_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-sprite el-gray106 pw-gray" style="top:157.60000610351562px;left:206.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el106_off" data-id="106" data-set="CSF-1RCD11567" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-sprite el-off106" style="top:157.60000610351562px;left:206.39996337890625px;"> </div> <div id="el106_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="106"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/m-csf-r-cd115">M-CSF R</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el107_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label el-gray107 pw-gray" style="top:192px;left:247px;"> CSF-1R/CD115 </div> <div id="el107_off" data-id="107" data-set="CSF-1RCD11567" data-type="No Products Click" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label el-off107" style="top:192px;left:247px;"> CSF-1R/CD115</div> <div id="el107_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="107"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/target/m-csf-r-cd115">M-CSF R</a><br> </div> </div> <div id="el108_off" data-id="108" data-set="Tumor-AssociatedMacrophage-TAM" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion tam_expnonclassicalhlas tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors tam_prodinhibitorycytokines tam_inhibitionphagocytosis tam_tregrecruitment tam_pge2 tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label2 pw-none el-off108" style="top:-450px;left:-450px;"> Tumor-Associated Macrophage (TAM)</div> <div id="el108_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="108"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el109_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label2 el-gray109 pw-gray" style="top:15.018753051757812px;left:19.5999755859375px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Amino Acid Depletion<br>and Production of<br>Immunosuppressive<br>Metabolites</h2> </div> <div id="el109_off" data-id="109" data-set="AminoAcidDepletionandProductionofImmunosuppressiveMetabolites" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label2 el-off109" style="top:15.018753051757812px;left:19.5999755859375px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Amino Acid Depletion<br>and Production of<br>Immunosuppressive<br>Metabolites</h2></div> <div id="el109_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="109"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el110_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-gray110 pw-gray" style="top:10px;left:616px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Expression of Non-<br>Classical HLA Class<br> I Molecules</h2> </div> <div id="el110_off" data-id="110" data-set="ExpressionofNon-ClassicalHLAClassIMolecules" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 el-off110" style="top:10px;left:616px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Expression of Non-<br>Classical HLA Class<br> I Molecules</h2></div> <div id="el110_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="110"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el111_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-gray111 pw-gray" style="top:545.8187713623047px;left:576.5999755859375px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Direct Engagement of<br>T Cell Inhibitory and<br>Apoptotic Receptors</h2> </div> <div id="el111_off" data-id="111" data-set="DirectEngagementofTCellInhibitoryandApoptoticReceptors" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 el-off111" style="top:545.8187713623047px;left:576.5999755859375px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Direct Engagement of<br>T Cell Inhibitory and<br>Apoptotic Receptors</h2></div> <div id="el111_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="111"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el112_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-gray112 pw-gray" style="top:640px;left:303px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of Inhibitory<br>Cytokines</h2> </div> <div id="el112_off" data-id="112" data-set="ProductionofInhibitoryCytokines" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 el-off112" style="top:640px;left:303px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of Inhibitory<br>Cytokines</h2></div> <div id="el112_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="112"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el113_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label2 el-gray113 pw-gray" style="top:516px;left:6px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Inhibition of Tumor<br>Cell Phagocytosis</h2> </div> <div id="el113_off" data-id="113" data-set="InhibitionofTumorCellPhagocytosis" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label2 el-off113" style="top:516px;left:6px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Inhibition of Tumor<br>Cell Phagocytosis</h2></div> <div id="el113_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="113"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el114_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label2 el-gray114 pw-gray" style="top:398px;left:6px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of Treg-<br>Recruiting Chemokines</h2> </div> <div id="el114_off" data-id="114" data-set="ProductionofTreg-RecruitingChemokines" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_tregrecruitment pw-label2 el-off114" style="top:398px;left:6px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of Treg-<br>Recruiting Chemokines</h2></div> <div id="el114_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="114"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el115_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-gray115 pw-gray" style="top:297px;left:10px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of<br>PGE<sub>2</sub></h2> </div> <div id="el115_off" data-id="115" data-set="ProductionofPGE2" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_pge2 pw-label2 el-off115" style="top:297px;left:10px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Production of<br>PGE<sub>2</sub></h2></div> <div id="el115_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="115"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el116_gry" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label2 el-gray116 pw-gray" style="top:117px;left:194px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Macrophage<br>Recruitment<br>to the TME</h2> </div> <div id="el116_off" data-id="116" data-set="MacrophageRecruitmenttotheTME" data-type="" class="tammechanisms_all tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label2 el-off116" style="top:117px;left:194px;"> <h2 class="pw_txtBox">Macrophage<br>Recruitment<br>to the TME</h2></div> <div id="el116_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="116"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el117_off" data-id="117" data-set="InhibitoryApoptoticbox" data-type="" class="tam_aminoaciddepletion pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off117" style="top:169px;left:7px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:300px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Amino Amino Acid Depletion and Production of Immunosuppressive Metabolites</h4> <strong>Natural Killer Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits proliferation and activity<br> <strong>T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits proliferation and activity <br> • Loss of TCR-CD3 zeta chain<br> <strong>Tregs</strong><br> • Promotes development </div> </div> <div id="el117_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="117"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el118_off" data-id="118" data-set="ExpressionNon-classicalHLA" data-type="" class="tam_expnonclassicalhlas pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off118" style="top:10px;left:10px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:275px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Expression of Non-classical HLA Class I Molecules</h4> <strong>HLA-E</strong><br> <strong>Natural Killer Cells, CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits proliferation<br> • Inhibits cytotoxicity<br> <strong>HLA-G</strong><br> <strong>Natural Killer Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits MICA/NKG2D activation<br> • Inhibits IFN-gamma secretion<br> • Inhibits cytotoxicity<br> • Inhibits chemotaxis<br> <strong>Dendritic Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits maturation<br> • Induces tolerogenic dendritic cells<br> <strong>CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits proliferation<br> • Inhibits cytotoxicity<br> <strong>CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits proliferation<br> • Induces the production of Th2-type cytokines<br> <strong>Tregs</strong><br> • Promotes differentiation<br> <strong>B Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits differentiation<br> • Inhibits Ig secretion<br> • Inhibits chemotaxis </div> </div> <div id="el118_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="118"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el119_off" data-id="119" data-set="TCellInhibitoryApoptoticbox" data-type="" class="tam_tcellinhibitoryapoptoticreceptors pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off119" style="top:545px;left:149px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:350px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Direct Engagement of T Cell Inhibitory and Apoptotic Receptors</h4> <strong>Effector T Cells</strong><br> <strong>B7-H4-Unknown Receptor</strong><br> • Suppresses activation of antigen-specific T cells<br> • Induces apoptosis of activated T cells<br> • Induces Treg development and proliferation<br> <strong>Fas L-Fas; TRAIL-TRAIL R2</strong><br> • Induces CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell apoptosis<br> <strong>PD-L1-PD1; B7-1 or B7-2-CTLA-4</strong><br> • Inhibits T cell activation<br> • Induces T cell cycle arrest, anergy, and apoptosis </div> </div> <div id="el119_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="119"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el120_off" data-id="120" data-set="ProdInhibitoryCytokinesbox" data-type="" class="tam_prodinhibitorycytokines pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off120" style="top:94px;left:7px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:300px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Production of Inhibitory Cytokines</h4> <strong>Tregs</strong><br> • Promotes expansion<br> <strong>Dendritic Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits IL-12 secretion and maturation<br> • Inhibits co-stimulatory molecule expression<br> • Promotes the production of immunosuppressive molecules<br> <strong>M2 Macrophages</strong><br> • Promotes M2 polarization<br> <strong>Effector T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits activation and differentiation<br> • Inhibits cytokine production<br> <strong>CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells, Natural Killer Cells</strong><br> • Down-regulates NKG2D and NKp30<br> • Inhibits NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity </div> </div> <div id="el120_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="120"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el121_off" data-id="121" data-set="TregRecruitmentbox" data-type="" class="tam_tregrecruitment pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off121" style="top:244px;left:7px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:275px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Production of Treg-Recruiting Chemokines</h4> <strong>Tregs</strong><br> • Promotes recruitment </div> </div> <div id="el121_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="121"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el122_off" data-id="122" data-set="InhibitionPhagocytosisBox" data-type="" class="tam_inhibitionphagocytosis pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off122" style="top:272px;left:6px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:250px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Inhibition of Tumor Cell Phagocytosis</h4> <strong>Tumor Cells</strong><br> • Suppression of macrophage-mediated tumor cell detection and apoptosis </div> </div> <div id="el122_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="122"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el123_off" data-id="123" data-set="MacrophageRecruitmentBox" data-type="" class="tam_macrophagerecruitment pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off123" style="top:48px;left:275px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:425px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Macrophage Recruitment to the Tumor Microenvironment</h4> • Promotes monocyte and macrophage migration toward inflamed tissues<br> • Promotes M2 Polarization<br> • Stimulates angiogenesis<br> • Promotes further tumor development and metastasis </div> </div> <div id="el123_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="123"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> <div id="el124_off" data-id="124" data-set="PGE2Box" data-type="" class="tam_pge2 pw-label2 pw-left pw-none el-off124" style="top:372px;left:10px;"> <div class="pw_txtBox" style="width:425px;text-align: left;"><h4 style="border-bottom: solid 1px #000;margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:0px;">Production of PGE<sub>2</sub></h4> <strong>Natural Killer Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits IFN-gamma secretion<br> • Inhibits cytolytic activity<br> <strong>Effector T Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits IL-2 synthesis and IL-2 R expression<br> • Inhibits Th1 differentiation<br> <strong>Dendritic Cells</strong><br> • Inhibits IL-12 secretion<br> <strong>Tregs</strong><br> • Promotes differentiation and accumulation<br> <strong>MDSCs</strong><br> • Promotes expansion<br> • ↑ Suppressive activity </div> </div> <div id="el124_ct" class="pw-tooltip" data-id="124"> <div class="pw-tooltip-head">Products<a href="#">Close</a></div> <div class="pw-tooltip-inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pw-img"> <img id="cont-img" src="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/Pathways/pathway-images/tam-all-bg.png?t=1" alt="Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophage TAM-Mediated Immunosuppression" style="height:784px"> </div> </div> <div id="pathway-description"><p><h2>Tumor-Associated Macrophage (TAM)-Mediated Mechanisms of Immunosuppression</h2> <p>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that display a range of phenotypes depending on the type of tumor and their locations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). TAMs are commonly the most abundant infiltrating leukocyte in most tumors and are predominantly thought to have pro-tumor effects. These include both immunosuppressive effects in addition to pro-angiogenic and metastatic effects. The mechanisms by which TAMs have been described to mediate immunosuppression are detailed below.</p> <h2 style="margin-top: 20px">Amino Acid Depletion and Production of Immunosuppressive Metabolites by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) inhibit the anti-tumor immune response through multiple mechanisms. One mechanism is through the depletion of amino acids and the production of immunosuppressive metabolites. Like tumor cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), TAMs in several types of human tumors have been shown to overexpress indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step in L-tryptophan degradation by the kynurenine pathway. The degradation of L-tryptophan and the presence of kynurenine and its derivatives inhibit the proliferation and activity of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and natural killer cells and promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Additionally, murine TAMs also express arginase 1 (ARG1), leading to increased uptake of L-arginine, which reduces the expression of TCR-CD3 zeta chain on T cells and leads to proliferative arrest. Although TAMs appear to mediate immunosuppression through expression of ARG1 in murine tumor models, metabolism of L-arginine by ARG1 in human TAMs has not been conclusively demonstrated to be a mechanism by which T cell functions are suppressed in human tumors. </p> <h2>Expression of Non-Classical HLA Class I Molecules by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>A second mechanism by which TAMs inhibit the anti-tumor immune response is by expression of non-classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules such as HLA-E and HLA-G. Both HLA-E and HLA-G are HLA-class Ib molecules that inhibit the activities of different immune cell types by interacting with specific inhibitory receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells. HLA-E binds to the inhibitory CD94-NKG2A receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells or CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells with six-fold higher affinity than it binds to the CD94-NKG2C activating receptor, and as a result, it can inhibit the proliferation and cytotoxicity of these cells. HLA-G can also inhibit IFN-gamma secretion and the cytotoxicity of NK and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells by interacting with either KIR2DL4 or the inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin receptor LILRB1/ILT2. Additionally, interaction of HLA-G with LILRB1/ILT2 on CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells reduces CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production, and induces Th2-type cytokine production, which further inhibits CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell cytolytic functions and IFN-gamma expression. HLA-G also interacts with LILRB1/ILT2 or LILRB2/ILT4 expressed on dendritic cells and down-regulates the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, CCR7, and IL-12, and inactivates the MHC class II presentation pathway, resulting in suppression of dendritic cell maturation and induction of a tolerogenic DC phenotype. Tolerogenic DCs fail to promote T cell activation, and instead promote regulatory T cell (Treg) development, further promoting tumor immune escape. B cell responses can also be inhibited by interaction of HLA-G with the LILRB1/ILT2 on these cells. HLA-G inhibits B cell proliferation, differentiation, and Ig secretion. </p> <h2>Direct Engagement of T cell Inhibitory and Apoptotic Receptors by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>TAMs may also suppress T cell functions through the direct engagement of T cell inhibitory and apoptotic receptors. TAMs express B7-1/CD80 and B7-2/CD86 which can bind to the T cell-expressed co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, with higher affinity than they bind to the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor, resulting in suppression of T cell activation. PD-L1 and PD-L2 are also overexpressed on TAMs in multiple cancer tissues. Both of these ligands bind to PD-1 expressed on CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> effector T cells and can inhibit TCR signaling and promote T cell anergy and apoptosis. B7-H4, another B7 family member expressed by TAMs, binds to an unknown receptor expressed on activated T cells and inhibits IL-2 production, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. TAMs can also directly promote T cell apoptosis through their expression of Fas Ligand (Fas L) and TRAIL, which interact with their respective receptors, Fas/CD95 and TRAIL R2 on CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> effector T cells to mediate apoptosis. </p> <h2>Production of Inhibitory Cytokines by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>Similar to many other immunosuppressive cell types present in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs inhibit the anti-tumor immune response through the production of IL-10 and TGF-beta 1. Together these cytokines inhibit the activation, differentiation, proliferation, and functions of effector T cells. IL-10 and TGF-beta 1 also promote the expansion of suppressive T cells. TGF-beta 1 induces the expression of FoxP3 in CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25- conventional T cells thereby promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells, while IL-10 promotes the conversion of activated conventional T cells to IL-10-, TGF-beta 1-secreting Tr1 cells. In addition, TGF-beta 1 also reduces NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, down-regulates NKG2D and NKp30 expression on natural killer (NK) cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, promotes the polarization of macrophages toward a M2 phenotype, and inhibits the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and IL-12 by dendritic cells (DCs), as well as DC maturation and migration. </p> <h2>Inhibition of Tumor Cell Phagocytosis by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>TAMs also promote tumor immune evasion through expression of signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRP alpha). SIRP alpha is a receptor for CD47, a cell surface protein that typically protects normal cells from phagocytosis by macrophages or dendritic cells. CD47 is frequently overexpressed on tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor escape by binding to SIRP alpha and sending macrophages a “don’t eat me” signal. Blockade of the CD47-SIRP alpha signal has been shown to stimulate phagocytosis, leading to tumor cell elimination.</p> <h2>Production of Treg-Recruiting Chemokines by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>TAMs may also indirectly inhibit the anti-tumor immune response by producing chemokines such as CCL2, CCL5, CCL20, and CCL22, which are involved in recruiting regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the tumor microenvironment. Tregs subsequently inhibit the activities of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> effector T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through multiple mechanisms. These include the production of immunosuppressive cytokines and extracellular adenosine, growth factor depletion, induction of infectious tolerance and apoptosis, and CTLA-4- and LAG-3-mediated inhibition of dendritic cell maturation.</p> <h2>Production of PGE<sub>2</sub> by Tumor-Associated Macrophages</h2> <p>TAMs also inhibit the anti-tumor immune response through production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE<sub>2</sub>).TAMs produce high levels of PGE<sub>2</sub> through the up-regulated expression of the PGE<sub>2</sub>-producing enzymes, COX2 and PGES1. PGE<sub>2</sub> inhibits IFN-gamma production and the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, it inhibits the early stages of dendritic cell differentiation, promotes MDSC expansion and suppressive activity, suppresses IL-2 production and responsiveness in T cells, and inhibits NK/Th1/CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated immune responses while promoting Th2/Th17/Treg responses. </p> <h2>Monocyte/Macrophage Recruitment to the Tumor Microenvironment</h2> <p>The initial step in TAM-mediated immunosuppression in the TME is the recruitment of these cells to the tumor site. Monocytes are recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) by chemokines such as CSF-1, CCL2, and CCL5, which are secreted by tumor cells. Once present in the tumor tissue, monocytes differentiate into macrophages. As a result, macrophages accumulate in tumors, where they play a key role in promoting tumor progression. TAMs secrete growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and other factors that not only inhibit the anti-tumor immune response, but also drive tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.</p> <p>To learn more, explore the following macrophage-related resources:</p> <p><a href="/research-area/monocytes-macrophages">Monocyte/Macrophage Research Area Page</a> </p> <p><a href="/resources/cell-markers/immune-cells/macrophages">Macrophage and Macrophage Activation State Cell Marker pages</a> </p> <p><a href="/resources/posters/complex-biology-macrophages-origins-functions-activation-states">The Complex Biology of Macrophages: Origins, Functions, & Activation States Poster</a></p> </p></div> <div id="print-copy-form" class="accordion-wrapper"> <h3 class="builder-header builder-bead-type ui-accordion-header ui-helper-reset ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-accordion-icons" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapsePathwayRequest" aria-expanded="false" 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